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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description of the site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description_of_the_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history_of_the_ruins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history_of_the_ruins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern history of the ruins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history_of_the_ruins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbial_degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbial_degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Microbial degradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbial_degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Uxmal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="أوشمال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوشمال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%9Fmal" title="Uşmal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uşmal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ушмаль – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ушмаль" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ушмаль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ушмаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ушмал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ушмал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BB" title="Ουσμάλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουσμάλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%9Dmalo" title="Uŝmalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Uŝmalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اوکسمال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوکسمال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Ուշմալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուշմալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C" title="אושמאל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אושמאל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="უშმალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უშმალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%A1mala" title="Ušmala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ušmala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%A1malis" title="Ušmalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ušmalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ушмал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ушмал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BD" title="ഉക്സ്മൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉക്സ്മൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="უშმალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უშმალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB" title="ウシュマル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウシュマル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ушмаль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ушмаль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%A1mal" title="Ušmal – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ušmal" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஊக்சுமால் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊக்சுமால்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ушмаль – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ушмаль" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="อุชมัล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุชมัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ушмаль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ушмаль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Uxmal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94" title="乌斯马尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乌斯马尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uxmal&params=20_21_34_N_89_46_17_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°21′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">89°46′17″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.35944°N 89.77139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">20.35944; -89.77139</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Maya city</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Uxmal</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uxmal_Pyramid_of_the_Magician.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Uxmal_Pyramid_of_the_Magician.jpg/300px-Uxmal_Pyramid_of_the_Magician.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Uxmal_Pyramid_of_the_Magician.jpg/450px-Uxmal_Pyramid_of_the_Magician.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Uxmal_Pyramid_of_the_Magician.jpg/600px-Uxmal_Pyramid_of_the_Magician.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_the_Magician" title="Pyramid of the Magician">Pyramid of the Magician</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uxmal is located in Mesoamerica"><img alt="Uxmal is located in Mesoamerica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg/250px-Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg/375px-Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg/500px-Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.588%;left:79.196%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uxmal"><img alt="Uxmal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Óoxmáal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatán (state)">Yucatán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatán (state)">Yucatán</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uxmal&params=20_21_34_N_89_46_17_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°21′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">89°46′17″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.35944°N 89.77139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">20.35944; -89.77139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">700 AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data">Late Classic to Terminal Classic.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Pre-Hispanic Town of Uxmal</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, ii, iii</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/791">791</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1996 (20th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Uxmal</b> (<a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatec Maya">Yucatec Maya</a>: <i>Óoxmáal</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="myn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mayan" title="Help:IPA/Mayan">[óˑʃmáˑl]</a></span>) is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> city of the classical period located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. It is considered one of the most important archaeological sites of Maya culture, along with <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a> in Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Caracol" title="Caracol">Caracol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xunantunich" title="Xunantunich">Xunantunich</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>. It is located in the <a href="/wiki/Puuc" title="Puuc">Puuc region</a> of the western <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a>, and is considered one of the Maya cities most representative of the region's dominant architectural style. It was designated a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> along with the nearby ruins of <a href="/wiki/Kabah_(Maya_site)" title="Kabah (Maya site)">Kabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayil" title="Sayil">Sayil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labna" title="Labna">Labna</a>. </p><p>Uxmal is located 62 km south of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a> state in Mexico. Its buildings are noted for their size and decoration. Ancient roads called <i><a href="/wiki/Sacbe" title="Sacbe">sacbes</a></i> connect the buildings, and also were built to other cities in the area such as Chichén Itzá in modern-day Mexico, Caracol and Xunantunich in modern-day Belize, and Tikal in modern-day Guatemala. </p><p>Its buildings are typical of the <a href="/wiki/Puuc" title="Puuc">Puuc</a> style, with smooth low walls that open on ornate friezes based on representations of typical Maya huts. These are represented by columns (representing the reeds used for the walls of the huts) and trapezoidal shapes (representing the thatched roofs). Entwined snakes and, in many cases two-headed snakes are used for masks of the rain god, <i><a href="/wiki/Chaac" title="Chaac">Chaac</a>;</i> its big noses represent the rays of the storms. Feathered serpents with open fangs are shown leaving from the same human beings. Also seen in some cities are the influences of the <a href="/wiki/Nahua_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua peoples">Nahua peoples</a>, who followed the cult of <i><a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tlaloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlaloc">Tlaloc</a>.</i> These were integrated with the original elements of the Puuc tradition. </p><p>The buildings take advantage of the terrain to gain height and acquire important volumes, including the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_the_Magician" title="Pyramid of the Magician">Pyramid of the Magician</a>, with five levels, and the Governor's Palace, which covers an area of more than 1,200 m<sup>2</sup> (12,917 sq ft). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uxmal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The present name seems to derive from <i>Oxmal,</i> meaning "three times built." This seems to refer to the site's antiquity and the times it had to rebuild. The etymology is disputed; another possibility is <i>Uchmal</i> which means "what is to come, the future." By tradition, this was supposed to be an "invisible city," built in one night by the magic of the dwarf king. </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uxmal_Plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Uxmal_Plan.jpg/200px-Uxmal_Plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Uxmal_Plan.jpg/300px-Uxmal_Plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Uxmal_Plan.jpg/400px-Uxmal_Plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5010" data-file-height="7061" /></a><figcaption>Map of a central portion of Uxmal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_of_the_site">Description of the site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uxmal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description of the site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico-6362_-_Governor%27s_Palace_(4690921713).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mexico-6362_-_Governor%27s_Palace_%284690921713%29.jpg/220px-Mexico-6362_-_Governor%27s_Palace_%284690921713%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mexico-6362_-_Governor%27s_Palace_%284690921713%29.jpg/330px-Mexico-6362_-_Governor%27s_Palace_%284690921713%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mexico-6362_-_Governor%27s_Palace_%284690921713%29.jpg/440px-Mexico-6362_-_Governor%27s_Palace_%284690921713%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Governor's Palace</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the more noteworthy buildings include: </p> <ul><li><b>The Governor's Palace</b>, a long low building atop a huge platform, with the longest façades in Pre-Columbian <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd>With an approximate azimuth of 118°, the building is oriented to the main pyramid of Cehtzuc, a small site located nearly 5 km to the southeast. Observing from there, Venus as evening star, when reaching its maximum northerly extremes, would have set behind the northern edge of the Governor's Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since these events occur every eight years, always in late April or early May, heralding the onset of the rainy season,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is significant that the decoration of the building's facade contains almost 400 Venus glyphs placed in the masks of the rain god Chac, and that there are eight bicephalic serpents above the main entrance; additionally, numerals 8 in bar-and-dot notation appear on two Chac masks at the northern corners of the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1015px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor%27s_Palace_details,_Uxmal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Governor's Palace details"><img alt="Governor's Palace details" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Governor%27s_Palace_details%2C_Uxmal.jpg/160px-Governor%27s_Palace_details%2C_Uxmal.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Governor%27s_Palace_details%2C_Uxmal.jpg/240px-Governor%27s_Palace_details%2C_Uxmal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Governor%27s_Palace_details%2C_Uxmal.jpg/320px-Governor%27s_Palace_details%2C_Uxmal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Governor's Palace details</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view_and_details,_Uxmal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Governor's Palace rear view and details"><img alt="Governor's Palace rear view and details" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view_and_details%2C_Uxmal.jpg/160px-Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view_and_details%2C_Uxmal.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view_and_details%2C_Uxmal.jpg/240px-Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view_and_details%2C_Uxmal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view_and_details%2C_Uxmal.jpg/320px-Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view_and_details%2C_Uxmal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Governor's Palace rear view and details</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view,_Uxmal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Governor's Palace rear view"><img alt="Governor's Palace rear view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view%2C_Uxmal.jpg/160px-Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view%2C_Uxmal.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view%2C_Uxmal.jpg/240px-Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view%2C_Uxmal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view%2C_Uxmal.jpg/320px-Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view%2C_Uxmal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Governor's Palace rear view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor%27s_Palace_side_view,_Uxmal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Governor's Palace side view"><img alt="Governor's Palace side view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Governor%27s_Palace_side_view%2C_Uxmal.jpg/160px-Governor%27s_Palace_side_view%2C_Uxmal.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Governor%27s_Palace_side_view%2C_Uxmal.jpg/240px-Governor%27s_Palace_side_view%2C_Uxmal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Governor%27s_Palace_side_view%2C_Uxmal.jpg/320px-Governor%27s_Palace_side_view%2C_Uxmal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Governor's Palace side view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico-6366_-_Throne_of_the_Jaguar_(4691171977).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Throne of the Jaguar"><img alt="Throne of the Jaguar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mexico-6366_-_Throne_of_the_Jaguar_%284691171977%29.jpg/160px-Mexico-6366_-_Throne_of_the_Jaguar_%284691171977%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mexico-6366_-_Throne_of_the_Jaguar_%284691171977%29.jpg/240px-Mexico-6366_-_Throne_of_the_Jaguar_%284691171977%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mexico-6366_-_Throne_of_the_Jaguar_%284691171977%29.jpg/320px-Mexico-6366_-_Throne_of_the_Jaguar_%284691171977%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Throne of the Jaguar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nunnery Quadrangle and the Pyramid of the Magician"><img alt="Nunnery Quadrangle and the Pyramid of the Magician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/160px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/240px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/320px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nunnery Quadrangle and the Pyramid of the Magician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Mayan_symbols.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional Mayan symbols"><img alt="Traditional Mayan symbols" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Traditional_Mayan_symbols.jpg/160px-Traditional_Mayan_symbols.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Traditional_Mayan_symbols.jpg/240px-Traditional_Mayan_symbols.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Traditional_Mayan_symbols.jpg/320px-Traditional_Mayan_symbols.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional Mayan symbols</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maya_images_of_people_and_animals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maya images of people and animals"><img alt="Maya images of people and animals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Maya_images_of_people_and_animals.jpg/160px-Maya_images_of_people_and_animals.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Maya_images_of_people_and_animals.jpg/240px-Maya_images_of_people_and_animals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Maya_images_of_people_and_animals.jpg/320px-Maya_images_of_people_and_animals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maya images of people and animals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snake_and_traditional_Mayan_lattice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Snake and traditional Mayan lattice"><img alt="Snake and traditional Mayan lattice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Snake_and_traditional_Mayan_lattice.jpg/160px-Snake_and_traditional_Mayan_lattice.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Snake_and_traditional_Mayan_lattice.jpg/240px-Snake_and_traditional_Mayan_lattice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Snake_and_traditional_Mayan_lattice.jpg/320px-Snake_and_traditional_Mayan_lattice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Snake and traditional Mayan lattice</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculptural_image_on_the_corner_of_the_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculptural image on the corner of the building"><img alt="Sculptural image on the corner of the building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sculptural_image_on_the_corner_of_the_building.jpg/105px-Sculptural_image_on_the_corner_of_the_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sculptural_image_on_the_corner_of_the_building.jpg/157px-Sculptural_image_on_the_corner_of_the_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sculptural_image_on_the_corner_of_the_building.jpg/210px-Sculptural_image_on_the_corner_of_the_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculptural image on the corner of the building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-08-01_uxmal_pyramide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the pyramid and the surrounding jungle"><img alt="View of the pyramid and the surrounding jungle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2006-08-01_uxmal_pyramide.jpg/160px-2006-08-01_uxmal_pyramide.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2006-08-01_uxmal_pyramide.jpg/240px-2006-08-01_uxmal_pyramide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2006-08-01_uxmal_pyramide.jpg/320px-2006-08-01_uxmal_pyramide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1995" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the pyramid and the surrounding jungle</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>The <b>Adivino</b> (a.k.a. the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_the_Magician" title="Pyramid of the Magician">Pyramid of the Magician</a> or the Pyramid of the Dwarf), is a <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican pyramid">stepped pyramid</a> structure, unusual among Maya structures in that its layers' outlines are oval or elliptical in shape, instead of the more common rectilinear plan. It was a common practice in Mesoamerica to build new temple pyramids atop older ones, but here a newer pyramid was built centered slightly to the east of the older pyramid, so that on the west side the temple atop the old pyramid is preserved, with the newer temple above it.</li></ul> <p>The structure is featured in one of the best-known tales of Yucatec Maya folklore, "el enano del Uxmal" (<i>the dwarf of Uxmal</i>), which is also the basis for the structure's common name. Multiple versions of this tale are recorded. It was popularised after one of these was recounted by <a href="/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens">John Lloyd Stephens</a> in his influential 1841 book, <i>Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatán</i>. According to Stephens' version, the pyramid was magically built overnight during a series of challenges issued to a dwarf by the <i>gobernador</i> (ruler or king) of Uxmal. The dwarf's mother (a <i><a href="/wiki/Bruja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruja">bruja</a></i>, or witch) arranged the trial of strength and magic to compete against the king.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <b>Nunnery Quadrangle</b> was built from 900-1000, and the name related with nuns was assigned in the 16th century because it resembled a convent. The quadrangle consists of four palaces placed on different levels that surround a courtyard. Of the different buildings that make up this palatial complex, several vault tops have been recovered, they are painted and represent partial calendrical dates from 906 to 907 AD, which is consistent with the Chan Chahk’ahk Nalajaw period of government. The formal entrance, the hierarchy of the structures through the different elevations, and the absence of domestic elements suggest that this space corresponds to a royal palace with administrative and non-residential functions, where the ruling group must have had meetings to collect the tribute, make decisions, and dictate sentences among other activities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These set of buildings are the finest of Uxmal's several fine quadrangles of long buildings. It has elaborately carved façades on both the inside and outside faces.</li> <li>A large <b>Ballcourt</b> for playing the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Mesoamerican ballgame</a>. Its inscription says that it was dedicated in 901 by the ruler <i><a href="/wiki/Chan_Chak_K%27ak%27nal_Ajaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Chan Chak K'ak'nal Ajaw">Chan Chak K'ak'nal Ajaw</a>,</i> also known as Lord Chac (before the decipherment of his corresponding name <a href="/wiki/Glyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyphs">glyphs</a>). The ball court's condition is very deteriorated, and it’s made of two constructions of medium dimensions that make up the sides of the court with the rings by which the ball was to be introduced. The originally carved stone rings were removed to protect them from the elements and were replaced by reproductions. This game has always been related to mythical and cosmic aspects. The ball symbolized the movements of the stars in the sky and the players, in repeated occasions, symbolically staged the fight of the day against the night or the struggle of the deities of the underworld against the gods of heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_the_House_of_the_Turtles_-_Uxmal_by_archer10_(Dennis)_SLOW_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Detail_of_the_House_of_the_Turtles_-_Uxmal_by_archer10_%28Dennis%29_SLOW_-_001.jpg/220px-Detail_of_the_House_of_the_Turtles_-_Uxmal_by_archer10_%28Dennis%29_SLOW_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Detail_of_the_House_of_the_Turtles_-_Uxmal_by_archer10_%28Dennis%29_SLOW_-_001.jpg/330px-Detail_of_the_House_of_the_Turtles_-_Uxmal_by_archer10_%28Dennis%29_SLOW_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Detail_of_the_House_of_the_Turtles_-_Uxmal_by_archer10_%28Dennis%29_SLOW_-_001.jpg/440px-Detail_of_the_House_of_the_Turtles_-_Uxmal_by_archer10_%28Dennis%29_SLOW_-_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the "House of the Turtles"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history_of_the_ruins">Modern history of the ruins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uxmal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern history of the ruins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uxmal_-_Luz_y_sonido.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Uxmal_-_Luz_y_sonido.JPG/220px-Uxmal_-_Luz_y_sonido.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Uxmal_-_Luz_y_sonido.JPG/330px-Uxmal_-_Luz_y_sonido.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Uxmal_-_Luz_y_sonido.JPG/440px-Uxmal_-_Luz_y_sonido.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><i>Lights and Sound</i> nightly show on Nunnery Quadrangle.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_G._Morley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvanus G. Morley">Sylvanus G. Morley</a> made a map of the site in 1909 which included some previously overlooked buildings. The Mexican government's first project to protect some of the structures from risk of collapse or further decay came in 1927. In 1930 <a href="/wiki/Frans_Blom" title="Frans Blom">Frans Blom</a> led a <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a> expedition to the site. They made plaster casts of the façades of the "Nunnery Quadrangle"; using these casts, a replica of the Quadrangle was constructed and displayed at the <a href="/wiki/1933_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="1933 World's Fair">1933 World's Fair</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>. The plaster replicas of the architecture were destroyed following the fair, but some of the plaster casts of Uxmal's monuments are still kept at Tulane's Middle American Research Institute. In 1936 a Mexican government repair and consolidation program was begun under José Erosa Peniche. </p><p>Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom</a> visited on 27 February 1975 for the inauguration of the site's sound & light show. When the presentation reached the point where the sound system played the Maya prayer to <a href="/wiki/Chaac" title="Chaac">Chaac</a> (the Maya rain deity), a sudden torrential downpour occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microbial_degradation">Microbial degradation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uxmal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Microbial degradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Microbial <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilms</a> have been found degrading stone buildings at Uxmal and Kabah. <a href="/wiki/Phototrophs" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototrophs">Phototrophs</a> such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenococcus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenococcus (page does not exist)">Xenococcus</a></i> are found more often on interior walls. Stone degrading <i><a href="/wiki/Gloeocapsa" title="Gloeocapsa">Gloeocapsa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Synechocystis" title="Synechocystis">Synechocystis</a></i> were also present in large numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Aureobasidium" title="Aureobasidium">Aureobasidium</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i> fungi species are present at Chichen Itza and Uxmal. <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a> were prevalent in the interiors of rooms with low light levels.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uxmal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_sorted_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country">List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesoamerican_pyramids" title="List of Mesoamerican pyramids">List of Mesoamerican pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayil" title="Sayil">Sayil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uxmal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_L._Thomas1996" class="citation book cs1">Rebecca L. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9+%2F+Interaction+of+Microorganisms+with+Maya+Archaeological&rft.btitle=The+Lowland+Maya+area%3A+Three+Millennia+at+the+Human-Wildland+Interface&rft.pages=175-192&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781560229711&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez-Pompa&rft.aufirst=Arturo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781560229711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUxmal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Barton_Creek_Cave" title="Barton Creek Cave">Barton Creek Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahal_Pech" title="Cahal Pech">Cahal Pech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracol" title="Caracol">Caracol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerros" title="Cerros">Cerros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaa_Creek" title="Chaa Creek">Chaa Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colha,_Belize" title="Colha, Belize">Colha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuello" title="Cuello">Cuello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Pilar" title="El Pilar">El Pilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BCKabish" title="KaʼKabish">KaʼKabish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCaxob" title="Kʼaxob">Kʼaxob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Milpa" title="La Milpa">La Milpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamanai" title="Lamanai">Lamanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Belize" title="Louisville, Belize">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Dover" title="Lower Dover">Lower Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubaantun" title="Lubaantun">Lubaantun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Gonzalez" title="Marco Gonzalez">Marco Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minanha" title="Minanha">Minanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nim_Li_Punit" title="Nim Li Punit">Nim Li Punit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nohmul" title="Nohmul">Nohmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nohoch_Che%CA%BCen" title="Nohoch Cheʼen">Nohoch Cheʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacbitun" title="Pacbitun">Pacbitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusilha" title="Pusilha">Pusilha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Estevan_(Maya_site)" title="San Estevan (Maya site)">San Estevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rita,_Corozal" title="Santa Rita, Corozal">Santa Rita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu,_Belize" title="Tipu, Belize">Tipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxbenka" title="Uxbenka">Uxbenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xnaheb" title="Xnaheb">Xnaheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunantunich" title="Xunantunich">Xunantunich</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1,_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chichen Itza"><img alt="Chichen Itza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg/150px-001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg/225px-001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg/300px-001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguateca" title="Aguateca">Aguateca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_de_Sacrificios" title="Altar de Sacrificios">Altar de Sacrificios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroyo_de_Piedra" title="Arroyo de Piedra">Arroyo de Piedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balberta" title="Balberta">Balberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bejucal_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Bejucal (Mesoamerican site)">Bejucal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancu%C3%A9n" title="Cancuén">Cancuén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Quiac" title="Cerro Quiac">Cerro Quiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chama_(Maya_site)" title="Chama (Maya site)">Chama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitinamit" title="Chitinamit">Chitinamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocol%C3%A1" title="Chocolá">Chocolá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutixtiox" title="Chutixtiox">Chutixtiox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotzumalhuapa" title="Cotzumalhuapa">Cotzumalhuapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dos_Pilas" title="Dos Pilas">Dos Pilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ba%C3%BAl" title="El Baúl">El Baúl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Chal" title="El Chal">El Chal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mirador" title="El Mirador">El Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Per%C3%BA_(Maya_site)" title="El Perú (Maya site)">El Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porvenir_(Maya_site)" title="El Porvenir (Maya site)">El Porvenir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Temblor" title="El Temblor">El Temblor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Tintal" title="El Tintal">El Tintal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Zotz" title="El Zotz">El Zotz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayt%C3%A1n" title="Guaytán">Guaytán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmul" title="Holmul">Holmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtun" title="Holtun">Holtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzan" title="Itzan">Itzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iximche" title="Iximche">Iximche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixkun" title="Ixkun">Ixkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixlu" title="Ixlu">Ixlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtonton" title="Ixtonton">Ixtonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtutz" title="Ixtutz">Ixtutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaminaljuyu" title="Kaminaljuyu">Kaminaljuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinal" title="Kinal">Kinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCatepan" title="Kʼatepan">Kʼatepan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amelia" title="La Amelia">La Amelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Blanca,_Peten" title="La Blanca, Peten">La Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Corona" title="La Corona">La Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Joyanca" title="La Joyanca">La Joyanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Muerta" title="La Muerta">La Muerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machaquila" title="Machaquila">Machaquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixco_Viejo" title="Mixco Viejo">Mixco Viejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Montana (Mesoamerican site)">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motul_de_San_Jos%C3%A9" title="Motul de San José">Motul de San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naachtun" title="Naachtun">Naachtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakbe" title="Nakbe">Nakbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakum" title="Nakum">Nakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naranjo" title="Naranjo">Naranjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajaral" title="Pajaral">Pajaral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras_(Maya_site)" title="Piedras Negras (Maya site)">Piedras Negras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punta_de_Chimino" title="Punta de Chimino">Punta de Chimino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirigu%C3%A1" title="Quiriguá">Quiriguá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCumarkaj" title="Qʼumarkaj">Qʼumarkaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Azul" title="Río Azul">Río Azul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacul,_El_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Sacul, El Petén">Sacul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bartolo_(Maya_site)" title="San Bartolo (Maya site)">San Bartolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Clemente,_El_Pet%C3%A9n" title="San Clemente, El Petén">San Clemente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seibal" title="Seibal">Seibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takalik_Abaj" title="Takalik Abaj">Takalik Abaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarindito" title="Tamarindito">Tamarindito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayasal_(archaeological_site)" title="Tayasal (archaeological site)">Tayasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoxte" title="Topoxte">Topoxte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tres_Islas" title="Tres Islas">Tres Islas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uaxactun" title="Uaxactun">Uaxactun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucanal" title="Ucanal">Ucanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajxaklajun" title="Wajxaklajun">Wajxaklajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witzna" title="Witzna">Witzna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xultun" title="Xultun">Xultun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaxha" title="Yaxha">Yaxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacpeten" title="Zacpeten">Zacpeten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaculeu" title="Zaculeu">Zaculeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapote_Bobal" title="Zapote Bobal">Zapote Bobal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n" title="Copán">Copán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puente_(Maya_site)" title="El Puente (Maya site)">El Puente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanceh" title="Acanceh">Acanceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguada_F%C3%A9nix" title="Aguada Fénix">Aguada Fénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ake" title="Ake">Aké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balamku" title="Balamku">Balamku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balankanche" title="Balankanche">Balankanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becan" title="Becan">Becan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonampak" title="Bonampak">Bonampak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chacchoben" title="Chacchoben">Chacchoben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chact%C3%BAn" title="Chactún">Chactún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicann%C3%A1" title="Chicanná">Chicanná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinkultic" title="Chinkultic">Chinkultic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunchucmil" title="Chunchucmil">Chunchucmil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunhuhub" title="Chunhuhub">Chunhuhub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunlim%C3%B3n" title="Chunlimón">Chunlimón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coba" title="Coba">Coba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comalcalco_(archaeological_site)" title="Comalcalco (archaeological site)">Comalcalco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzibanche" title="Dzibanche">Dzibanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzibilchaltun" title="Dzibilchaltun">Dzibilchaltun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edzna" title="Edzna">Edzna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ek%CA%BC_Balam" title="Ekʼ Balam">Ekʼ Balam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormiguero,_Mexico" title="Hormiguero, Mexico">Hormiguero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izamal" title="Izamal">Izamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaina_Island" title="Jaina Island">Jaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolja%CA%BC" title="Joljaʼ">Joljaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabah_(Maya_site)" title="Kabah (Maya site)">Kabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiuic" title="Kiuic">Kiuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohunlich" title="Kohunlich">Kohunlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komchen" title="Komchen">Komchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labna" title="Labna">Labna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mar" title="La Mar">La Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayapan" title="Mayapan">Mayapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C3%AD,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Maní, Yucatán">Maní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Reforma" title="Moral Reforma">Moral Reforma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyil" title="Muyil">Muyil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocomt%C3%BAn" title="Ocomtún">Ocomtún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxkintok" title="Oxkintok">Oxkintok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_de_Ayutla_(Maya_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan de Ayutla (Maya site)">Plan de Ayutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona,_Tabasco" title="Pomona, Tabasco">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punta_Sur" title="Punta Sur">Punta Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Bec" title="Río Bec">Río Bec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gervasio_(Maya_site)" title="San Gervasio (Maya site)">San Gervasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayil" title="Sayil">Sayil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamchen" title="Tamchen">Tamchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonin%C3%A1" title="Toniná">Toniná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuguero_(Maya_site)" title="Tortuguero (Maya site)">Tortuguero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uxmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxul" title="Uxul">Uxul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeriana_(archaeological_site)" title="Valeriana (archaeological site)">Valeriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xcaret" title="Xcaret">Xcaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xelha" title="Xelha">Xelha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xlapak" title="Xlapak">Xlapak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xpuhil" title="Xpuhil">Xpuhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xtampak" title="Xtampak">Xtampak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaxchilan" title="Yaxchilan">Yaxchilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaxun%C3%A1" title="Yaxuná">Yaxuná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yula" title="Yula">Yula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo%CA%BCokop" title="Yoʼokop">Yoʼokop </a> <small>(<i><a href="/wiki/Category:Maya_sites_in_Mexico" title="Category:Maya sites in Mexico">for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico</a></i>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cara_Sucia_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cara Sucia (Mesoamerican site)">Cara Sucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Blanca,_El_Salvador" title="Casa Blanca, El Salvador">Casa Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cihuat%C3%A1n" title="Cihuatán">Cihuatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joya_de_Cer%C3%A9n" title="Joya de Cerén">Joya de Cerén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s,_El_Salvador" title="San Andrés, El Salvador">San Andrés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazumal" title="Tazumal">Tazumal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico">World Heritage Sites in Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Archaeological Zone of <a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquimé, Casas Grandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Pinacate_y_Gran_Desierto_de_Altar_Biosphere_Reserve" title="El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve">El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li>Islands and Protected Areas of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vizca%C3%ADno_Biosphere_Reserve" title="El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve">Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missions_in_the_Sierra_Gorda_of_Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro">Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro</a></li> <li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_(city)" title="Zacatecas (city)">Zacatecas</a></li> <li>Historic Monuments Zone of <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_(city)" title="Querétaro (city)">Querétaro</a></li> <li>Historic Town of <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_(city)" title="Guanajuato (city)">Guanajuato</a> and Adjacent Mines</li> <li>Protected town of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Allende" title="San Miguel de Allende">San Miguel de Allende</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Atotonilco" title="Sanctuary of Atotonilco">Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave_Landscape_and_Ancient_Industrial_Facilities_of_Tequila" title="Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila">Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revillagigedo_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Revillagigedo Archipelago">Revillagigedo Archipelago</a></li> <li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as" title="Hospicio Cabañas">Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara</a></li> <li>Islands and Protected Areas of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_Butterfly_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve">Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasteries_on_the_slopes_of_Popocat%C3%A9petl" title="Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl">Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Pre-Hispanic City of <a href="/wiki/El_Taj%C3%ADn" title="El Tajín">El Tajín</a></li> <li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a></li> <li>Historic Monuments Zone of <a href="/wiki/Tlacotalpan" title="Tlacotalpan">Tlacotalpan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oaxaca (city)">Oaxaca</a> and Archaeological Site of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Alb%C3%A1n" title="Monte Albán">Monte Albán</a></li> <li>Prehistoric Caves of <a href="/wiki/Yagul" title="Yagul">Yagul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitla" title="Mitla">Mitla</a> in the Central Valley of Oaxaca</li> <li>Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Archaeological Monuments Zone of <a href="/wiki/Xochicalco" title="Xochicalco">Xochicalco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Padre_Tembleque" title="Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque">Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque</a> Hydraulic System</li> <li>Central University City Campus of the <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Universitaria,_Mexico_City" title="Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City">UNAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_monasteries_on_the_slopes_of_Popocat%C3%A9petl" class="mw-redirect" title="Earliest monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl">Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Historic_center_of_Mexico_City" title="Historic center of Mexico City">Mexico City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xochimilco" title="Xochimilco">Xochimilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n_House_and_Studio" title="Luis Barragán House and Studio">Luis Barragán House and Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_Butterfly_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve">Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehuac%C3%A1n-Cuicatl%C3%A1n_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve">Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley</a></li> <li>Pre-Hispanic City of <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of <a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a>,</li> <li>Historic Fortified Town of <a href="/wiki/Campeche_(city)" title="Campeche (city)">Campeche</a></li> <li>Pre-Hispanic City of <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichén Itzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_Ka%CA%BCan_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Sian Kaʼan Biosphere Reserve">Sian Kaʼan Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li>Pre-Hispanic Town of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uxmal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Shared by more one <a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico#States" class="mw-redirect" title="Political divisions of Mexico">region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" 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