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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_Northwest_and_Washington,_D.C.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bikini_Kill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bikini_Kill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Bikini Kill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bikini_Kill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bratmobile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bratmobile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Bratmobile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bratmobile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Pop_Underground_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Pop_Underground_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 International Pop Underground Convention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Pop_Underground_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_of_North_America_riot_grrrl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_North_America_riot_grrrl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Spread of North America riot grrrl </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_North_America_riot_grrrl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_riot_grrrl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_riot_grrrl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 English riot grrrl </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_riot_grrrl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Decline and later developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminism_and_riot_grrrl_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminism_and_riot_grrrl_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Feminism and riot grrrl culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feminism_and_riot_grrrl_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Feminism and riot grrrl culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Feminism_and_riot_grrrl_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zines_and_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zines_and_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Zines and publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zines_and_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_misconceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_misconceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Media misconceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_misconceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_resurgence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_resurgence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy and resurgence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_resurgence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy and resurgence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_resurgence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_proliferation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_proliferation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Global proliferation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_proliferation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dedicated_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dedicated_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Dedicated websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dedicated_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Riot grrrl</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%BA%D8%A8_%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="شغب فتاة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شغب فتاة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Grrrl" title="Riot Grrrl – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Riot Grrrl" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Grrrl" title="Riot Grrrl – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Riot Grrrl" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Grrrl" title="Riot Grrrl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Riot Grrrl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Grrrl" title="Riot Grrrl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Riot Grrrl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B1%D9%84" title="رایت گرررل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رایت گرررل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%87_%EA%B1%B8" title="라이엇 걸 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라이엇 걸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C" title="ריוט גירל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריוט גירל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Grrrl" title="Riot Grrrl – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Riot Grrrl" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ライオット・ガール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライオット・ガール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Grrrl" title="Riot Grrrl – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Riot Grrrl" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5" title="ไรออตเกิร์ล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไรออตเกิร์ล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Grrrl" title="Riot Grrrl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Riot Grrrl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Riot grrrl" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American underground feminist punk rock movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album by Aya Hirano, see <a href="/wiki/Riot_Girl" title="Riot Girl">Riot Girl</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Riot grrrl</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <dl><dt>Musical</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Ideological</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave feminism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">fourth-wave feminism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">punk</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> and Olympia, Washington, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Typical instruments</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Electric guitar</li><li>vocals</li><li>bass</li><li>drums</li><li>keyboards</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington_(state)#Riot_grrrl" title="Music of Washington (state)">Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Local scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Olympia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Olympia">Olympia, Washington, US</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxcore" title="Foxcore">foxcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Girls" title="Guerrilla Girls">Guerrilla Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinderwhore" title="Kinderwhore">kinderwhore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">queercore</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists and categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">Feminists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American feminist literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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feminists">Jewish feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Feminist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations">Women's suffrage organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rights_by_country" title="Category:Women's rights by country">Women's rights by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">Feminists by nationality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A; border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A; font-weight:bold"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Riot grrrl is an <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk</a> movement that began during the early 1990s within the United States in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia, Washington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and the greater <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-May2019-3">[3]</a> and has expanded to at least 26 other countries.<a href="#cite_note-Riot_Grrrl_Map2-4">[4]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Subcultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcultural">subcultural</a> movement that combines feminism, punk music, and politics,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> it is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">third-wave feminism</a>, which is sometimes seen as having grown out of the riot grrrl movement and has recently been seen in <a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth-wave feminist">fourth-wave feminist</a> punk music that rose in the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The genre has also been described as coming out of <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a>, with the punk scene serving as an inspiration for a movement in which women could express anger, rage, and frustration, emotions considered socially acceptable for male songwriters but less commonly for women.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Riot grrrl songs often addressed issues such as <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic abuse">domestic abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality">sexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classism">classism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Female_empowerment" class="mw-redirect" title="Female empowerment">female empowerment</a>. Primary bands most associated with the movement by media include <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Kill" title="Bikini Kill">Bikini Kill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bratmobile" title="Bratmobile">Bratmobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavens_to_Betsy" title="Heavens to Betsy">Heavens to Betsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excuse_17" title="Excuse 17">Excuse 17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slant_6" title="Slant 6">Slant 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emily%27s_Sassy_Lime" title="Emily's Sassy Lime">Emily's Sassy Lime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huggy_Bear_(band)" title="Huggy Bear (band)">Huggy Bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Off_Jill" title="Jack Off Jill">Jack Off Jill</a> (which later coined the term Riot Goth) and <a href="/wiki/Skinned_Teen" title="Skinned Teen">Skinned Teen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-May2019-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-RollingStone-March2020-13">[13]</a> Also included were <a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">queercore</a> groups such as <a href="/wiki/Team_Dresch" title="Team Dresch">Team Dresch</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Third_Sex_(band)" title="The Third Sex (band)">the Third Sex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leyser2-14">[14]</a> In addition to a unique <a href="/wiki/Indie_music_scenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie music scenes">music scene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>, riot grrrl became a subculture involving a <a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">zines</a>, art, political action, and activism.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The movement quickly spread well beyond its musical roots to influence the vibrant zine- and Internet-based nature of fourth-wave feminism, complete with local meetings and grassroots organizing to end <a href="/wiki/Intersectional" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersectional">intersectional</a> forms of prejudice and oppression, especially physical and emotional violence against all genders.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> The riot grrrl movement originated in 1991, when a group of women from Olympia, Washington and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> held a meeting about sexism in their local punk scenes in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Schilt22-17">[17]</a> The word "girl" was intentionally used in order to focus on childhood, a time when children have the strongest self-esteem and belief in themselves.<a href="#cite_note-:132-18">[18]</a> Riot grrrls then took a growling "R", replacing the "I" in the word as a way to take back the derogatory use of the term.<a href="#cite_note-Rowe-Finbeiner22-19">[19]</a> Both double and triple "R" spellings are acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-:032-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> and Olympia, Washington music scenes in the Pacific Northwest had sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">do it yourself (DIY)</a> infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Rabin2322-21">[21]</a> Women involved in local <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground music scenes</a> took advantage of this platform to articulate their feminist beliefs and desires by creating <a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">zines</a> (short for "magazine").<a href="#cite_note-Girl_Zines-22">[22]</a> While the model of politically-themed zines had already been used in <a href="/wiki/Punk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk culture">punk culture</a> as an alternative (to mainstream) culture, zines also followed a longer legacy of self-published feminist writing that allowed women to circulate ideas that would not otherwise be published.<a href="#cite_note-Girl_Zines-22">[22]</a> At the time there was discomfort among many women in the music scene who felt that they had no space for organizing due to the exclusionary, male-dominated nature of punk culture at the time. Many women found that while they identified with the larger, music-oriented subculture of punk rock, they often had little to no voice in their local scenes. Women in the Washington punk scenes took it upon themselves to represent their own interests artistically through the new riot grrrl subculture.<a href="#cite_note-:9-23">[23]</a> To quote Liz Naylor, who would become the manager of English riot grrrl band <a href="/wiki/Huggy_Bear_(band)" title="Huggy Bear (band)">Huggy Bear</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Rabin2322-21">[21]</a><blockquote>There was a lot of anger and self-mutilation. In a symbolic sense, women were cutting and destroying the established image of femininity, aggressively tearing it down.</blockquote> Riot grrrl bands were influenced by groundbreaking female <a href="/wiki/Punk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk music">punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_rock" title="Mainstream rock">mainstream rock</a> performers of the 1970s to the mid-1980s. While many of these musicians were not originally associated with each other during their time and came from a variety of backgrounds and styles, as a group they anticipated many of riot grrrl's musical and thematic attributes. These performers include <a href="/wiki/The_Slits" title="The Slits">The Slits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poly_Styrene" title="Poly Styrene">Poly Styrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux" title="Siouxsie Sioux">Siouxsie Sioux</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Raincoats" title="The Raincoats">The Raincoats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Jett" title="Joan Jett">Joan Jett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Gordon" title="Kim Gordon">Kim Gordon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Deal" title="Kim Deal">Kim Deal</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Rabin2322-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schilt22-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0422-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:322-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:222-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-29">[29]</a> Of Kim Gordon, in particular, Kathleen Hanna noted, "She was a forerunner, musically [...] Just knowing a woman was in a band trading lead vocals, playing bass, and being a visual artist at the same time made me feel less alone."<a href="#cite_note-:62-29">[29]</a> Riot grrrl musicians and musicians-to-be were also inspired by the 1982 U.S. musical drama movie <a href="/wiki/Ladies_and_Gentlemen,_The_Fabulous_Stains" title="Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains">Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains</a>, which tells the story of a (fictional) seemingly proto-riot grrrl band.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific_Northwest_and_Washington,_D.C.">Pacific Northwest and Washington, D.C.</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pacific Northwest and Washington, D.C.">edit</a>]</div> Olympia, Washington had a strong <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> artistic and cultural legacy that influenced early riot grrrl. In the early 1980s, Stella Marrs, Dana Squires and Julie Fay co-founded the store Girl City, where they created art and performances.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p15-31">[31]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/K_Records" title="K Records">K Records</a> release in 1982 was a cassette of <a href="/wiki/Heather_Lewis_(musician)" title="Heather Lewis (musician)">Heather Lewis</a>' first band Supreme Cool Beings, while she was a student at <a href="/wiki/The_Evergreen_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="The Evergreen State College">The Evergreen State College</a>, a year before she co-founded <a href="/wiki/Beat_Happening" title="Beat Happening">Beat Happening</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CityArts-Baumgarten-32">[32]</a> In 1985, <a href="/wiki/The_Go_Team" title="The Go Team">The Go Team</a> formed with then 15-year-old <a href="/wiki/Tobi_Vail" title="Tobi Vail">Tobi Vail</a>. The band would go on to collaborate with Olympia scene musicians who are inherently linked to the riot grrrl movement: <a href="/wiki/Donna_Dresch" title="Donna Dresch">Donna Dresch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lois_Maffeo" title="Lois Maffeo">Lois Maffeo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Karren" title="Billy Karren">Billy "Boredom" Karren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Karren was a rotating musician who played in the band, and it was there that he and Vail played together for the first time, later collaborating in several other bands which included <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Kill" title="Bikini Kill">Bikini Kill</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Frumpies" title="The Frumpies">The Frumpies</a>. Maffeo hosted a women-centered radio show on Olympia's community radio station <a href="/wiki/KAOS_(FM)" title="KAOS (FM)">KAOS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p15-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-p35-38-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1997-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Candice_Pedersen" title="Candice Pedersen">Candice Pedersen</a> interned at K Records in 1986 while at The Evergreen State College, and became co-owner in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p15-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baumgarten-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keene-37">[37]</a> In the 1980s, two articles on the topic of women in rock would be published by Puncture, a <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, zine edited by Katherine Spielmann and Patty Stirling.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Authored by <a href="/wiki/Rough_Trade_Records" title="Rough Trade Records">Rough Trade</a> employee Terri Sutton, these articles became what is considered by some to be titular writing on riot grrrl ethos.<a href="#cite_note-:122-39">[39]</a> One article, "Women, Sex, & Rock 'n' Roll" (1989) is considered particularly important as the <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> of the riot grrrl movement.<a href="#cite_note-Donnell22-40">[40]</a> Sutton would also say, in "Women In Rock: An Open Letter", written in 1988, "To me rock and roll is about lust, lust for feeling; the worst I can say about a band is they're boring. That's why it's so crucial that women get up onstage and impart--inspire some emotion."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Meanwhile in the Washington, D.C. area, Beat Happening fan <a href="/wiki/Erin_Smith_(musician)" title="Erin Smith (musician)">Erin Smith</a> started her zine Teenage Gang Debs in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a> In 1988, two D.C. women that had been in all-women punk bands there previously – <a href="/wiki/Chalk_Circle_(American_band)" title="Chalk Circle (American band)">Chalk Circle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Cheslow" title="Sharon Cheslow">Sharon Cheslow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire_Party" title="Fire Party">Fire Party</a>'s Amy Pickering – joined forces with <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Connolly" title="Cynthia Connolly">Cynthia Connolly</a> and Lydia Ely to organize group discussions focusing on gender differences and sexism in the D.C. punk community.<a href="#cite_note-Klein-1997-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p17-43">[43]</a> The results were published in the June 1988 issue of <a href="/wiki/Maximum_Rock_%27n%27_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum Rock 'n' Roll">Maximum Rock 'n' Roll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p17-43">[43]</a> In November 1988, Connolly published the book Banned in DC: Photos and Anecdotes From the DC Punk Underground (79–85) through her <a href="/wiki/Small_press" title="Small press">small press</a> Sun Dog Propaganda, and it was co-edited with Cheslow and Ely along with Leslie Clague.<a href="#cite_note-Klein-1997-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Connolly-44">[44]</a> These conversations and the book laid the groundwork for riot grrrl when members of Bikini Kill and Bratmobile later came to D.C. in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p17-43">[43]</a> In fall 1989, Erin Smith visited Olympia and met Maffeo through Beat Happening's <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Johnson_(musician)" title="Calvin Johnson (musician)">Calvin Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a> Johnson had been in The Go Team with Vail, and co-owned K Records with Candice Pedersen. At the end of 1989, Cheslow began publishing her zine Interrobang?! focusing on punk and sexism, and the first issue included an interview with <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Ulysses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation of Ulysses">Nation of Ulysses</a> (NOU).<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a> Vail saw a copy of this issue and was instantly captivated by NOU's aesthetic.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p17-43">[43]</a> Vail began publishing her zine Jigsaw in 1988, around the same time that Dresch started her zine Chainsaw.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a> Zines became a means of urgent expression; Laura Sister Nobody wrote in her zine Sister Nobody, "Us, we are women who know that something is happening – something that seems like a secret right now, but won't stay like a secret for much longer."<a href="#cite_note-Klein-1997-35">[35]</a> At the time, Vail was working at a sandwich shop with <a href="/wiki/Kathi_Wilcox" title="Kathi Wilcox">Kathi Wilcox</a> who was impressed by Vail's interest in "girls in bands, specifically," including an aggressive emphasis on feminist issues.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Meanwhile, in 1989 <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hanna" title="Kathleen Hanna">Kathleen Hanna</a> had co-founded the Olympia art collective/band Amy Carter and feminist gallery/music venue Reko Muse, both with <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Rae_Carland" title="Tammy Rae Carland">Tammy Rae Carland</a> and Heidi Arbogast.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus-p35-38-34">[34]</a> By summer 1989, the space had hosted The Go Team, <a href="/wiki/Babes_in_Toyland_(band)" title="Babes in Toyland (band)">Babes in Toyland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus-p35-38-34">[34]</a> Hanna also interned at SafePlace, an Olympia domestic violence shelter and provider of sexual assault/abuse services, for which she did counseling, gave presentations at local high schools, and started a discussion group for teenage girls.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus-p35-38-34">[34]</a> Hanna came upon a copy of Jigsaw in 1989 and found resonance with Vail's writing.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Hanna began to contribute to the zine, submitting interviews to Jigsaw while on tour with <a href="/wiki/Viva_Knievel_(band)" title="Viva Knievel (band)">Viva Knieval</a> in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-p45-46-47">[47]</a> In Jigsaw, Vail wrote about "angry grrls", combining the word girls with a powerful growl.<a href="#cite_note-Girl_Zines-22">[22]</a> Some issues of Jigsaw have been archived at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> as a research resource along with other <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a> zines.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> After touring for two months in summer 1990, Hanna's band Viva Knievel called it quits.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus-p45-46-47">[47]</a> Hanna then began collaborating with Vail after attending a performance of The Go Team and recognizing Vail as the mastermind behind Jigsaw zine.<a href="#cite_note-:4-49">[49]</a> Dresch later started a record label under the name Chainsaw and formed the queercore band <a href="/wiki/Team_Dresch" title="Team Dresch">Team Dresch</a>. In Chainsaw #2 she wrote, "Right now, maybe, Chainsaw is about Frustration. Frustration in music. Frustration in living, in being a girl, in being a homo, in being a misfit of any sort...Which is where this whole punk rock thing came from in the first place."<a href="#cite_note-Klein-1997-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Molly_Neuman" title="Molly Neuman">Molly Neuman</a> (from D.C.) and <a href="/wiki/Allison_Wolfe" title="Allison Wolfe">Allison Wolfe</a> (from Olympia) met in fall 1989 while living next door to each other in dorms at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene, Oregon</a>, and they traveled to Olympia on weekends.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-p55-71-50">[50]</a> They first read Vail's zine Jigsaw in January 1990, and around the same time met Hanna.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus-p55-71-50">[50]</a> While on winter break 1990–91, Neuman returned to Washington, D.C., where her family lived and created the first issue of the zine <a href="/wiki/Girl_Germs" title="Girl Germs">Girl Germs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keene-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-p55-71-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corin_Tucker" title="Corin Tucker">Corin Tucker</a> came up with the band name <a href="/wiki/Heavens_to_Betsy" title="Heavens to Betsy">Heavens to Betsy</a> in Eugene during the summer of 1990, and moved to Olympia that fall to attend The Evergreen State College.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mopop-GirlNight-51">[51]</a> Kathleen Hanna and her friends Tobi Vail and Kathi Wilcox, who were also studying at Evergreen, recruited Billy Karren to form Bikini Kill in fall 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a> Neuman and Wolfe played their first show on Valentine's Day 1991 at the North Shore Surf Club in Olympia, after Johnson invited them to perform on a bill with Bikini Kill and <a href="/wiki/Some_Velvet_Sidewalk" title="Some Velvet Sidewalk">Some Velvet Sidewalk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-p55-71-50">[50]</a> While working on a documentary film about the Olympia music scene, Tucker went to this show and interviewed Neuman and Wolfe.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus-p55-71-50">[50]</a> Hanna, Vail and Wilcox collaborated on a feminist zine titled Bikini Kill for their first tours in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-:4-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-52">[52]</a> The Riot Grrrl movement believed in girls actively engaging in cultural production, creating their own music and fanzines rather than following existing materials. The bands associated with Riot Grrrl used their music to express feminist and anti-racist viewpoints. Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, and Heavens to Betsy created songs with extremely personal lyrics that dealt with topics such as rape, incest and eating disorders.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Toomey" title="Jenny Toomey">Jenny Toomey</a> and Hanna had known each other as young teens while attending the same D.C. area junior high school.<a href="#cite_note-Richards-2012-55">[55]</a> Toomey co-founded the indie rock label <a href="/wiki/Simple_Machines" title="Simple Machines">Simple Machines</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kristin_Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristin Thomson">Kristin Thomson</a> in early 1990, and they ran the label out of a punk group house in <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a>. They shared the house with <a href="/wiki/Positive_Force" title="Positive Force">Positive Force</a> activists before moving into their own group house in Arlington.<a href="#cite_note-Schweitzer-2014-56">[56]</a> Toomey visited Olympia during fall 1990, where she formed My New Boyfriend with Tobi Vail, Aaron Stauffer from <a href="/wiki/Seaweed_(band)" title="Seaweed (band)">Seaweed</a>, and Christina Calle.<a href="#cite_note-SimpleMachines-Tool-57">[57]</a> Upon returning to Arlington, Toomey and Thomson formed the indie rock band <a href="/wiki/Tsunami_(Virginia_band)" title="Tsunami (Virginia band)">Tsunami</a>. The third issue of Vail's zine Jigsaw, published in 1991 after she spent time in Washington, D.C., was subtitled "angry grrrl zine".<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a> In spring 1991 Cheslow was living in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, and she received letters from <a href="/wiki/Ian_MacKaye" title="Ian MacKaye">Ian MacKaye</a> and Nation of Ulysses' Tim Green informing her about Bikini Kill and "angry grrrl" zines.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a> That spring 1991, Neuman and Wolfe spent spring break in D.C. and formed <a href="/wiki/Bratmobile" title="Bratmobile">Bratmobile</a> there with Erin Smith, <a href="/wiki/Christina_Billotte" title="Christina Billotte">Christina Billotte</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Autoclave_(band)" title="Autoclave (band)">Autoclave</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Jen_Smith" title="Jen Smith">Jen Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a> Bikini Kill toured with Nation of Ulysses in May/June 1991, converging in D.C. with Bratmobile that summer.<a href="#cite_note-Klein-1997-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Monem-2007-p168-42">[42]</a> It was here that Neuman and Wolfe created the first issue of riot grrrl zine.<a href="#cite_note-Klein-1997-35">[35]</a> While Bikini Kill and Bratmobile band members were in D.C. during summer 1991, a meeting was held with women from the D.C. area to discuss how to address sexism in the punk scene. These women were inspired by recent anti-racist riots in D.C., and they wanted to start a "girl riot" against a society they felt offered no validation of women's experiences.<a href="#cite_note-Schilt22-17">[17]</a> The first riot grrrl meeting was organized by Kathleen Hanna and Jenny Toomey, and it was held at the Positive Force group house in Arlington, Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-Schweitzer-2014-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Hanna later said, "We had to go to a Positive Force meeting first. I'd never had a pitch meeting before. But I was doing a pitch meeting for why they should let us use their house for this all-women's radical feminist community organizing meeting."<a href="#cite_note-Schweitzer-2014-56">[56]</a> In August 1991 many of these individuals gathered at the <a href="/wiki/International_Pop_Underground_Convention" title="International Pop Underground Convention">International Pop Underground Convention</a> in Olympia. The first night of the event became known as "Girl Night".<a href="#cite_note-Koch-59">[59]</a> Tucker played her first show that night, on guitar and vocals with Heavens to Betsy and Tracy Sawyer on drums.<a href="#cite_note-Mopop-GirlNight-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koch-59">[59]</a> Writing later about that summer, Melissa Klein (Wolfe's housemate at the time) said, "Young women's anger and questioning fomented and smoldered until it became an all-out gathering of momentum toward action...Bikini Kill promoted 'Revolution Girl Style Now' and 'Stop the J-Word Jealousy From Killing Girl Love'."<a href="#cite_note-Klein-1997-35">[35]</a> As this ideal spread via band tours, zines, and word of mouth, riot grrrl chapters sprang up around the country.<a href="#cite_note-Klein-1997-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bikini_Kill">Bikini Kill</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bikini Kill">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Kill" title="Bikini Kill">Bikini Kill</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hanna" title="Kathleen Hanna">Kathleen Hanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobi_Vail" title="Tobi Vail">Tobi Vail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kathi_Wilcox" title="Kathi Wilcox">Kathi Wilcox</a> were all studying at <a href="/wiki/The_Evergreen_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="The Evergreen State College">The Evergreen State College</a> in Olympia, Washington during the late 1980s. Hanna worked at Reko Muse, a small collective <a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">art gallery</a> that would frequently host local bands to play shows between art exhibitions. There she met Vail after booking her band, the Go Team.<a href="#cite_note-:7-60">[60]</a> At the same time, Vail was writing Jigsaw zine and working with friend Wilcox. Vail wrote at the time in Jigsaw:<blockquote>I feel completely left out of the realm of everything that is so important to me. And I know that this is partly because punk rock is for and by boys mostly and partly because punk rock of this generation is coming of age in a time of mindless career-goal bands.<a href="#cite_note-:11-61">[61]</a></blockquote> With <a href="/wiki/Billy_Karren" title="Billy Karren">Billy Karren</a>, Bikini Kill self-released a cassette of demos during summer 1991 titled <a href="/wiki/Revolution_Girl_Style_Now" title="Revolution Girl Style Now">Revolution Girl Style Now</a>. Hanna, Vail and Wilcox also began collaboration on Bikini Kill zine during their first tours in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-:4-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-52">[52]</a> The band wrote songs collaboratively and encouraged a female-centric environment at their shows, urging women to come to the front of the stage and handing out lyric sheets. Bikini Kill made it their goal to inspire more women to join the male-dominated punk scene.<a href="#cite_note-Kathleen_Hanna_{{!}}_Bikini_Kill2-62">[62]</a> Hanna would also <a href="/wiki/Stage_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage dive">stage dive</a> into the crowds to personally remove male hecklers who would often verbally and physically assault her during shows.<a href="#cite_note-:04-63">[63]</a> However, the band's reach did include a large male audience in addition to the female <a href="/wiki/Target_audience" title="Target audience">target audience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:04-63">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathleen_Hanna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kathleen_Hanna.jpg/220px-Kathleen_Hanna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Kathleen_Hanna.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Kathleen Hanna in 1996</figcaption></figure> After releasing the <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Kill_(EP)" title="Bikini Kill (EP)">Bikini Kill</a> <a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">EP</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Indie_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie label">indie label</a> <a href="/wiki/Kill_Rock_Stars" title="Kill Rock Stars">Kill Rock Stars</a> in 1992, Bikini Kill began to establish their audience. Members of Bikini Kill also began to collaborate with other high-profile musicians, including <a href="/wiki/Joan_Jett" title="Joan Jett">Joan Jett</a>, whose music Hanna has described as an early example of the riot grrrl aesthetic.<a href="#cite_note-:10-64">[64]</a> Jett produced the single "New Radio"/<a href="/wiki/Rebel_Girl_(Bikini_Kill_song)" title="Rebel Girl (Bikini Kill song)">"Rebel Girl"</a> for the band after members of Bikini Kill heard "Activity Grrrl", a song Jett wrote about the band.<a href="#cite_note-:6-65">[65]</a> Bikini Kill's debut album <a href="/wiki/Pussy_Whipped" title="Pussy Whipped">Pussy Whipped</a>, released in 1993, included the song "Rebel Girl". "Rebel Girl" has become one of Bikini Kill's signature songs as well as a widely-recognized anthem for the riot grrrl movement<a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-AppellHemphill-67">[67]</a> While "the unforgettable anthem", as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> calls it,<a href="#cite_note-Christgau-68">[68]</a> never <a href="/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts">charted</a> due to its <a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">independent</a> release, it has received widespread critical acclaim. It has been called a "classic",<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-69">[69]</a> and praised as part "of the most vital rock-n-roll of the era".<a href="#cite_note-Richards-70">[70]</a> Bikini Kill's second album <a href="/wiki/Reject_All_American" title="Reject All American">Reject All American</a> was released in 1996, and the band broke up the next year.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-71">[71]</a> Despite retrospective acclaim, at the time the band was criticized for excluding men, and even Rolling Stone described Bikini Kill's first album as "yowling and moronic nag-unto-vomit tantrums."<a href="#cite_note-:222-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> "My joke is always like, I didn't just hit the glass ceiling, I pressed my naked [breasts] up against it," Hanna said of that time.<a href="#cite_note-:222-27">[27]</a> Bikini Kill eventually called for a "<a href="/wiki/Media_blackout" title="Media blackout">media blackout</a>" due to their perceived misrepresentation of the movement by the media.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Their pioneer reputation endures but, as Hanna recalls:<blockquote>[Bikini Kill was] very vilified during the '90s by so many people, and hated by so many people, and I think that that's been kind of written out of the history. People were throwing chains at our heads – people hated us – and it was really, really hard to be in that band.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bratmobile">Bratmobile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bratmobile">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bratmobile" title="Bratmobile">Bratmobile</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bratmobile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bratmobile in 1994." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bratmobile.jpg/220px-Bratmobile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bratmobile.jpg/330px-Bratmobile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bratmobile.jpg/440px-Bratmobile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption>Bratmobile in 1994.</figcaption></figure> Hailing from <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, Bratmobile was a first-generation riot grrrl band that became the second-most prominent founding voice of the riot grrrl movement. In 1990, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a> students <a href="/wiki/Allison_Wolfe" title="Allison Wolfe">Allison Wolfe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molly_Neuman" title="Molly Neuman">Molly Neuman</a> collaborated on feminist zine <a href="/wiki/Girl_Germs" title="Girl Germs">Girl Germs</a> with Washington, D.C.'s <a href="/wiki/Jen_Smith" title="Jen Smith">Jen Smith</a>, touching on sexism in their local music scenes.<a href="#cite_note-:11-61">[61]</a> <blockquote>We were very encouraged by people like Tobi and Kathleen in Olympia, and we were like, "Oh let's do a band, let's do radio—we wanna [sic] have an all-girl radio show!"<a href="#cite_note-:8-11">[11]</a></blockquote> During spring 1991, <a href="/wiki/Erin_Smith_(musician)" title="Erin Smith (musician)">Erin Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christina_Billotte" title="Christina Billotte">Christina Billotte</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Autoclave_(band)" title="Autoclave (band)">Autoclave</a>), and Jen Smith (no relation to Erin) joined Wolfe and Neuman in Bratmobile when the latter two temporarily relocated to Washington, D.C. Neuman and Erin Smith were previously introduced at a <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Ulysses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation of Ulysses">Nation of Ulysses</a> show in Washington, D.C., in December 1990 by mutual friend <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Johnson_(musician)" title="Calvin Johnson (musician)">Calvin Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus-p55-71-50">[50]</a> Jen Smith had written in a letter to Wolfe, "We need to start a girl RIOT!"<a href="#cite_note-:11-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Jen Smith proposed they collaborate with members of Bikini Kill on a zine called Girl Riot. When Neuman began the zine, she changed its title to riot grrrl, providing a networking forum for young women in the wider music scene and giving the movement its name.<a href="#cite_note-:11-61">[61]</a> Erin Smith, Jen Smith, Billotte, Wolfe, and Neuman released only one <a href="/wiki/Cassette_culture" title="Cassette culture">tape</a> together, titled Bratmobile DC.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Thereafter, Bratmobile became a trio with Wolfe, Neuman, and Erin Smith. They played their first show together as Bratmobile in July 1991, with Neuman on drums, Erin Smith on guitar, and Wolfe on vocals.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus-p55-71-50">[50]</a> Between 1991 and 1994 Bratmobile released the album <a href="/wiki/Pottymouth" title="Pottymouth">Pottymouth</a> and EP <a href="/wiki/The_Real_Janelle" title="The Real Janelle">The Real Janelle</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kill_Rock_Stars" title="Kill Rock Stars">Kill Rock Stars</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/The_Peel_Session_(Bratmobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Peel Session (Bratmobile)">The Peel Session</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kelly-78">[78]</a> Bratmobile toured with <a href="/wiki/Heavens_to_Betsy" title="Heavens to Betsy">Heavens to Betsy</a> in 1992 and broke up in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Kelly-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Pop_Underground_Convention">International Pop Underground Convention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International Pop Underground Convention">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_Pop_Underground_Convention" title="International Pop Underground Convention">International Pop Underground Convention</a></div> From August 20 – 25, 1991, <a href="/wiki/K_Records" title="K Records">K Records</a> held an indie music festival in Olympia called the <a href="/wiki/International_Pop_Underground_Convention" title="International Pop Underground Convention">International Pop Underground Convention</a> (or IPU).<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore-2009-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Hopper-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chickfactor-83">[83]</a> A promotional poster reads: <blockquote>As the corporate ogre expands its creeping influence on the minds of industrialized youth, the time has come for the International Rockers of the World to convene in celebration of our grand independence. Hangman <a href="/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)" title="Hipster (contemporary subculture)">hipsters</a>, new <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">mod</a> rockers, sidestreet walkers, <a href="/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle)" title="Scooter (motorcycle)">scooter</a>-mounted dream girls, punks, <a href="/wiki/Teddy_boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Teddy boy">teds</a>, the instigators of the Love Rock Explosion, the editors of every angry grrrl zine, the plotters of youth rebellion in every form, the midwestern librarians and Scottish <a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">ski</a> instructors who live by night, all are setting aside August 20–25, 1991 as the time.<a href="#cite_note-Baumgarten-36">[36]</a></blockquote> A mostly all-female bill on the first night, called "Love Rock Revolution Girl Style Now!" and later simply "Girl Night", signaled a major step in the movement.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore-2009-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Hopper-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koch-59">[59]</a> The night was organized by <a href="/wiki/Lois_Maffeo" title="Lois Maffeo">Lois Maffeo</a>, KAOS DJ Michelle Noel (who later organized the first <a href="/wiki/Yoyo_A_Go_Go" title="Yoyo A Go Go">Yoyo A Go Go</a> in 1994), and Margaret Doherty.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-79">[79]</a> The lineup featured Maffeo, <a href="/wiki/Tobi_Vail" title="Tobi Vail">Tobi Vail</a> solo, <a href="/wiki/Christina_Billotte" title="Christina Billotte">Christina Billotte</a> solo, Bratmobile, Heavens to Betsy, <a href="/wiki/Nikki_McClure" title="Nikki McClure">Nikki McClure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Smith" title="Jean Smith">Jean Smith</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mecca_Normal" title="Mecca Normal">Mecca Normal</a>, <a href="/wiki/7_Year_Bitch" title="7 Year Bitch">7 Year Bitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kicking_Giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kicking Giant">Kicking Giant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Melberg" title="Rose Melberg">Rose Melberg</a>, Kreviss, I Scream Truck, <a href="/wiki/The_Spinanes" title="The Spinanes">the Spinanes</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Side_project" title="Side project">side projects</a> of Kathleen Hanna: <a href="/wiki/Suture_(band)" title="Suture (band)">Suture</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Cheslow" title="Sharon Cheslow">Sharon Cheslow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chalk_Circle_(American_band)" title="Chalk Circle (American band)">Chalk Circle</a> (DC's first <a href="/wiki/All-women_band" class="mw-redirect" title="All-women band">all-women</a> punk band) and Dug E. Bird of <a href="/wiki/Beefeater_(band)" title="Beefeater (band)">Beefeater</a>, and the Wondertwins with Tim Green of <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Ulysses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation of Ulysses">Nation of Ulysses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Hopper-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-82">[82]</a> It was here that so many <a href="/wiki/Zinester" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinester">zinester</a> people who'd only known each other from networking, mail, or talking on the phone, finally met and were brought together by an entire night of music dedicated to, for, and by women.<a href="#cite_note-Mopop-GirlNight-51">[51]</a> An exceptionally large number of <a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">independent bands</a> played and collaborated within the <a href="/wiki/Olympia_music_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympia music scene">Olympia music scene</a>. The convention also featured bands such as <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Kill" title="Bikini Kill">Bikini Kill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Ulysses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation of Ulysses">Nation of Ulysses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unwound" title="Unwound">Unwound</a>, <a href="/wiki/L7_(band)" title="L7 (band)">L7</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fastbacks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fastbacks">the Fastbacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shadowy_Men_on_a_Shadowy_Planet" title="Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet">Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girl_Trouble_(band)" title="Girl Trouble (band)">Girl Trouble</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pastels" title="The Pastels">The Pastels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seaweed_(band)" title="Seaweed (band)">Seaweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scrawl" title="Scrawl">Scrawl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jad_Fair" title="Jad Fair">Jad Fair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thee_Headcoats" title="Thee Headcoats">Thee Headcoats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Fisk" title="Steve Fisk">Steve Fisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsunami_(Virginia_band)" title="Tsunami (Virginia band)">Tsunami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fugazi" title="Fugazi">Fugazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleepyhead_(band)" title="Sleepyhead (band)">Sleepyhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mummies" title="The Mummies">The Mummies</a>, and spoken-word artist <a href="/wiki/Juliana_Luecking" title="Juliana Luecking">Juliana Luecking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chickfactor-83">[83]</a> This convention demonstrated a new relationship between audience and performers, dismantling the power dynamic of the past, for instance voicing anger at people harassing the female performers.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_of_North_America_riot_grrrl">Spread of North America riot grrrl</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spread of North America riot grrrl">edit</a>]</div> Exposure to Bikini Kill and then Bratmobile inspired other riot grrrl factions to spring up around the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Women in other regional punk music scenes across <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> were encouraged to form their own bands and start their own zines.<a href="#cite_note-:8-11">[11]</a> While Bikini Kill, amongst other bands, frequently avoided attention from <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">mainstream media</a> outlets due to the fear that riot grrrl would be co-opted by corporate enterprises, in the few interviews they did take, they often made the movement out to be bigger than it was, claiming the music scene existed in cities far beyond its actual scope. This encouraged feminists to seek out said scenes, and when they couldn't find them, they created them on their own, further broadening riot grrrl's scope.<a href="#cite_note-Koch-59">[59]</a> From July 31 to August 2, 1992, the first Riot Grrrl Convention brought people together in Washington, D.C. for a weekend of performances and workshops on topics such as rape, sexuality, racism, domestic violence, and self-defense.<a href="#cite_note-Klein-1997-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keene-37">[37]</a> A promotional flier reads: <blockquote>Calling all grrrls and women! The riot grrrls in and around Washington DC are organizing a three-day riot grrrl convention this summer. We invite all grrrl and feminist bands and performers, grrrl fanzine writers, and energetic grrrls and boys from across the country to contribute their skills, energy, anger, creativity and curiosity. We will be having at least three shows, as well as workshops on everything from self-defense, to how to run a soundboard and how to lay out a zine. Plus, there will be a lot of time to talk with other women about how we fit (or don't fit!) in the punk community.<a href="#cite_note-RGC-1992-85">[85]</a></blockquote> By 1994, riot grrrl had been discovered by the mainstream, and Bikini Kill were increasingly referred to as pioneers of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-Keene-37">[37]</a> These bands credited with establishing the subculture of riot grrrl resisted being co-opted as heads of the movement broadly.<a href="#cite_note-:12-86">[86]</a> Dedicated to a <a href="/wiki/DIY_ethos" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethos">DIY ethos</a>, bands and artists encouraged grrrls to challenge <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">hierarchies</a> and self-produce work relating to their own experiences and identities.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_riot_grrrl">English riot grrrl</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: English riot grrrl">edit</a>]</div> As Bikini Kill's music and zines spread throughout <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in 1991–92, bands formed and were quick to embrace riot grrrl.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-May2019-3">[3]</a> England had previously spawned such influential all-female or female-fronted punk bands as <a href="/wiki/X-Ray_Spex" title="X-Ray Spex">X-Ray Spex</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Slits" title="The Slits">The Slits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Raincoats" title="The Raincoats">The Raincoats</a> that provided inspiration.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-May2019-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-RollingStone-March2020-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Huggy_Bear_(band)" title="Huggy Bear (band)">Huggy Bear</a> formed in 1991, calling themselves "girl-boy revolutionaries" in reference to both their political philosophy and the gender makeup of their band, and were based in <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-May2019-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-RollingStone-March2020-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT1993-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Music-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moakes-90">[90]</a> Their debut EP was released in 1992, and in the same year they began working closely with Bikini Kill as riot grrrl's popularity peaked on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-May2019-3">[3]</a> This culminated in a 1993 split album on Catcall Records (Huggy Bear) and <a href="/wiki/Kill_Rock_Stars" title="Kill Rock Stars">Kill Rock Stars</a> (Bikini Kill) called <a href="/wiki/Our_Troubled_Youth" title="Our Troubled Youth">Our Troubled Youth</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yeah_Yeah_Yeah_Yeah" title="Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah">Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah</a>, the names of the Huggy Bear and Bikini Kill sides respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Music-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis-91">[91]</a> Huggy Bear received widespread national attention after performing their third single "Her Jazz", a split release between Catcall and <a href="/wiki/Wiiija_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiiija Records">Wiiija Records</a>, on <a href="/wiki/The_Word_(TV_series)" title="The Word (TV series)">The Word</a> in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-May2019-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moakes-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis-91">[91]</a> Kill Rock Stars had been co-founded in Olympia by <a href="/wiki/Slim_Moon" title="Slim Moon">Slim Moon</a> and Tinuviel Sampson, while Catcall was founded by former <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> punk zine <a href="/wiki/City_Fun" title="City Fun">City Fun</a> writer Liz Naylor.<a href="#cite_note-Steiner-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lukenbill-93">[93]</a> Naylor had met Bikini Kill's Kathy Wilcox by chance while they were each traveling in Europe in 1991, and Wilcox sent Naylor music and the first issues of Riot Grrrl and Jigsaw zines during their subsequent correspondence.<a href="#cite_note-Lukenbill-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Skinned_Teen" title="Skinned Teen">Skinned Teen</a> formed in London in 1992, when they were around 14 years old. They were included in British filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Thane" title="Lucy Thane">Lucy Thane</a>'s documentary of the 1993 Bikini Kill/Huggy Bear UK tour titled It Changed My Life: Bikini Kill In The U.K.; the film also included The Raincoats and queercore band <a href="/wiki/Sister_George" title="Sister George">Sister George</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-May2019-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steiner-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lukenbill-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thane-1993-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berman-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fales-Thane-96">[96]</a> Thane, from <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, had previously met the Raincoats' <a href="/wiki/Ana_da_Silva" title="Ana da Silva">Ana da Silva</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Hole_(band)" title="Hole (band)">Hole</a> show after Hole covered a Raincoats song.<a href="#cite_note-Lukenbill-93">[93]</a> Thane filmed Bikini Kill and Huggy Bear for the entirety of their 1993 tour using borrowed film and video equipment.<a href="#cite_note-Lukenbill-93">[93]</a> Naylor was tour manager.<a href="#cite_note-Lukenbill-93">[93]</a> It Changed My Life premiered in 1993 at <a href="/wiki/The_Kitchen" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kitchen">The Kitchen</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, during a film program curated by filmmaker Jill Reiter.<a href="#cite_note-Lukenbill-93">[93]</a> UK zines that wrote about riot grrrl at the time included Girlfrenzy and <a href="/wiki/Ablaze!" title="Ablaze!">Ablaze!</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davis-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_later_developments">Decline and later developments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline and later developments">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Riot_grrrl" title="Special:EditPage/Riot grrrl">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> By the mid-nineties, riot grrrl had severely splintered. Many within the movement felt that the mainstream media had completely misrepresented their message, and that the politically radical aspects of riot grrrl had been subverted by the likes of the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Girls" title="Spice Girls">Spice Girls</a> and their "<a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">girl power</a>" message, or co-opted by ostensibly women-centered bands (though sometimes with only one female performer per band) and festivals like <a href="/wiki/Lilith_Fair" title="Lilith Fair">Lilith Fair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bikini_Kill_-Palladium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bikini_Kill_-Palladium.jpg/220px-Bikini_Kill_-Palladium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bikini_Kill_-Palladium.jpg/330px-Bikini_Kill_-Palladium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bikini_Kill_-Palladium.jpg/440px-Bikini_Kill_-Palladium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Bikini Kill performing in 2019</figcaption></figure> Of the original riot grrrl bands, Bratmobile, Heavens to Betsy and Huggy Bear had split in 1994, <a href="/wiki/Excuse_17" title="Excuse 17">Excuse 17</a> and most of the UK bands had split by 1995, and Bikini Kill and <a href="/wiki/Emily%27s_Sassy_Lime" title="Emily's Sassy Lime">Emily's Sassy Lime</a> (formed in Southern California in 1993) released their last records in 1996. However, Team Dresch were active as late as 1998, <a href="/wiki/The_Gossip" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gossip">the Gossip</a> were active from 1999, and Bratmobile reformed in 2000. Perhaps most prolific of all, <a href="/wiki/Sleater-Kinney" title="Sleater-Kinney">Sleater-Kinney</a> were active from 1994 to 2006, releasing seven albums.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corin_Tucker" title="Corin Tucker">Corin Tucker</a> (Heavens to Betsy) and <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Brownstein" title="Carrie Brownstein">Carrie Brownstein</a> (Excuse 17) had formed Sleater-Kinney in Olympia.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Many of the women involved in riot grrrl are still active in creating politically charged music. Kathleen Hanna went on to found the electro-feminist <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a> "protest <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>" group <a href="/wiki/Le_Tigre" title="Le Tigre">Le Tigre</a> and later <a href="/wiki/The_Julie_Ruin" title="The Julie Ruin">the Julie Ruin</a>, Kathi Wilcox joined the Casual Dots with <a href="/wiki/Christina_Billotte" title="Christina Billotte">Christina Billotte</a> of Slant 6, and Tobi Vail formed Spider and the Webs. Sleater-Kinney reformed the band in 2014 after an 8-year hiatus and have released four albums since, while Bratmobile reunited to release two albums, before Allison Wolfe began singing with other all-women bands, Cold Cold Hearts, and <a href="/wiki/Partyline" title="Partyline">Partyline</a>. Molly Neuman went on to play with New York punk band Love Or Perish and run her own indie label called Simple Social Graces Discos, as well as co-owning <a href="/wiki/Lookout!_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Lookout! Records">Lookout! Records</a> and managing <a href="/wiki/The_Donnas" title="The Donnas">the Donnas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Leo" title="Ted Leo">Ted Leo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Some_Girls_(band)" title="Some Girls (band)">Some Girls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Locust" title="The Locust">the Locust</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kaia_Wilson" title="Kaia Wilson">Kaia Wilson</a> of Team Dresch and <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimedia artist">multimedia artist</a> <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Rae_Carland" title="Tammy Rae Carland">Tammy Rae Carland</a> went on to form the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Mr._Lady_Records" title="Mr. Lady Records">Mr. Lady Records</a> which released albums by <a href="/wiki/The_Butchies" title="The Butchies">the Butchies</a>, Electrelane, Kaia Wilson, Le Tigre, Sarah Dougher, Sextional, Tami Hart, The Haggard, TJO TKO, The Movies, V for Vendetta, The Quails.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Bikini Kill played a string of shows in 2019<a href="#cite_note-Ewens2019-103">[103]</a> to present.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminism_and_riot_grrrl_culture">Feminism and riot grrrl culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Feminism and riot grrrl culture">edit</a>]</div> Riot grrrl culture is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Third_wave_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third wave feminism">third wave feminism</a>, which also grew rapidly during the same early nineties timeframe. The movement of third-wave feminism focused less on laws and the political process and more on individual identity. The movement of third-wave feminism is said to have arisen out of the realization that women are of many colors, ethnicities, nationalities, religions and cultural backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> While multiracial feminist movements have existed prior to the third wave, the proliferation of technology during the early nineties allowed for easier networking amongst feminist groups. Riot grrrls used media spectacle to their advantage, crafting works from oppositional technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">zines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Videography" title="Videography">videography</a>, and music.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The riot grrrl movement allowed women their own space to create music and make political statements about the issues they were facing in the punk rock community and in society. They used their music and publications to express their views on issues such as patriarchy, double standards against women, rape, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic abuse">domestic abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality">sexuality</a>, and female <a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">empowerment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> An undated, typewritten Bikini Kill tour flier answers the question "What is Riot grrrl?" with: <blockquote>"[Riot Grrrl is ...] Because we girls want to create mediums that speak to US. We are tired of boy band after boy band, boy zine after boy zine, boy punk after boy punk after boy... Because we need to talk to each other. Communication and inclusion are key. We will never know if we don't break the code of silence... Because in every form of media we see ourselves slapped, decapitated, laughed at, objectified, raped, trivialized, pushed, ignored, stereotyped, kicked, scorned, molested, silenced, invalidated, knifed, shot, choked and killed. Because a safe space needs to be created for girls where we can open our eyes and reach out to each other without being threatened by this sexist society and our day to day bullshit."<a href="#cite_note-Darms-108">[108]</a></blockquote> The riot grrrl movement encouraged women to develop their own place in a male-dominated punk scene. Punk shows had come to be understood as places where "women could make their way to the front of the crowd into the <a href="/wiki/Mosh_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosh pit">mosh pit</a>, but had to 'fight ten times harder' because they were female, and sexually charged violence such as groping and rape had been reported."<a href="#cite_note-Belzer-109">[109]</a> In contrast, riot grrrl bands would often actively invite members of the audience to talk about their personal experiences with sensitive issues such as sexual abuse, pass out lyric sheets to everyone in the audience, and often demand that the mosh boys move to the back or side to allow space in front for the girls in the audience.<a href="#cite_note-:10-64">[64]</a> The bands weren't always enthusiastically received at shows by male audience members. <a href="/wiki/Punk_Planet" title="Punk Planet">Punk Planet</a> editor Daniel Sinker wrote in We Owe You Nothing: <blockquote>The vehemence fanzines large and small reserved for riot grrrl – and Bikini Kill in particular – was shocking. The <a href="/wiki/Punk_zine" title="Punk zine">punk zine</a> editors' use of '<a href="/wiki/Bitch_(insult)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitch (insult)">bitches</a>', '<a href="/wiki/Cunt" title="Cunt">cunts</a>', '<a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">man-haters</a>', and '<a href="/wiki/Dyke_(lesbian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyke (lesbian)">dykes</a>' was proof-positive that sexism was still strong in the punk scene.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></blockquote> Kathi Wilcox said in a fanzine interview:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I've been in a state of surprise for several years about this very thing. I don't know why so-called punk rockers are so threatened by a little shake-up of the truly boring dynamic of the standard show atmosphere. How fresh is the idea of fifty sweaty hardcore boys slamming into each other or jumping on each others' heads? Granted, it's kind of cool to be on stage and have action in the front, much more inspiring than to look out at a crowd of zombies, but so often the survival-of-the-fittest principle is in operation in the pit, and what girl wants to go up against a pack of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rollins" title="Henry Rollins">Rollins</a> boys who usually only want to be extra mean to her anyway just to make her "prove" her place in the pit. This was the case when I was first going to shows, and it's sad that things haven't changed at all since. ... But it would have been so cool if at one of these shows someone onstage would have said, hey let's have more girls up in the front, just so I could have had more company and girls over to side could have seen better/been in the action. So yeah, we do encourage girls to the front, and sometimes when shows have gotten really violent (like when we were in England) we had to ask the boys to move to the side or the back because it was just too fucking scary for us, after several attacks and threats, to face another sea of hostile boy-faces right in the front.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></blockquote> Kathleen Hanna later wrote: "It was also super schizo to play shows where guys threw stuff at us, called us cunts and yelled "take it off" during our set, and then the next night perform for throngs of amazing girls singing along to every lyric and cheering after every song."<a href="#cite_note-:7-60">[60]</a> Many men were supporters of riot grrrl culture and acts. Calvin Johnson and <a href="/wiki/Slim_Moon" title="Slim Moon">Slim Moon</a> have been instrumental in publishing riot grrrl bands on the labels they founded, K Records and <a href="/wiki/Kill_Rock_Stars" title="Kill Rock Stars">Kill Rock Stars</a> respectively. <a href="/wiki/Alec_Empire" title="Alec Empire">Alec Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Atari_Teenage_Riot" title="Atari Teenage Riot">Atari Teenage Riot</a> said, "I was totally into the riot grrrl music, I see it as a very important form of expression. I learned a lot from that, way more maybe than from 'male' punk rock."<a href="#cite_note-The_Punk_Years_-_Typical_Girls-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dave_Grohl" title="Dave Grohl">Dave Grohl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Cobain" title="Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> dated Kathleen Hanna and Tobi Vail (also respectively), and often played with Bikini Kill even after splitting with them; Kurt was a big fan of <a href="/wiki/The_Slits" title="The Slits">the Slits</a> and even convinced <a href="/wiki/The_Raincoats" title="The Raincoats">the Raincoats</a> to reform. He once said, "The future of rock belongs to women."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Many riot grrrl bands included male band members, such as Billy Karren of Bikini Kill or Jon Slade and Chris Rawley of Huggy Bear. The <a href="/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Historical Society">New-York Historical Society's</a> documentation on "Women & the American Story" said that "the riot grrrl movement struggled to recognize intersectionality" and therefore many women of color left when they felt their voices weren't being heard.<a href="#cite_note-NYHS-WAMS-114">[114]</a> In 1997, punk musician <a href="/wiki/Tamar-kali" title="Tamar-kali">Tamar-kali Brown</a> created Sista Grrrl by and for Black women and girls, in response to the marginalization of women of color in riot grrrl.<a href="#cite_note-Kim-2021-115">[115]</a> Sista Grrrls was the name for Tamar-kali's New York punk group with three other Black women: <a href="/wiki/Simi_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Simi Stone">Simi Stone</a>, Honeychild Coleman, and Maya Sokora.<a href="#cite_note-NYHS-WAMS-114">[114]</a> These four organized a series of punk shows, known as Sista Grrrl Riots, with Black women and girls who were in bands or performed solo.<a href="#cite_note-Vice-2015-116">[116]</a> The Slits' <a href="/wiki/Ari_Up" title="Ari Up">Ari Up</a> opened one of the riots as a Sista Grrrl ally,<a href="#cite_note-Vice-2015-116">[116]</a> and Honeychild Coleman later toured as guitarist with the reformed Slits in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Levitt-2020-117">[117]</a> Scholars have argued that riot grrrl remains relevant on a global scale because it engages with "everyday politics" or the ways that people in their day-to-day activities participate in or experience power dynamics.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> It allows grrrls to connect their interests and contemporary lives to urgent political issues in personal and subversive ways.<a href="#cite_note-:14-119">[119]</a> One way riot grrrl achieved this was through language that centered young women and girls as <a href="/wiki/Political_subjectivity" title="Political subjectivity">political subjects</a> with <a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">agency</a> and power, in a way that broke away from historical models of feminism and radical speech.<a href="#cite_note-:15-120">[120]</a> This "history-in-the-making" approach aligned well with riot grrrl's devotion to DIY.<a href="#cite_note-:15-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zines_and_publications">Zines and publications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Zines and publications">edit</a>]</div> Even as the Seattle-area rock scene came to international <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mainstream media</a> attention, riot grrrl remained a willfully underground phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-Darms-108">[108]</a> Most musicians shunned the <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_record_labels" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Five record labels">major record labels</a>, devotedly working instead with <a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">indie labels</a> such as Kill Rock Stars, K Records, <a href="/wiki/Slampt" title="Slampt">Slampt</a>, Piao! Records, <a href="/wiki/Simple_Machines" title="Simple Machines">Simple Machines</a>, Catcall, <a href="/wiki/WIIIJA" class="mw-redirect" title="WIIIJA">WIIIJA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_Records" title="Chainsaw Records">Chainsaw Records</a>. Riot grrrl's momentum was also hugely supported by an explosion of creativity in homemade cut and paste, <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">xeroxed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a> <a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">zines</a> that covered a variety of feminist topics, frequently attempting to draw out the political implications of intensely personal experiences in a "privately public" space.<a href="#cite_note-Darms-108">[108]</a> Zines often described experiences with <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Body_image" title="Body image">body image</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Eating disorders">eating disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>, racism, rape, discrimination, <a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>, and sometimes vegetarianism. Grrrl zine editors are collectively engaged in forms of writing and writing instruction that challenge both dominant notions of the author as an individualized, bodiless space and notions of feminism as primarily an adult political project.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> These zines were archived by zinewiki.com, and Riot Grrrl Press, started in Washington DC in 1992 by Erika Reinstein & May Summer.<a href="#cite_note-ZineWiki-122">[122]</a> Bands often attempted to <a href="/wiki/Reappropriate" class="mw-redirect" title="Reappropriate">reappropriate</a> derogatory phrases like "cunt", "bitch", "dyke", and "slut", writing them proudly on their skin with lipstick or fat markers. Kathleen Hanna was writing "slut" on her stomach at shows as early as 1992, intentionally fusing feminist art and activist practices.<a href="#cite_note-:032-20">[20]</a> Many of the women involved with queercore were also interested in riot grrrl, and zines such as Chainsaw by <a href="/wiki/Donna_Dresch" title="Donna Dresch">Donna Dresch</a>, Sister Nobody, Jane Gets A Divorce and I (heart) Amy Carter by <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Rae_Carland" title="Tammy Rae Carland">Tammy Rae Carland</a> embody both movements. There were also national conventions like in Washington, D.C.,<a href="#cite_note-Klein-1997-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keene-37">[37]</a> or the Pussystock festival in New York City, as well as various subsequent indie-documentaries like Don't Need You: the <a href="/wiki/Herstory" title="Herstory">Herstory</a> of Riot Grrrl. Other riot grrrl zines such as <a href="/wiki/Ramdasha_Bikceem" title="Ramdasha Bikceem">Ramdasha Bikceem</a>'s GUNK, started in 1990 when she was 15, focused on the intersections of punk, gender, and racism.<a href="#cite_note-Vice-2015-116">[116]</a> Bikceem, from <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, had found out about riot grrrl zines after a friend became Tobi Vail's roommate in Olympia. Bikceem's band Gunk performed at the first Riot Grrrl Convention in D.C. in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Fales-Bikceem-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In GUNK #4 Bikceem wrote about the politics of being a Black grrrl, "I'll go out somewhere with my friends who all look equally as weird as me, but say we get hassled by the cops for skating or something. That cop is going to remember my face a lot clearer than say one of my white girlfriends."<a href="#cite_note-Vice-2015-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mimi_Thi_Nguyen" title="Mimi Thi Nguyen">Mimi Thi Nguyen</a>'s Slant and <a href="/wiki/Margarita_Alcantara" title="Margarita Alcantara">Sabrina Margarita Alcantara-Tan</a>'s Bamboo Girl critiqued riot grrrl from the perspective of Asian American girls.<a href="#cite_note-Vice-2015-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laing-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYPL-2021-126">[126]</a> In 1997, Nguyen published the compilation zine Evolution of a Race Riot.<a href="#cite_note-Laing-125">[125]</a> In the mid-1990s, zines were also published on the Internet as <a href="/wiki/Online_magazine" title="Online magazine">e-zines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oren_&_press_2019-127">[127]</a> Websites such as <a href="/wiki/Gurl.com" title="Gurl.com">Gurl.com</a> and <a href="/wiki/ChickClick" title="ChickClick">ChickClick</a> were created out of dissatisfaction of media available to women and parodied content found in mainstream <a href="/wiki/Teen_magazine" title="Teen magazine">teen</a> and women's magazines.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1999-05-09-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-isd_2000-04-18-129">[129]</a> Both Gurl.com and ChickClick had a message board and free web hosting services, where users could also create and contribute their own content, which in turn created a reciprocal relationship where women could also be seen as creators rather than consumers.<a href="#cite_note-oren_&_press_2019-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-feenberg_2004-130">[130]</a>: 154  Starting during the fall of 2010, the "Riot Grrrl Collection" has been housed at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fales_Library" title="Fales Library">Fales Library</a> and Special Collections, as "The Fales Riot Grrrl Collection". The collection's primary mandate is "to collect unique materials that provide documentation of the creative process of individuals and the chronology of the [Riot Grrrl] movement overall".<a href="#cite_note-nyu.edu-131">[131]</a> Kathleen Hanna, Molly Neuman, Allison Wolfe, Ramdasha Bikceem, <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Fateman" title="Johanna Fateman">Johanna Fateman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Becca_Albee" title="Becca Albee">Becca Albee</a> (co-founder of Excuse 17), <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Thane" title="Lucy Thane">Lucy Thane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Rae_Carland" title="Tammy Rae Carland">Tammy Rae Carland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mimi_Thi_Nguyen" title="Mimi Thi Nguyen">Mimi Thi Nguyen</a> have donated <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary source</a> material.<a href="#cite_note-nyu.edu-131">[131]</a> The collection is the brainchild of Lisa Darms, Senior Archivist at the Fales Library. According to Jenna Freedman, a librarian who maintains a zine collection at <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a>, "It's just essential to preserve the activist voices in their own unmediated work, especially because of the media blackout that they called for". Kathleen Hanna, while understanding no collection can replicate the concert experience, feels the collection is a safe place that will be "free from feminist erasure".<a href="#cite_note-nyu.edu-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYU-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_misconceptions">Media misconceptions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Media misconceptions">edit</a>]</div> <blockquote>At first most Riot Grrrls were open to using the media as a way to spread the word to other girls. Shortly thereafter, however, feeling that they had been misrepresented, trivialized, commercialized, and made into a new fad and trend, the Riot Grrrls changed their minds.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></blockquote>As media attention increasingly focused on the emerging grunge and alternative rock scene in the mid-nineties, the term "Riot Grrrl" was often used as a catchall for female-fronted bands and applied to less political <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> acts. While many female-centric or all-women rock bands, such as <a href="/wiki/Frightwig" title="Frightwig">Frightwig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hole_(band)" title="Hole (band)">Hole</a>, <a href="/wiki/7_Year_Bitch" title="7 Year Bitch">7 Year Bitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babes_in_Toyland_(band)" title="Babes in Toyland (band)">Babes in Toyland</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Breeders" title="The Breeders">the Breeders</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gits" title="The Gits">the Gits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunachicks" title="Lunachicks">Lunachicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liz_Phair" title="Liz Phair">Liz Phair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veruca_Salt" title="Veruca Salt">Veruca Salt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L7_(band)" title="L7 (band)">L7</a>, shared similar DIY tactics and feminist ideologies with the riot grrrl movement, not all of these acts self-identified with the riot grrrl label.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-May2019-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-RollingStone-March2020-13">[13]</a> "It used to frustrate me when posters would say 'all-girl band' or 'riot grrrl'," recalled L7's <a href="/wiki/Donita_Sparks" title="Donita Sparks">Donita Sparks</a>. "We cheered loudly when we went to Italy: it said, 'Rock from the USA.'"<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Love" title="Courtney Love">Courtney Love</a>, in particular, felt the need to disassociate with Riot Grrrl as a whole:<blockquote>As supportive as I am of them, there's a faction that says, "We don't know how to play, but we're not going to follow your male-measured idea of what good is." Look, good is <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_II" title="Led Zeppelin II">Led Zeppelin II</a>. That's fucking good. And I'm not going to sit here and say you're a good band when you suck. They're like, "But we're entitled to suck." Really? We work so hard to get good at what we do without covering up who we are as women.<a href="#cite_note-Donnell22-40">[40]</a></blockquote> To their chagrin, in 1992 riot grrrls found themselves in the media spotlight of magazines from <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)" title="Seventeen (American magazine)">Seventeen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Newsweek's headline was "Riot Girl is feminism with a loud happy face dotting the 'i'," and <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a> ran a headline saying "From hundreds of once pink, frilly bedrooms comes the young feminist revolution."<a href="#cite_note-Keene-37">[37]</a> Fallout from the media coverage led to resignations from the movement, including <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hopper" title="Jessica Hopper">Jessica Hopper</a>, a teenage music critic who was at the center of the Newsweek article.<a href="#cite_note-Ross-137">[137]</a> Hopper, later the author of <a href="/wiki/The_First_Collection_of_Criticism_by_a_Living_Female_Rock_Critic" title="The First Collection of Criticism by a Living Female Rock Critic">The First Collection of Criticism by a Living Female Rock Critic</a>, said, "Some people were really upset because I talked to mainstream media about what I felt riot grrrl was...At the time there was much more of a chasm between the underground and the mainstream and people didn't want mainstream girls showing up to this, and I just thought, I didn't want to be part of something that wasn't for all women."<a href="#cite_note-Ross-137">[137]</a> To ease tension, Kathleen Hanna called a "media blackout" for that year. In an essay from January 1994 that had been included in the double compact disc release of Bikini Kill's first two albums, Tobi Vail responded to media misrepresentation of Bikini Kill and riot grrrl in general: <blockquote>One huge misconception for instance that has been repeated over and over again in magazines we have never spoken to and also by those who believe these sources without checking things out themselves is that Bikini Kill is the definitive 'riot girl band' ... We are not in anyway 'leaders of' or authorities on the 'Riot Girl' movement. In fact, as individuals we have each had different experiences with, feelings on, opinions of and varying degrees of involvement with 'Riot Girl' and though we totally respect those who still feel that label is important and meaningful to them, we have never used that term to describe ourselves AS A BAND. As individuals we respect and utilize and subscribe to a variety of different aesthetics, strategies, and beliefs, both political and punk-wise, some of which are probably considered 'riot girl.'<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Cheslow" title="Sharon Cheslow">Sharon Cheslow</a> stated in <a href="/wiki/Experience_Music_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience Music Project">EMP's</a> Riot Grrrl Retrospective documentary: <blockquote>There were a lot of very important ideas that I think the mainstream media couldn't handle, so it was easier to focus on the fact that these were girls who were wearing <a href="/wiki/Barrette" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrette">barrettes</a> in their hair or writing 'slut' on their stomach.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Corin_Tucker" title="Corin Tucker">Corin Tucker</a> stated: <blockquote>I think it was deliberate that we were made to look like we were just ridiculous girls parading around in our underwear. They refused to do serious interviews with us, they misprinted what we had to say, they would take our articles, and our fanzines, and our essays and take them <a href="/wiki/Out_of_context" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of context">out of context</a>. We wrote a lot about <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a> for teenagers and young women. I think those are really important concepts that the media never addressed.<a href="#cite_note-EMP-WhatGotLost-139">[139]</a></blockquote> Other female-fronted punk bands, such as <a href="/wiki/Spitboy" title="Spitboy">Spitboy</a>, were less comfortable with the childhood-centered issues of much of the riot grrrl aesthetic, but nonetheless dealt explicitly with feminist and related issues as well.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Lesbian-centric <a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">Queercore</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> bands, such as <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Column_(band)" title="Fifth Column (band)">Fifth Column</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_8" title="Tribe 8">Tribe 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adickdid" title="Adickdid">Adickdid</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Third_Sex_(band)" title="The Third Sex (band)">the Third Sex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excuse_17" title="Excuse 17">Excuse 17</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Team_Dresch" title="Team Dresch">Team Dresch</a>, wrote songs dealing with matters specific to women and their position in society, exploring issues such as both <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">sexual</a><a href="#cite_note-dickinson-142">[142]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> A documentary film put together by a San Diego psychiatrist, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Rose_Apramian" title="Lisa Rose Apramian">Lisa Rose Apramian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Not_Bad_for_a_Girl" title="Not Bad for a Girl">Not Bad for a Girl</a>, explored some of these issues in interviews with many of the musicians in the riot grrrl scene at the time.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> The "Riot Grrrl" movement received criticism for not being inclusive enough. Emily White wrote for the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Reader" title="Chicago Reader">Chicago Reader</a> in 1992, "Riot Girls are often accused of being <a href="/wiki/Separatist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist feminism">separatist</a>: they want to form a life away from men and invent 'girl culture.'"<a href="#cite_note-:1-145">[145]</a> One major argument was that the movement focused on middle-class white women, alienating other kinds of women.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> This criticism emerged early in the movement. In 1993, Ramdasha Bikceem wrote in her zine, Gunk, <blockquote>Riot grrrl calls for change, but I question who it's including ... I see Riot Grrrl growing very closed to a very few i.e. white middle class punk girls.<a href="#cite_note-Darms-108">[108]</a></blockquote> Riot grrrl, especially in the 1990s, focused heavily on the use of the body as "message boards" for public demonstration.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Riot grrrl faced similar issues as the original punk scene it was protesting against, in terms of its lack of <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectionality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-150">[150]</a> Black women, specifically, did not feel the counterculture was a safe-space to express their lived experiences, anger, and art.<a href="#cite_note-:16-150">[150]</a> Feeling excluded from the riot grrrl scene, Sista Grrrl Riots were created in the late 1990s by <a href="/wiki/Tamar-kali" title="Tamar-kali">Tamar-kali Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simi_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Simi Stone">Simi Stone</a>, Honeychild Coleman, and Maya Sokora.<a href="#cite_note-:16-150">[150]</a> Sista Grrrls created a space by and for Black women to freely express themselves through punk. The Sista Grrrl movement was foundational to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Afro-punk" title="Afro-punk">Afro-punk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-150">[150]</a> Tamar-kali later said, "I was a different type of girl. I was hearing what they were saying, but I was living in an environment where people were getting stabbed. Riot Grrrl felt like a bubblegum expression."<a href="#cite_note-Vice-2015-116">[116]</a> Musician <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Love" title="Courtney Love">Courtney Love</a> criticized the movement for being too doctrinaire and censorious: <blockquote>Look, you've got these highly intelligent imperious girls, but who told them it was their undeniable American right not to be offended? Being offended is part of being in the real world. I'm offended every time I see <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George Bush</a> on TV!<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></blockquote> Some have suggested that, while riot grrrl bands worked to ensure their shows were safe spaces in which women could find solidarity and create their own subculture, some higher-profile riot grrrl bands participated in the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Womyn%27s_Music_Festival" title="Michigan Womyn's Music Festival">Michigan Womyn's Music Festival</a>, a trans-exclusionary event that had a "<a href="/wiki/Womyn-born_womyn" title="Womyn-born womyn">womyn-born womyn</a>" policy. Former members of <a href="/wiki/Le_Tigre" title="Le Tigre">Le Tigre</a> saw protests at their shows for having participated in the festival in 2001 and 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Chart_Attack-152">[152]</a> However, Kathleen Hanna stated directly that she supported trans rights on her own Twitter account.<a href="#cite_note-Billboard-2021-153">[153]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/JD_Samson" title="JD Samson">JD Samson</a>, another former member of Le Tigre, is genderfluid.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Kathleen Hanna acknowledged some of these critiques in her zine April Fools' Day. When describing her traumas related to addiction, she said: "It seems to me that each addict functions within his/her one context in terms of race, gender, location, class, personality, access, etc. … so it would be ridiculous for me to try and write a 'manifesto' or a 'universal account' of how addiction works."<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Hanna followed a legacy of <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">privilege-checking</a> in riot grrrl culture and the community commitment to differentiate between personal experiences and trauma from <a href="/wiki/Institutionalized_oppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutionalized oppression">systemic oppression</a> when necessary.<a href="#cite_note-:12-86">[86]</a> Riot grrrl activists have often tended to create themselves into <a href="/wiki/Marginalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalized">marginalized</a> subjects to strengthen their credibility within the subculture without recognizing their <a href="/wiki/Positioning_theory" title="Positioning theory">positionality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_resurgence">Legacy and resurgence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy and resurgence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrie_Brownstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Carrie_Brownstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="302" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Brownstein" title="Carrie Brownstein">Carrie Brownstein</a> of <a href="/wiki/Excuse_17" title="Excuse 17">Excuse 17</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleater-Kinney" title="Sleater-Kinney">Sleater-Kinney</a> in 2005</figcaption></figure> In the foreword to the 2007 book, Riot Grrrl: Revolution Girl Style Now!, <a href="/wiki/Beth_Ditto" title="Beth Ditto">Beth Ditto</a> writes of riot grrrl, <blockquote>A movement formed by a handful of girls who felt empowered, who were angry, hilarious, and extreme through and for each other. Built on the floors of strangers' living rooms, tops of Xerox machines, snail mail, word of mouth and mixtapes, riot grrrl reinvented punk.<a href="#cite_note-Monem,_Nadine_2007_P.8-156">[156]</a></blockquote> Additionally, Ditto writes about riot grrrl's influence on her personally and on her music. She muses on the meaning of the movement for her generation, <blockquote>Until I found riot grrrl, or riot grrrl found me I was just another <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a> NOW feminist trying to take a stand in shop class. Now I am a musician, a writer, a whole person.<a href="#cite_note-Monem,_Nadine_2007_P.8-156">[156]</a></blockquote> Many women write to Hanna in hopes of reviving the Riot Grrrl Movement. Hanna says, "Don't revive it, make something better".<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In 2010 <a href="/wiki/Girls_to_the_Front_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Girls to the Front (book)">Girls to the Front: The True Story of the Riot Grrrl Revolution</a> became the first published history of the riot grrrl movement.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The author had also attended Riot Grrrl meetings herself.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> As of 2019 there were approximately ten weekly riot grrrl meetings held nationwide and bands multiplying faster than can be counted.<a href="#cite_note-Riot_Grrrl_Map2-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:132-18">[18]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Regrettes_(43741140144).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Regrettes_%2843741140144%29.jpg/220px-The_Regrettes_%2843741140144%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Regrettes_%2843741140144%29.jpg/330px-The_Regrettes_%2843741140144%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Regrettes_%2843741140144%29.jpg/440px-The_Regrettes_%2843741140144%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Regrettes" title="The Regrettes">The Regrettes</a> formed in 2015 and merge riot grrrl with elements of <a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">doo-wop</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></figcaption></figure>In 2013 <a href="/wiki/Astria_Suparak" title="Astria Suparak">Astria Suparak</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceci_Moss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceci Moss (page does not exist)">Ceci Moss</a> curated Alien She, an exhibition examining the impact of Riot Grrrl on artists and cultural producers. Alien She focuses on seven people whose visual art practices were informed by their contact with Riot Grrrl. Many of them work in multiple disciplines, such as sculpture, installation, video, documentary film, photography, drawing, printmaking, new media, social practice, curation, music, writing and performance—a reflection of the movement's artistic diversity and mutability.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> It opened September 2013 at the Miller Gallery at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, and ran through February the following year. It visited four subsequent art spaces (Vox Populi in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March – April 2014; Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, San Francisco, October 2014 – January 2015; Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, California, February – May 2015; and Pacific Northwest College of Art: 511 Gallery and the Museum of Contemporary Craft in Portland, Oregon, September 3, 2015 – January 9, 2016<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a>). The term "grrrl" (or "grrl") itself has since been co-opted or used by agencies as diverse as advocacy on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (GRRL POWER 1.0 5-PACK / Memetics for the Ladies)<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">roller derby</a> league in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The resurgence of riot grrrl is clearly visible in <a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">fourth-wave feminists</a> worldwide who cite the original movement as an interest or influence on their lives and/or their work.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Some of them are self-proclaimed riot grrrls while others consider themselves simply admirers or fans. In an age where Internet is the most accessible platform for individuals to express themselves, the fourth-wave riot grrrl community has risen in popularity in recent years. Not only do these online platforms capture discussion regarding larger topics of intersectional oppression, but they also provide space for budding feminists to express smaller issues, such as the successes and challenges of their everyday lives. Young feminists have harnessed the internet as a forum for self-determinism and genuine, open expression: a core part of the riot grrrl message that allows young adults room to decide for themselves who they are.<a href="#cite_note-:9-23">[23]</a> In January 2019, Bikini Kill announced their reunion tour for the first time since their last show in Tokyo 22 years ago. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> stated in an article about reunion that the once-underground riot grrrl movement has gone mainstream due to word of mouth from celebrities and the increased attention to other modern feminist developments such as the <a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement">Me Too movement</a>. In the same article, drummer Tobi Vail stated her frustration with lack of social progress related to feminism.<a href="#cite_note-Ewens2019-103">[103]</a> <blockquote>These same issues still exist, being a woman in public is very intense, whether it's in the public eye or just walking down the street at night by yourself.<a href="#cite_note-Ewens2019-103">[103]</a></blockquote> Vail also explained the aims of their reunion, that women discover the band and understand their history, especially those who did not have the opportunity to hear them during the original riot grrrl movement. <blockquote>We're doing it because we want to be a part of this conversation about what feminism is in this moment.<a href="#cite_note-Ewens2019-103">[103]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_proliferation">Global proliferation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Global proliferation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pussy_Riot_-_Denis_Bochkarev_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pussy Riot. Photo by Denis Bochkarev." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pussy_Riot_-_Denis_Bochkarev_6.jpg/220px-Pussy_Riot_-_Denis_Bochkarev_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pussy_Riot_-_Denis_Bochkarev_6.jpg/330px-Pussy_Riot_-_Denis_Bochkarev_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pussy_Riot_-_Denis_Bochkarev_6.jpg/440px-Pussy_Riot_-_Denis_Bochkarev_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Pussy Riot. Photo by Denis Bochkarev.</figcaption></figure> Since its beginnings, the riot grrrl movement was attractive to many women in varied cultures. Its spread across the world established bands in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and Europe,<a href="#cite_note-:2-170">[170]</a> and its globalization was also aided by the distribution of zines across Asia, Europe, and South America.<a href="#cite_note-:3-171">[171]</a> The discovery of riot grrrl provided women across the globe with access to an outlet that challenged the dominant culture's attitudes toward the female body through a form of self-expression<a href="#cite_note-:2-170">[170]</a> that previously was often inaccessible to women in non-western nations.<a href="#cite_note-:3-171">[171]</a> In addition to becoming a vehicle of expression for equality, bands in the genre affected the status quo of the music industry by challenging the gender norms that favoured male musicians.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> One of the most well-known bands to come out of the globalization of the riot grrrl movement is <a href="/wiki/Pussy_Riot" title="Pussy Riot">Pussy Riot</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> group formed in 2011 who self-identify as twenty-first century Russian riot grrrls.<a href="#cite_note-:3-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-OFlynn-173">[173]</a> Pussy Riot first came to popular media attention in 2012 when they staged a protest performance of "Punk Prayer" at the altar of Moscow's largest cathedral. The song includes an appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> to banish <a href="/wiki/Putin" class="mw-redirect" title="Putin">Putin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-OFlynn-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Rumens-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-Tayler-175">[175]</a> All three members of Pussy Riot were convicted of <a href="/wiki/Hooliganism" title="Hooliganism">hooliganism</a> and sentenced two years' imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Aug2012-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Elder-177">[177]</a> Pussy Riot performs music with themes of feminism, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Russia">LGBT rights</a>, and opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">policies</a> of Russian president Vladimir Putin, whom the group considers to be a <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-OFlynn-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">feminism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/24px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/35px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/47px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikini_Kill" title="Bikini Kill">Bikini Kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/But_I%27m_a_Cheerleader" title="But I'm a Cheerleader">But I'm a Cheerleader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C86" title="C86">C86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxcore" title="Foxcore">Foxcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_Germs" title="Girl Germs">Girl Germs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Girls" title="Guerrilla Girls">Guerrilla Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Changed_My_Life:_Bikini_Kill_In_The_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="It Changed My Life: Bikini Kill In The UK">It Changed My Life: Bikini Kill In The UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinderwhore" title="Kinderwhore">Kinderwhore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies_and_Gentlemen,_the_Fabulous_Stains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladies and Gentlemen, the Fabulous Stains">Ladies and Gentlemen, the Fabulous Stains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_all-women_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of all-women bands">List of all-women bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riot_grrrl_bands" title="List of riot grrrl bands">List of riot grrrl bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Punk_Singer" title="The Punk Singer">The Punk Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk ideology">Punk ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">Queercore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Act" title="Radical Act">Radical Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Girl" title="Tank Girl">Tank Girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Women in music</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFeliciano" class="citation web cs1">Feliciano, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/06/19/riot-grrrl-movement">"the Riot Grrrl Movement"</a>. New York Public Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403081524/https://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/06/19/riot-grrrl-movement">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2019. 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April 9, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630053812/http://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/1080646/its-riot-grrrl-day-in-boston-here-are-songs-to-rock-out-to-at-work">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2016. 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Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05936-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05936-6"><bdi>978-0-393-05936-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bad+Woman+Feeling+Good%3A+Blues+and+the+Women+Who+Sing+Them&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05936-6&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Buzzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbadwomanfeelingg00buzz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForman-Brunell2001" class="citation book cs1">Forman-Brunell, Miriam (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R9seZ-3JCqsC&q=riot+grrrls&pg=PA564">Girlhood in American: An Encyclopedia</a>. 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Popular Music and Society. 26 (1): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0300776032000076351">10.1080/0300776032000076351</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37919089">37919089</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103141220/http://www.public.asu.edu/~kleong/staffpage/course/riottgrrl%20analysis.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 3, 2013. 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Retrieved December 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Reader&rft.atitle=Revolution+Girl-Style+Now%21+Notes+From+the+Teenage+Feminist+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Undergroun&rft.date=1992-09-24&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoreader.com%2Fchicago%2Frevolution-girl-style-now%2FContent%3Foid%3D880507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowe-Finbeiner22-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Rowe-Finbeiner22_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe-Finkbeiner,_Kristin2004" class="citation book cs1">Rowe-Finkbeiner, Kristin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fwordfeminisminj00rowe">The F-Word: Feminism In Jeopardy—Women, Politics and the Future</a>. Seal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58005-114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58005-114-9"><bdi>978-1-58005-114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+F-Word%3A+Feminism+In+Jeopardy%E2%80%94Women%2C+Politics+and+the+Future&rft.pub=Seal+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58005-114-9&rft.au=Rowe-Finkbeiner%2C+Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffwordfeminisminj00rowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:032-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:032_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:032_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2010" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Sara (2010). Girls to the Front. Harper. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061806360" title="Special:BookSources/9780061806360"><bdi>9780061806360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Girls+to+the+Front&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780061806360&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabin2322-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rabin2322_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabin2322_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabin2322_21-2">c</a> Sabin, R. Punk Rock: So What?: The Cultural Legacy of Punk, (Routledge, 1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415170303" title="Special:BookSources/0415170303">0415170303</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Girl_Zines-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Girl_Zines_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Girl_Zines_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Girl_Zines_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiepmeier2009" class="citation book cs1">Piepmeier, Alison (2009). Girl Zines: making media, doing feminism. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814767528" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814767528"><bdi>978-0814767528</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/326484782">326484782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Girl+Zines%3A+making+media%2C+doing+feminism&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F326484782&rft.isbn=978-0814767528&rft.aulast=Piepmeier&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarofalo1998" class="citation journal cs1">Garofalo, Gitana (1998). "Riot Grrrl: Revolutions From Within". Signs. 23 (3): 809–841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F495289">10.1086/495289</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3175311">3175311</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144109102">144109102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs&rft.atitle=Riot+Grrrl%3A+Revolutions+From+Within&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=809-841&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144109102%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3175311%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F495289&rft.aulast=Garofalo&rft.aufirst=Gitana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0422-24"><a href="#cite_ref-:0422_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarland2014" class="citation web cs1">Garland, Emma (November 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/6wqepn/in-conversation-with-liz-naylor-and-skinny-girl-diet">"How Does Riot Grrrl Inform Feminism and Punk in 2014?"</a>. www.vice.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111204819/https://www.vice.com/en/article/6wqepn/in-conversation-with-liz-naylor-and-skinny-girl-diet">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vice.com&rft.atitle=How+Does+Riot+Grrrl+Inform+Feminism+and+Punk+in+2014%3F&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2F6wqepn%2Fin-conversation-with-liz-naylor-and-skinny-girl-diet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:322-25"><a href="#cite_ref-:322_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2011" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Dave (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/987795305">Bad reputation : the unauthorized biography of Joan Jett</a>. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140323/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/05/arts/music/the-riot-grrrl-movement-still-inspires.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Feminist+Riot+That+Still+Inspires&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Ryzik&rft.aufirst=Melena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F06%2F05%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fthe-riot-grrrl-movement-still-inspires.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2010" class="citation web cs1">Cochrane, Lauren (December 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/dec/04/punk">"Poly Styrene, rock's original riot grrrl, plans to bondage up Christmas"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410224305/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/dec/04/punk">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Poly+Styrene%2C+rock%27s+original+riot+grrrl%2C+plans+to+bondage+up+Christmas&rft.date=2010-12-04&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2010%2Fdec%2F04%2Fpunk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2013" class="citation web cs1">Goodman, Lizzy (April 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elle.com/pop-culture/celebrities/kim-gordon-sonic-youth-profile">"Kim Gordon Sounds Off"</a>. ELLE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104035748/http://www.elle.com/pop-culture/celebrities/kim-gordon-sonic-youth-profile">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ELLE&rft.atitle=Kim+Gordon+Sounds+Off&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Lizzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elle.com%2Fpop-culture%2Fcelebrities%2Fkim-gordon-sonic-youth-profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCabe" class="citation web cs1">McCabe, Allyson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/04/27/717757017/the-story-of-the-fabulous-stains-and-riot-grrrl">"The Story of The Fabulous Stains and Riot Grrrl"</a>. NPR.org. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171756/https://www.npr.org/2019/04/27/717757017/the-story-of-the-fabulous-stains-and-riot-grrrl">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+The+Fabulous+Stains+and+Riot+Grrrl&rft.aulast=McCabe&rft.aufirst=Allyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F04%2F27%2F717757017%2Fthe-story-of-the-fabulous-stains-and-riot-grrrl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monem-2007-p15-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monem-2007-p15_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monem-2007-p15_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monem-2007-p15_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonem2007" class="citation book cs1">Monem, Nadine, ed. (2007). Riot Grrrl: Revolution Girl Style Now!. Black Dog Publishing. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1906155018" title="Special:BookSources/978-1906155018"><bdi>978-1906155018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riot+Grrrl%3A+Revolution+Girl+Style+Now%21&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Black+Dog+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1906155018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CityArts-Baumgarten-32"><a href="#cite_ref-CityArts-Baumgarten_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgarten2012" class="citation web cs1">Baumgarten, Mark (May 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityartsmagazine.com/issues-seattle-2012-06-love-rock-revolution/">"Love Rock Revolution"</a>. CityArts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101032825/https://www.cityartsmagazine.com/issues-seattle-2012-06-love-rock-revolution/">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CityArts&rft.atitle=Love+Rock+Revolution&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft.aulast=Baumgarten&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityartsmagazine.com%2Fissues-seattle-2012-06-love-rock-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrue2009" class="citation book cs1">True, Everett (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830122168">Nirvana : the biography</a>. New York, New York: Hachette Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3390-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3390-3"><bdi>978-0-7867-3390-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/830122168">830122168</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419052123/https://search.worldcat.org/title/830122168">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2024. 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Rock She Wrote (Cooper Square Press, 1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815410182" title="Special:BookSources/0815410182">0815410182</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2020" class="citation web cs1">Dolan, Jon (October 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/puncture-magazine-collection-now-is-the-time-to-invent-review-1062563/">"RS Recommends: Nineties Indie Rock as it Happened in the Pages of 'Puncture'"</a>. Rolling Stone Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302145253/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/puncture-magazine-collection-now-is-the-time-to-invent-review-1062563/">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2021. 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Riot Grrrl: Revolution Girl Style Now!. Black Dog Publishing. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1906155018" title="Special:BookSources/978-1906155018"><bdi>978-1906155018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riot+Grrrl%3A+Revolution+Girl+Style+Now%21&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Black+Dog+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1906155018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connolly-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Connolly_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dischord.com/release/SDP01b/banned-in-dc">"Sun Dog Propaganda SDP01b - Banned in DC"</a>. 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Harper. pp. 55–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061806360" title="Special:BookSources/9780061806360"><bdi>9780061806360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Girls+to+the+Front%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Riot+Grrrl+Revolution&rft.pages=55-71&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780061806360&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mopop-GirlNight-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mopop-GirlNight_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mopop-GirlNight_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mopop-GirlNight_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mopop.org/about-mopop/the-mopop-blog/posts/2020/may/watch-riot-grrrl-retrospectives-girl-night-at-the-1991-international-pop-underground-convention/">"WATCH: Riot Grrrl Retrospectives - 'Girl Night' at the 1991 International Pop Underground Convention"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Pop_Culture" title="Museum of Pop Culture">Museum of Pop Culture</a>. May 28, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022181806/https://www.mopop.org/about-mopop/the-mopop-blog/posts/2020/may/watch-riot-grrrl-retrospectives-girl-night-at-the-1991-international-pop-underground-convention/">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WATCH%3A+Riot+Grrrl+Retrospectives+-+%27Girl+Night%27+at+the+1991+International+Pop+Underground+Convention&rft.pub=Museum+of+Pop+Culture&rft.date=2020-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mopop.org%2Fabout-mopop%2Fthe-mopop-blog%2Fposts%2F2020%2Fmay%2Fwatch-riot-grrrl-retrospectives-girl-night-at-the-1991-international-pop-underground-convention%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChick2007" class="citation book cs1">Chick, Steve (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pytWr18SiLsC&q=%22Kathi%20Wilcox%22&pg=PT365">Psychic Confusion: The Sonic Youth Story</a>. Omnibus Press. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-054-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-054-0"><bdi>978-0-85712-054-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419052126/https://books.google.com/books?id=pytWr18SiLsC&q=%22Kathi%20Wilcox%22&pg=PT365#v=snippet&q=%22Kathi%20Wilcox%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2024. Retrieved April 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychic+Confusion%3A+The+Sonic+Youth+Story&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85712-054-0&rft.aulast=Chick&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpytWr18SiLsC%26q%3D%2522Kathi%2520Wilcox%2522%26pg%3DPT365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haenfler.sites.grinnell.edu/riot-grrrl-2/">"Riot Grrrl 2 – Subcultures and Sociology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323034150/https://haenfler.sites.grinnell.edu/riot-grrrl-2/">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2024. Retrieved March 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Riot+Grrrl+2+%E2%80%93+Subcultures+and+Sociology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaenfler.sites.grinnell.edu%2Friot-grrrl-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2017" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, Kathleen (April 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpcu.12539">"We Were Feminists Once: From Riot Grrrl to CoverGirl, the Buying and Selling of a Political Movement. AndiZeisler. New York: Public Affairs, 2016. 304 pp. $26.99 cloth"</a>. The Journal of Popular Culture. 50 (2): 417–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpcu.12539">10.1111/jpcu.12539</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3840">0022-3840</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419052037/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpcu.12539">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2024. Retrieved March 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=We+Were+Feminists+Once%3A+From+Riot+Grrrl+to+CoverGirl%2C+the+Buying+and+Selling+of+a+Political+Movement.+AndiZeisler.+New+York%3A+Public+Affairs%2C+2016.+304+pp.+%2426.99+cloth.&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=417-420&rft.date=2017-04-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjpcu.12539&rft.issn=0022-3840&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fjpcu.12539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards-2012-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Richards-2012_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2012" class="citation news cs1">Richards, Chris (November 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/arts-post/post/bikini-kill-in-dc-memories-from-kathleen-hanna-kathi-wilcox-ian-mackaye-jenny-toomey-and-ian-svenonius/2012/11/18/9e32c736-31d0-11e2-9cfa-e41bac906cc9_blog.html">"Bikini Kill in D.C.: Memories from Kathleen Hanna, Kathi Wilcox, Ian MacKaye, Jenny Toomey and Ian Svenonius"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608073248/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/arts-post/post/bikini-kill-in-dc-memories-from-kathleen-hanna-kathi-wilcox-ian-mackaye-jenny-toomey-and-ian-svenonius/2012/11/18/9e32c736-31d0-11e2-9cfa-e41bac906cc9_blog.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2023. 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Rolling Stone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115212834/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/joan-jett-lives-up-to-her-bad-reputation-19940324">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved April 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Joan+Jett+Lives+Up+to+Her+Bad+Reputation&rft.date=1994-03-24&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fjoan-jett-lives-up-to-her-bad-reputation-19940324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutchinson-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2015" class="citation news cs1">Hutchinson, Kate (January 25, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/jan/28/riot-grrrl-10-of-the-best">"Riot Grrrl: 10 of the Best"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London: Guardian News and Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160702141325/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/jan/28/riot-grrrl-10-of-the-best">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Riot+Grrrl%3A+10+of+the+Best&rft.date=2015-01-25&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusicblog%2F2015%2Fjan%2F28%2Friot-grrrl-10-of-the-best&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AppellHemphill-67"><a href="#cite_ref-AppellHemphill_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppellHemphill2006" class="citation book cs1">Appell, Glenn; Hemphill, David (2006). American Popular Music: A Multicultural History. Stamford, CT: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780155062290" title="Special:BookSources/9780155062290"><bdi>9780155062290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Popular+Music%3A+A+Multicultural+History&rft.place=Stamford%2C+CT&rft.pages=427&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780155062290&rft.aulast=Appell&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=Hemphill%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christgau-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Christgau_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christgausconsum00chri_0/page/27">Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s</a>. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christgausconsum00chri_0/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312245603" title="Special:BookSources/9780312245603"><bdi>9780312245603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christgau%27s+Consumer+Guide%3A+Albums+of+the+%2790s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780312245603&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristgausconsum00chri_0%2Fpage%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Thompson_(author)" title="Dave Thompson (author)">Thompson, Dave</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHP-r9-eqdAC&pg=PA196">Alternative Rock</a>. San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman/<a href="/wiki/Hal_Leonard_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hal Leonard Corporation">Hal Leonard Corporation</a>. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879306076" title="Special:BookSources/9780879306076"><bdi>9780879306076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Rock&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Miller+Freeman%2FHal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780879306076&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZHP-r9-eqdAC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Richards_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2012" class="citation news cs1">Richards, Chris (November 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/bikini-kill-was-a-girl-punk-group-ahead-of-its-time/2012/11/18/3fdc61bc-31d8-11e2-bfd5-e202b6d7b501_story.html">"Bikini Kill was a girl punk group ahead of its time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Washington, DC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160814112054/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/bikini-kill-was-a-girl-punk-group-ahead-of-its-time/2012/11/18/3fdc61bc-31d8-11e2-bfd5-e202b6d7b501_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Bikini+Kill+was+a+girl+punk+group+ahead+of+its+time&rft.date=2012-11-18&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Fbikini-kill-was-a-girl-punk-group-ahead-of-its-time%2F2012%2F11%2F18%2F3fdc61bc-31d8-11e2-bfd5-e202b6d7b501_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Moore_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2019" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Sam (January 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nme.com/news/music/bikini-kill-reunion-live-dates-tickets-touring-2431282">"'This is not a test': Bikini Kill have just announced their reunion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a>. Washington, DC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024020951/https://www.nme.com/news/music/bikini-kill-reunion-live-dates-tickets-touring-2431282">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NME&rft.atitle=%27This+is+not+a+test%27%3A+Bikini+Kill+have+just+announced+their+reunion&rft.date=2019-01-05&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fnews%2Fmusic%2Fbikini-kill-reunion-live-dates-tickets-touring-2431282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddy1993" class="citation magazine cs1">Eddy, Chuck (February 4, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/bikini-kill-87910/">"Bikini Kill"</a>. Rolling Stone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613225558/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/bikini-kill-87910/">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Bikini+Kill&rft.date=1993-02-04&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-album-reviews%2Fbikini-kill-87910%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2013" class="citation news cs1">Brooks, Katherine (November 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/29/kathleen-hanna-punk_n_4351163.html">"Punk Icon Kathleen Hanna Brings Riot Grrl Back To The Spotlight"</a>. Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616210241/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/29/kathleen-hanna-punk_n_4351163.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Punk+Icon+Kathleen+Hanna+Brings+Riot+Grrl+Back+To+The+Spotlight&rft.date=2013-11-29&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F11%2F29%2Fkathleen-hanna-punk_n_4351163.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurbank2015" class="citation news cs1">Burbank, Megan (April 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portlandmercury.com/portland/rebel-girl/Content?oid=15463567">"Rebel Girl, Redux"</a>. Portland Mercury. Portland, OR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404075735/http://www.portlandmercury.com/portland/rebel-girl/Content?oid=15463567">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portland+Mercury&rft.atitle=Rebel+Girl%2C+Redux&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft.aulast=Burbank&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portlandmercury.com%2Fportland%2Frebel-girl%2FContent%3Foid%3D15463567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen2003" class="citation book cs1">Andersen, Mark (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52817401">Dance of days : two decades of punk in the nation's capital</a>. Mark Jenkins. New York, NY: Akashic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888451-44-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-888451-44-0"><bdi>1-888451-44-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52817401">52817401</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419052104/https://search.worldcat.org/title/52817401">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2024. Retrieved April 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+of+days+%3A+two+decades+of+punk+in+the+nation%27s+capital&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Akashic+Books&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52817401&rft.isbn=1-888451-44-0&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F52817401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuff2018" class="citation web cs1">Huff, Chris (July 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.discmakers.com/2018/07/riot-grrrl-and-the-true-spirit-of-rock-n-roll/">"Riot Grrrl and the true spirit of rock n' roll"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415230833/https://blog.discmakers.com/2018/07/riot-grrrl-and-the-true-spirit-of-rock-n-roll/">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Riot+Grrrl+and+the+true+spirit+of+rock+n%27+roll&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.aulast=Huff&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.discmakers.com%2F2018%2F07%2Friot-grrrl-and-the-true-spirit-of-rock-n-roll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunnery2019" class="citation web cs1">Gunnery, Mark (March 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thekojonnamdishow.org/2019/03/08/d-c-women-punk">"Rebel Girls: D.C. Women In Punk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WAMU" title="WAMU">WAMU</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608153328/https://thekojonnamdishow.org/2019/03/08/d-c-women-punk">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rebel+Girls%3A+D.C.+Women+In+Punk&rft.pub=WAMU&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft.aulast=Gunnery&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthekojonnamdishow.org%2F2019%2F03%2F08%2Fd-c-women-punk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2018" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Christina (December 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groknation.com/culture/riot-grrrl-bratmobile-podcast/">"Before #metoo, there was Riot Grrrl and Bratmobile"</a>. Grok Nation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024014937/https://groknation.com/culture/riot-grrrl-bratmobile-podcast/">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Before+%23metoo%2C+there+was+Riot+Grrrl+and+Bratmobile&rft.pub=Grok+Nation&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroknation.com%2Fculture%2Friot-grrrl-bratmobile-podcast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_79-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_79-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2006" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Chris (October 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121803/http://www.seattleweekly.com/2001-08-08/music/the-day-the-music-didn-t-die/">"The day the music didn't die"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seattle Weekly">The Seattle Weekly</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattleweekly.com/2001-08-08/music/the-day-the-music-didn-t-die/">the original</a> on April 2, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+day+the+music+didn%27t+die&rft.pub=The+Seattle+Weekly&rft.date=2006-10-09&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattleweekly.com%2F2001-08-08%2Fmusic%2Fthe-day-the-music-didn-t-die%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-2009-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore-2009_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore-2009_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2009" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Ryan (2009). Sells Like Teen Spirit: Music, Youth Culture, and Social Crisis. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814796030" title="Special:BookSources/9780814796030"><bdi>9780814796030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sells+Like+Teen+Spirit%3A+Music%2C+Youth+Culture%2C+and+Social+Crisis&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780814796030&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-Hopper-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-Hopper_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-Hopper_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-Hopper_81-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopper2011" class="citation web cs1">Hopper, Jessica (May 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/14/riot-grrrl-get-noticed">"Riot Grrrl get noticed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009072712/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/14/riot-grrrl-get-noticed">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Riot+Grrrl+get+noticed&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft.aulast=Hopper&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2011%2Fjun%2F14%2Friot-grrrl-get-noticed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcus-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marcus_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcus_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcus_82-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2010" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Sara (2010). Girls to the Front. Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061806360" title="Special:BookSources/9780061806360"><bdi>9780061806360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Girls+to+the+Front&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780061806360&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chickfactor-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chickfactor_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chickfactor_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara2021" class="citation web cs1">O'Hara, Gail (August 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chickfactor.com/ipuc-at-30-the-international-pop-underground-convention-remembered-by-those-who-were-there-on-its-30th-anniversary/">"IPUC at 30! The International Pop Underground Convention Remembered by Those Who Were There on its 30th Anniversary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chickfactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickfactor">Chickfactor</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024054055/https://www.chickfactor.com/ipuc-at-30-the-international-pop-underground-convention-remembered-by-those-who-were-there-on-its-30th-anniversary/">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chickfactor&rft.atitle=IPUC+at+30%21+The+International+Pop+Underground+Convention+Remembered+by+Those+Who+Were+There+on+its+30th+Anniversary&rft.date=2021-08-19&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chickfactor.com%2Fipuc-at-30-the-international-pop-underground-convention-remembered-by-those-who-were-there-on-its-30th-anniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2007" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Marion (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eMtDpy85IC4C&q=international+pop+underground+convention+1991&pg=PA118">Gender in the Music Industry: Rock, Discourse and Girl Power</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754638629" title="Special:BookSources/9780754638629"><bdi>9780754638629</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419051958/https://books.google.com/books?id=eMtDpy85IC4C&q=international+pop+underground+convention+1991&pg=PA118#v=snippet&q=international%20pop%20underground%20convention%201991&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+in+the+Music+Industry%3A+Rock%2C+Discourse+and+Girl+Power&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780754638629&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeMtDpy85IC4C%26q%3Dinternational%2Bpop%2Bunderground%2Bconvention%2B1991%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RGC-1992-85"><a href="#cite_ref-RGC-1992_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digdc.dclibrary.org/islandora/object/dcplislandora%3A37500#page/1/mode/1up">"DC Punk Archive, Ryan Shepard Collection: Flier for a Riot Grrrl convention July 31 to August 2"</a>. Dig DC. <a href="/wiki/DC_Public_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="DC Public Library">DC Public Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504004720/https://digdc.dclibrary.org/islandora/object/dcplislandora:37500#page/1/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2023. Retrieved May 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dig+DC&rft.atitle=DC+Punk+Archive%2C+Ryan+Shepard+Collection%3A+Flier+for+a+Riot+Grrrl+convention+July+31+to+August+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigdc.dclibrary.org%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fdcplislandora%253A37500%23page%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_86-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiers2015" class="citation journal cs1">Spiers, Emily (2015). "'Killing Ourselves Is Not Subversive': Riot Grrrl from Zine to Screen and the Commodification of Female Transgression". Women (Oxford, England). 26: 1–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women+%28Oxford%2C+England%29&rft.atitle=%27Killing+Ourselves+Is+Not+Subversive%27%3A+Riot+Grrrl+from+Zine+to+Screen+and+the+Commodification+of+Female+Transgression.&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Spiers&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, Kevin (2012). "'We ARE the Revolution': Riot Grrrl Press, Girl Empowerment, and DIY Self-Publishing". Women's Studies. 41 (2): 136–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00497878.2012.636334">10.1080/00497878.2012.636334</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144211678">144211678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=%27We+ARE+the+Revolution%27%3A+Riot+Grrrl+Press%2C+Girl+Empowerment%2C+and+DIY+Self-Publishing.&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=136-157&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00497878.2012.636334&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144211678%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1993-88"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1993_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPareles1993" class="citation news cs1">Pareles, Jon (October 14, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/14/arts/pop-and-jazz-in-review-607393.html">"Pop and Jazz in Review: Huggy Bear"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028111237/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/14/arts/pop-and-jazz-in-review-607393.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pop+and+Jazz+in+Review%3A+Huggy+Bear&rft.date=1993-10-14&rft.aulast=Pareles&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F10%2F14%2Farts%2Fpop-and-jazz-in-review-607393.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Music-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Music_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Music_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Noyer2003" class="citation book cs1">Du Noyer, Paul (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music (1st ed.). Fulham, London: Flame Tree Publishing. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904041-96-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-904041-96-5"><bdi>1-904041-96-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Music&rft.place=Fulham%2C+London&rft.pages=113&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Flame+Tree+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-904041-96-5&rft.aulast=Du+Noyer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moakes-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moakes_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moakes_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoakes2008" class="citation web cs1">Moakes, Gordon (October 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/oct/20/bloc-party-huggy-bear">"Huggy Bear: a tribute"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028111235/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/oct/20/bloc-party-huggy-bear">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Huggy+Bear%3A+a+tribute&rft.date=2008-10-20&rft.aulast=Moakes&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2008%2Foct%2F20%2Fbloc-party-huggy-bear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_91-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_91-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2013" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Petra (January 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thequietus.com/articles/11245-riot-grrrl-20-years-retrospective">"Riot Grrrl: A 20 Year Retrospective"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Quietus" title="The Quietus">The Quietus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419052001/https://thequietus.com/articles/11245-riot-grrrl-20-years-retrospective">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Quietus&rft.atitle=Riot+Grrrl%3A+A+20+Year+Retrospective&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Petra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthequietus.com%2Farticles%2F11245-riot-grrrl-20-years-retrospective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steiner-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steiner_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steiner_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner2014" class="citation web cs1">Steiner, Melissa Rakshana (May 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thequietus.com/articles/15120-bikini-kill-yeah-yeah-yeah-yeah-review">"Reviews: Bikini Kill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Quietus" title="The Quietus">The Quietus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419052630/https://thequietus.com/articles/15120-bikini-kill-yeah-yeah-yeah-yeah-review">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Quietus&rft.atitle=Reviews%3A+Bikini+Kill&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Melissa+Rakshana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthequietus.com%2Farticles%2F15120-bikini-kill-yeah-yeah-yeah-yeah-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lukenbill-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lukenbill_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lukenbill_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lukenbill_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lukenbill_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lukenbill_93-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lukenbill_93-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lukenbill_93-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukenbill2016" class="citation web cs1">Lukenbill, Mark (May 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imposemagazine.com/features/lucy-thane-riot-grrrl-tapes">"Someone Said Rebel Boy: Lucy Thane & Bikini Kill in the UK"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Impose_(magazine)" title="Impose (magazine)">Impose</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023205647/https://imposemagazine.com/features/lucy-thane-riot-grrrl-tapes">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Impose&rft.atitle=Someone+Said+Rebel+Boy%3A+Lucy+Thane+%26+Bikini+Kill+in+the+UK&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft.aulast=Lukenbill&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimposemagazine.com%2Ffeatures%2Flucy-thane-riot-grrrl-tapes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thane-1993-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Thane-1993_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThane2010" class="citation web cs1">Thane, Lucy (May 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/11737681">"Bikini Kill in the U.K. 1993"</a>. Vimeo.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028111235/https://vimeo.com/11737681">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2021. 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February 18, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028111237/https://wp.nyu.edu/specialcollections/2016/02/18/adding-context-the-lucy-thane-riot-grrrl-videos/">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adding+Context%3A+The+Lucy+Thane+Riot+Grrrl+Videos&rft.pub=New+York+University&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwp.nyu.edu%2Fspecialcollections%2F2016%2F02%2F18%2Fadding-context-the-lucy-thane-riot-grrrl-videos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concertarchives.org/concerts/lilith-fair--5">"Jul 10, 1997: Lilith Fair at Blockbuster Pavilion Phoenix, Arizona, United States | Concert Archives"</a>. www.concertarchives.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218012353/https://www.concertarchives.org/concerts/lilith-fair--5">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.concertarchives.org&rft.atitle=Jul+10%2C+1997%3A+Lilith+Fair+at+Blockbuster+Pavilion+Phoenix%2C+Arizona%2C+United+States+%7C+Concert+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.concertarchives.org%2Fconcerts%2Flilith-fair--5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRife2017" class="citation web cs1">Rife, Katie (April 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/riot-grrrl-grew-up-on-sleater-kinney-s-dig-me-out-1798260158">"Riot grrrl grew up on Sleater-Kinney's Dig Me Out"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031080220/https://www.avclub.com/riot-grrrl-grew-up-on-sleater-kinney-s-dig-me-out-1798260158">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+A.V.+Club&rft.atitle=Riot+grrrl+grew+up+on+Sleater-Kinney%27s+Dig+Me+Out&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft.aulast=Rife&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Friot-grrrl-grew-up-on-sleater-kinney-s-dig-me-out-1798260158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2006" class="citation web cs1">Shepherd, Julianne Escobedo (August 28, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/features/article/6413-get-up/">"Get Up"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)" title="Pitchfork (website)">Pitchfork</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200839/http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/6413-get-up/">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&rft.atitle=Get+Up&rft.date=2006-08-28&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Julianne+Escobedo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Ffeatures%2Farticle%2F6413-get-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownstein2016" class="citation book cs1">Brownstein, Carrie (October 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pyBhDQAAQBAJ&dq=%22excuse+17%22&pg=PA85">Hunger Makes Me a Modern Girl: A Memoir</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780399184765" title="Special:BookSources/9780399184765"><bdi>9780399184765</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419052613/https://books.google.com/books?id=pyBhDQAAQBAJ&dq=%22excuse+17%22&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q=%22excuse%2017%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2024. 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It's intense'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016104206/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/jun/09/bikini-kill-riot-grrrl-were-back-its-intense">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Riot+grrrl+pioneers+Bikini+Kill%3A+%27We%27re+back.+It%27s+intense%27&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft.aulast=Ewens&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2019%2Fjun%2F09%2Fbikini-kill-riot-grrrl-were-back-its-intense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bikinikill.com/">"Bikini Kill"</a>. bikinikill.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306041048/https://bikinikill.com/">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bikinikill.com&rft.atitle=Bikini+Kill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbikinikill.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2013" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, J.A. (May 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beingfeministblog.wordpress.com/2013/05/16/todays-feminism-a-brief-look-at-third-wave-feminism/">"Today's Feminism: A Brief Look at Third-Wave Feminism." Being Feminist"</a>. Wordpress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709232520/https://beingfeministblog.wordpress.com/2013/05/16/todays-feminism-a-brief-look-at-third-wave-feminism/">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today%27s+Feminism%3A+A+Brief+Look+at+Third-Wave+Feminism.%22+Being+Feminist&rft.pub=Wordpress&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeingfeministblog.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F05%2F16%2Ftodays-feminism-a-brief-look-at-third-wave-feminism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/642204450">No Permanent Waves : Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism</a>. Nancy A. Hewitt. New Brunswick, N.J. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4917-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4917-0"><bdi>978-0-8135-4917-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/642204450">642204450</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606174548/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/642204450">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Permanent+Waves+%3A+Recasting+Histories+of+U.S.+Feminism&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J.&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F642204450&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4917-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F642204450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchilt" class="citation web cs1">Schilt, Kristen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/music/The-History-of-Riot-Grrls-in-Music.html">"The History of Riot Grrls in Music"</a>. The Feminist eZine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213014310/http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/music/The-History-of-Riot-Grrls-in-Music.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2014. 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Feminist Press (CUNY). p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558618220" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558618220"><bdi>978-1558618220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Riot+Grrrl+Collection&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Feminist+Press+%28CUNY%29&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft.isbn=978-1558618220&rft.aulast=Darms&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belzer-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Belzer_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelzer" class="citation web cs1">Belzer, Hillary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121215065347/http://www8.georgetown.edu/cct/thesis/HillaryBelzer.pdf">"Words + Guitar: The Riot Grrrl Movement and Third-Wave Feminism"</a> (PDF). Communication, Culture & Technology Program. Georgetown University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www8.georgetown.edu/cct/thesis/HillaryBelzer.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 15, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Communication%2C+Culture+%26+Technology+Program&rft.atitle=Words+%2B+Guitar%3A+The+Riot+Grrrl+Movement+and+Third-Wave+Feminism&rft.aulast=Belzer&rft.aufirst=Hillary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww8.georgetown.edu%2Fcct%2Fthesis%2FHillaryBelzer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213411142">We owe you nothing : Punk Planet : the collected interviews</a>. Daniel Sinker. Chicago: Punk Planet Books. 2008. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933354-32-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933354-32-3"><bdi>978-1-933354-32-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213411142">213411142</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419052619/https://search.worldcat.org/title/213411142">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+owe+you+nothing+%3A+Punk+Planet+%3A+the+collected+interviews&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Punk+Planet+Books&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F213411142&rft.isbn=978-1-933354-32-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F213411142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photo_zoom.gne?id=154041389&size=l">"zine scan"</a>. Flickr.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419052618/https://www.flickr.com/photos/courtoly/154041389/sizes/l/">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2024. Retrieved September 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=zine+scan&rft.pub=Flickr.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphoto_zoom.gne%3Fid%3D154041389%26size%3Dl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Punk_Years_-_Typical_Girls-112"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Punk_Years_-_Typical_Girls_112-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJmvaPdPG5Y&mode=related&search=">The Punk Years – Typical Girls</a>. YouTube. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904032740/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJmvaPdPG5Y&mode=related&search=">Archived</a> September 4, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael1996" class="citation book cs1">Raphael, Amy (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grrrlsvivarockdi00raph">Grrrls: Viva Rock Divas</a>. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-14109-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-14109-7"><bdi>978-0-312-14109-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grrrls%3A+Viva+Rock+Divas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-312-14109-7&rft.aulast=Raphael&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrrrlsvivarockdi00raph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYHS-WAMS-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYHS-WAMS_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYHS-WAMS_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wams.nyhistory.org/end-of-the-twentieth-century/the-information-age/punk-feminists/">"Punk Feminists"</a>. New-York Historical Society Museum & Library. <a href="/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Historical Society">New-York Historical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230503022853/https://wams.nyhistory.org/end-of-the-twentieth-century/the-information-age/punk-feminists/">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New-York+Historical+Society+Museum+%26+Library&rft.atitle=Punk+Feminists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwams.nyhistory.org%2Fend-of-the-twentieth-century%2Fthe-information-age%2Fpunk-feminists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim-2021-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Kim-2021_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2021" class="citation web cs1">Kim, Hannah Hope Tsai (March 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/3/30/moxie-review/">"'Moxie' Review: White Feminism and How Not to Write a Movie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230503022851/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/3/30/moxie-review/">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2023. 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Submission Beauty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230506105454/https://submissionbeauty.com/submissions/artist-honeychild-talks-with-submission/">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Submission+Beauty&rft.atitle=Nobody+puts+Honeychild+in+a+corner&rft.date=2020-12-24&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsubmissionbeauty.com%2Fsubmissions%2Fartist-honeychild-talks-with-submission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2014" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, Kevin (2014). "Pussy Rioting: The Nine Lives of the Riot Grrrl Revolution". International Feminist Journal of Politics. 16: 317–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14616742.2014.919103">10.1080/14616742.2014.919103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146989637">146989637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Feminist+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Pussy+Rioting%3A+The+Nine+Lives+of+the+Riot+Grrrl+Revolution&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=317-334&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14616742.2014.919103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146989637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-119"><a href="#cite_ref-:14_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŞahin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Şahin, Reyhan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/riot-grrrls-bitchsm-and-pussy-power(d6be3f69-e5ba-4647-8cec-164859288622).html">"Riot Grrrls, Bitchsm, and Pussy Power: Interview with Reyhan Şahin/Lady Bitch Ray"</a>. Feminist Media Studies. 16: 117–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14680777.2015.1093136">10.1080/14680777.2015.1093136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146144086">146144086</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425023003/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/riot-grrrls-bitchsm-and-pussy-power(d6be3f69-e5ba-4647-8cec-164859288622).html">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2016. 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Grrl Zine Networks: Re-Composing Spaces of Authority, Gender, and Culture. La Jolla: n.p., September 3, 2013. PDF. </li> <li id="cite_note-ZineWiki-122"><a href="#cite_ref-ZineWiki_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zinewiki.com/wiki/Riot_Grrrl">"Riot Grrrl"</a>. ZineWiki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027130342/https://zinewiki.com/wiki/Riot_Grrrl">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2021. 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Retrieved May 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Ramdasha+Bikceem+Riot+Grrrl+Collection&rft.pub=Fales+Library+%26+Special+Collections&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlib.nyu.edu%2Ffindingaids%2Fhtml%2Ffales%2Fbikceem%2Fbioghist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFNHLe08qZ8">"Ramdasha Bikceem Gunk Riot Grrrl Conference 1992"</a> (video). youtube.com. April 2, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504000513/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFNHLe08qZ8&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=youtube.com&rft.atitle=Ramdasha+Bikceem+Gunk+Riot+Grrrl+Conference+1992&rft.date=2023-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DsFNHLe08qZ8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laing-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laing_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laing_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaing2013" class="citation web cs1">Laing, Olivia (June 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/gallery/2013/jun/30/punk-music">"The art and politics of riot grrrl - in pictures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101053848/https://www.theguardian.com/music/gallery/2013/jun/30/punk-music">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+art+and+politics+of+riot+grrrl+-+in+pictures&rft.date=2013-06-29&rft.aulast=Laing&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fgallery%2F2013%2Fjun%2F30%2Fpunk-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYPL-2021-126"><a href="#cite_ref-NYPL-2021_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEriksson2021" class="citation web cs1">Eriksson, Emma (March 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nypl.org/blog/2021/03/01/moxie-rrrevolution-girl-style-now">"RRRevolution! Girl Style! Now!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101053858/https://www.nypl.org/blog/2021/03/01/moxie-rrrevolution-girl-style-now">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RRRevolution%21+Girl+Style%21+Now%21&rft.pub=New+York+Public+Library&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft.aulast=Eriksson&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypl.org%2Fblog%2F2021%2F03%2F01%2Fmoxie-rrrevolution-girl-style-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oren_&_press_2019-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oren_&_press_2019_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oren_&_press_2019_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrenPress2019" class="citation book cs1">Oren, Tasha; Press, Andrea (May 29, 2019). The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Feminism. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138845114" title="Special:BookSources/9781138845114"><bdi>9781138845114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Contemporary+Feminism&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft.isbn=9781138845114&rft.aulast=Oren&rft.aufirst=Tasha&rft.au=Press%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes_1999-05-09-128"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_1999-05-09_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopage1999" class="citation news cs1">Copage, Eric V. (May 9, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/09/nyregion/neighborhood-report-new-york-on-line-girls-just-want-to.html">"NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: NEW YORK ON LINE; Girls Just Want To ..."</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917173422/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/09/nyregion/neighborhood-report-new-york-on-line-girls-just-want-to.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NEIGHBORHOOD+REPORT%3A+NEW+YORK+ON+LINE%3B+Girls+Just+Want+To+...&rft.date=1999-05-09&rft.aulast=Copage&rft.aufirst=Eric+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F09%2Fnyregion%2Fneighborhood-report-new-york-on-line-girls-just-want-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isd_2000-04-18-129"><a href="#cite_ref-isd_2000-04-18_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacantangay2000" class="citation news cs1">Macantangay, Shar (April 18, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iowastatedaily.com/chicks-click-their-way-through-the-internet/article_9a1a49df-0b02-509f-ba75-bca5f8c9c4bb.html">"Chicks click their way through the Internet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Daily" title="Iowa State Daily">Iowa State Daily</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503095341/http://www.iowastatedaily.com/chicks-click-their-way-through-the-internet/article_9a1a49df-0b02-509f-ba75-bca5f8c9c4bb.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iowa+State+Daily&rft.atitle=Chicks+click+their+way+through+the+Internet&rft.date=2000-04-18&rft.aulast=Macantangay&rft.aufirst=Shar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iowastatedaily.com%2Fchicks-click-their-way-through-the-internet%2Farticle_9a1a49df-0b02-509f-ba75-bca5f8c9c4bb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-feenberg_2004-130"><a href="#cite_ref-feenberg_2004_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShade2004" class="citation book cs1">Shade, Leslie Regan (July 19, 2004). "Gender and the Commodification of Community". Community in the Digital Age: Philosophy and Practice. By Feenberg, Andrew. Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 151–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742529595" title="Special:BookSources/9780742529595"><bdi>9780742529595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+and+the+Commodification+of+Community&rft.btitle=Community+in+the+Digital+Age%3A+Philosophy+and+Practice&rft.place=Maryland&rft.pages=151-160&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004-07-19&rft.isbn=9780742529595&rft.aulast=Shade&rft.aufirst=Leslie+Regan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyu.edu-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyu.edu_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyu.edu_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyu.edu_131-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.nyu.edu/riot-grrrl/finding-aids">"The Riot Grrrl Collection"</a>. Fales Library & Special Collections. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160730/https://guides.nyu.edu/riot-grrrl/finding-aids">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Riot+Grrrl+Collection&rft.pub=Fales+Library+%26+Special+Collections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.nyu.edu%2Friot-grrrl%2Ffinding-aids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYU-132"><a href="#cite_ref-NYU_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoloski2010" class="citation news cs1">Soloski, Alexis (April 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417003820/http://www.villagevoice.com/2010-04-06/news/revolution-girl-style-mdash-shhh">"Revolution, Girl-Style—Shhh!"</a>. Village Voice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villagevoice.com/2010-04-06/news/revolution-girl-style-mdash-shhh/">the original</a> on April 17, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2010. <q>In one corner of the hushed reading room of the Fales Library & Special Collections, housed on the third floor of New York University's Bobst Library, squats a strange object. Amid the gray carpeting, carved busts, glass-encased cabinets, and dreadful oil paintings crouches a two-drawer file cabinet covered in stickers that read "Mr. Lady," "Slut," "Pansy Division," "Giuliani Is a Jerk," "Suck It Boy," and "Free Mumia."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Revolution%2C+Girl-Style%E2%80%94Shhh%21&rft.date=2010-04-06&rft.aulast=Soloski&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2F2010-04-06%2Fnews%2Frevolution-girl-style-mdash-shhh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlip2014" class="citation book cs1">Carlip, Hillary (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/883287808">Girl power</a>. Grand Central Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60941-329-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60941-329-3"><bdi>978-1-60941-329-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883287808">883287808</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419052536/https://search.worldcat.org/title/883287808">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2024. 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Retrieved August 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Revolution%2C+Girl+Style&rft.date=1992-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Frevolution-girl-style-196998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2015" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Annabel (July 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/pitchfork-editor-jessica-hopper-talks-music-criticism-at-the-wheeler-centre-20150710-gi8ujl.html">"Pitchfork editor Jessica Hopper talks music criticism at the Wheeler Centre"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024034938/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/pitchfork-editor-jessica-hopper-talks-music-criticism-at-the-wheeler-centre-20150710-gi8ujl.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pitchfork+editor+Jessica+Hopper+talks+music+criticism+at+the+Wheeler+Centre&rft.date=2015-07-09&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Annabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Fpitchfork-editor-jessica-hopper-talks-music-criticism-at-the-wheeler-centre-20150710-gi8ujl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBikini_Kill" class="citation cs2">Bikini Kill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/939822326">The first two records</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939822326">939822326</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419052626/https://search.worldcat.org/title/939822326">archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2024, retrieved April 1, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+two+records&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939822326&rft.au=Bikini+Kill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F939822326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMP-WhatGotLost-139"><a href="#cite_ref-EMP-WhatGotLost_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WffxLd6zoyI">"EMP Riot Grrrl Retrospective -- What Got Lost"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Experience_Music_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience Music Project">Experience Music Project</a>. 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Retrieved October 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pussy+Riot+vs+Vladimir+Putin%3A+the+feminist+punk+band+jailed+for+cathedral+protest&rft.date=2012-03-10&rft.aulast=O%27Flynn&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fmar%2F11%2Fputin-russia-president-election-protests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-Rumens-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-Rumens_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumens2012" class="citation web cs1">Rumens, Carol (August 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/aug/20/pussy-riot-punk-prayer-lyrics">"Pussy Riot's Punk Prayer is pure protest poetry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107121132/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/aug/20/pussy-riot-punk-prayer-lyrics">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pussy+Riot%27s+Punk+Prayer+is+pure+protest+poetry&rft.date=2012-08-20&rft.aulast=Rumens&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2012%2Faug%2F20%2Fpussy-riot-punk-prayer-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic-Tayler-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic-Tayler_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTayler2012" class="citation web cs1">Tayler, Jeffrey (November 8, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/what-pussy-riots-punk-prayer-really-said/264562/">"What Pussy Riot's 'Punk Prayer' Really Said"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326003513/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/what-pussy-riots-punk-prayer-really-said/264562/">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+Pussy+Riot%27s+%27Punk+Prayer%27+Really+Said&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft.aulast=Tayler&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2012%2F11%2Fwhat-pussy-riots-punk-prayer-really-said%2F264562%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-Aug2012-176"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-Aug2012_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19297373">"Pussy Riot members jailed for two years for hooliganism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. August 17, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228064114/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19297373">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Pussy+Riot+members+jailed+for+two+years+for+hooliganism&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-19297373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-Elder-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-Elder_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElder2012" class="citation web cs1">Elder, Miriam (August 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/aug/17/pussy-riot-sentenced-prison-putin">"Pussy Riot sentenced to two years in prison colony over anti-Putin protest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20220301143636/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/aug/17/pussy-riot-sentenced-prison-putin">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pussy+Riot+sentenced+to+two+years+in+prison+colony+over+anti-Putin+protest&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft.aulast=Elder&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2012%2Faug%2F17%2Fpussy-riot-sentenced-prison-putin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadwalladr2012" class="citation news cs1">Cadwalladr, Carole (July 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/29/pussy-riot-protest-vladimir-putin-russia">"Pussy Riot: will Vladimir Putin regret taking on Russia's cool punks?"</a>. The Observer. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301143050/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/29/pussy-riot-protest-vladimir-putin-russia">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Pussy+Riot%3A+will+Vladimir+Putin+regret+taking+on+Russia%27s+cool+punks%3F&rft.date=2012-07-28&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Cadwalladr&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fjul%2F29%2Fpussy-riot-protest-vladimir-putin-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Gottlieb, Joanne and <a href="/wiki/Gayle_Wald" title="Gayle Wald">Gayle Wald</a>. "Smells Like Teen Spirit: Riot Grrrls, Revolution, and Women in Independent Rock." Microphone Fiends: Youth Music and Youth Culture. Eds. Andrew Ross and Tricia Rose. New York: Routledge, 1994.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaltefleiter2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kaltefleiter, Caroline K. (2016). "Start your own revolution: agency and action of the Riot Grrrl network". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 36 (11/12): 808–823. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FIJSSP-06-2016-0067">10.1108/IJSSP-06-2016-0067</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-333X">0144-333X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sociology+and+Social+Policy&rft.atitle=Start+your+own+revolution%3A+agency+and+action+of+the+Riot+Grrrl+network&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=11%2F12&rft.pages=808-823&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FIJSSP-06-2016-0067&rft.issn=0144-333X&rft.aulast=Kaltefleiter&rft.aufirst=Caroline+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot+grrrl" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kearney, Mary Celeste. "Brought to You by Girl Power: Riot Grrrl's Networked Media Economy," Girls Make Media. New York: Routledge, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-97278-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-97278-7">0-415-97278-7</a>.</li> <li>Kearney, Mary Celeste. "‘Don’t Need You’: Rethinking Identity Politics and Separatism from a Grrrl Perspective," Youth Culture: Identity in a Postmodern World . Ed. Jonathan Epstein. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1557868506" title="Special:BookSources/1557868506">1557868506</a>.</li> <li>Kearney, Mary Celeste. "The Missing Links: Riot Grrrl—Feminism—Lesbian Culture." Sexing the Groove: Popular Music and Gender. Ed. Sheila Whiteley. New York: Routledge, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14670-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14670-4">0-415-14670-4</a>.</li> <li>Leonard, Marion. "Feminism,‘Subculture’, and Grrrl Power." Sexing the Groove: Popular Music and Gender. Ed. Sheila Whiteley. New York: Routledge, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14670-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14670-4">0-415-14670-4</a>.</li> <li>Nguyen, Mimi Thi. "Riot Grrrl, Race, and Revival." Women & Performance 22. 2-3 (2012): 173-196.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>. (November 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2009/sep/14/myths-riot-grrrl-cribs-takeover">The 10 myths of Riot Grrrl</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/mar/04/grrrl-power-music">Grrrl power</a> by Laura Barton</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jan/20/riot-girl-20-years-anniversary">Riot Girl: still relevant 20 years on</a> by Jessica Hopper</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dedicated_websites">Dedicated websites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot_grrrl&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dedicated websites">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/fales/findingaidsrg.html">Riot Grrrl Collections at the Fales Special Collections at NYU</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=18LUKCYu_lMY4LW3nCsKfTmau7-w">Riot Grrrl International Chapters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/riotgrrrlmanifesto.html">The Riot Grrrl Manifesto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jacobinmag.com/2013/09/she-came-to-riot/">She Came to Riot</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/749">Sophia Smith Collection zines collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_Collection" title="Sophia Smith Collection">Sophia Smith Collection</a>, Smith College Special Collections</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hardcore_punk" title="Template talk:Hardcore punk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hardcore_punk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hardcore punk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hardcore_punk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandana_thrash" title="Bandana thrash">Bandana thrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore" title="Beatdown hardcore">Beatdown hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">Black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hardcore" title="Christian hardcore">Christian hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">Crossover thrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">Crust punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-beat" title="D-beat">D-beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">Deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">Death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_hardcore" title="Digital hardcore">Digital hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goregrind" title="Goregrind">Goregrind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindcore" title="Grindcore">Grindcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnacore" title="Krishnacore">Krishnacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcore" title="Mathcore">Mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_hardcore" title="Melodic hardcore">Melodic hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_metalcore" title="Melodic metalcore">Melodic metalcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">Metalcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nardcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Nardcore">Nardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornogrind" title="Pornogrind">Pornogrind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerviolence" title="Powerviolence">Powerviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">Progressive metalcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">Queercore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riot grrrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screamo" title="Screamo">Screamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Skacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">Skate punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge_metal" title="Sludge metal">Sludge metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">Speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">Street punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwacore" title="Taqwacore">Taqwacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">Thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrashcore" title="Thrashcore">Thrashcore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Hardcore" title="Buenos Aires Hardcore">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_hardcore" title="Australian hardcore">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Brazil" title="Punk in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_hardcore_punk" title="Canadian hardcore punk">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_hardcore" title="Italian hardcore">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_hardcore" title="Japanese hardcore">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hardcore punk in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_hardcore" title="Boston hardcore">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_California" title="Punk rock in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_hardcore" title="Chicago hardcore">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_hardcore" title="Minneapolis hardcore">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_hardcore" title="New York hardcore">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_hardcore" title="Washington, D.C., hardcore">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hardcore_punk_bands" title="List of hardcore punk bands">List of hardcore punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hardcore_punk_subgenres" title="List of hardcore punk subgenres">List of hardcore punk subgenres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">Deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_skinhead" title="Hardcore skinhead">Hardcore skinhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musicians_in_the_second_wave_of_punk_rock" title="List of musicians in the second wave of punk rock">List of musicians in the second wave of punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">Moshing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">Punk ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk subculture</a> (includes section on hardcore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_crew" title="Youth crew">Youth crew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism" title="Template:Feminism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism" title="Template talk:Feminism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_feminism" title="Timeline of feminism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Majority-Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">States of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Eco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post-structuralist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French post-structuralist feminism">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Trans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Kurdish (Jineology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_feminism" title="Sámi feminism">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy_in_feminist_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchy in feminist thought">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">Post-structuralist discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriality_(gender_studies)" title="Seriality (gender studies)">Seriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/16px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/24px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/32px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Punk_rock" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punk" title="Template:Punk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punk" title="Template talk:Punk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Punk_rock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">Proto-punk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres and fusion genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-punk" title="Afro-punk">Afro-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">Crust punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk#Crack_rock_steady" title="Crust punk">Crack rock steady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk#Crustcore" title="Crust punk">Crustcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-beat" title="D-beat">D-beat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">Art punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biker_metal" title="Biker metal">Biker metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_punk" title="Christian punk">Christian punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hardcore" title="Christian hardcore">Christian hardcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">Cowpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_cabaret" title="Dark cabaret">Dark cabaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_punk" title="Egg punk">Egg punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_pop" title="Emo pop">Emo pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_revival" title="Emo revival">Emo revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_punk" title="Folk punk">Folk punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-folk" title="Anti-folk">Anti-folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_punk" title="Gypsy punk">Gypsy punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_punk_(fusion_genre)" title="Garage punk (fusion genre)">Garage punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_punk" title="Glam punk">Glam punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore" title="Beatdown hardcore">Beatdown hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">Crossover thrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_hardcore" title="Digital hardcore">Digital hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnacore" title="Krishnacore">Krishnacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_hardcore" title="Melodic hardcore">Melodic hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">Metalcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">Deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcore" title="Mathcore">Mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_metalcore" title="Melodic metalcore">Melodic metalcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">Progressive metalcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">Queercore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riot grrrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwacore" title="Taqwacore">Taqwacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrashcore" title="Thrashcore">Thrashcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_punk" title="Latino punk">Latino punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_punk" title="Nazi punk">Nazi punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">Street punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">Pop-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)" title="Two-tone (music genre)">2 tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">Skate punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_revival" title="Emo revival">Emo revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music#Progressive_punk" title="Progressive music">Progressive punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychobilly" title="Psychobilly">Psychobilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_blues" title="Punk blues">Punk blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_funk" title="Punk funk">Punk funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_subgenres#Punk_metal" title="Punk rock subgenres">Punk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_pathetique" title="Punk pathetique">Punk pathetique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rap" title="Punk rap">Punk rap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_punk" title="Reggae punk">Reggae punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Ska punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_wave_ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Third wave ska">Third wave ska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">Street punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_punk_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf punk (music genre)">Surf punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock#Synth-punk" title="Electronic rock">Synth-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scene_(subculture)" title="Scene (subculture)">Scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">Speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">Thrash metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Australia" title="Punk rock in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Brazil" title="Punk in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_punk_rock" title="Canadian punk rock">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_punk" title="Estonian punk">Estonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonian_punk_bands" title="List of Estonian punk bands">List of bands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_punk" title="French punk">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_punk" title="German punk">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Punk" title="Dutch Punk">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Spain" title="Punk rock in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Radical_Rock" title="Basque Radical Rock">Basque Radical Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Sweden" title="Punk in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nsrock" title="Könsrock">Könsrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trallpunk" title="Trallpunk">Trallpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_bands_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of punk bands from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_punk" title="Scottish Gaelic punk">Scottish Gaelic punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States#Rock,_metal,_and_punk" title="Music of the United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_California" title="Punk rock in California">California</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1970s_punk_rock_musicians" title="List of 1970s punk rock musicians">First wave punk musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musicians_in_the_second_wave_of_punk_rock" title="List of musicians in the second wave of punk rock">Second wave punk musicians</a></li> <li>List of punk bands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_bands,_0%E2%80%93K" title="List of punk rock bands, 0–K">#–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_bands,_L%E2%80%93Z" title="List of punk rock bands, L–Z">L–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_filmmakers" title="List of punk filmmakers">Punk filmmakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Women in punk rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_compilation_albums" title="List of punk rock compilation albums">List of punk compilation albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_festivals" title="List of punk rock festivals">List of punk rock festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Punk" title="Conservative Punk">Conservative Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Deneke" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Brian Deneke">Death of Brian Deneke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">Moshing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">Punk fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">Punk ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk visual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_literature" title="Punk literature">Punk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_zine" title="Punk zine">Punk zine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntala-rock" title="Puntala-rock">Puntala-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk film">Punk films</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_films" title="List of punk films">List of punk films</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_punk_rock" title="Timeline of punk rock">Timeline of punk rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alternative_rock" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_rock" title="Template:Alternative rock"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_rock" title="Template talk:Alternative rock"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_rock" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative rock"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alternative_rock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riot grrrl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">Proto-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_rock_genres" title="Category:Alternative rock genres">Styles and fusion genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_country" title="Alternative country">Alternative country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_country" title="Gothic country">Gothic country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_dance" title="Alternative dance">Alternative dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">Post-Britpop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_alternative_rock" title="Christian alternative rock">Christian alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_rock" title="College rock">College rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_cabaret" title="Dark cabaret">Dark cabaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolewave" title="Dolewave">Dolewave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geek_rock" title="Geek rock">Geek rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wizard_rock" title="Wizard rock">Wizard rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">Post-grunge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_folk" title="Indie folk">Indie folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunedin Sound">Dunedin Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_Underground" title="Paisley Underground">Paisley Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_rave" title="New rave">New rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowcore" title="Slowcore">Slowcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">Industrial metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alternative" title="Latin alternative">Latin alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggy" title="Baggy">Baggy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangue_bit" title="Mangue bit">Mangue bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-psychedelia" title="Neo-psychedelia">Neo-psychedelia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">Dream pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">Shoegaze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackgaze" title="Blackgaze">Blackgaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_gaze" title="Nu gaze">Nu gaze</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_new_wave" title="New wave of new wave">New wave of new wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_pop" title="Noise pop">Noise pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_rock" title="Pagan rock">Pagan rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">Post-punk revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal">Post-metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacker_rock" title="Slacker rock">Slacker rock</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alternative_metal" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">Alternative metal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">Funk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte" title="Neue Deutsche Härte">Neue Deutsche Härte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">Rap metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Airplay" title="Alternative Airplay">Alternative Airplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorak_(slang)" title="Anorak (slang)">Anorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alternative_rock_artists" title="List of alternative rock artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C86" title="C86">C86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">Independent music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_pop" title="Indie pop">Indie pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollapalooza" title="Lollapalooza">Lollapalooza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_music" title="Outsider music">Outsider music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_rock" title="Category:Alternative rock">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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