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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Monogenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polygenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polygenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Polygenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polygenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostolic_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostolic_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Apostolic succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostolic_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tyrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tyrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tyrol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tyrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_Countries_and_northern_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_Countries_and_northern_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Low Countries and northern Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_Countries_and_northern_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moravia,_Bohemia_and_Silesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moravia,_Bohemia_and_Silesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Moravia, Bohemia and Silesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moravia,_Bohemia_and_Silesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_and_central_Germany,_Austria_and_Alsace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_and_central_Germany,_Austria_and_Alsace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>South and central Germany, Austria and Alsace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_and_central_Germany,_Austria_and_Alsace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecutions_and_migrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecutions_and_migrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Persecutions and migrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecutions_and_migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs_and_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Beliefs and practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Spirituality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spirituality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spirituality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Charismatic_manifestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charismatic_manifestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Charismatic manifestations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charismatic_manifestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_Spirit_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Spirit_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Holy Spirit leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Spirit_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Today subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anabaptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anabaptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Anabaptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anabaptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Anabaptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Anabaptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Neo-Anabaptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Anabaptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Relationship with Baptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence on society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anabaptism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptisme" title="Anabaptisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anabaptisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiedert%C3%A4ufer" title="Wiedertäufer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wiedertäufer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تجديدية العماد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجديدية العماد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptismo" title="Anabaptismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anabaptismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptismo" title="Anabaptismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Anabaptismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptistl%C9%99r" title="Anabaptistlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anabaptistlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анабаптызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анабаптызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анабаптызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Анабаптызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Анабаптизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Анабаптизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advadezouriezh" title="Advadezouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Advadezouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptisme" title="Anabaptisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anabaptisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novok%C5%99t%C4%9Bnectv%C3%AD" title="Novokřtěnectví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Novokřtěnectví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailfedyddiaeth" title="Ailfedyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ailfedyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptisme" title="Anabaptisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anabaptisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4ufer" title="Täufer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Täufer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptistid" title="Anabaptistid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Anabaptistid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Αναβαπτιστές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναβαπτιστές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptismo" title="Anabaptismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anabaptismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptismo" title="Anabaptismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anabaptismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptismo" title="Anabaptismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anabaptismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="آناباپتیست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آناباپتیست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptisme" title="Anabaptisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anabaptisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptisten" title="Anabaptisten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Anabaptisten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaisteachas" title="Anabaisteachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Anabaisteachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptismo" title="Anabaptismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anabaptismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A1%80%ED%8C%8C" title="재세례파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재세례파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Անաբապտիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անաբապտիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptizam" title="Anabaptizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anabaptizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptismo" title="Anabaptismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anabaptismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptis" title="Anabaptis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anabaptis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptista" title="Anabaptista – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Anabaptista" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabattismo" title="Anabattismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anabattismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אנבפטיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנבפטיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ანაბაპტისტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანაბაპტისტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Анабаптистер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Анабаптистер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waanabaptisti" title="Waanabaptisti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waanabaptisti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Анабаптисттер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Анабаптисттер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptistae" title="Anabaptistae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anabaptistae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptisms" title="Anabaptisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anabaptisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptistai" title="Anabaptistai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anabaptistai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabatisme" title="Anabatisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Anabatisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptista_mozgalom" title="Anabaptista mozgalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anabaptista mozgalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Анабаптизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Анабаптизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabatisma" title="Anabatisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Anabatisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ანაბაპტისტეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანაბაპტისტეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تجديدية العماد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تجديدية العماد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptis" title="Anabaptis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anabaptis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptisme" title="Anabaptisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anabaptisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%90%E3%83%97%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="アナバプテスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アナバプテスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptister" title="Anabaptister – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anabaptister" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptistlik" title="Anabaptistlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Anabaptistlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="باز اصطباغیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="باز اصطباغیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptyzm" title="Anabaptyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anabaptyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabatista" title="Anabatista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anabatista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anabaptism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анабаптизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анабаптизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptist" title="Anabaptist – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anabaptist" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptizmus" title="Anabaptizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anabaptizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptisti" title="Anabaptisti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anabaptisti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Анабаптисти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анабаптисти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptizam" title="Anabaptizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anabaptizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptismi" title="Anabaptismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anabaptismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anabaptism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptizm" title="Anabaptizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anabaptizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Анабаптисти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анабаптисти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="باز اصطباغیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="باز اصطباغیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptist" title="Anabaptist – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anabaptist" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptismo" title="Anabaptismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Anabaptismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%B5%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="重浸派 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="重浸派" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptist" title="Anabaptist – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Anabaptist" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%B5%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="重浸派 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="重浸派" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165580#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#EEDC82;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anabaptism" title="Category:Anabaptism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#EEDC82;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anabaptism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1685 illustration by Jan Luyken, published in Martyrs Mirror, of Dirk Willems saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near Asperen in the present-day Netherlands"><img alt="A 1685 illustration by Jan Luyken, published in Martyrs Mirror, of Dirk Willems saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near Asperen in the present-day Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/220px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/330px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/440px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6594" data-file-height="5283" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">A 1685 illustration by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Luyken" title="Jan Luyken">Jan Luyken</a>, published in <i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i>, of <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Willems" title="Dirk Willems">Dirk Willems</a> saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near <a href="/wiki/Asperen" title="Asperen">Asperen</a> in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Doctrines and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology of Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Lovefeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">Nonconformity to the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss of peace">Holy kiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content 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href="/wiki/George_Blaurock" title="George Blaurock">George Blaurock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" title="Hans Denck">Hans Denck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Conrad Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Hoffman" title="Melchior Hoffman">Melchior Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hut" title="Hans Hut">Hans Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Hutter" title="Jakob Hutter">Jakob Hutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mack" title="Alexander Mack">Alexander Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Manz" title="Felix Manz">Felix Manz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgram_Marpeck" title="Pilgram Marpeck">Pilgram Marpeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Rink" title="Melchior Rink">Melchior Rink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sattler" title="Michael Sattler">Michael Sattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno 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title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_World_Conference" title="Mennonite World Conference">Mennonite World Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Brethren_Church" title="Mennonite Brethren Church">Mennonite Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Colony_Mennonites" title="Old Colony Mennonites">Old Colony Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="Old Order Mennonite">Old Order Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Russian Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_True_Inspiration" title="Community of True Inspiration">Inspirationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Anabaptism" title="Neo-Anabaptism">Neo-Anabaptism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestantism" title="Category:Protestantism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;;padding:0.2em; background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Christian_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations"><img alt="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/85px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/128px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/170px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Protestantism" title="Outline of Protestantism">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Protestant_relations" title="Catholic–Protestant relations">Relations with Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologies" title="Protestant theologies">Theologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Solas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Solas">Five Solas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Protestantism" title="Crypto-Protestantism">Crypto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings in America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meetings</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Protestant" title="List of Christian denominations">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Protestants">Proto-Protestants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed church">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a></li> <li><a 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title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anabaptism</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">anabaptista</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀναβαπτισμός</span></span>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀνά</span></span> 're-' and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βαπτισμός</span></span> '<a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>';<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Täufer</i>, earlier also <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wiedertäufer</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Christian movement</a> which traces its origins to the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a> in the 16th century. Anabaptists believe that <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> is valid only when candidates freely confess their faith in Christ and request to be baptized. Commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">believer's baptism</a>, it is opposed to <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">baptism of infants</a>, who are not able to make a conscious decision to be baptized. </p><p>The early Anabaptists formulated their beliefs in a <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">confession of faith</a> in 1527 called the <a href="/wiki/Schleitheim_Confession" title="Schleitheim Confession">Schleitheim Confession</a>. Its author <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sattler" title="Michael Sattler">Michael Sattler</a> was arrested and executed shortly afterward. Anabaptist groups varied widely in their specific beliefs, but the Schleitheim Confession represents foundational Anabaptist beliefs as well as any single document can.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruening2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruening2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hershberger2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hershberger2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Christian groups with different roots also practice believer's baptism, such as <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, but these groups are not Anabaptist, even though the Baptist tradition was influenced by the Anabaptist view of Baptism. The <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> are direct descendants of the early Anabaptist movement. <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruderhof">Bruderhof</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic Christian Church</a> are Anabaptist denominations that developed well after the Radical Reformation, following their example.<sup id="cite_ref-Gertz2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gertz2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TW2021_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TW2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huffman1920_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huffman1920-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though all Anabaptists share the same core theological beliefs, there are differences in the way of life among them; <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Anabaptism" title="Old Order Anabaptism">Old Order Anabaptist</a> groups include the <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Amish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Amish">Old Order Amish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="Old Order Mennonite">Old Order Mennonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren" title="Old Order River Brethren">Old Order River Brethren</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_German_Baptist_Brethren" title="Old Order German Baptist Brethren">Old Order German Baptist Brethren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gertz2004_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gertz2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In between the assimilated mainline denominations (such as <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Church_USA" title="Mennonite Church USA">Mennonite Church USA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Brethren" title="Church of the Brethren">Church of the Brethren</a>) and Old Order groups are <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Anabaptism" title="Conservative Anabaptism">Conservative Anabaptist</a> groups. Conservative Anabaptists such as the <a href="/wiki/Dunkard_Brethren_Church" title="Dunkard Brethren Church">Dunkard Brethren Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a> have retained traditional religious practices and theology, while allowing for judicious use of modern conveniences and advanced technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Guengerich2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guengerich2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scott1996_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott1996-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emphasizing an adherence to the beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>, as a whole Anabaptists are distinguished by their keeping of practices that often include nonconformity to the world, "the love feast with feet washing, laying on of hands, anointing with oil, and the holy kiss, as well as turning the other cheek, no oaths, going the second mile, giving a cup of cold water, reconciliation, repeated forgiveness, humility, non-violence, and sharing possessions."<sup id="cite_ref-RedekopBeitzel2019_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedekopBeitzel2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kraybill2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraybill2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hostetler1993_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hostetler1993-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Almila2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almila2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Anabaptist originated as an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> meaning "one who baptizes again," referring to the practice of baptizing persons when they converted or declared their faith in Christ even if they had been baptized as infants, and many call themselves "Radical Reformers."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anabaptists require that baptismal candidates be able to make a confession of faith that is freely chosen and so rejected baptism of infants. The New Testament teaches to repent and then be baptized, and infants are not able to repent and turn away from sin to a life of following Jesus. The early members of this movement did not accept the name Anabaptist, claiming that infant baptism was not part of scripture and was therefore null and void. They said that baptizing self-confessed believers was their first true baptism: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have never taught Anabaptism. …But the right baptism of Christ, which is preceded by teaching and oral confession of faith, I teach, and say that infant baptism is a robbery of the right baptism of Christ.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Hubmaier, Balthasar</a> (1526), <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Balthasar_H%C3%BCbmaier/Chapter_6#204" class="extiw" title="s:Balthasar Hübmaier/Chapter 6">Short apology</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Anabaptists were heavily persecuted by <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state churches</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>, beginning in the 16th century and continuing thereafter, largely because of their interpretation of scripture which put them at odds with official state church interpretations and local government control. Anabaptism was never established by any state and therefore never enjoyed any associated privileges. Most Anabaptists adhere to a <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount#Interpretation" title="Sermon on the Mount">literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount</a> in Matthew 5–7, which teaches against hate, killing, violence, taking oaths, participating in use of force or any military actions, and against participation in civil government. Anabaptists view themselves as primarily citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">kingdom of God</a>, not of earthly governments. As committed followers of Jesus, they seek to pattern their life after his.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some former groups who practiced rebaptism, now extinct, believed otherwise and complied with these requirements of civil society.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, Hutterites, and many historians consider them outside Anabaptism. <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Conrad Grebel</a> wrote in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a> in 1524: "True Christian believers are sheep among wolves, sheep for the slaughter ... Neither do they use worldly sword or war, since all killing has ceased with them."<sup id="cite_ref-Dyck_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyck-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lineage">Lineage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="clade clade-words noresize nowrap" style="position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg/700px-Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg/1050px-Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg/1400px-Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="911" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; 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font-size:85%; left:680px; top:47.3px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-90deg);"><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></i></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:680px; top:170.5px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-90deg);"><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></i></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:589px; top:37.5px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-90deg);"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism"><span style="color:green;">Protestantism</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:27px"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:olive;">Anabaptism</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:43.8px"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism"><span style="color:darkgreen;">Anglicanism</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:75.3px"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism"><span style="color:green;">Lutheranism</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:60.6px"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:98.4px"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church"><span style="color:red;">(Latin Church)</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:540px; top:108.9px"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church"><span style="color:red;">Catholic Church</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:125px"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches"><span style="color:red;">(Eastern Catholic Churches)</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:540px; top:160px"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church"><span style="color:blue;">Eastern Orthodox Church</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:540px; top:177.5px"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches"><span style="color:purple;">Oriental Orthodox Churches</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:204.1px"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East"><span style="color:orange;">Church of the East</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:358px; top:226.5px"><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">Schism</a> <i>(1552)</i></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:198.5px"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East"><span style="color:orange;">Assyrian Church of the East</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:212.5px"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East"><span style="color:orange;">Ancient Church of the East</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:309px; top:13.7px"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:309px; top:29.8px"><i>(16th century)</i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:183px; top:51.5px"><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:183px; top:65.5px"><i>(11th century)</i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:8px; top:195px"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> <i>(431)</i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:8px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> <i>(451)</i></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-6px; top:132px"><i><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-90deg);"><span style="color:gray;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></span></span></i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:58.5px"><span style="color:gray;"><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></i></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:414px; top:111px">(<a href="/wiki/Full_communion#List_of_Catholic_churches_in_full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a>)</div></div> <dl><dd>(Not shown are <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">nontrinitarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">restorationist</a> denominations.)</dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_forerunners">Medieval forerunners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medieval forerunners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></div> <p>Anabaptists are considered to have begun with the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a> in the 16th century, but historians classify certain people and groups as their forerunners because of a similar approach to the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">interpretation</a> and application of the Bible. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a>, a 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a> reformer, taught most of the beliefs considered integral to Anabaptist theology.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval antecedents may include the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Common_Life" title="Brethren of the Common Life">Brethren of the Common Life</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussites</a>, Dutch Sacramentists,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some forms of <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> also represent a faith similar to the Anabaptists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Braght1950277_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Braght1950277-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medieval dissenters and Anabaptists who held to a literal interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> share in common the following affirmations: </p> <ul><li>The believer must not swear oaths or refer disputes between believers to law-courts for resolution, in accordance with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%206:1–11&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 6:1–11</a>.</li> <li>The believer must not bear arms or offer forcible resistance to wrongdoers, nor wield the sword. No Christian has the <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_gladii" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus gladii">jus gladii</a></i> (the right of the sword). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%205:39&version=nrsv">Matthew 5:39</a></li> <li>Civil government (i.e. "<a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>") belongs to the world. The believer belongs to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">God's kingdom</a> so must not fill any office nor hold any rank under government, which is to be passively obeyed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:36&version=nrsv">John 18:36</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2013:1–7&version=nrsv">Romans 13:1–7</a></li> <li>Sinners or unfaithful ones are to be excommunicated and excluded from the sacraments and from intercourse with believers unless they repent, according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%205:9–13&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 5:9–13</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2018:15&version=nrsv">Matthew 18:15 seq.</a>, but no force is to be used towards them.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zwickau_prophets_and_the_German_Peasants'_War"><span id="Zwickau_prophets_and_the_German_Peasants.27_War"></span>Zwickau prophets and the German Peasants' War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Zwickau prophets and the German Peasants' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zwickau_prophets" title="Zwickau prophets">Zwickau prophets</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titelblatt_12_Artikel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Titelblatt_12_Artikel.jpg/170px-Titelblatt_12_Artikel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Titelblatt_12_Artikel.jpg/255px-Titelblatt_12_Artikel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Titelblatt_12_Artikel.jpg/340px-Titelblatt_12_Artikel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>Twelve Articles of the Peasants pamphlet of 1525</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 27, 1521, three "prophets" from <a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a> appeared in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> who were influenced by (and, in turn, influencing) <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a> – Thomas Dreschel, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Storch" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Storch">Nicholas Storch</a>, and Mark Thomas Stübner. They preached an apocalyptic, radical alternative to <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>. Their preaching helped to stir the feelings concerning the social crisis which erupted in the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a> in southern Germany in 1525 as a revolt against feudal oppression. </p><p>Under the leadership of Müntzer, it became a war against all constituted authorities and an attempt to establish by revolution an ideal Christian commonwealth, with absolute equality among persons and the community of goods. The Zwickau prophets were not Anabaptists (that is, they did not practise "rebaptism"); nevertheless, the prevalent social inequities and the preaching of men such as these have been seen as laying the foundation for the Anabaptist movement. The social ideals of the Anabaptist movement coincided closely with those of leaders in the German Peasants' War. Studies have found a very low percentage of subsequent sectarians to have taken part in the peasant uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStayer1994_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStayer1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_origins">Views on origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Views on origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Anabaptism" title="Special:EditPage/Anabaptism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Research on the origins of the Anabaptists has been tainted both by the attempts of their enemies to slander them and by the attempts of their supporters to vindicate them. It was long popular to classify all Anabaptists as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_rebellion" title="Münster rebellion">Munsterites</a> and radicals associated with the Zwickau prophets, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matthys" title="Jan Matthys">Jan Matthys</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Leiden" title="John of Leiden">John of Leiden</a>, and Müntzer. Those desiring to correct this error tended to over-correct and deny all connections between the larger Anabaptist movement and the most radical elements. </p><p>The modern era of Anabaptist historiography arose with Roman Catholic scholar <a href="/wiki/Carl_Adolf_Cornelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Adolf Cornelius">Carl Adolf Cornelius</a>' publication of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Geschichte des Münsterischen Aufruhrs</i></span> (<i>The History of the Münster Uprising</i>) in 1855. Baptist historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Henry_Newman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Henry Newman (page does not exist)">Albert Henry Newman</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Bender" title="Harold S. Bender">Harold S. Bender</a> said occupied "first position in the field of American Anabaptist historiography", made a major contribution with his <i>A History of Anti-Pedobaptism</i> (1897). </p><p>Three main theories on origins of the Anabaptists are the following: </p> <ul><li>The movement began in a single expression in Zürich and spread from there (monogenesis);</li> <li>It developed through several independent movements (<a href="/wiki/Polygenism" title="Polygenism">polygenesis</a>); and</li> <li>It was a continuation of true New Testament Christianity (<a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> or church perpetuity).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monogenesis">Monogenesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Monogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars (e.g. Harold S. Bender, William Estep, Robert Friedmann)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstep1963_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstep1963-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consider the Anabaptist movement to have developed from the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a> movement. They generally argue that Anabaptism had its origins in Zürich and that the Anabaptism of the Swiss Brethren was transmitted to southern Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, and northern Germany, where it developed into its various branches. The monogenesis theory usually rejects the Münsterites and other radicals from the category of true Anabaptists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstep19635_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstep19635-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the monogenesis view the time of origin is January 21, 1525, when <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Conrad Grebel</a> baptized <a href="/wiki/George_Blaurock" title="George Blaurock">George Blaurock</a>, and Blaurock in turn baptized several others immediately. These baptisms were the first "re-baptisms" known in the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyck196749_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyck196749-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This continues to be the most widely accepted date posited for the establishment of Anabaptism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polygenesis">Polygenesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Polygenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/James_M._Stayer" title="James M. Stayer">James M. Stayer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_O._Packull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner O. Packull (page does not exist)">Werner O. Packull</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_O._Packull" class="extiw" title="de:Werner O. Packull">de</a>]</span>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Deppermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Deppermann (page does not exist)">Klaus Deppermann</a> disputed the idea of a single origin of Anabaptists in a 1975 essay entitled "From Monogenesis to Polygenesis", suggesting that February 24, 1527, at Schleitheim is the proper date of the origin of Anabaptism. On this date the Swiss Brethren wrote a declaration of belief called the <a href="/wiki/Schleitheim_Confession" title="Schleitheim Confession">Schleitheim Confession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-monogenesis_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monogenesis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (October 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The authors of the essay note the agreement among previous Anabaptist historians on polygenesis, even when disputing the date for a single starting point: "Hillerbrand and Bender (like Holl and Troeltsch) were in agreement that there was a single dispersion of Anabaptism …, which certainly ran through Zurich. The only question was whether or not it went back further to Saxony."<sup id="cite_ref-monogenesis_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monogenesis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83">: 83 </span></sup> </p><p>After criticizing the standard polygenetic history, the authors found six groups in early Anabaptism which could be collapsed into three originating "points of departure": "South German Anabaptism, the Swiss Brethren, and the <a href="/wiki/Melchiorites" title="Melchiorites">Melchiorites</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStayer199486_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStayer199486-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to their polygenesis theory, South German–Austrian Anabaptism "was a diluted form of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhineland mysticism">Rhineland mysticism</a>", Swiss Anabaptism "arose out of Reformed <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">congregationalism</a>", and Dutch Anabaptism was formed by "Social unrest and the apocalyptic visions of <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Hoffman" title="Melchior Hoffman">Melchior Hoffman</a>". As examples of how the Anabaptist movement was influenced from sources other than the Swiss Brethren movement, mention has been made of how <a href="/wiki/Pilgram_Marpeck" title="Pilgram Marpeck">Pilgram Marpeck</a>'s <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vermanung</i></span> of 1542 was deeply influenced by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bekenntnisse</i></span> of 1533 by Münster theologian <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rothmann" title="Bernhard Rothmann">Bernhard Rothmann</a>. Hoffman influenced the <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> when they used his commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a> shortly after he wrote it. </p><p>Others who have written in support of polygenesis include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grete_Mecenseffy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grete Mecenseffy (page does not exist)">Grete Mecenseffy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Mecenseffy" class="extiw" title="de:Grete Mecenseffy">de</a>]</span> and Walter Klaassen, who established links between Müntzer and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hut" title="Hans Hut">Hans Hut</a>. In another work, Gottfried Seebaß and Werner Packull show the influence of Müntzer on the formation of South German Anabaptism. Similarly, author Steven Ozment links Hut and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" title="Hans Denck">Hans Denck</a> with Müntzer, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Franck" title="Sebastian Franck">Sebastian Franck</a>, and others. Author Calvin Pater shows how <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a> influenced Swiss Anabaptism in various areas, including his view of Scripture, doctrine of the church, and views on baptism. </p><p>Several historians, including Thor Hall,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kenneth Davis,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Robert Kreider,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have also noted the influence of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanism</a> on Radical Reformers in the three originating points of departure to account for how this brand of reform could develop independently from each other. Relatively recent research, begun in a more advanced and deliberate manner by Andrew P. Klager, also explores how the influence and a particular reading of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> contributed to the development of distinctly Anabaptist beliefs and practices in separate regions of Europe in the early 16th century, including by <a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a> in the Netherlands, Grebel in Switzerland, Müntzer in central Germany, Marpeck in the Tyrol, Peter Walpot in Moravia, and especially <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a> in southern Germany, Switzerland, and Moravia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlager201128–31_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlager201128–31-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlager20105–65_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlager20105–65-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apostolic_succession">Apostolic succession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Apostolic succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Baptist_successionism" title="Baptist successionism">Baptist successionists</a> have at times pointed to 16th-century Anabaptists as part of an <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> of churches ("church perpetuity") from the time of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is held by some Baptists, some Mennonites, and some "true church" movements.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opponents of the Baptist successionism theory emphasize that these non-Catholic groups clearly differed from each other, that they held some heretical views,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that the groups had no connection with one another and had origins that were separate both in time and in place. </p><p>A different strain of successionism is the theory that the Anabaptists are of Waldensian origin. Some hold the idea that the Waldensians are part of the apostolic succession, while others simply believe they were an independent group out of whom the Anabaptists arose. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Keller" title="Ludwig Keller">Ludwig Keller</a>, Thomas M. Lindsay, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Vedder" title="Henry Clay Vedder">Henry Clay Vedder</a>, Delbert Grätz, <a href="/wiki/John_T._Christian" title="John T. Christian">John T. Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thieleman_J._van_Braght" title="Thieleman J. van Braght">Thieleman J. van Braght</a> (author of <i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i>) all held, in varying degrees, the position that the Anabaptists were of Waldensian origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schleitheimer_Bekenntnis_Druck_1550_ausgestellt_im_T%C3%A4uferzimmer_des_Heimatmuseums_Schleitheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Schleitheimer_Bekenntnis_Druck_1550_ausgestellt_im_T%C3%A4uferzimmer_des_Heimatmuseums_Schleitheim.jpg/300px-Schleitheimer_Bekenntnis_Druck_1550_ausgestellt_im_T%C3%A4uferzimmer_des_Heimatmuseums_Schleitheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="509" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Schleitheimer_Bekenntnis_Druck_1550_ausgestellt_im_T%C3%A4uferzimmer_des_Heimatmuseums_Schleitheim.jpg/450px-Schleitheimer_Bekenntnis_Druck_1550_ausgestellt_im_T%C3%A4uferzimmer_des_Heimatmuseums_Schleitheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Schleitheimer_Bekenntnis_Druck_1550_ausgestellt_im_T%C3%A4uferzimmer_des_Heimatmuseums_Schleitheim.jpg/600px-Schleitheimer_Bekenntnis_Druck_1550_ausgestellt_im_T%C3%A4uferzimmer_des_Heimatmuseums_Schleitheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1852" data-file-height="3143" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Schleitheim_Confession" title="Schleitheim Confession">Schleitheim Confession</a> printed in 1550, displayed in the Anabaptist Room of the Local History Museum in <a href="/wiki/Schleitheim" title="Schleitheim">Schleitheim</a>, Switzerland.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spread_of_the_Anabaptists_1525-1550.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Spread_of_the_Anabaptists_1525-1550.png/220px-Spread_of_the_Anabaptists_1525-1550.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Spread_of_the_Anabaptists_1525-1550.png/330px-Spread_of_the_Anabaptists_1525-1550.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Spread_of_the_Anabaptists_1525-1550.png/440px-Spread_of_the_Anabaptists_1525-1550.png 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>Spread of the early anabaptists in Central Europe <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DBB4F8; color:black;"> </span> Dutch <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a><br />(spread from <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A5C8F8; color:black;"> </span> South and Central German Anabaptists<br />(spread from <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_Franken" class="mw-redirect" title="Königsberg in Franken">Königsberg in Franken</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#BAFDA2; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a><br />(spread from <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFE57C; color:black;"> </span> Moravian Anabaptists<br />(spread from <a href="/wiki/Nikolsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolsburg">Nikolsburg</a>)</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anabaptism in Switzerland began as an offshoot of the church reforms instigated by <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Ulrich Zwingli</a>. As early as 1522, it became evident that Zwingli was on a path of reform preaching when he began to question or criticize such Catholic practices as <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a>, and even infant baptism. Zwingli had gathered a group of reform-minded men around him, with whom he studied classical literature and the scriptures. However, some of these young men began to feel that Zwingli was not moving fast enough in his reform. The division between Zwingli and his more radical disciples became apparent in an October 1523 disputation held in Zurich. When the discussion of the mass was about to be ended without making any actual change in practice, Conrad Grebel stood up and asked "what should be done about the mass?" Zwingli responded by saying the council would make that decision. At this point, Simon Stumpf, a radical priest from <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6ngg" title="Höngg">Höngg</a>, answered saying, "The decision has already been made by the Spirit of God."<sup id="cite_ref-Ruth_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruth-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This incident illustrated clearly that Zwingli and his more radical disciples had different expectations. To Zwingli, the reforms would only go as fast as the city council allowed them. To the radicals, the council had no right to make that decision, but rather the Bible was the final authority of church reform. Feeling frustrated, some of them began to meet on their own for Bible study. As early as 1523, William Reublin began to preach against infant baptism in villages surrounding Zurich, encouraging parents to not baptize their children. </p><p>Seeking fellowship with other reform-minded people, the radical group wrote letters to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a>, and Thomas Müntzer. <a href="/wiki/Felix_Manz" title="Felix Manz">Felix Manz</a> began to publish some of Karlstadt's writings in Zurich in late 1524. By this time the question of infant baptism had become agitated, and the Zurich council had instructed Zwingli to meet weekly with those who rejected infant baptism "until the matter could be resolved".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyck196746_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyck196746-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zwingli broke off the meetings after two sessions, and Manz petitioned the council to find a solution, since he felt Zwingli was too hard to work with. The council then called a meeting for January 17, 1525. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%A4uferdisputation_1525.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/T%C3%A4uferdisputation_1525.jpg/220px-T%C3%A4uferdisputation_1525.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/T%C3%A4uferdisputation_1525.jpg/330px-T%C3%A4uferdisputation_1525.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/T%C3%A4uferdisputation_1525.jpg/440px-T%C3%A4uferdisputation_1525.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Dissatisfaction with the outcome of a disputation in 1525 prompted <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a> to part ways with <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The council ruled in this meeting that all who continued to refuse to baptize their infants should be expelled from Zurich if they did not have them baptized within one week. Since Grebel had refused to baptize his daughter Rachel, born on January 5, 1525, the council decision was personal to him and others who had not baptized their children. Thus, when 16 of the radicals met on January 21, the situation seemed particularly dark. The <i>Hutterian Chronicle</i> records the event: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After prayer, George of the House of Jacob (George Blaurock) stood up and besought Conrad Grebel for God's sake to baptize him with the true Christian baptism upon his faith and knowledge. And when he knelt down with such a request and desire, Conrad baptized him, since at that time there was no ordained minister to perform such work.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Afterwards Blaurock was baptized, and he in turn baptized others at the meeting. Even though some had rejected infant baptism before this date, these baptisms marked the first re-baptisms of those who had been baptized as infants and thus Swiss Anabaptism was born on that day.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tyrol">Tyrol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tyrol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anabaptism appears to have come to <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a> through the labors of Blaurock. Similar to the German Peasants' War, the Gaismair uprising set the stage by producing a hope for social justice. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gaismair" title="Michael Gaismair">Michael Gaismair</a> had tried to bring religious, political, and economical reform through a violent peasant uprising, but the movement was quashed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoover200814–66_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoover200814–66-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although little evidence exists of a connection between Gaismair's uprising and Tyrolian Anabaptism, at least a few of the peasants involved in the uprising later became Anabaptists. The common link was the desire for a radical change in the prevailing social injustices. Disappointed with the failure of armed revolt, Anabaptist ideals of an alternative peaceful, just society probably resonated on the ears of the disappointed peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPackull1995169–175_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPackull1995169–175-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before Anabaptism was introduced to <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, Protestant ideas had been propagated in the region by men such as Hans Vischer, a former Dominican. Some of those who participated in <a href="/wiki/Conventicle" title="Conventicle">conventicles</a> where Protestant ideas were presented later became Anabaptists. The population in general seemed to have a favorable attitude towards reform, be it Protestant or Anabaptist. Blaurock appears to have preached itinerantly in the <a href="/wiki/Puster_Valley" title="Puster Valley">Puster Valley</a> region in 1527, which most likely was the first introduction of Anabaptist ideas in the area. Another visit through the area in 1529 reinforced these ideas, but he was captured and burned at the stake in <a href="/wiki/Klausen,_South_Tyrol" title="Klausen, South Tyrol">Klausen</a> on September 6, 1529.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPackull1995181–185_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPackull1995181–185-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Hutter">Jacob Hutter</a> was one of the early converts in South Tyrol and later became a leader among the Hutterites, who received their name from him. Hutter made several trips between Moravia and Tyrol, and most of the Anabaptists in South Tyrol ended up emigrating to Moravia because of the fierce persecution unleashed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a>. In November 1535, Hutter was captured near Klausen and taken to <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> where he was burned at the stake on February 25, 1536. By 1540 Anabaptism in South Tyrol was dying out, largely because of the emigration to Moravia of the converts because of incessant persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPackull1995280_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPackull1995280-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_Countries_and_northern_Germany">Low Countries and northern Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Low Countries and northern Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menno_Simons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Menno_Simons.jpg/170px-Menno_Simons.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Menno_Simons.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Menno Simons</figcaption></figure> <p>Melchior Hoffman is credited with the introduction of Anabaptist ideas into the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. Hoffman had picked up Lutheran and Reformed ideas, but on April 23, 1530, he was "re-baptized" at <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> and within two months had gone to <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a> and baptized about 300 persons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstep1963109_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstep1963109-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For several years Hoffman preached in the Low Countries until he was arrested and imprisoned at Strasbourg, where he died about 10 years later. Hoffman's apocalyptic ideas were indirectly related to the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_rebellion" title="Münster rebellion">Münster rebellion</a>, even though he was "of a different spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstep1963111_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstep1963111-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Obbe_Philips" title="Obbe Philips">Obbe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Philips" title="Dirk Philips">Dirk Philips</a> had been baptized by disciples of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matthijs" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Matthijs">Jan Matthijs</a> but were opposed to the violence that occurred at Münster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyck1967105_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyck1967105-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obbe later became disillusioned with Anabaptism and withdrew from the movement in about 1540, but not before ordaining <a href="/wiki/David_Joris" title="David Joris">David Joris</a>, his brother Dirk, and Menno Simons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyck1967111_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyck1967111-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joris and Simons parted ways, with Joris placing more emphasis on "spirit and prophecy", while Menno emphasized the authority of the Bible. For the Mennonite side, the emphasis on the "inner" and "spiritual" permitted compromise to "escape persecution", while to the Joris side, the Mennonites were under the "dead letter of the Scripture".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyck1967111_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyck1967111-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of persecution and expansion, some of the Low Country Mennonites emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> delta, a region settled by Germans but under Polish rule until it became part of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> in 1772. There they formed the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_delta_Mennonites" title="Vistula delta Mennonites">Vistula delta Mennonites</a> integrating some other Mennonites mainly from northern Germany. In the late 18th century, several thousand of them migrated from there to Ukraine (which at the time was part of Russia) forming the so-called <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonites" title="Russian Mennonites">Russian Mennonites</a>. Beginning in 1874, many of them emigrated to the prairie states and provinces of the United States and Canada. In the 1920s, the conservative faction of the Canadian settlers went to Mexico and Paraguay. Beginning in the 1950s, the most conservative of them started to migrate to Bolivia. In 1958, Mexican Mennonites migrated to Belize. Since the 1980s, traditional Russian Mennonites migrated to Argentina. Smaller groups went to Brazil and Uruguay. In 2015, some Mennonites from Bolivia settled in Peru. In 2018, there are more than 200,000 of them living in colonies in Central and South America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moravia,_Bohemia_and_Silesia"><span id="Moravia.2C_Bohemia_and_Silesia"></span>Moravia, Bohemia and Silesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Moravia, Bohemia and Silesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Moravian Anabaptism was a transplant from other areas of Europe, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> soon became a center for the growing movement, largely because of the greater religious tolerance found there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstep196389_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstep196389-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPackull199554_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPackull199554-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans Hut was an early evangelist in the area, with one historian crediting him with baptizing more converts in two years than all the other Anabaptist evangelists put together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyck196767_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyck196767-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coming of Balthasar Hübmaier to <a href="/wiki/Nikolsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolsburg">Nikolsburg</a> was a definite boost for Anabaptist ideas to the area. With the great influx of religious refugees from all over Europe, many variations of Anabaptism appeared in Moravia, with Jarold Zeman documenting at least ten slightly different versions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPackull199555_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPackull199555-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jacob Wiedemann appeared at Nikolsburg and began to teach the pacifistic convictions of the Swiss Brethren, on which Hübmaier had been less authoritative. This would lead to a division between the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schwertler</i></span> (sword-bearing) and the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stäbler</i></span> (staff-bearing). Wiedemann and those with him also promoted the practice of <a href="/wiki/Community_of_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of goods">community of goods</a>. With orders from the lords of <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> to leave Nikolsburg, about 200 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stäbler</i></span> withdrew to Moravia to form a community at <a href="/wiki/Austerlitz,_Netherlands" title="Austerlitz, Netherlands">Austerlitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPackull199561_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPackull199561-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persecution in South Tyrol brought many refugees to Moravia, many of whom formed into communities that practised community of goods. Others came from <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, Switzerland, German lands, and the Low Countries. With the passing of time and persecution, all the other versions of Anabaptism would die out in Moravia leaving only the Hutterites. Even the Hutterites would be dissipated by persecution, with a remnant fleeing to <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, then to Ukraine, and finally to North America in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPackull1995_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPackull1995-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (October 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_and_central_Germany,_Austria_and_Alsace"><span id="South_and_central_Germany.2C_Austria_and_Alsace"></span>South and central Germany, Austria and Alsace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South and central Germany, Austria and Alsace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Muentzer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Thomas_Muentzer.jpg/170px-Thomas_Muentzer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Thomas_Muentzer.jpg/255px-Thomas_Muentzer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Thomas_Muentzer.jpg/340px-Thomas_Muentzer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a> led the German peasants against the landowners</figcaption></figure> <p>South German Anabaptism had its roots in <a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German mysticism</a>. Andreas Karlstadt, who first worked alongside Martin Luther, is seen as a forerunner of South German Anabaptism because of his reforming theology that rejected many Catholic practices, including infant baptism. However, Karlstadt is not known to have been "rebaptized", nor to have taught it. Hans Denck and Hans Hut, both with German mystical background (in connection with Thomas Müntzer) both accepted "rebaptism", but Denck eventually backed off from the idea under pressure. Hut is said to have brought more people into early Anabaptism than all the other Anabaptist evangelists of his time put together. </p><p>However, there may have been confusion about what his baptism (at least some of the times it was done by making the sign of the <a href="/wiki/Tau#Symbolism" title="Tau">Tau</a> on the forehead) may have meant to the recipient. Some seem to have taken it as a sign by which they would escape the apocalyptical revenge of the Turks that Hut predicted. Hut even went so far as to predict a 1528 coming of the kingdom of God. When the prediction failed, some of his converts became discouraged and left the Anabaptist movement. The large congregation of Anabaptists at <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> fell apart (partly because of persecution) and those who stayed with Anabaptist ideas were absorbed into Swiss and Moravia Anabaptist congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPackull197735–117_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPackull197735–117-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStayer1994_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStayer1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pilgram Marpeck was another notable leader in early South German Anabaptism who attempted to steer between the two extremes of Denck's inner Holiness and the legalistic standards of the other Anabaptists.<sup id="cite_ref-fireandwater_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fireandwater-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecutions_and_migrations">Persecutions and migrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Persecutions and migrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ertraenkung_felix_manz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ertraenkung_felix_manz.jpg/220px-Ertraenkung_felix_manz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ertraenkung_felix_manz.jpg/330px-Ertraenkung_felix_manz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ertraenkung_felix_manz.jpg/440px-Ertraenkung_felix_manz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Felix_Manz" title="Felix Manz">Felix Manz</a> was executed by drowning within two years of his rebaptism</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whipping_of_an_incarcerated_delinquent,_Germany_17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Whipping_of_an_incarcerated_delinquent%2C_Germany_17th_century.jpg/200px-Whipping_of_an_incarcerated_delinquent%2C_Germany_17th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Whipping_of_an_incarcerated_delinquent%2C_Germany_17th_century.jpg/300px-Whipping_of_an_incarcerated_delinquent%2C_Germany_17th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Whipping_of_an_incarcerated_delinquent%2C_Germany_17th_century.jpg/400px-Whipping_of_an_incarcerated_delinquent%2C_Germany_17th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birching" title="Birching">Birching</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> martyr <a href="/wiki/Ursula_van_Beckum" title="Ursula van Beckum">Ursula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, 1570; engraving by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Luyken" title="Jan Luyken">Jan Luyken</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> alike persecuted the Anabaptists, resorting to torture and execution in attempts to curb the growth of the movement. The Protestants under Zwingli were the first to persecute the Anabaptists, with Manz becoming the first Anabaptist martyr in 1527. On May 20 or 21, 1527, Roman Catholic authorities executed <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sattler" title="Michael Sattler">Michael Sattler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Ferdinand declared drowning (called the <i>third baptism</i>) "the best antidote to Anabaptism". The <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a> regime, even the Protestant monarchs (<a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> of England and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> of England), persecuted Anabaptists as they were deemed too radical and therefore a danger to religious stability. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anneken_Hendriks,_Dam,_Amsterdam,_by_Jan_Luyken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Anneken_Hendriks%2C_Dam%2C_Amsterdam%2C_by_Jan_Luyken.jpg/200px-Anneken_Hendriks%2C_Dam%2C_Amsterdam%2C_by_Jan_Luyken.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Anneken_Hendriks%2C_Dam%2C_Amsterdam%2C_by_Jan_Luyken.jpg/300px-Anneken_Hendriks%2C_Dam%2C_Amsterdam%2C_by_Jan_Luyken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Anneken_Hendriks%2C_Dam%2C_Amsterdam%2C_by_Jan_Luyken.jpg/400px-Anneken_Hendriks%2C_Dam%2C_Amsterdam%2C_by_Jan_Luyken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption>The burning of a 16th-century Dutch Anabaptist, Anneken Hendriks, who was charged with heresy.</figcaption></figure> <p>The persecution of Anabaptists was condoned by the ancient laws of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> which were passed against the <a href="/wiki/Donatists" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatists">Donatists</a>, and decreed the death penalty for anyone who practised rebaptism. <i>Martyrs Mirror</i>, by Thieleman J. van Braght, describes the persecution and execution of thousands of Anabaptists in various parts of Europe between 1525 and 1660. Continuing persecution in Europe was largely responsible for the mass emigrations to North America by the Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinists</a>, Anabaptists failed to gain recognition in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> of 1648, and as a result they continued to be persecuted in Europe long after that treaty was signed. </p><p>Anabaptism stands out among other groups of martyrs, in that Anabaptist martyrologies feature women more prominently, "making up thirty per cent of the martyr stories, compared to five to ten per cent in the other accounts."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs_and_practices">Beliefs and practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Beliefs and practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Anabaptist theology</a></div> <p>Anabaptists view themselves as a separate branch of Christianity, not being a part of Catholicism, Protestantism, Oriental Orthodoxy or Eastern Orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaassen1973_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaassen1973-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anabaptist beliefs were codified in the Schleitheim Confession in 1527, which best represents the beliefs of the various denominations of Anabaptism (inclusive of Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites, Bruderhof, Schwarzenau Brethren, River Brethren and Apostolic Christians).<sup id="cite_ref-Bruening2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruening2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hershberger2001_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hershberger2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anabaptist denominations, such as the Mennonites, teach "true faith entails a new birth, a spiritual regeneration by God's grace and power; 'believers' are those who have become the spiritual children of God."<sup id="cite_ref-Sheldrake2005_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheldrake2005-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Anabaptist theology, the pathway to salvation is "marked not by a forensic understanding of salvation by '<a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">faith alone</a>', but by the entire process of repentance, self-denial, faith rebirth and obedience."<sup id="cite_ref-Sheldrake2005_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheldrake2005-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who wish to tarry this path receive <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Born_again#Anabaptism" title="Born again">New Birth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheldrake2005_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheldrake2005-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anabaptists heavily emphasize the importance of obedience in the salvation journey of a believer.<sup id="cite_ref-PaulsenMusser2007_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaulsenMusser2007-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a whole, Anabaptists emphasize an adherence to the beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a> and are thus distinguished by their keeping of practices that often include the observance of <a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">feetwashing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss of peace">holy kiss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">communion</a> (with these three ordinances being practiced collectively in the <a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">lovefeast</a> in the Schwarzenau Brethren and River Brethren traditions), <a href="/wiki/Head_covering_for_Christian_women" title="Head covering for Christian women">Christian headcovering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">nonconformity to the world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">nonresistance</a>, forgiveness, and sharing possessions, which in certain communities (as with the Bruderhof) takes on the form of <a href="/wiki/Communal_living" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal living">communal living</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RedekopBeitzel2019_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedekopBeitzel2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Almila2017_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almila2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kraybill2010_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraybill2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hostetler1993_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hostetler1993-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different types exist among the Anabaptists, although the categorizations tend to vary with the scholar's viewpoint on origins. Estep claims that in order to understand Anabaptism, one must "distinguish between the Anabaptists, inspirationists, and rationalists". He classes the likes of Blaurock, Grebel, Hubmaier, Manz, Marpeck, and Simons as Anabaptists. He groups Müntzer and Storch as inspirationists, and anti-trinitarians such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Valdes" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de Valdes">Juan de Valdés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Castellio" title="Sebastian Castellio">Sebastian Castellio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Faustus_Socinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Faustus Socinus">Faustus Socinus</a> as <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalists</a>. Mark S. Ritchie follows this line of thought, saying, "The Anabaptists were one of several branches of 'Radical' reformers (i.e. reformers that went further than the mainstream Reformers) to arise out of the Renaissance and <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>. Two other branches were Spirituals or Inspirationists, who believed that they had received direct revelation from the Spirit, and rationalists or anti-Trinitarians, who rebelled against traditional Christian doctrine, like Michael Servetus." </p><p>Those of the polygenesis viewpoint use <i>Anabaptist</i> to define the larger movement and include the inspirationists and rationalists as true Anabaptists. James M. Stayer used the term <i>Anabaptist</i> for those who <i>rebaptized</i> persons already "baptized" in infancy. Walter Klaassen was perhaps the first Mennonite scholar to define <i>Anabaptists</i> that way in his 1960 Oxford dissertation. This represents a rejection of the previous standard held by Mennonite scholars such as Bender and Friedmann. </p><p>Another method of categorization acknowledges regional variations, such as Swiss Brethren (Grebel, Manz), Dutch and <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisian</a> Anabaptism (Menno Simons, <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Philips" title="Dirk Philips">Dirk Philips</a>), and South German Anabaptism (Hübmaier, Marpeck). Historians and sociologists have made further distinctions between radical Anabaptists, who were prepared to use violence in their attempts to build a <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a>, and their pacifist brethren, later broadly known as Mennonites. Radical Anabaptist groups included the Münsterites and the <a href="/wiki/Batenburgers" title="Batenburgers">Batenburgers</a>, who persisted in various guises as late as the 1570s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spirituality">Spirituality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spirituality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe#Anabaptists" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe § Anabaptists</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z%C3%BCrich_-_Schipfe_IMG_1969.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Z%C3%BCrich_-_Schipfe_IMG_1969.JPG/220px-Z%C3%BCrich_-_Schipfe_IMG_1969.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Z%C3%BCrich_-_Schipfe_IMG_1969.JPG/330px-Z%C3%BCrich_-_Schipfe_IMG_1969.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Z%C3%BCrich_-_Schipfe_IMG_1969.JPG/440px-Z%C3%BCrich_-_Schipfe_IMG_1969.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Memorial plate at <a href="/wiki/Schipfe" title="Schipfe">Schipfe</a> quarter in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> for the Anabaptists executed in the early 16th century by the Zürich city government</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charismatic_manifestations">Charismatic manifestations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Charismatic manifestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the inspirationist wing of the Anabaptist movement, it was not unusual for <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">charismatic</a> manifestations to appear, such as dancing, falling under the power of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>, "prophetic processions" (at Zurich in 1525, at Munster in 1534 and at Amsterdam in 1535),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaassen197363_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaassen197363-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">speaking in tongues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany some Anabaptists, "excited by mass hypnosis, experienced healings, glossolalia, contortions and other manifestations of a camp-meeting revival".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2000667_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2000667-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anabaptist congregations that later developed into the Mennonite and Hutterite churches tended not to promote these manifestations but did not totally reject the miraculous. </p><p>Marpeck, for example, wrote against the exclusion of miracles: "Nor does Scripture assert this exclusion ... God has a free hand even in these last days." Referring to some who had been raised from the dead, he wrote: "Many of them have remained constant, enduring tortures inflicted by sword, rope, fire and water and suffering terrible, tyrannical, unheard-of deaths and martyrdoms, all of which they could easily have avoided by recantation. Moreover one also marvels when he sees how the faithful God (Who, after all, overflows with goodness) raises from the dead several such brothers and sisters of Christ after they were hanged, drowned, or killed in other ways. Even today, they are found alive and we can hear their own testimony ... Cannot everyone who sees, even the blind, say with a good conscience that such things are a powerful, unusual, and miraculous act of God? Those who would deny it must be hardened men."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarpeck197850_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarpeck197850-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Hutterite Chronicle</i> and the <i>Martyrs Mirror</i> record several accounts of miraculous events, such as when a man named Martin prophesied while being led across a bridge to his execution in 1531: "this once yet the pious are led over this bridge, but no more hereafter". Just "a short time afterwards such a violent storm and flood came that the bridge was demolished".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Braght1950440_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Braght1950440-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Spirit_leadership">Holy Spirit leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Holy Spirit leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Anabaptists insisted upon the "free course" of the Holy Spirit in worship, yet still maintained it all must be judged according to the Scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swiss Anabaptist document titled "Answer of Some Who Are Called (Ana-)Baptists – Why They Do Not Attend the Churches". One reason given for not attending the state churches was that these institutions forbade the congregation to exercise spiritual gifts according to "the Christian order as taught in the gospel or the Word of God in 1 Corinthians 14". "When such believers come together, 'Everyone of you (note every one) hath a psalm, hath a doctrine, hath a revelation, hath an interpretation', and so on. When someone comes to church and constantly hears only one person speaking, and all the listeners are silent, neither speaking nor prophesying, who can or will regard or confess the same to be a spiritual congregation, or confess according to 1 Corinthians 14 that God is dwelling and operating in them through His Holy Spirit with His gifts, impelling them one after another in the above-mentioned order of speaking and prophesying."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today">Today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Anabaptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altkirch,_%C3%89glise_%C3%89vang%C3%A9lique_Mennonite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Altkirch%2C_%C3%89glise_%C3%89vang%C3%A9lique_Mennonite.jpg/220px-Altkirch%2C_%C3%89glise_%C3%89vang%C3%A9lique_Mennonite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Altkirch%2C_%C3%89glise_%C3%89vang%C3%A9lique_Mennonite.jpg/330px-Altkirch%2C_%C3%89glise_%C3%89vang%C3%A9lique_Mennonite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Altkirch%2C_%C3%89glise_%C3%89vang%C3%A9lique_Mennonite.jpg/440px-Altkirch%2C_%C3%89glise_%C3%89vang%C3%A9lique_Mennonite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>Evangelical Mennonite Church in <a href="/wiki/Altkirch" title="Altkirch">Altkirch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Evangelical_Mennonite_Churches_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Evangelical Mennonite Churches of France (page does not exist)">Association of Evangelical Mennonite Churches of France</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TMP_Stage_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/TMP_Stage_2018.jpg/220px-TMP_Stage_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/TMP_Stage_2018.jpg/330px-TMP_Stage_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/TMP_Stage_2018.jpg/440px-TMP_Stage_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Worship_service_(evangelicalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Worship service (evangelicalism)">Worship service</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_Place_(church)" title="The Meeting Place (church)">The Meeting Place </a> in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Conference_of_Mennonite_Brethren_Churches" title="Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches">Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amish_-_On_the_way_to_school_by_Gadjoboy-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Amish_-_On_the_way_to_school_by_Gadjoboy-crop.jpg/170px-Amish_-_On_the_way_to_school_by_Gadjoboy-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Amish_-_On_the_way_to_school_by_Gadjoboy-crop.jpg/255px-Amish_-_On_the_way_to_school_by_Gadjoboy-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Amish_-_On_the_way_to_school_by_Gadjoboy-crop.jpg/340px-Amish_-_On_the_way_to_school_by_Gadjoboy-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>Amish children on their way to school</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2022, there were over 2.12 million baptized Anabaptists in 85 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 36% are found in Africa, another 30% in North America, 20% in Asia and the Pacific, 9% in Latin America and the Caribbean, and less than 3% in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major branches of Anabaptist Christianity today include the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic Christian Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruderhof">Bruderhof</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RossLamport2022_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RossLamport2022-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within many of these traditions (Amish, Mennonite, Schwarzenau Brethren and River Brethren) are three subsets: (1) <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Movement">Old Order Anabaptists</a> (2) <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Anabaptists">Conservative Anabaptists</a> and (3) Mainline Anabaptists; for example, among Schwarzenau Brethren are the <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_German_Baptist_Brethren" title="Old Order German Baptist Brethren">Old Order German Baptist Brethren</a> (who use horse and buggy for transportation and do not use electricity), the <a href="/wiki/Dunkard_Brethren" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunkard Brethren">Dunkard Brethren</a> (who adhere to traditional theological beliefs and wear plain dress but use modern conveniences), and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Brethren" title="Church of the Brethren">Church of the Brethren</a> (who are largely a mainline group where members are indistinguishable in dress from the general population).<sup id="cite_ref-Bronner2015_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bronner2015-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many see the more well-known Anabaptist groups (Amish, Hutterites and Mennonites) as ethnic groups, only the Amish and the Hutterites today are composed mainly of descendants of the European Anabaptists, while Mennonites come from diverse backgrounds, with only a minority being classed as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Mennonite" title="Ethnic Mennonite">ethnic Mennonites</a>. Brethren groups have mostly lost their ethnic distinctiveness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof Communities</a> were founded in Germany by <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Arnold" title="Eberhard Arnold">Eberhard Arnold</a> in 1920,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> establishing and organisationally joining the Hutterites in 1930. The group moved to England after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_dissolution_of_the_Bruderhof" title="Nazi dissolution of the Bruderhof">Gestapo confiscated their property</a> in 1933, and they subsequently moved to <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> in order to avoid military conscription, and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> they moved to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goshen_College_Music_Center.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Goshen_College_Music_Center.JPG/250px-Goshen_College_Music_Center.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Goshen_College_Music_Center.JPG/375px-Goshen_College_Music_Center.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Goshen_College_Music_Center.JPG/500px-Goshen_College_Music_Center.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Goshen_College" title="Goshen College">Goshen College</a> Music Center in <a href="/wiki/Goshen,_Indiana" title="Goshen, Indiana">Goshen, Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Church_USA" title="Mennonite Church USA">Mennonite Church USA</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Groups which are derived from the Schwarzenau Brethren, often called German Baptists, while not directly descended from the 16th-century Radical Reformation, are considered Anabaptist because of their adherence to Anabaptist doctrine. The modern-day Brethren movement is a combination of Anabaptism and <a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KurianLamport2016_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KurianLamport2016-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Anabaptists">Neo-Anabaptists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Neo-Anabaptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neo-Anabaptism" title="Neo-Anabaptism">Neo-Anabaptism</a> is a late 20th and early 21st century theological movement within American <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical Christianity</a> which draws inspiration from theologians who are located within the Anabaptist tradition but are ecclesiastically outside it. Neo-Anabaptists have been noted for their "<a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low church</a>, counter-cultural, prophetic-stance-against-empire ethos" as well as for their focus on <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeYoung_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeYoung-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The works of Mennonite theologians <a href="/wiki/Ron_Sider" title="Ron Sider">Ron Sider</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Yoder" title="John Howard Yoder">John Howard Yoder</a> are frequently cited as having a strong influence on the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Baptists">Relationship with Baptists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Relationship with Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some similarities exist between Baptists and the Anabaptists, which is why some historians have advocated the view that <a href="/wiki/General_Baptists" title="General Baptists">General Baptists</a> were influenced by Anabaptism. The similarities between these groups include baptism of believers only, religious freedom, similar perspectives on free will, predestination and original sin along with <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">congregationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is almost certain that the earliest Baptist church led by <a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">John Smyth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Helwys" title="Thomas Helwys">Thomas Helwys</a> interacted with the Mennonites and that Smyth borrowed ideas from Anabaptism. However, it has been debated if influences from Anabaptism ever found their way to the English General Baptists. </p><p>Those who held closer views with the Anabaptists switched to the Mennonite movement along with Smyth, while those who identified as Baptists did so under Helwys who disagreed with Smyth and the Mennonites on multiple issues, denying <a href="/wiki/Celestial_flesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial flesh">Melchiorite Christology</a> and Anabaptist views of the civil magistrate. These English General Baptists may have had secondary influences from Anabaptism, although it is a matter of debate among historians.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the existing similarities between these two groups, the relationship between Baptists and Anabaptists was strained in 1624 when five existing Baptist churches of London issued a condemnation of the Anabaptists.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory that Anabaptism influenced Baptist theology has been believed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A.C. Underwood, and William R. Estep. Gourley wrote that among some contemporary Baptist scholars who emphasize the faith of the community over soul liberty, the Anabaptist influence theory is making a comeback.<sup id="cite_ref-Gourley_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gourley-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John-Smyth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/John-Smyth.png/136px-John-Smyth.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/John-Smyth.png/204px-John-Smyth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/John-Smyth.png/273px-John-Smyth.png 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>John Smyth</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a> of England and their Baptist branch arose independently, and although they may have been informed by Anabaptist theology, they clearly differentiate themselves from Anabaptists as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Faith_(1644)" title="Confession of Faith (1644)">London Confession of Faith 1644</a>, "Of those Churches which are commonly (though falsely) called Anabaptists".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Baptist historian Chris Traffanstedt maintains that Anabaptists share "some similarities with the early General Baptists, but overall these similarities are slight and not always relational. In the end, we must come to say that this group of Christians does not reflect the historical teaching of the Baptists".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been some discussions whether Anabaptist theology influenced <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptists" title="Reformed Baptists">Particular Baptists</a> in a limited sense. This theory proposes that there existed a native Anabaptist population in England that may have given rise to ideas held by Particular Baptist theologians. There exists some evidence of there being native English Anabaptists during this time, however many historians have rejected the idea that Anabaptist influences gave rise to the Particular Baptists, and there appears to be no concrete evidence of any Anabaptist influence in Particular Baptists.<sup id="cite_ref-Origins_of_the_Particular_Baptists_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origins_of_the_Particular_Baptists-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Barrington Raymond White, the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Separatists</a> and the Radical Reformers was that of people coming to similar conclusions from their reading of the Bible based on the context of a similar situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Origins_of_the_Particular_Baptists_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origins_of_the_Particular_Baptists-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, Anabaptists have maintained a more literal obedience to the Sermon on the Mount, while Baptists generally do not require <a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">nonresistance</a>, non-swearing of oaths, and no remarriage if the first legitimate spouse is living. Traditional Anabaptists also require a head covering for women, modest apparel, practical separation from the world, and <a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">plain dress</a>, which most Baptists no longer require. However, some Anabaptists and General Baptists have improved their relations and sometimes have worked together.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_society">Influence on society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Influence on society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common Anabaptist beliefs and practices of the 16th century continue to influence modern Christianity and Western society. </p> <ul><li>Voluntary church membership and believer's baptism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a> – <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">liberty of conscience</a></li> <li>Separation or <a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">nonconformity to the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a>, interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> by modernized groups</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li></ul> <p>The Anabaptists were early promoters of a free church and freedom of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it was introduced by the Anabaptists in the 15th and 16th centuries, religious freedom which was independent from the state was unthinkable to both clerical and governmental leaders. Religious liberty was equated with anarchy; <a href="/wiki/Kropotkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traces the birth of anarchist thought in Europe to these early Anabaptist communities. </p><p>According to Estep: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Where men believe in the freedom of religion, supported by a guarantee of separation of church and state, they have entered into that heritage. Where men have caught the Anabaptist vision of discipleship, they have become worthy of that heritage. Where corporate discipleship submits itself to the New Testament pattern of the church, the heir has then entered full possession of his legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstep1963232_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstep1963232-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Anabaptist characters exist in popular culture, most notably <a href="/wiki/Chaplain_Tappman" title="Chaplain Tappman">Chaplain Tappman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Heller" title="Joseph Heller">Joseph Heller</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Catch-22" title="Catch-22">Catch-22</a>;</i> James (Jacques) in <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s novella <i><a href="/wiki/Candide" title="Candide">Candide</a>;</i> <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a>'s opera <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_proph%C3%A8te_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le prophète (opera)">Le prophète</a></i></span> (1849); and the central character in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Q_(novel)" title="Q (novel)">Q</a></i>, by the collective known as "Luther Blissett". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrianists" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianists">Adrianists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clancularii" title="Clancularii">Clancularii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatists" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatists">Donatists</a> (first historical occurrence of re-baptism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funkite" class="mw-redirect" title="Funkite">Funkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anabaptist_churches" title="List of Anabaptist churches">List of Anabaptist churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Rink" title="Melchior Rink">Melchior Rink</a>, a central-German Anabaptist leader during the 16th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">Plain people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtundists" title="Shtundists">Shtundists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_College_(Kansas)" title="Tabor College (Kansas)">Tabor College (Kansas)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wiedertäufer</i></span> (translation: "Re-baptizers"), considering it biased. The term <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Täufer</i></span> (translation: "Baptizers") is now used, which is considered more impartial. From the perspective of their persecutors, the "Baptizers" baptized for the second time those "who as infants had already been baptized". The denigrative term Anabaptist, given to them by others, signifies rebaptizing and is considered a polemical term, so it has been dropped from use in modern German. However, in the English-speaking world, it is still used to distinguish the Baptizers more clearly from the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, a Protestant sect that developed later in England. Compare their self-designation as "Brethren in Christ" or "Church of God": <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStayer2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Stayer" title="James M. Stayer">Stayer, James M.</a> (2001). "Täufer". <i><a href="/wiki/Theologische_Realenzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Theologische Realenzyklopädie">Theologische Realenzyklopädie</a> (TRE)</i> (in German). Vol. 32. Berlin, New York: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. pp. 597–617. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-016712-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-016712-3"><bdi>3-11-016712-3</bdi></a>. <q><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Brüder in Christo", "Gemeinde Gottes</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=T%C3%A4ufer&rft.btitle=Theologische+Realenzyklop%C3%A4die+%28TRE%29&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pages=597-617&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-11-016712-3&rft.aulast=Stayer&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, those of the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Münster Rebellion">Münster Rebellion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A "true church" movement is a part of the Protestant or Reformed group of Christianity that claims to represent the true faith and order of New Testament Christianity. Most only assert this in relation to their church doctrines, polity, and practice (e.g., the ordinances), while a few hold they are the only true Christians. Some examples of <i>Anabaptistic</i> true church movements are the <a href="/wiki/Landmark_Baptist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmark Baptist Church">Landmark Baptists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ,_Mennonite" title="Church of God in Christ, Mennonite">Church of God in Christ, Mennonite</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Charleston,_Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of God (Charleston, Tennessee)">Church of God</a>, the Stone-Campbell <a href="/wiki/Restoration_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration movement">restoration movement</a>, and others represent a variation in which the "true church" apostatized and was restored, in distinction to this idea of apostolic or church succession. These groups trace their "true church" status through means other than those generally accepted by Roman Catholicism or Orthodox Christianity, both of which likewise claim to represent the true faith and order of New Testament Christianity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as the Adoptionism of the <a href="/wiki/Paulicianists" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulicianists">Paulicianists</a>; some of the other groups often cited were in fact little different from the Catholics and bore little similarity to modern Baptists.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a>, the Anabaptist movement has existed since the times of the apostles. It is not Protestant, according to this vital publication.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The origins of religious freedom in the United States are traced back to the Anabaptists.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OED-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/6865">"Anabaptist, n."</a>, <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Oxford University Press, December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Anabaptist%2C+n.&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F6865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruening2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruening2017_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruening2017_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruening2017" class="citation book cs1">Bruening, Michael W. (2017). <i>A Reformation Sourcebook: Documents from an Age of Debate</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44263570-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44263570-8"><bdi>978-1-44263570-8</bdi></a>. <q>In 1527, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sattler" title="Michael Sattler">Michael Sattler</a> presided over a meeting at Schleitheim (in canton Schaffhausen, on the Swiss-German border), where Anabaptist leaders drew up the Schleitheim Confession of Faith (doc. 29). Sattler was arrested and executed soon afterwards. Anabaptist groups varied widely in their specific beliefs, but the Schleitheim Confession represents foundational Anabaptist beliefs as well as any single document can.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reformation+Sourcebook%3A+Documents+from+an+Age+of+Debate&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-44263570-8&rft.aulast=Bruening&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hershberger2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hershberger2001_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hershberger2001_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHershberger2001" class="citation book cs1">Hershberger, Guy F. (2001). <i>The Recovery of the Anabaptist Vision</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_%26_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf & Stock Publishers">Wipf & Stock Publishers</a>. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910600-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57910600-3"><bdi>978-1-57910600-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Schleitheim articles are Anabaptism's oldest confessional document.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Recovery+of+the+Anabaptist+Vision&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57910600-3&rft.aulast=Hershberger&rft.aufirst=Guy+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gertz2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gertz2004_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gertz2004_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGertz2004" class="citation web cs1">Gertz, Steven (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-84/outsiders-guide-to-americas-anabaptists.html">"Outsider's Guide to America's Anabaptists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Outsider%27s+Guide+to+America%27s+Anabaptists&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gertz&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fissues%2Fissue-84%2Foutsiders-guide-to-americas-anabaptists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TW2021-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TW2021_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thirdwaycafe.com/faq/what-about-old-orders-hutterites-conservatives-river-brethren-and-others/">"What about Old Orders, Hutterites, Conservatives, River Brethren and Others?"</a>. <i>Third Way café</i>. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Third+Way+caf%C3%A9&rft.atitle=What+about+Old+Orders%2C+Hutterites%2C+Conservatives%2C+River+Brethren+and+Others%3F&rft.date=2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthirdwaycafe.com%2Ffaq%2Fwhat-about-old-orders-hutterites-conservatives-river-brethren-and-others%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huffman1920-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huffman1920_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffman1920" class="citation book cs1">Huffman, Jasper Abraham (1920). <i>History of the Mennonite Brethren in Christ Church</i>. Bethel Publishing Co. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Mennonite+Brethren+in+Christ+Church&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Bethel+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=Jasper+Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guengerich2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guengerich2013_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuengerich2013" class="citation book cs1">Guengerich, Galen (2013). <i>God Revised: How Religion Must Evolve in a Scientific Age</i>. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35611-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35611-6"><bdi>978-1-137-35611-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Revised%3A+How+Religion+Must+Evolve+in+a+Scientific+Age&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-35611-6&rft.aulast=Guengerich&rft.aufirst=Galen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott1996-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scott1996_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1996" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Stephen (1996). <i>Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups</i>. People's Place Book. Good Books. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56148-101-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56148-101-9"><bdi>978-1-56148-101-9</bdi></a>. <q>Many writings have been made among conservative Mennonites supporting the Christian woman's veiling.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Old+Order+and+Conservative+Mennonite+Groups&rft.series=People%27s+Place+Book&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Good+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56148-101-9&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RedekopBeitzel2019-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RedekopBeitzel2019_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RedekopBeitzel2019_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedekopBeitzel2019" class="citation book cs1">Redekop, Calvin; Beitzel, Terry (2019). <i>Service, The Path To Justice</i>. FriesenPress. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5255-3584-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5255-3584-0"><bdi>978-1-5255-3584-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Service%2C+The+Path+To+Justice&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=FriesenPress&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5255-3584-0&rft.aulast=Redekop&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft.au=Beitzel%2C+Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraybill2010-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kraybill2010_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraybill2010_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraybill2010" class="citation book cs1">Kraybill, Donald B. (2010). <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites</i>. JHU Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9911-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9911-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-9911-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Amish%2C+Brethren%2C+Hutterites%2C+and+Mennonites&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9911-9&rft.aulast=Kraybill&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hostetler1993-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hostetler1993_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hostetler1993_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHostetler1993" class="citation book cs1">Hostetler, John A. (1993). <i>Amish Society</i>. JHU Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4442-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4442-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-4442-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amish+Society&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-4442-3&rft.aulast=Hostetler&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Almila2017-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Almila2017_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almila2017_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmilaAlmila2017" class="citation book cs1">Almila, Anna-Mari; Almila, David (2017). <i>The Routledge International Handbook to Veils and Veiling</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04114-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04114-6"><bdi>978-1-317-04114-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+International+Handbook+to+Veils+and+Veiling&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-317-04114-6&rft.aulast=Almila&rft.aufirst=Anna-Mari&rft.au=Almila%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2010" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas (2010) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Anabaptist">"Anabaptist"</a>. <i>Online Etymological Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymological+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Anabaptist&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DAnabaptist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVedder1905" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Vedder" title="Henry Clay Vedder">Vedder, Henry Clay</a> (1905), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Balthasar Hübmaier"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Balthasar_H%C3%BCbmaier"><i>Balthasar Hübmaier: the Leader of the Anabaptists</i> </a></span>, New York: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>, p. 204</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balthasar+H%C3%BCbmaier%3A+the+Leader+of+the+Anabaptists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Vedder&rft.aufirst=Henry+Clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dictionary of Scripture and Ethics</i>. Baker Books. 2011. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3998-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3998-3"><bdi>978-1-4412-3998-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scripture+and+Ethics&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-3998-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyck-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dyck_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyck1967">Dyck 1967</a>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1983" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Murray L (1983). <i>Petr Chelčický: A Radical Separatist in Hussite Bohemia</i>. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8361-1257-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8361-1257-1"><bdi>0-8361-1257-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petr+Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD%3A+A+Radical+Separatist+in+Hussite+Bohemia&rft.place=Scottdale%2C+PA&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Herald+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-8361-1257-1&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Murray+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Zijpp" class="citation web cs1">van der Zijpp, Nanne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/S2384.html">"Sacramentists"</a>. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227094841/http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/S2384.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacramentists&rft.pub=Global+Anabaptist+Mennonite+Encyclopedia+Online&rft.aulast=van+der+Zijpp&rft.aufirst=Nanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameo.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fcontents%2FS2384.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontaine2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fontaine, Piet FM (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070509073919/http://home.wanadoo.nl/piet.fontaine/volumes/overview.htm">"I – part 1 Radical Reformation – Dutch Sacramentists"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.wanadoo.nl/piet.fontaine/volumes/overview.htm"><i>The Light and the Dark: A Cultural History of Dualism</i></a>. Vol. XXIII. Postlutheran Reformation. Utrecht: Gopher Publishers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.wanadoo.nl/piet.fontaine/volumes/vol23/index1.htm?vol23_ch1_part1.htm">the original</a> on May 9, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I+%E2%80%93+part+1+Radical+Reformation+%E2%80%93+Dutch+Sacramentists&rft.btitle=The+Light+and+the+Dark%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Dualism&rft.place=Utrecht&rft.pub=Gopher+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fontaine&rft.aufirst=Piet+FM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.wanadoo.nl%2Fpiet.fontaine%2Fvolumes%2Fvol23%2Findex1.htm%3Fvol23_ch1_part1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Braght1950277-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Braght1950277_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Braght1950">van Braght 1950</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStayer1994-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStayer1994_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStayer1994_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStayer1994">Stayer 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2017" class="citation web cs1">Moss, Christina (November 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anabaptisthistorians.org/2017/11/16/on-the-theological-uses-of-anabaptist-history-a-conversation/">"On the Theological Uses of Anabaptist History: A Conversation"</a>. <i>Anabaptist Historians</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anabaptist+Historians&rft.atitle=On+the+Theological+Uses+of+Anabaptist+History%3A+A+Conversation&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanabaptisthistorians.org%2F2017%2F11%2F16%2Fon-the-theological-uses-of-anabaptist-history-a-conversation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstep1963-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstep1963_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEstep1963">Estep 1963</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstep19635-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstep19635_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEstep1963">Estep 1963</a>, p. 5: 'Too much has been said of Münster. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicalpapers.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/historicalpapers/article/download/39134/35491/47151">"Anabaptist Women as Martyrs, Models of Courage, and Tools of the Devil"</a>. <i>Historical Papers 2009: Canadian Society of Church History</i>: 23 – via York University (Canada).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Papers+2009%3A+Canadian+Society+of+Church+History&rft.atitle=Anabaptist+Women+as+Martyrs%2C+Models+of+Courage%2C+and+Tools+of+the+Devil&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Shantz&rft.aufirst=Douglas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricalpapers.journals.yorku.ca%2Findex.php%2Fhistoricalpapers%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F39134%2F35491%2F47151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaassen1973-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaassen1973_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlaassen1973">Klaassen 1973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath" class="citation cs2">McGrath, William, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227060547/http://www.cbc4me.org/articles/Baptist/04-McGrath.pdf"><i>The Anabaptists: Neither Catholic nor Protestant</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Hartville, OH: The Fellowship Messenger, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc4me.org/articles/Baptist/04-McGrath.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 27, 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anabaptists%3A+Neither+Catholic+nor+Protestant&rft.place=Hartville%2C+OH&rft.pub=The+Fellowship+Messenger&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc4me.org%2Farticles%2FBaptist%2F04-McGrath.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1998" class="citation cs2">Gilbert, William (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/15.html">"The Radicals of the Reformation"</a>, <i>Renaissance and Reformation</i>, Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Radicals+of+the+Reformation&rft.btitle=Renaissance+and+Reformation&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pub=University+of+Kansas&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvlib.iue.it%2Fcarrie%2Ftexts%2Fcarrie_books%2Fgilbert%2F15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheldrake2005-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheldrake2005_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheldrake2005_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheldrake2005_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldrake2005" class="citation book cs1">Sheldrake, Philip (2005). <i>The New Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23003-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23003-6"><bdi>978-0-664-23003-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Westminster+Dictionary+of+Christian+Spirituality&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23003-6&rft.aulast=Sheldrake&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaulsenMusser2007-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PaulsenMusser2007_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulsenMusser2007" class="citation book cs1">Paulsen, David Lamont; Musser, Donald W. (2007). <i>Mormonism in Dialogue with Contemporary Christian Theologies</i>. Mercer University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-083-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-083-4"><bdi>978-0-88146-083-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism+in+Dialogue+with+Contemporary+Christian+Theologies&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88146-083-4&rft.aulast=Paulsen&rft.aufirst=David+Lamont&rft.au=Musser%2C+Donald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaassen197363-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaassen197363_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlaassen1973">Klaassen 1973</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle1964" class="citation cs2">Little, Franklin H (1964), <i>The Origins of Sectarian Protestantism</i>, New York: Beacons, p. 19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Sectarian+Protestantism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Beacons&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Franklin+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2000667-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2000667_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2000">Williams 2000</a>, p. 667.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarpeck197850-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarpeck197850_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarpeck1978">Marpeck 1978</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Braght1950440-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Braght1950440_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Braght1950">van Braght 1950</a>, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOyer1964" class="citation cs2">Oyer, John S (1964), <i>Lutheran Reformers Against Anabaptists</i>, The Hague: M Nijhoff, p. 86</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lutheran+Reformers+Against+Anabaptists&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=M+Nijhoff&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Oyer&rft.aufirst=John+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeacheyPeachey1971" class="citation cs2">Peachey, Paul; Peachey, Shem, eds. (1971), "Answer of Some Who Are Called (Ana-)Baptists – Why They Do Not Attend the Churches", <i>Mennonite Quarterly Review</i>, <b>45</b> (1): 10, 11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mennonite+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Answer+of+Some+Who+Are+Called+%28Ana-%29Baptists+%E2%80%93+Why+They+Do+Not+Attend+the+Churches&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10%2C+11&rft.date=1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mwc-cmm.org/sites/default/files/resource-uploads/mwc_world_map_2022.pdf">"MWC World Map 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mennonite World Conference</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mennonite+World+Conference&rft.atitle=MWC+World+Map+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmwc-cmm.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresource-uploads%2Fmwc_world_map_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mwc-cmm.org/en/membership-map-and-statistics">"Membership, map and statistics"</a>. <i>Mennonite World Conference</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mennonite+World+Conference&rft.atitle=Membership%2C+map+and+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmwc-cmm.org%2Fen%2Fmembership-map-and-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald B. Kraybill, <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites</i>, JHU Press, US, 2010, p. xiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RossLamport2022-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RossLamport2022_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossLamport2022" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Melanie C.; Lamport, Mark A. (2022). <i>Historical Foundations of Worship: Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Perspectives</i>. Worship Foundations. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-3498-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-3498-5"><bdi>978-1-4934-3498-5</bdi></a>. <q>Later groups such as the Brethren in Christ (Be in Christ [Canada]), German Baptist Brethren, the Bruderhof Communities, and the Apostolic Christian Church are also included in the umbrella term "Anabaptist."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Foundations+of+Worship%3A+Catholic%2C+Orthodox%2C+and+Protestant+Perspectives&rft.series=Worship+Foundations&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4934-3498-5&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Melanie+C.&rft.au=Lamport%2C+Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bronner2015-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bronner2015_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronner2015" class="citation book cs1">Bronner, Simon J. (2015). <i>Encyclopedia of American Folklife</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47194-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47194-3"><bdi>978-1-317-47194-3</bdi></a>. <q>Only a tiny minority within the Church of the Brethren continues some vestigates of plain dress, such as the prayer covering for women. The Old German Baptist Brethren and the Dunkard Brethren, however, have maintained standards of traditional plain dress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Folklife&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47194-3&rft.aulast=Bronner&rft.aufirst=Simon+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plough.com/en/about-us">"About Us"</a>. <i>Plough</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plough&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plough.com%2Fen%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/354366939/Church-Community-is-a-Gift-of-the-Holy-Spirit-The-Spirituality-of-the-Bruderhof">"Church Community is a Gift of the Holy Spirit – The Spirituality of the Bruderhof"</a>. <i>Scribd</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Church+Community+is+a+Gift+of+the+Holy+Spirit+%E2%80%93+The+Spirituality+of+the+Bruderhof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F354366939%2FChurch-Community-is-a-Gift-of-the-Holy-Spirit-The-Spirituality-of-the-Bruderhof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KurianLamport2016-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KurianLamport2016_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurianLamport2016" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, George Thomas; Lamport, Mark A. (2016). <i>Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4432-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-4432-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4432-0&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George+Thomas&rft.au=Lamport%2C+Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeYoung-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeYoung_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeYoung2009" class="citation web cs1">DeYoung, Kevin (June 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.thegospelcoalition.org/kevindeyoung/2009/06/03/neo-anabaptists/">"The Neo-Anabaptists"</a>. <i>The Gospel Coalition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(Fall 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.directionjournal.org/42/2/new-calvinists-and-neo-anabaptists-tale.html">"New Calvinists and Neo-Anabaptists: A Tale of Two Tribes"</a>. <i>Direction: A Mennonite Brethren Forum</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 178–194<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.baptistpress.com&rft.atitle=Do+Baptists+spring+from+Anabaptist+seed%3F+%7C+Baptist+Press&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baptistpress.com%2Fresource-library%2Fnews%2Fdo-baptists-spring-from-anabaptist-seed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/origins-of-the-particular-baptists/">"Origins of the Particular Baptists"</a>. <i>The Gospel Coalition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Particular+Baptists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Fthemelios%2Farticle%2Forigins-of-the-particular-baptists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton1994" class="citation cs2">Melton, JG (1994), "Baptists", <i>Encyclopedia of American Religions</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baptists&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Religions&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=JG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Schaff" class="citation web cs1">Philip Schaff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds1.x.vi.html">"Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org – Christian Classics Ethereal Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2023</span>. <q>The English and American Baptists have inherited some of the principles without the eccentricities and excesses of the Continental Anabaptists and Mennonites.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.atitle=Creeds+of+Christendom%2C+with+a+History+and+Critical+notes&rft.au=Philip+Schaff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fcreeds1.x.vi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gourley-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gourley_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gourley, Bruce. "A Very Brief Introduction to Baptist History, Then and Now." <i>The Baptist Observer.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617103253/http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/bc1644.htm">"London Baptist Confession of 1644"</a>. <i>Spurgeon.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/bc1644.htm">the original</a> on June 17, 2010. <q>Of those Churches which are commonly (though falsely) called Anabaptists</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spurgeon.org&rft.atitle=London+Baptist+Confession+of+1644&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spurgeon.org%2F~phil%2Fcreeds%2Fbc1644.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraffanstedt1994" class="citation cs2">Traffanstedt, Chris (1994), "Baptists", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911033859/http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/history/trail.htm"><i>A Primer on Baptist History: The True Baptist Trail</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/history/trail.htm">the original</a> on September 11, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baptists&rft.btitle=A+Primer+on+Baptist+History%3A+The+True+Baptist+Trail&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Traffanstedt&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spurgeon.org%2F~phil%2Fhistory%2Ftrail.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origins_of_the_Particular_Baptists-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Origins_of_the_Particular_Baptists_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origins_of_the_Particular_Baptists_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/origins-of-the-particular-baptists/">"Origins of the Particular Baptists"</a>. <i>The Gospel Coalition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Particular+Baptists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Fthemelios%2Farticle%2Forigins-of-the-particular-baptists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1971" class="citation book cs1">White, Barrington Raymond (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aXzZAAAAMAAJ"><i>The English Separatist Tradition: from the Marian Martyrs to the Pilgrim Fathers</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826709-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826709-6"><bdi>978-0-19-826709-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Separatist+Tradition%3A+from+the+Marian+Martyrs+to+the+Pilgrim+Fathers&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826709-6&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Barrington+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaXzZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofchristianitypodcast.com/2019/07/13/whats-the-difference-between-anabaptists-and-baptists/">"What's the Difference Between Anabaptists and Baptists?"</a>. <i>History of Christianity</i>. July 13, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Christianity&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+Difference+Between+Anabaptists+and+Baptists%3F&rft.date=2019-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofchristianitypodcast.com%2F2019%2F07%2F13%2Fwhats-the-difference-between-anabaptists-and-baptists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerduin1998" class="citation cs2">Verduin, Leonard (1998), <i>That First Amendment and The Remnant</i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Hymnary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Christian Hymnary">The Christian Hymnary</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890050-17-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-890050-17-2"><bdi>1-890050-17-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+First+Amendment+and+The+Remnant&rft.pub=The+Christian+Hymnary&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-890050-17-2&rft.aulast=Verduin&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anarchism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Anarchism">"Anarchism" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 914–919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=914-919&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstep1963232-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstep1963232_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEstep1963">Estep 1963</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Carroll, J. M. (1931). <i>The Trail of Blood: Following the Christians Down Through the Ages, or, the History of Baptist Churches from the Time of Christ, Their Founder, to the Present Day</i>. Lexington, KY: Ashland Avenue Baptist Church. 56 p. + fold. chart. Without ISBN</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyck1967" class="citation cs2">Dyck, Cornelius J (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X78FAAAACAAJ"><i>An Introduction to Mennonite History</i></a>, Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8361-1955-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8361-1955-X"><bdi>0-8361-1955-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Mennonite+History&rft.place=Scottdale%2C+PA&rft.pub=Herald+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-8361-1955-X&rft.aulast=Dyck&rft.aufirst=Cornelius+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX78FAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstep1963" class="citation cs2">Estep, William R (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BF8D09JSfzwC"><i>The Anabaptist Story</i></a>, Grand Rapids, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a>: William B Eerdmans, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-1594-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-1594-4"><bdi>0-8028-1594-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anabaptist+Story&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=William+B+Eerdmans&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-8028-1594-4&rft.aulast=Estep&rft.aufirst=William+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBF8D09JSfzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoover2008" class="citation book cs1">Hoover, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_EAaAEACAAJ"><i>The Mystery of the Mark: Anabaptist Mission Work Under the Fire of God</i></a>. Mountain Lake, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">MN</a>: Elmendorf Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5172-5504-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5172-5504-6"><bdi>978-1-5172-5504-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystery+of+the+Mark%3A+Anabaptist+Mission+Work+Under+the+Fire+of+God&rft.place=Mountain+Lake%2C+MN&rft.pub=Elmendorf+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-5172-5504-6&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_EAaAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaassen1973" class="citation cs2">Klaassen, Walter (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCnXAQAACAAJ"><i>Anabaptism: Neither Catholic Nor Protestant</i></a>, Waterloo, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a>: Conrad Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anabaptism%3A+Neither+Catholic+Nor+Protestant&rft.place=Waterloo%2C+ON&rft.pub=Conrad+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Klaassen&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSCnXAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlager2010" class="citation journal cs1">Klager, Andrew P. (2010). "Balthasar Hubmaier's Use of the Church Fathers: Availability, Access and Interaction". <i>Mennonite Quarterly Review</i>. <b>84</b> (1): 5–65. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA220412887">A220412887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mennonite+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Balthasar+Hubmaier%27s+Use+of+the+Church+Fathers%3A+Availability%2C+Access+and+Interaction&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-65&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Klager&rft.aufirst=Andrew+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlager2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Klager, Andrew P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theses.gla.ac.uk/id/eprint/2485"><i>Truth is immortal: Balthasar Hubmaier (c. 1480–1528) and the Church Fathers</i></a> (PhD). University of Glasgow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Truth+is+immortal%3A+Balthasar+Hubmaier+%28c.+1480%E2%80%931528%29+and+the+Church+Fathers&rft.inst=University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Klager&rft.aufirst=Andrew+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheses.gla.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F2485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Knox, Ronald. <i>Enthusiasm: a Chapter in the History of Religion, with Special Reference to the XVII and XVIII Centuries</i>. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press, 1950. viii, 622 p.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarpeck1978" class="citation cs2">Marpeck, Pilgram (1978), Klassen, William; Klassen, Walter (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1HWpGQAACAAJ"><i>Covenant and Community: The Life, Writings, and Hermeneutics</i></a>, Scottdale, PA: Herald</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Covenant+and+Community%3A+The+Life%2C+Writings%2C+and+Hermeneutics&rft.place=Scottdale%2C+PA&rft.pub=Herald&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Marpeck&rft.aufirst=Pilgram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1HWpGQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackull1977" class="citation book cs1">Packull, Werner O. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rIrZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Mysticism and the Early South German-Austrian Anabaptist Movement, 1525–1531</i></a>. Herald Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8361-1130-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8361-1130-9"><bdi>978-0-8361-1130-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysticism+and+the+Early+South+German-Austrian+Anabaptist+Movement%2C+1525%E2%80%931531&rft.pub=Herald+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8361-1130-9&rft.aulast=Packull&rft.aufirst=Werner+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrIrZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackull1995" class="citation cs2">Packull, Werner O (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHW6nS0-DQQC"><i>Hutterite Beginnings: Communitarian Experiments During the Reformation</i></a>, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6256-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6256-6"><bdi>0-8018-6256-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hutterite+Beginnings%3A+Communitarian+Experiments+During+the+Reformation&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8018-6256-6&rft.aulast=Packull&rft.aufirst=Werner+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhHW6nS0-DQQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStayer1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Stayer" title="James M. Stayer">Stayer, James M</a> (1994) [1991], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MeFSqubf6VAC"><i>The German Peasants' War and Anabaptist Community of Goods</i></a>, Montréal: <a href="/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s_University_Press" title="McGill–Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen's Press</a>, MQUP, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-0842-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-0842-2"><bdi>0-7735-0842-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Peasants%27+War+and+Anabaptist+Community+of+Goods&rft.place=Montr%C3%A9al&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press%2C+MQUP&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7735-0842-2&rft.aulast=Stayer&rft.aufirst=James+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMeFSqubf6VAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Braght1950" class="citation cs2">van Braght, Thieleman J (1950) [1938], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCnXAQAACAAJ"><i>Martyrs Mirror</i></a>, Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8361-1390-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8361-1390-7"><bdi>978-0-8361-1390-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrs+Mirror&rft.place=Scottdale%2C+PA&rft.pub=Herald+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-8361-1390-7&rft.aulast=van+Braght&rft.aufirst=Thieleman+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSCnXAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2000" class="citation cs2">Williams, George Hunston (2000) [1962], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Za7AAAACAAJ"><i>The Radical Reformation</i></a> (3rd ed.), Truman State University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-20372-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-20372-8"><bdi>0-664-20372-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Reformation&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Truman+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-664-20372-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George+Hunston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Za7AAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur1999" class="citation book cs1">Arthur, Anthony (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFThGwAACAAJ"><i>The Tailor King: The Rise and Fall of the Anabaptist Kingdom of Munster</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-20515-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-20515-5"><bdi>0-312-20515-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tailor+King%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Anabaptist+Kingdom+of+Munster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-312-20515-5&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFThGwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford1894" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Bamford" title="Mary Ellen Bamford">Bamford, Mary E.</a> (1894). Harrison, Larry (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v5pUGwAACAAJ">"In Editha's Days. A Tale of Religious Liberty"</a>. The Bible Makes Us Baptists. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/06006296">06006296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Editha%27s+Days.+A+Tale+of+Religious+Liberty&rft.pub=The+Bible+Makes+Us+Baptists&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F06006296&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv5pUGwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaylor1993" class="citation book cs1">Baylor, Michael G. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xAKM85a4EekC"><i>Revelation & Revolution: Basic Writings of Thomas Muntzer</i></a>. Lehigh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934223-16-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-934223-16-5"><bdi>0-934223-16-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation+%26+Revolution%3A+Basic+Writings+of+Thomas+Muntzer&rft.pub=Lehigh+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-934223-16-5&rft.aulast=Baylor&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxAKM85a4EekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender1944" class="citation book cs1">Bender, Harold S. (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1j-SHgAACAAJ"><i>The Anabaptist Vision</i></a>. MennoMedia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8361-1305-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8361-1305-5"><bdi>0-8361-1305-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anabaptist+Vision&rft.pub=MennoMedia&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=0-8361-1305-5&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Harold+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1j-SHgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenderDyckMartinSmith" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Bender" title="Harold S. Bender">Bender, Harold S.</a>; Dyck, Cornelius J.; Martin, Dennis D.; Smith, Henry C. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4OI5AgAACAAJ"><i>Mennonite Encyclopedia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8361-1018-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8361-1018-8"><bdi>0-8361-1018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mennonite+Encyclopedia&rft.isbn=0-8361-1018-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4OI5AgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn1970" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Norman (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pursuitofmillenn00cohnrich"><i>The Pursuit of the Millennium</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-500456-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-500456-6"><bdi>0-19-500456-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+the+Millennium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-19-500456-6&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpursuitofmillenn00cohnrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConybeare1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis_Conybeare" title="Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare">Conybeare, Frederick Cornwallis</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anabaptists"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Anabaptists">"Anabaptists" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 903–905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anabaptists&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=903-905&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Conybeare&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Cornwallis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dipple, Geoffrey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/confessional-migration/geoffrey-dipple-confessional-migration-anabaptists-mennonites-hutterites-baptists-etc"><i>Confessional Migration: Anabaptists – Mennonites, Hutterites, Baptists etc.</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">EGO – European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/">Institute of European History</a>, 2015, retrieved: March 11, 2021 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/112555682X/34">pdf</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFast1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fast, Heinhold (1999). "Anabaptists". In Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/45"><i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity</i></a>. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/45">45–48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802824137" title="Special:BookSources/0802824137"><bdi>0802824137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anabaptists&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=45-48&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0802824137&rft.aulast=Fast&rft.aufirst=Heinhold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2%2Fpage%2F45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHam2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ham" title="Paul Ham">Ham, Paul</a> (2018). <i>New Jerusalem: The short life and terrible death of Christendom's most defiant sect</i>. Sydney: Random House Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14378133-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14378133-2"><bdi>978-0-14378133-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Jerusalem%3A+The+short+life+and+terrible+death+of+Christendom%27s+most+defiant+sect&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Random+House+Australia&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-14378133-2&rft.aulast=Ham&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillerbrand1991" class="citation cs2">Hillerbrand, Hans (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYFAAQAACAAJ"><i>Anabaptist Bibliography 1520–1630</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910345-03-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-910345-03-1"><bdi>0-910345-03-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anabaptist+Bibliography+1520%E2%80%931630&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-910345-03-1&rft.aulast=Hillerbrand&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYFAAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoover" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hoover" title="Peter Hoover">Hoover, Peter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412074556/http://www.elcristianismoprimitivo.com/The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Strength.pdf">"The Secret of the Strength"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elcristianismoprimitivo.com/The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Strength.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Secret+of+the+Strength&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elcristianismoprimitivo.com%2FThe%2520Secret%2520of%2520the%2520Strength.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBZYtwAACAAJ">Alt URL</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a>, ed. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnoYAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia of American Religions</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8103-6904-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8103-6904-4"><bdi>0-8103-6904-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+American+Religions&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-8103-6904-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZnoYAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1896" class="citation cs2">Newman, Albert H (1896), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DuVJAAAAMAAJ"><i>A History of Anti-Pedobaptism, From the Rise of Pedobaptism to AD 1609</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57978-536-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57978-536-0"><bdi>1-57978-536-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Anti-Pedobaptism%2C+From+the+Rise+of+Pedobaptism+to+AD+1609&rft.date=1896&rft.isbn=1-57978-536-0&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Albert+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDuVJAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearse1998" class="citation cs2">Pearse, Meic (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FSoQAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Great Restoration: The Religious Radicals of the 16th and 17th Centuries</i></a>, Paternoster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85364800-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85364800-0"><bdi>978-0-85364800-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Restoration%3A+The+Religious+Radicals+of+the+16th+and+17th+Centuries&rft.pub=Paternoster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-85364800-0&rft.aulast=Pearse&rft.aufirst=Meic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFSoQAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStayer1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Stayer" title="James M. Stayer">Stayer, James M.</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rec8AAAAIAAJ"><i>Anabaptists and the Sword</i></a>. Coronado Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87291-081-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87291-081-4"><bdi>0-87291-081-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anabaptists+and+the+Sword&rft.pub=Coronado+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87291-081-4&rft.aulast=Stayer&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRec8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuitner2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riccarda_Suitner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riccarda Suitner (page does not exist)">Suitner, Riccarda</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vandenhoeck-ruprecht-verlage.com/themen-entdecken/theologie-und-religion/kirchengeschichte/58400/venice-and-the-radical-reformation"><i>Venice and the Radical Reformation. Italian Anabaptism and Antitrinitarianism in European Context</i></a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-50019-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-50019-4"><bdi>978-3-525-50019-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venice+and+the+Radical+Reformation.+Italian+Anabaptism+and+Antitrinitarianism+in+European+Context&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-3-525-50019-4&rft.aulast=Suitner&rft.aufirst=Riccarda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vandenhoeck-ruprecht-verlage.com%2Fthemen-entdecken%2Ftheologie-und-religion%2Fkirchengeschichte%2F58400%2Fvenice-and-the-radical-reformation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Braght" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thieleman_J._van_Braght" title="Thieleman J. van Braght">van Braght, Thieleman J.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_g_cJgAACAAJ"><i>The Bloody Theater or Martyrs Mirror</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8361-1390-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8361-1390-X"><bdi>0-8361-1390-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloody+Theater+or+Martyrs+Mirror&rft.isbn=0-8361-1390-X&rft.aulast=van+Braght&rft.aufirst=Thieleman+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_g_cJgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerduin" class="citation book cs1">Verduin, Leonard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26ZOAAAACAAJ"><i>The Anatomy of a Hybrid: A Study in Church-State Relationships</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-1615-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-1615-0"><bdi>0-8028-1615-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+a+Hybrid%3A+A+Study+in+Church-State+Relationships&rft.isbn=0-8028-1615-0&rft.aulast=Verduin&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D26ZOAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerduin2001" class="citation book cs1">Verduin, Leonard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LUM-FCtmCZAC"><i>The Reformers and their Stepchildren</i></a>. The Baptist Standard Bearer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-9284-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-9284-1"><bdi>0-8010-9284-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformers+and+their+Stepchildren&rft.pub=The+Baptist+Standard+Bearer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8010-9284-1&rft.aulast=Verduin&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLUM-FCtmCZAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaptism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Anabaptism</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Anabaptism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Anabaptism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Anabaptism" class="extiw" title="c:category:Anabaptism">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Anabaptists" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Anabaptists">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165580" class="extiw" title="d:Q165580">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Anabaptism</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=lccn&su=BX4929-4946&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=lccn&su=BX4929-4946">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=lccn&su=BX4929-4946&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Anabaptism">"Anabaptism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Anabaptist_Mennonite_Encyclopedia_Online" title="Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online">Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anabaptism&rft.pub=Global+Anabaptist+Mennonite+Encyclopedia+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgameo.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAnabaptism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anabaptistwiki.org/mediawiki/index.php?/">Global Anabaptist Wiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pilgrimministry.org/congregations/map">Pilgrim Ministry: Anabaptist church directory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLE47816EA3F83120A">Anabaptist History Complete Playlist (Parts 1–20)</a> history of the movement from the Bible to present. (YouTube videos, 27 hours)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ritchies.net/p4wk4.htm">"The Story of the Church: The Protestant Reformation: The Anabaptists and Other Radical Reformers"</a>. <i>Ritchie Family Page</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051217055801/http://www.ritchies.net/p4wk4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ritchie+Family+Page&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+the+Church%3A+The+Protestant+Reformation%3A+The+Anabaptists+and+Other+Radical+Reformers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ritchies.net%2Fp4wk4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformedreader.org/history/anabaptiststory.htm">"The Anabaptist Story"</a>. <i>The Reformed Reader</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051215011644/http://www.reformedreader.org/history/anabaptiststory.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Reformed+Reader&rft.atitle=The+Anabaptist+Story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformedreader.org%2Fhistory%2Fanabaptiststory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnabaptism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/bax/1903/anabaptists/index.htm">The Rise and Fall of the Anabaptists</a>, by <a href="/wiki/E._Belfort_Bax" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Belfort Bax">E. Belfort Bax</a> 1903</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anabaptism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anabaptists" title="Template:Anabaptists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anabaptists" title="Template talk:Anabaptists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anabaptism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anabaptism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickau_prophets" title="Zwickau prophets">Zwickau prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batenburgers" title="Batenburgers">Batenburgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="Old Order Mennonite">Old Order Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Russian Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abecedarian" title="Abecedarian">Abecedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau (German Baptist) Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren" title="Old Order River Brethren">Old Order River Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_in_Christ_Church" title="Brethren in Christ Church">Brethren in Christ Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_rebellion" title="Münster rebellion">Münster rebellion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleitheim_Confession" title="Schleitheim Confession">Schleitheim Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dordrecht_Confession_of_Faith" title="Dordrecht Confession of Faith">Dordrecht Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Movement">Old Order Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptist–Jewish relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Theology of Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli#Eucharist" title="Theology of Huldrych Zwingli">Memorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">Nonconformity to the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> – <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free church</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Agape feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_communion" title="Closed communion">Closed communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnung" title="Ordnung">Ordnung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />Anabaptists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Manz" title="Felix Manz">Felix Manz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Conrad Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgram_Marpeck" title="Pilgram Marpeck">Pilgram Marpeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sattler" title="Michael Sattler">Michael Sattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" title="Hans Denck">Hans Denck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Hutter" title="Jakob Hutter">Jakob Hutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rothmann" title="Bernhard Rothmann">Bernhard Rothmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Philips" title="Dirk Philips">Dirk Philips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Ammann" title="Jakob Ammann">Jakob Ammann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mack" title="Alexander Mack">Alexander Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heinrich_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich">Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of heresies in the Catholic Church">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Luciferianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Melchisedechians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Modalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Psilanthropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire."><img alt="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/100px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/150px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/200px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinians" title="Dulcinians">Dulcinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Free Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impanation" title="Impanation">Impanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephines" title="Josephines">Josephines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migetians" title="Migetians">Migetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasagians" title="Pasagians">Pasagians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Spanish Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">Consubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietism (Christian philosophy)">Quietism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Lady_of_All_Nations" title="Community of the Lady of All Nations">Community of the Lady of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">Indifferentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-saint" title="Narco-saint">Narco-saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%C3%B3n" title="Maximón">Maximón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnationism">Reincarnationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold;background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian 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href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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