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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Iranian Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qatif_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qatif_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Qatif conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qatif_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khuzestan_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khuzestan_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Khuzestan conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khuzestan_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran–Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran–Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Iran–Iraq War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran–Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1987_Makkah_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987_Makkah_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 1987 Makkah incident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987_Makkah_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Timeline </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Timeline subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arab_Spring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Spring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Arab Spring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Spring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_Winter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Winter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Arab Winter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Winter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2015_Mina_stampede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_Mina_stampede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 2015 Mina stampede </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_Mina_stampede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_Saudi_executions_and_attack_on_Saudi_mission_in_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_Saudi_executions_and_attack_on_Saudi_mission_in_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 2016 Saudi executions and attack on Saudi mission in Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_Saudi_executions_and_attack_on_Saudi_mission_in_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 2017 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019-2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019-2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 2019-2021 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019-2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involved_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involved_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Involved parties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Involved_parties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Involved parties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Involved_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iranian_supporters_and_proxies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_supporters_and_proxies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Iranian supporters and proxies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_supporters_and_proxies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Hamas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hezbollah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hezbollah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Hezbollah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hezbollah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigerian_Islamic_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigerian_Islamic_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Nigerian Islamic Movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigerian_Islamic_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Houthis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Houthis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Houthis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Houthis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraqi_militias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_militias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 Iraqi militias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_militias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahraini_militias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahraini_militias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7 Bahraini militias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahraini_militias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabian_supporters_and_proxies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabian_supporters_and_proxies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Saudi Arabian supporters and proxies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabian_supporters_and_proxies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gulf_Cooperation_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_Cooperation_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Gulf Cooperation Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_Cooperation_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bahrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1.1 Bahrain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1.2 Kuwait </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1.3 United Arab Emirates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdish_insurgents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdish_insurgents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Kurdish insurgents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdish_insurgents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jaish_ul-Adl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jaish_ul-Adl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Jaish ul-Adl </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jaish_ul-Adl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.7 Jordan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_involved_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_involved_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Other involved parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_involved_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Qatar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Oman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.5 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_regional_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_regional_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Involvement in regional conflicts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Involvement_in_regional_conflicts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Involvement in regional conflicts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_regional_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Syrian Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemeni_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemeni_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Yemeni civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemeni_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 War in Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahraini_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahraini_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Bahraini uprising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahraini_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanese_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanese_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Lebanese politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanese_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 War in Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistani_sectarian_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistani_sectarian_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Pakistani sectarian violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistani_sectarian_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigerian_Sectarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigerian_Sectarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Nigerian Sectarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigerian_Sectarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli–Palestinian_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli–Palestinian_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Israeli–Palestinian conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli–Palestinian_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libyan_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libyan_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Libyan Crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libyan_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_programs_of_Iran_and_Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_programs_of_Iran_and_Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Nuclear programs of Iran and Saudi Arabia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_programs_of_Iran_and_Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran–Saudi_Arabia_rapprochement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran–Saudi_Arabia_rapprochement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Iran–Saudi Arabia rapprochement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iran–Saudi_Arabia_rapprochement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Iran–Saudi Arabia rapprochement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Iran–Saudi_Arabia_rapprochement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earlier_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earlier_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Earlier negotiations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earlier_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_2023_restoration_of_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_2023_restoration_of_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 March 2023 restoration of relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_2023_restoration_of_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9" title="صراع إيران والسعودية بالوكالة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صراع إيران والسعودية بالوكالة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="ইরান-সৌদি আরব বদলি সংঘাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরান-সৌদি আরব বদলি সংঘাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_kap_Saudi_A-la-pek_%C3%AA_t%C4%81i-l%C3%AD_chhiong-tu%CC%8Dt" title="Iran kap Saudi A-la-pek ê tāi-lí chhiong-tu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iran kap Saudi A-la-pek ê tāi-lí chhiong-tu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_freda_isl%C3%A0mica" title="Guerra freda islàmica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra freda islàmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_subsidiaria_irano-saud%C3%AD" title="Guerra subsidiaria irano-saudí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra subsidiaria irano-saudí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="درگیری نیابتی ایران و عربستان سعودی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگیری نیابتی ایران و عربستان سعودی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_froide_au_Moyen-Orient" title="Guerre froide au Moyen-Orient – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre froide au Moyen-Orient" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EB%94%94%EC%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84-%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80_%EB%8C%80%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B6%84%EC%9F%81" title="사우디아라비아-이란 대리 분쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사우디아라비아-이란 대리 분쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A8_(%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB)_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իրան-Սաուդյան Արաբիա սառը (պրոքսի) հակամարտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրան-Սաուդյան Արաբիա սառը (պրոքսի) հակամարտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="ईरान और सउदी अरब का परोक्ष युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईरान और सउदी अरब का परोक्ष युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflik_proksi_Iran%E2%80%93Arab_Saudi" title="Konflik proksi Iran–Arab Saudi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konflik proksi Iran–Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_per_procura_tra_Arabia_Saudita_e_Iran" title="Guerra per procura tra Arabia Saudita e Iran – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra per procura tra Arabia Saudita e Iran" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99-%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99" title="הסכסוך האיראני-סעודי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסכסוך האיראני-סעודי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ცივი ომი ახლო აღმოსავლეთში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცივი ომი ახლო აღმოსავლეთში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflik_proksi_Iran%E2%80%93Arab_Saudi" title="Konflik proksi Iran–Arab Saudi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konflik proksi Iran–Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%93%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ایران–سعودی عرب پراکسی جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایران–سعودی عرب پراکسی جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflito_iraniano-saudita" title="Conflito iraniano-saudita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conflito iraniano-saudita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflictul_proxy_dintre_Iran_%C8%99i_Arabia_Saudit%C4%83" title="Conflictul proxy dintre Iran și Arabia Saudită – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Conflictul proxy dintre Iran și Arabia Saudită" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Холодная война на Ближнем Востоке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холодная война на Ближнем Востоке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikti_me_nd%C3%ABrmjet%C3%ABs_Iran-Arabi_Saudite" title="Konflikti me ndërmjetës Iran-Arabi Saudite – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konflikti me ndërmjetës Iran-Arabi Saudite" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khilaafka_wakiillada_ee_Sucuudiga_iyo_Iiraan" title="Khilaafka wakiillada ee Sucuudiga iyo Iiraan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Khilaafka wakiillada ee Sucuudiga iyo Iiraan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Иранско-саудијски сукоб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иранско-саудијски сукоб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudskriget_mellan_Iran_och_Saudiarabien" title="Ombudskriget mellan Iran och Saudiarabien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ombudskriget mellan Iran och Saudiarabien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran-Suudi_Arabistan_vek%C3%A2let_sava%C5%9Flar%C4%B1" title="İran-Suudi Arabistan vekâlet savaşları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İran-Suudi Arabistan vekâlet savaşları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B6_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%94%D1%8E" title="Опосередкований конфлікт між Іраном і Саудівською Аравією – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Опосередкований конфлікт між Іраном і Саудівською Аравією" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B9%DB%81" title="ایران سعودی عرب پراکسی تنازعہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایران سعودی عرب پراکسی تنازعہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A1nh_tranh_%E1%BA%A3nh_h%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_gi%E1%BB%AFa_%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_X%C3%AA_%C3%9At_v%C3%A0_Iran" title="Cạnh tranh ảnh hưởng giữa Ả Rập Xê Út và Iran – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cạnh tranh ảnh hưởng giữa Ả Rập Xê Út và Iran" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="伊朗—沙特阿拉伯代理人冲突 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊朗—沙特阿拉伯代理人冲突" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indirect conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Turkey proxy conflict">Iran–Turkey proxy conflict</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict.png/300px-Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict.png/450px-Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict.png/600px-Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="872" /></a> Map of the current situation in the conflict: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Iran</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Saudi Arabia</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Proxy conflict locations</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolution of 1979">11 February 1979</a> – ongoing<a href="#cite_note-Joyner_2016-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poole_2016-77">[77]</a> (46 years and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Various (primarily Middle East)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Proxies:<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_Al-Hejaz" title="Hezbollah Al-Hejaz">Hezbollah Al-Hejaz</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Logo_of_the_Organization_for_the_Islamic_Revolution_in_the_Arabian_peninsula.svg/14px-Logo_of_the_Organization_for_the_Islamic_Revolution_in_the_Arabian_peninsula.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Logo_of_the_Organization_for_the_Islamic_Revolution_in_the_Arabian_peninsula.svg/21px-Logo_of_the_Organization_for_the_Islamic_Revolution_in_the_Arabian_peninsula.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Logo_of_the_Organization_for_the_Islamic_Revolution_in_the_Arabian_peninsula.svg/28px-Logo_of_the_Organization_for_the_Islamic_Revolution_in_the_Arabian_peninsula.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="308" /> <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Islamic_Revolution_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Organization for the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula">OIRAP</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>(1979–1988)<a href="#cite_note-Asia_Times_2006-10-26-3">[3]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/23px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/35px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/45px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/10px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/16px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/21px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1668" /> <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a><a href="#cite_note-USNews_2017-03-21-5">[5]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg/16px-Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg/25px-Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg/32px-Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="213" /> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashtar_Brigades" title="Al-Ashtar Brigades">Al-Ashtar Brigades</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mukhtar_Brigades" title="Al-Mukhtar Brigades">Al-Mukhtar Brigades</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/45px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg/23px-Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg/35px-Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg/46px-Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a><a href="#cite_note-adnanabuamer-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Resistance_Movement_of_Azerbaijan" title="Islamic Resistance Movement of Azerbaijan">Hüseynçilər</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.png/20px-Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.png/31px-Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.png/40px-Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/23px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/35px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/45px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Zainebiyoun" title="Liwa Zainebiyoun">Liwa Zainebiyoun</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_(Nigeria)" title="Islamic Movement (Nigeria)">IMN</a><a href="#cite_note-Bahi_2018_33-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Support:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syria</a> (until 2024)<a href="#cite_note-FPRI_2012-10-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-emerald.com-23">[23]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (from 2006)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">Maduro government</a>)<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> (2017-2021, sometimes)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> (alleged, denied by Oman)<a href="#cite_note-Oman's_dangerous_double_game-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-watanserb.com-35">[35]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi#Great_Socialist_People's_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya_(1977–2011)" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a> (until 2011)<a href="#cite_note-Yobserver_2011-09-04-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> (until 2015)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Proxies:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">FSA</a> (until 2017)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-emerald.com-23">[23]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%C4%B0ran_K%C3%BCrdistan%C4%B1_Demokrat_Partisi_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1.jpg/23px-%C4%B0ran_K%C3%BCrdistan%C4%B1_Demokrat_Partisi_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%C4%B0ran_K%C3%BCrdistan%C4%B1_Demokrat_Partisi_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1.jpg/35px-%C4%B0ran_K%C3%BCrdistan%C4%B1_Demokrat_Partisi_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%C4%B0ran_K%C3%BCrdistan%C4%B1_Demokrat_Partisi_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1.jpg/45px-%C4%B0ran_K%C3%BCrdistan%C4%B1_Demokrat_Partisi_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan">KDPI</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Jaish_al-Adl.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jaish_al-Adl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Jaish_al-Adl.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jaish_al-Adl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Jaish_al-Adl.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jaish_al-Adl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="615" /> <a href="/wiki/Jaish_ul-Adl" title="Jaish ul-Adl">Jaish ul-Adl</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2014-03-28-42">[42]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/23px-Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/35px-Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/45px-Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/PJAK" class="mw-redirect" title="PJAK">PJAK</a><a href="#cite_note-SaudiKurd-43">[43]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Komala.png/23px-Flag_of_Komala.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Komala.png/35px-Flag_of_Komala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Komala.png/46px-Flag_of_Komala.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Komala_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Komala</a><a href="#cite_note-SaudiKurd-43">[43]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_The_Libyan_National_Army_%28Variant%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_The_Libyan_National_Army_%28Variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_The_Libyan_National_Army_%28Variant%29.svg/34px-Flag_of_The_Libyan_National_Army_%28Variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_The_Libyan_National_Army_%28Variant%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_The_Libyan_National_Army_%28Variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Army" title="Libyan National Army">LNA</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Arabistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arabistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Arabistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arabistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Arabistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arabistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz_National_Resistance" title="Ahvaz National Resistance">ANR</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Arabistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arabistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Arabistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arabistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Arabistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arabistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/ASMLA" class="mw-redirect" title="ASMLA">ASMLA</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine"><img alt="Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">PNA</a><a href="#cite_note-Karami-49">[49]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Freedom_Party_%28Iran%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Freedom_Party_%28Iran%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Freedom_Party_%28Iran%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Freedom_Party_%28Iran%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Freedom_Party_%28Iran%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Freedom_Party_%28Iran%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="180" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Party" title="Kurdistan Freedom Party">PAK</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqshbandi Army">JRTN</a> (from 2006)<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_2016-04-10-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudaw-53">[53]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Forces_Libanaises_Flag.svg/23px-Forces_Libanaises_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Forces_Libanaises_Flag.svg/35px-Forces_Libanaises_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Forces_Libanaises_Flag.svg/45px-Forces_Libanaises_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">LF</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">MEK</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mousavian-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karami-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Support:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tibon-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><a href="#cite_note-Jordan_and_Saudi_Arabia_draw_closer-65">[65]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-Egypt-KSA-UAE-66">[66]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a><a href="#cite_note-Egypt-KSA-UAE-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saudi-Kuwait-Uae-67">[67]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a><a href="#cite_note-Jordan_and_Saudi_Arabia_draw_closer-65">[65]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (since <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">2024</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a><a href="#cite_note-Saudi-Kuwait-Uae-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a><a href="#cite_note-Saudi-Kuwait-Uae-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> (2016–2019)<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">until 1990</a>)<a href="#cite_note-vatanka12-74">[74]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> (until 2017)<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-vatanka12-74">[74]</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian" title="Masoud Pezeshkian">Masoud Pezeshkian</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President of Iran</a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Esmail_Qaani" title="Esmail Qaani">Esmail Qaani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a> commander) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/45px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Naim_Qassem" title="Naim Qassem">Naim Qassem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_Hezbollah" title="Secretary-General of Hezbollah">Secretary-General of Hezbollah</a>) <a href="/wiki/Hadi_Al-Amiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadi Al-Amiri">Hadi Al-Amiri</a> (Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization" title="Badr Organization">Badr Organization</a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/10px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/16px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/21px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1668" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Malik_Badreddin_al-Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi">Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi</a> (Leader of <a href="/wiki/Houthis" title="Houthis">Ansar Allah</a>) <a href="/wiki/Qais_al-Khazali" class="mw-redirect" title="Qais al-Khazali">Qais al-Khazali</a> (Secretary-General of <a href="/wiki/Asa%27ib_Ahl_al-Haq" title="Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq">Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq</a>)<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Single_Color_Flag_-_ffd700.png/23px-Single_Color_Flag_-_ffd700.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Single_Color_Flag_-_ffd700.png/35px-Single_Color_Flag_-_ffd700.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Single_Color_Flag_-_ffd700.png/45px-Single_Color_Flag_-_ffd700.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> Akram al-Kaabi (Secretary-General of <a href="/wiki/Harakat_Hezbollah_al-Nujaba" title="Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba">Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba</a>)<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a> (Secretary-General of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party" title="Islamic Dawa Party">Islamic Dawa Party</a>, Former Iraqi Prime Minister)<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jafari" title="Mohammad Ali Jafari">Mohammad Ali Jafari</a> (2007–19) (Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a>)<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Qassim al-Muamen (Leader of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashtar_Brigades" title="Al-Ashtar Brigades">Al-Ashtar Brigades</a>)<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Single_Color_Flag_-_FFFF00.svg/23px-Single_Color_Flag_-_FFFF00.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Single_Color_Flag_-_FFFF00.svg/35px-Single_Color_Flag_-_FFFF00.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Single_Color_Flag_-_FFFF00.svg/45px-Single_Color_Flag_-_FFFF00.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> Abu Ala al-Walai (Secretary-General of <a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Sayyid_al-Shuhada" title="Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada">Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada</a>)<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Former leaders</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a> (1979–89) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Banisadr" title="Abolhassan Banisadr">Abolhassan Banisadr</a> (1980–81) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Rajai" title="Mohammad-Ali Rajai">Mohammad-Ali Rajai</a> <a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing" title="Targeted killing">†</a> (1981) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a> (1989–97) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a> (1997–05) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> (2005–13) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi" title="Ebrahim Raisi">Ebrahim Raisi</a> (2021–24) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a> (2013–21) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Vahidi" title="Ahmad Vahidi">Ahmad Vahidi</a> (1988–98) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a> <a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing" title="Targeted killing">†</a> (1998–2020) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mahdi_al-Muhandis" title="Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis">Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis</a> <a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing" title="Targeted killing">†</a> (2014–20)<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a> (1979–2000) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> (2000-2024) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/45px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a> <a href="/wiki/2024_Hezbollah_headquarters_strike" title="2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike">X</a> (1992–2024) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Ali_al-Sammad" title="Saleh Ali al-Sammad">Saleh Ali al-Sammad</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (2016–18) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Baqir_al-Hakim" title="Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim">Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_al-Hakim" title="Abdul Aziz al-Hakim">Abdul Aziz al-Hakim</a> </li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">King Salman</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King of Saudi Arabia</a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman" title="Mohammed bin Salman">Mohammed bin Salman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia">Prime Minister</a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Saud_Al_Saud" title="Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud">Abdulaziz bin Saud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)">Minister of Interior</a>)<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Thamer al-Sabhan (Minister of Gulf Affairs)<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Obeid Fadel Al-Shammari (Commander of Saudi Arabia Force in Yemen)<a href="#cite_note-Obeid-89">[89]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fahd_bin_Turki_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahd bin Turki bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Fahd bin Turki bin Abdulaziz Al Saud</a> (Commander of the Joint Forces)<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="216" /> Hassan bin Hamza al-Shehri (<a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force" title="Peninsula Shield Force">Commander of the PSF</a>)<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rashad_al-Alimi" title="Rashad al-Alimi">Rashad al-Alimi</a> (Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Leadership_Council" title="Presidential Leadership Council">Presidential Leadership Council</a>) <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Former leaders</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Khalid of Saudi Arabia">King Khalid</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a> (1979–82)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">King Fahd</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a> (1982–2005)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">King Abdullah</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a> (2005–15)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Nayef" title="Muhammad bin Nayef">Muhammad bin Nayef</a> (2011–17) (Former <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)">Interior Minister</a>)<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="216" /> Mutlaq bin Salem Al Azima (2011–14) (<a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force" title="Peninsula Shield Force">Former Commander of the PSF</a>)<a href="#cite_note-awsat_commander_alAzima-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-PenForce_NYT14March-95">[95]</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi</a> (Former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Yemen" title="President of Yemen">President of Yemen</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict1880" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assadist%E2%80%93Saddamist_conflict" title="Assadist–Saddamist conflict">Assadist–Saddamist conflict</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi-led intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan#Civil_unrest_and_insurgency_(1999–2020)" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syrian_War_spillover_and_international_incidents3956" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_War_spillover_and_international_incidents3956" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Syrian War spillover and international incidents</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon spillover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="2012–2017 Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese–Syrian border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" title="2013 Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Syrian–Turkish border incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">Turkish F4 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">Reyhanlı bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Koban%C3%AE_protests" title="2014 Kobanî protests">Kurdish riots</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian–Syrian border incidents</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 incident</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">Iraqi–Syrian border incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Nineveh_offensive_(2017)" title="Western Nineveh offensive (2017)">Western Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">Western Iraq</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Spillover in Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Tehran_attacks" title="2017 Tehran attacks">2017 Tehran attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Erbil attack">2024 Iranian airstrikes in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Spillover in Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Su-24 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr Takharim airstrikes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li></ul> <hr /> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Spillover in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> are engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Proxy conflict">proxy conflict</a> over influence in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and other regions of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wp-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The two countries have provided varying degrees of support to opposing sides in nearby conflicts, including the civil wars in <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syria</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemen</a>;<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and disputes in <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The struggle also extends to disputes or broader competition in other countries globally including in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_7_January_2016-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_01_May_2018-108">[108]</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_7_January_2016-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-afghanistan-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-afghanistan-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In what has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">new cold war</a>, the conflict is waged on multiple levels over geopolitical, economic, and sectarian influence in pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Regional_hegemony" title="Regional hegemony">regional hegemony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-belfer-120">[120]</a> The rivalry has drawn comparisons to the dynamics of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit">[update]</a>, the rivalry is primarily a political and economic struggle exacerbated by religious differences, and sectarianism in the region is exploited by both countries for geopolitical purposes as part of a larger conflict.<a href="#cite_note-belfer-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Iran sees itself as the leading <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslim">Shia Muslim</a> power, while Saudi Arabia sees itself as the leading <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a> power (see <a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a>).<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> As of 10 March 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit">[update]</a>, diplomatic relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia have been restored due to Chinese-Iraqi brokered talks,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> which could have positive implications in the political climate of the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The deal was concluded after Iranian agreement to stop its military support for the <a href="/wiki/Houthi%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabian_conflict" title="Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict">Houthi</a> militants in the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nissenbaum,_Said,_Falcon-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arab_News-128">[128]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab–Iranian_conflict">Arab–Iranian conflict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arab–Iranian conflict">edit</a>]</div> The Arab–Iranian conflict<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> or Arab-Persian conflict is a term which is used in reference to the modern conflict between <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> countries and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. In a broader sense, the term is also used in reference to the historical ethnic tensions which have existed for centuries between <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> as well as the historical religious sectarian <a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">conflict between Shia and Sunni Muslims</a>,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">post-revolutionary Iran</a> seeing themselves as the champion leading states for <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslims</a>, respectively. A noteworthy point in this conflict is that Iran has very positive <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">relations</a> with numerous <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> also has established close working relations with Tehran, despite their differences of opinion over the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, with Iran and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> two of the non-Arab countries to support Qatar against Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries in the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a> which lasted for over two years. In this regard, the rivalry and tension is often seen as being between Iran and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Gulf</a> Arab monarchies (all of which identify more with <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> governance), such as the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> states and their allies: namely <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. The biggest rivalry in the Arab–Iranian conflict is between <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia and Iran</a>, who have been waging a heavy proxy war against each other since the late 1970s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_Revolution">Iranian Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iranian Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a></div> The proxy conflict can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> in 1979, when the US-backed monarchic <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Imperial State of Iran</a> became an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a>. The revolutionaries called for the overthrow of monarchies and secular governments to be replaced with Islamic republics, much to the alarm of the region's Sunni-run Arab monarchies Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, and the other <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf states</a>, most of whom were monarchies and all of whom had sizeable <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> populations. Islamist insurgents rose in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Saudi Arabia</a> in 1979, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/1981_Bahraini_coup_attempt" title="1981 Bahraini coup attempt">Bahrain</a> in 1981, <a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Syria</a> in 1982, and <a href="/wiki/1983_US_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" title="1983 US embassy bombing in Beirut">Lebanon</a> in 1983. Prior to the Iranian Revolution, the two countries constituted the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a>'s "twin pillar" policy in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The monarchies, particularly Iran since the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">US-led coup</a> in 1953, were allied with the US to ensure stability in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Gulf region</a> and act as a bulwark against Soviet influence during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a> between Saudi Arabia and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> under <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>. The alliance acted as a moderating influence on Saudi-Iranian relations.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> During this period Saudi Arabia styled itself as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, basing its legitimacy in part on its control of the holy cities of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>. In 1962, it sponsored the inaugural General Islamic Conference in Mecca, at which a resolution was passed to create the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_World_League" title="Muslim World League">Muslim World League</a>. The organization is dedicated to spreading Islam and fostering Islamic solidarity under the Saudi purview, and has been successful in promoting Islam, particularly the conservative <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> doctrine advocated by the Saudi government.<a href="#cite_note-gold_2003_p.75-76-137">[137]</a> Saudi Arabia also spearheaded the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> in 1969. Saudi Arabia's image as the leader of the Muslim world was undermined in 1979 with the rise of Iran's new theocratic government under <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>, who challenged the legitimacy of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al Saud</a> dynasty and its authority as <a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Khalid of Saudi Arabia">King Khalid</a> initially congratulated Iran and stated that "Islamic solidarity" could be the basis of closer relations between the two countries, but relations worsened substantially over the next decade. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qatif_conflict">Qatif conflict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Qatif conflict">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></div> The direct trigger of the Qatif uprising following the 1979 Iranian Revolution was a mourning procession marking the Shia religious holiday of Ashura, which was prohibited to be celebrated publicly in Saudi Arabia. The ensuing marches and protests led to escalating tensions resulting in bloody clashes between demonstrators and the Saudi security forces over the next few days as the latter opened fire on the former. A sequence of protests followed in the next months, sometimes involving mass arrests and violence, but these mainly reflected local and community concerns like discrimination, exploitation, the absence of basic freedoms, and disappointment regarding failed promises of modernisation and development. The uprising was not a direct response to Ayatollah Khomeini's call for revolution, but was inspired by the Iranian Revolution. The Organization of the Islamic Revolution in the Arabic Peninsula (OIR or OIRAP), a regional activist organisation who had connections with Iran was involved in the events of the uprising. The organisation ran a radio station from Iran and had an office in Tehran. It encouraged Shia resistance and demands for the addressing of social and political concerns.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Throughout the 1980s, relations between the Shia and the state remained tense with hundreds of activists in exile as the Shia opposition relocated to Iran after 1979 in light of the then relevant conditions. The OIRAP focused on publishing, fundraising, and building a social movement in Saudi Arabia from Iran, with a non-violent but radical rhetoric, criticising and deeming the Saudi government illegitimate. Between 1982 and mid-1984, hundreds of OIRAP sympathisers were arrested mainly for the distribution of movement literature, the writing of graffiti, fundraising and attempts at large-scale mobilisation, until 1985 when a mass arrest dismantled its internal organisation in Saudi Arabia. The "hajj incident" of 1987 led to the exacerbation of tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran and the OIRAP decided to shift its operations out of Iran to avoid getting caught up in the animosity. OIRAP refused to create a military wing and carry out attacks in Saudi Arabia against the state when the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps urged it to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Matthiesen_p114–214-141">[141]</a> A new organization emerged in the wake of the "<a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">hajj incident</a>", the <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_Al-Hejaz" title="Hezbollah Al-Hejaz">Hizbullah al-Hijaz</a> which was willing to ally with Iran and retaliate militarily. Its long-term political goal was the establishment of an Islamic republic in the Arabian Peninsula and advocated the overthrow of the Saudi government through violence, involving implicitly the separation of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The Hizbullah al-Hijaz was the military wing of the Khat al-Imam movement which referred to the followers of Imam Khomeini's line. The movement was initially religious, social and cultural in nature, but then became politicised. The relations between the two remain unclear. Hizbullah al-Hijaz took over OIRAP's role on the radical end of the spectrum of the Shia opposition in Saudi Arabia and its role in the Iranian propaganda effort against Saudi Arabia. The two distanced themselves from each other leading to the fragmentation of the Saudi Shia Islamist opposition. Hizubllah al-Hijaz perpetrated bombings in Saudi Arabia in response of the "hajj incident", which contributed to Saudi Arabia severing diplomatic relations with Iran on 26 April 1988. However, after 1989 the networks of Hizbullah al-Hijaz and Khat al-Imam inside Saudi Arabia were severely weakened through the arrests of many of its leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Matthiesen_p114–214-141">[141]</a> Meanwhile, during the Gulf War OIRAP changed its name to Shia Reform Movement (RMS) and its strategy with it, shifting away from the Islamic and Shia discourse and moving towards pro-democracy and pro-human rights activism with government opposition concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a> and the Eastern Province. Saudi Shia played an important role in the opposition but during the Gulf War the OIRAP remained loyal to Saudi Arabia. Rapprochement between the opposition and the government became possible after the death of Imam Khomeini and the end of the Gulf War, with diplomatic ties being restored between Iran and Saudi Arabia on 26 March 1991. Hizbullah al-Hijaz opposed the 1993 agreement between the mainly Shia opposition and the government, even when the government released Shia political prisoners and granted amnesty to those in exile, arguing that it would only support it if real gains for the Shia were achievable.The Khat al-Imam movement gained prominence briefly before the <a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">1996 Khobar Towers bombings</a> when some Shia became disillusioned with the agreement. After the attack on the Khobar Towers in 1996 a widespread mass arrest campaign was carried out imprisoning many of its members and individuals associated with it and members of the Hizbullah al-Hijaz, even when the organisation denied its involvement. However, it vowed to continue its struggle against the government and denounced the 1993 deal, even if most of its members were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-Matthiesen_p114–214-141">[141]</a> Iran maintained its influence over Hizbullah al-Hijaz, but the mainstream of Saudi Shia distanced themselves from it once the Saudi government accepted the RMS as their representative. However, the political reforms and full recognition of Saudi Shia as Saudi citizens and their integration into the state did not get realised. Tensions in the Eastern Province had been building up for years and erupted during the 2011 Arab Spring, but remained confined to Qatif and the Eastern Province within Saudi Arabia. Shia representatives, leaders and notables, among them Khat al-Imam sided with the government and asked the population to stop the protests to preserve sectarian peace, which eventually happened. The protests were accompanied by arrests, violence and demanded democracy, Islam unity and the release of political prisoners. Loyalty of the Shia was questioned and the Saudi state blamed Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Matthiesen_p114–214-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khuzestan_conflict">Khuzestan conflict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Khuzestan conflict">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan conflict">Khuzestan conflict</a></div> Amid the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> and the ensuing political crisis, Khuzestani separatists in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a> saw a chance to achieve their goals but the new regime crushed this attempt.<a href="#cite_note-Khoshnood_2021-142">[142]</a> Initially the protests demanded the cessation of discrimination against Iranian Arabs and involved other long-standing grievances, but tensions escalated and one hundred Arabs died in the resulting riot.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In April 2005 rioting and clashes between protesters and security forces erupted in Ahvaz once again. The reason for the uproar was the government's alleged intention to change Khuzestan's ethnic composition.<a href="#cite_note-:32-144">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Struggle_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Ahwaz" title="Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz">ASMLA</a> (Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahvaz) in Khuzestan is a Sunni Muslim separatist, ethno-nationalist terrorist organisation seeking to establish an Arab state within Iran, encouraging and engaging in armed struggle against the Iranian state with other similar organisations in the region. It was established covertly in 1999, and its existence was plublicly announced in 2005. Its armed wing, the Mohiuddin Nasser Brigades carried out a series of attacks as a continuation of the 2005 protests in Ahvaz beginning on 12 June 2005 when they attacked public institutions and climaxing on 24 January 2006 when they carried out an attack on a bank in Ahvaz. ASMLA enjoys the financial support of, among other states, Saudi Arabia and positions itself specifically within the context of the Saudi-Iranian proxy conflict by emphasising its sectarian nature to gain sponsors from the Arab World. Saudi Arabia's involvement in its sponsoration is confirmed by the Danish authorities. Its leaders left Iran in 2006, reorganised in the European Union and continued carrying out terrorist attacks against the Iranian state, with attacks on the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> and Iran's oil infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Khoshnood_2021-142">[142]</a> They allegedly perpetrated a bombing in 2013 in Ahvaz,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> and their latest operation was attacking a military parade in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Khoshnood_2021-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran–Iraq_War">Iran–Iraq War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Iran–Iraq War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iran-Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Iraq War">Iran-Iraq War</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> began on 22 September 1980, when Iraq under <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> invaded Iran, and it ended on 20 August 1988, when Iran accepted the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>-brokered ceasefire. Iraq wanted to replace Iran as the dominant <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> state, and was worried the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> would lead Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ite</a> majority to rebel against the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'athist government</a>. The war also followed a long history of <a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">border disputes</a>, and Iraq planned to annex the oil-rich <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a> and the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Arvand_Rud" class="mw-redirect" title="Arvand Rud">Arvand Rud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>). Hussein attempted to take advantage of revolutionary unrest in Iran and quell the revolution in its infancy. Fearing a possible <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">revolutionary wave</a> that could threaten Iraq's stability and embolden its Shia population, Iraq triggered the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> which lasted for eight years and killed hundreds of thousands. Saddam had reportedly secured Saudi support for Iraq's war effort during an August 1980 visit he made to Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> This was in addition to <a href="/wiki/International_aid_to_combatants_in_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="International aid to combatants in the Iran–Iraq War">financial and military support</a> Iraq received from neighbouring leaders in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Kuwait, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, Qatar, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, in part to hedge Iranian power and prevent the spread of its revolution. Although Iraq hoped to take advantage of Iran's <a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution">post-revolutionary chaos</a>, it made limited progress and was quickly repelled; Iran regained virtually all lost territory by June 1982. For the next six years, Iran was on the offensive<a href="#cite_note-Molavi_2005_p152-147">[147]</a> until near the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-Karsh_2002_p89-148">[148]</a> American support for Iraq during the war had profound effects on Iran. The United States' defense of Saddam and its role in blocking investigations into <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_chemical_attacks_against_Iran" title="Iraqi chemical attacks against Iran">Iraq's use of chemical weapons</a> on Iranian soldiers and civilians convinced Iran to further pursue its own <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iran and weapons of mass destruction">unconventional weapons program</a>. The government has also used American hostility to justify foreign and domestic policies, including its nuclear program and crackdowns on internal dissent.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Apart from the Iran–Iraq War, Iran and Saudi Arabia engaged in tense competition elsewhere, supporting opposing armed groups in the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, and other conflicts. After the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Iran and Saudi Arabia continued to support different groups and organizations along sectarian lines such as in <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(1994)" title="Yemeni civil war (1994)">Yemen</a>, and Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> After eight years, war-weariness, economic problems, decreased morale, repeated Iranian military failures, recent Iraqi successes, Iraqi use of <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>, lack of international sympathy, and increased U.S.–Iran military tension all led to a ceasefire brokered by the United Nations. The conflict has been compared to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in terms of the tactics used, including large-scale <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> with barbed wire stretched across fortified defensive lines, manned <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a> posts, bayonet charges, Iranian <a href="/wiki/Human_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Human wave">human wave</a> attacks, extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapons</a> by Iraq, and, later, deliberate attacks on civilian targets. A special feature of the war can be seen in the Iranian cult of the martyr which had been developed in the years before the revolution. The discourses on martyrdom formulated in the Iranian Shiite context led to the tactics of "human wave attacks" and thus had a lasting impact on the dynamics of the war.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1987_Makkah_incident">1987 Makkah incident</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1987 Makkah incident">edit</a>]</div> In response to the <a href="/wiki/1987_Makkah_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Makkah incident">1987 Makkah incident</a> in which Shia pilgrims clashed with Saudi security forces during the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>, Khomeini stated: "These vile and ungodly Wahhabis, are like daggers which have always pierced the heart of the Muslims from the back ... Mecca is in the hands of a band of heretics."<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Iran also called for the ouster of the Saudi government.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_Spring">Arab Spring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arab Spring">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Gulf_Arab_States_english.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Persian_Gulf_Arab_States_english.PNG/230px-Persian_Gulf_Arab_States_english.PNG" decoding="async" width="230" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Persian_Gulf_Arab_States_english.PNG/345px-Persian_Gulf_Arab_States_english.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Persian_Gulf_Arab_States_english.PNG/460px-Persian_Gulf_Arab_States_english.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Member states of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></figcaption></figure> The current phase of the conflict began in 2011 when the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> sparked a revolutionary wave across the Middle East and North Africa, leading to revolutions in <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Revolution">Yemen</a>, and the outbreak of civil war in <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syria</a>. The Arab Spring in 2011 destabilized three major regional actors, Iraq, Syria and Egypt, creating a power void.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> These uprisings across the Arab world caused political instability throughout the region. In response, Saudi Arabia called for the formation of a Gulf Union to deepen ties among the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), a political and economic bloc founded in 1981. The proposal reflected the Saudi government's preoccupation with preventing potential uprisings by disenfranchised minorities in the Gulf monarchies as well as its regional rivalry with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The union would have centralized Saudi influence in the region by giving it greater control over military, economic, and political matters affecting member states. With the exception of Bahrain, members rejected the proposed federation, as <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, Qatar, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates were wary that it would lead to Saudi dominance.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_Winter">Arab Winter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arab Winter">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></div> Saudi Arabia has become increasingly concerned about the United States' commitment as an ally and security guarantor. The American foreign policy pivot to Asia, its lessening reliance on Saudi oil, and the potential of <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a> with Iran have all contributed to a more assertive Saudi foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-Poole_2016-77">[77]</a> In 2015 Saudi Arabia formed the intergovernmental <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Military Alliance">Islamic Military Alliance to Fight Terrorism</a> (IMAFT) in December 2015 with the stated goal of combating terrorism. The coalition currently comprises 41 member states, all of which are led by Sunni-dominated governments. Shia-led Iran, Iraq, and Syria are notably excluded, something which has drawn concerns that the initiative is part of the Saudi effort to isolate Iran.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Due to the decreasing importance of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> as a wedge issue and mutual tensions with Iran, GCC states have sought <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">strengthened economic and security cooperation</a> with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, which is involved in <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">its own proxy conflict</a> with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The onset of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a> exacerbated Saudi concerns about Iran as well as its own internal stability. This prompted <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> to take greater action to maintain the status quo, particularly within Bahrain and other bordering states, with a new foreign policy described as a "21st century version of the <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a>".<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Iran took the opposite approach in the hope of taking advantage of regional instability by expanding its presence in the <a href="/wiki/Shia_crescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia crescent">Shia crescent</a> and creating a land corridor of influence stretching from Iraq to Lebanon, done in part by supporting Shia militias in the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">war against ISIL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> While they all share concern over Iran, the Sunni Arab governments both within and outside of the GCC have long disagreed on political Islam. Saudi Arabia's Wahhabi religious establishment and its top-down bureaucracy differ from some of its allies such as Qatar, which promotes populist Sunni Islamist platforms similar to that of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Qatar has also drawn criticism from neighboring Sunni countries for its support of controversial transnational organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, which as of 2015 is considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Bahrain, Egypt, Russia, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The United Arab Emirates, on the other hand, supports anti-Islamist forces in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, Egypt, Yemen and other countries, and is focused more on domestic issues, similar to Egypt under <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a>. These differences make it unlikely that the Sunni world could unite against both Iran and terrorism, despite shared opposition.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">King Salman</a> came to power in 2015, Saudi Arabia has increasingly moved from its traditional Wahhabist ideological approach to a nationalist one, and has adopted a more aggressive foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_23-04-2018-168">[168]</a> The complex nature of economic and security concerns, ideological division, and intertwined alliances has also drawn comparisons to pre-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> Europe.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The conflict also shares similarities with the Arab Cold War between Egypt and Saudi Arabia in the 1950s and 1960s. Influence was judged by each state's ability to affect the affairs of neighboring countries, non-state actors played significant roles, and disunity in both camps led to tactical alliances between states on opposing sides.<a href="#cite_note-Gause_2016-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015_Mina_stampede">2015 Mina stampede</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2015 Mina stampede">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg/300px-Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg/450px-Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg/600px-Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>The embassy of Saudi Arabia in Tehran under Iranian police protection after the <a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">Mina stampede crisis</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> during the annual <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> (Arabic word for pilgrimage) to Mecca further inflamed tensions. Tehran blamed the Saudi government for the tragedy and accused them of incompetence, which Riyadh rejected.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tharoor-24-09-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In May 2016 Iran suspended participation in the upcoming Hajj.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In September, Saudi Arabia launched a 24-hour Persian language satellite channel to broadcast the Hajj proceedings from 10 to 15 September. Ayatollah Khamenei accused Riyadh of politicizing the Hajj tragedy and argued that Saudi Arabia should not be running the pilgrimage.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_Saudi_executions_and_attack_on_Saudi_mission_in_Iran">2016 Saudi executions and attack on Saudi mission in Iran</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2016 Saudi executions and attack on Saudi mission in Iran">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></div> On 2 January 2016, 47 people were put to death in several Saudi cities, including prominent Shiite cleric <a href="/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Nimr al-Nimr">Nimr al-Nimr</a>. Protesters of the executions responded by demonstrating in Iran's capital, Tehran. That same day a few protesters would eventually <a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">ransack the Saudi Embassy</a> in Tehran and later set it ablaze.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Force_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Enforcement Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Police</a> donned riot gear and arrested 40 people during the incident.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn1-181">[181]</a> In response, Saudi Arabia, along with its allies, Bahrain, Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia, and the Comoros cut diplomatic ties with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Iran's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">foreign ministry</a> responded by saying the Saudis were using the incident as a pretext for fueling tensions.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Upon taking the throne in 2015, King Salman made significant changes in domestic policy in an effort to address growing unemployment and economic uncertainty.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Such economic pressures further affected the regional dynamic in 2016. Russia, which had long maintained ties with Iran, also sought closer ties to Saudi Arabia. In September 2016, the two nations conducted informal talks about cooperating on oil production. Both had been heavily affected by the collapse of oil prices and considered the possibility of an <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> freeze on oil output. As part of the talks, Russian <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> recommended an exemption for Iran, whose oil output had steadily increased following the lifting of <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">international sanctions</a> in January 2016. He stated that Iran deserved the opportunity to reach its pre-sanction levels of output.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> In what was seen as a significant compromise, Saudi Arabia offered to reduce its oil production if Iran capped its own output by the end of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Extremist movements throughout the Middle East have also become a major division between Iran and Saudi Arabia. During the Cold War, Saudi Arabia funded extremist militants in part to bolster resistance to the Soviet Union at the behest of the United States, and later to combat Shia movements supported by Iran. The support had the unintended effect of metastasizing extremism throughout the region. The Saudi government now considers extremist groups like <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> to be one of the two major threats to the kingdom and its monarchy, the other being Iran.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In a New York Times op-ed, Iranian <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Iran">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Zarif" title="Mohammad Javad Zarif">Mohammad Javad Zarif</a> agreed that terrorism was an international threat and called on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to block funding of extremist ideologies using Iran's <a href="/wiki/World_Against_Violence_and_Extremism" title="World Against Violence and Extremism">WAVE</a> initiative as a framework. However, he placed the blame on Saudi Arabia and its sponsorship of Wahhabism for instability in the Middle East. He argued that Wahhabism was the fundamental ideology shared among terrorist groups in the Middle East, and that it has been "devastating in its impact". He went so far as to proclaim "Let us rid the world of Wahhabism" and asserted that, despite arguments otherwise, Wahhabism was the true cause of the Iran–Saudi Arabia rivalry.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in the United States in 2016 prompted uncertainty from both countries about future US policy in the Middle East, as both were targets of criticism during his campaign. The Saudi government anticipated that the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> would adopt a more hawkish stance than the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a> on Iran, which would potentially benefit Riyadh. Iran feared the return of economic isolation, and President Hassan Rouhani made efforts to establish further international economic participation for the country by signing oil deals with Western companies before Trump took office.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017">2017</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2017">edit</a>]</div> In May 2017, President Trump declared a shift in US foreign policy toward favoring Saudi Arabia at Iran's expense, marking a departure from President Obama's more reconciliatory approach. This move came days after the <a href="/wiki/2017_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2017 Iranian presidential election">re-election</a> of Rouhani in Iran, who defeated conservative candidate <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi" title="Ebrahim Raisi">Ebrahim Raisi</a>. Rouhani's victory was seen as a popular mandate for liberal reforms in the country.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Several incidents in mid-2017 further heightened tensions. In May 2017, Saudi forces <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9319_Qatif_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–19 Qatif unrest">laid siege</a> on <a href="/wiki/Al-Awamiyah" title="Al-Awamiyah">Al-Awamiyah</a>, the home of Nimr al-Nimr, in a clash with Shia militants.<a href="#cite_note-McKernan2017-193">[193]</a> Dozens of Shia civilians were reportedly killed. Residents are not allowed to enter or leave, and military indiscriminately shells the neighborhoods with artillery fire and snipers are reportedly shooting residents.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-McKernan2017-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> In June, the Iranian state-owned news agency <a href="/wiki/Press_TV" title="Press TV">Press TV</a> reported that the president of a Quran council and two cousins of executed Nimr al-Nimr were killed by Saudi security forces in <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a>. During the subsequent crackdown the Saudi government demolished several historical sites and many other buildings and houses in Qatif.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> On 17 June, Iran announced that the Saudi coast guard had killed an Iranian fisherman.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Soon after, Saudi authorities captured three Iranian citizens who they claimed were <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">IRGC</a> members plotting a terrorist attack on an offshore Saudi oilfield.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Iran denied the claim, saying that those captured are regular fishermen and demanding their immediate release.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi,_King_Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Melania_Trump,_and_Donald_Trump,_May_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi%2C_King_Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia%2C_Melania_Trump%2C_and_Donald_Trump%2C_May_2017.jpg/220px-Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi%2C_King_Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia%2C_Melania_Trump%2C_and_Donald_Trump%2C_May_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi%2C_King_Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia%2C_Melania_Trump%2C_and_Donald_Trump%2C_May_2017.jpg/330px-Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi%2C_King_Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia%2C_Melania_Trump%2C_and_Donald_Trump%2C_May_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi%2C_King_Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia%2C_Melania_Trump%2C_and_Donald_Trump%2C_May_2017.jpg/440px-Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi%2C_King_Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia%2C_Melania_Trump%2C_and_Donald_Trump%2C_May_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Salman of Saudi Arabia</a>, US President Trump, and Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit" title="2017 Riyadh summit">2017 Riyadh summit</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the wake of the June <a href="/wiki/2017_Tehran_attacks" title="2017 Tehran attacks">2017 Tehran attacks</a> committed by ISIL militants, the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps issued a statement blaming Saudi Arabia, while Saudi <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Adel_al-Jubeir" title="Adel al-Jubeir">Adel al-Jubeir</a> said there was no evidence that Saudis were involved.<a href="#cite_note-Islamist_militants_strike_heart_of-200">[200]</a> Later Iranian official <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Amir-Abdollahian" title="Hossein Amir-Abdollahian">Hossein Amir-Abdollahian</a> stated that Saudi Arabia is the prime suspect behind the Tehran attacks. The commander of IRGC, Major General <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jafari" title="Mohammad Ali Jafari">Mohammad Ali Jafari</a>, claimed that Iran has intelligence proving Saudi Arabia's, Israel's, and the United States' involvement in the Tehran attack.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei later accused the United States of creating ISIL and of joining Saudi Arabia in funding and directing ISIL in addition to other terrorist organizations.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> In October 2017, the government of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> announced an agreement in which it would represent Saudi interests in Iran and Iranian interests in Saudi Arabia. The two countries had severed relations in January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Several major developments occurring in November 2017 drew concerns that that proxy conflict might escalate into a direct military confrontation between Iran and Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_November_2017-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> On 4 November the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Saudi Air Defense">Royal Saudi Air Defense</a> intercepted a ballistic missile over <a href="/wiki/King_Khalid_International_Airport" title="King Khalid International Airport">Riyadh International Airport</a>. Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir asserted that the missile was supplied by Iran and launched by Hezbollah militants from territory held by Houthi rebels in Yemen. Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman called it "direct military aggression by the Iranian regime" and said that it "may be considered an act of war against the kingdom".<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Also on 4 November, the Prime Minister of Lebanon resigned, sparking a <a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">political crisis</a> seen as part of a Saudi effort to counteract Iran's influence in the country. Bahrain also blamed a 10 November explosion on its main oil pipeline on Iran.<a href="#cite_note-DW_November_2017-207">[207]</a> On 24 November 2017, Dubai's security chief Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Dhahi_Khalfan_Tamim" title="Dhahi Khalfan Tamim">Dhahi Khalfan</a> blamed the <a href="/wiki/2017_Sinai_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Sinai attack">2017 Sinai attack</a> on Al-Jazeera and called for bombing of the network by a Saudi-led coalition.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> In late November 2017, IRGC commander Jafari said revolutionary Islamic paramilitary forces had formed across the Middle East and surrounding regions to counter the influence of ultraconservative militant jihadi groups and Western powers.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> In 2017 Saudi Arabia funded the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> satellite TV station <a href="/wiki/Iran_International" title="Iran International">Iran International</a>, operated from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2018">2018</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2018">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_and_Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud_in_the_Oval_Office,_March_14,_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Donald_Trump_and_Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_March_14%2C_2017.jpg/220px-Donald_Trump_and_Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_March_14%2C_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Donald_Trump_and_Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_March_14%2C_2017.jpg/330px-Donald_Trump_and_Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_March_14%2C_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Donald_Trump_and_Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_March_14%2C_2017.jpg/440px-Donald_Trump_and_Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_March_14%2C_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Saudi Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad bin Salman">Mohammad bin Salman</a> meets with US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> at the White House on 14 March 2018</figcaption></figure> Saudi Arabia under King Salman has adopted a more assertive foreign policy, particularly reflected in the country's intervention in Yemen in 2015 and its involvement in Lebanon in 2017. This has continued with the June 2017 appointment of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad bin Salman">Mohammad bin Salman</a> as <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">Crown Prince</a>, who has been considered the <a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a> for years.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> The Crown Prince has referred to Iran, Turkey, and Islamic extremist groups as a "triangle of evil", and compared Supreme Leader Khamenei to Adolf Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt_15-03-2018-215">[215]</a> The populist, anti-Iranian rhetoric comes at a time of uncertainty over potential fallout from Mohammad bin Salman's consolidation of power, and he has used the rivalry as a means to strengthen Saudi nationalism despite the country's domestic challenges.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_23-04-2018-168">[168]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Vision_2030" title="Saudi Vision 2030">Saudi Vision 2030</a> plan, Mohammad bin Salman is pursuing American investment to aid efforts to diversify Saudi Arabia's economy away from oil.<a href="#cite_note-CNBC_19-03-18-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt_15-03-2018-215">[215]</a> The reforms also include moving the country away from the <a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a>, which the Crown Prince discussed in 2017: "What happened in the last 30 years is not Saudi Arabia. What happened in the region in the last 30 years is not the Middle East. After the Iranian revolution in 1979, people wanted to copy this model in different countries, one of them is Saudi Arabia. We didn't know how to deal with it. And the problem spread all over the world. Now is the time to get rid of it."<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Both Israel and Saudi Arabia supported the US withdrawal from the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran nuclear deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNBC_19-03-18-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt_08-05-18-218">[218]</a> In anticipation of the withdrawal, Iran indicated it would continue to pursue closer ties to Russia and China, with Ayatollah Khamenei stating in February 2018: "In foreign policy, the top priorities for us today include preferring East to West."<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> The unilateral decision by the United States drew concerns of increased tensions with Russia and China, both of which are parties to the nuclear agreement.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_08-05-18-218">[218]</a> It also heightened tensions in the Middle East, raising the risk of a larger military conflict breaking out involving Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_13-05-2018-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> The United States reinstated <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">sanctions against Iran</a> in August 2018 despite opposition from European allies.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> The Trump administration also pushed for a military alliance with Sunni Arab states to act as a bulwark against Iran. The plan in consideration would establish a "Middle East Strategic Alliance" with six GCC states in addition to Jordan and Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi">assassination of Jamal Khashoggi</a> prompted international backlash against Saudi Arabia and Mohammad bin Salman.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> The Trump administration issued a statement reiterating its support for Saudi Arabia and blaming Iran for the war in Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The United States Senate responded to the president by passing bipartisan resolutions condemning the assassination and voting to end United States aid to Saudi Arabia for the war in Yemen, though the measures were considered largely symbolic.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019-2021">2019-2021</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2019-2021">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">February 2019 Warsaw Conference</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:08-14_78_March_for_Yemen_(50227240143).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/08-14_78_March_for_Yemen_%2850227240143%29.jpg/220px-08-14_78_March_for_Yemen_%2850227240143%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/08-14_78_March_for_Yemen_%2850227240143%29.jpg/330px-08-14_78_March_for_Yemen_%2850227240143%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/08-14_78_March_for_Yemen_%2850227240143%29.jpg/440px-08-14_78_March_for_Yemen_%2850227240143%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5665" data-file-height="3553" /></a><figcaption>Protest against the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Yemen" title="Blockade of Yemen">blockade</a> of Houthi-controlled areas of Yemen, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, 14 August 2020</figcaption></figure> Military tensions between Iran and the United States escalated in 2019 amid a series of confrontations involving the US, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. Attacks on oil tankers in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May</a> and <a href="/wiki/June_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">June</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> In the wake of growing tensions, Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif stated that Iran sought good relations with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and their allies, and called on them to end their dispute with Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> In September 2019 a <a href="/wiki/2019_Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack">drone attack</a> was launched on the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a> oil processing facility in <a href="/wiki/Abqaiq" title="Abqaiq">Abqaiq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khurais_oil_field" title="Khurais oil field">Khurais oil field</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern Province</a> of Saudi Arabia. The attack knocked out half of the country's oil supply.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi rebels</a> in Yemen claimed responsibility, the US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> said that Iran was behind the attack, a charge which Iran denied.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Saudi Arabia and the US were reportedly investigating whether the attacks involved cruise missiles launched from Iran or Iraq. US officials had previously concluded that the attack on the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Crude_Oil_Pipeline" title="East–West Crude Oil Pipeline">East-West pipeline</a> was launched by Iranian-backed militias in southern Iraq, despite Houthi rebels also claiming responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> On 16 September, the US told Saudi Arabia that it had concluded that Iran was a staging ground for the September attack. The US raised the prospect of a joint retaliatory strike on Iran, an action which would potentially broaden into a regional conflict.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Saudi Arabia said its investigation was ongoing, but officials alleged that Iranian weapons were used in the strikes and that the attacks were not launched from Yemen. The claims were made without supporting evidence.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> Iran's <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a>, after the attack on Aramco, claimed that Saudi Arabia should take it as a warning to stop its intervention in Yemen. The <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention</a> has led to the deaths of more than thousands to date.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> On 3 January 2020, the US launched <a href="/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike">an airstrike</a> on a convoy near <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_International_Airport" title="Baghdad International Airport">Baghdad International Airport</a> that killed multiple passengers, including Iranian <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">Major general</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">IRGC</a> <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a> and Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mahdi_al-Muhandis" title="Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis">Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> The military action came shortly after pro-Iran protesters and Iraqi militiamen <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad" title="Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad">attacked the US embassy in Baghdad</a> on 31 December 2019 in response to US airstrikes targeting Iran-backed militia.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> The airstrike was seen as a major escalation of tensions, and the government of Iran vowed revenge in response.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif called the attack "an extremely dangerous and foolish escalation" and released a statement saying that "the brutality and stupidity of American terrorist forces in assassinating Commander Soleimani... will undoubtedly make the tree of resistance in the region and the world more prosperous."<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> On 7 January, Iran <a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani" title="Operation Martyr Soleimani">attacked</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Asad_Airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Asad Airbase">Al Asad Airbase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erbil_International_Airport" title="Erbil International Airport">Erbil International Airport</a> in Iraq as an act of revenge.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> The attack left 110 injured. Hours after the missile attacks, during a state of high alert, IRGC forces mistakenly shot down <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752" title="Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752">Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752</a>, killing all 176 people on board.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> On 12 January, Hezbollah <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_Hezbollah" title="Secretary-General of Hezbollah">Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a> called for Iran's allies in the <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a>—including Iran, the Syrian Arab Republic, Hezbollah, the Popular Mobilization Forces, and the Houthi movement in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>—to intensify its military campaigns against the U.S. to expel U.S. forces from the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> During a state visit by <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Emir</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani">Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> to Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei called for regional cooperation against the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> However, following discussions between Sheikh Tamim and President Rouhani, Tamim concluded that de-escalation and dialogue were the only means to resolve the regional crises.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> In response to the increased tensions, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">U.S. Department of Homeland Security</a> and many U.S. states released advisories warning of Iranian <a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">cyberattacks</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Information_Resources" title="Texas Department of Information Resources">Texas Department of Information Resources</a> said Iranian cyberattacks had reached a rate of 10,000 per minute.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> The 2019 Warsaw Conference would later lead to the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a>, with Saudi allies UAE and Bahrain normalizing relations with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. This was followed by <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Israel–Morocco relations">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Sudan normalization agreement">Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> This would later lead to the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Negev_Summit" title="Negev Summit">Negev Summit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> The U.S. ,<a href="#cite_note-Tibon-62">[62]</a> along with Israel allegedly announced the formation of the Middle East Air Defense Alliance (MEAD) in June 2022 with the purpose of countering Iran.<a href="#cite_note-breakingdefense.com-251">[251]</a> Israel stated delegations from the U.A.E, Qatar, Bahrain, Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia,<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> and the U.S. participated in broker talks.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022">2022</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2022">edit</a>]</div> In 2022, Iran and Saudi Arabia participated in peace talks brokered by Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> In July of that year, the members of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> participated in the Jeddah Security and Development Summit (JSDS). In the summit, members called on Iran to stop intervening in other countries' affairs, and U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> ensured that they will not let Iran obtain a nuclear weapon.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Iran has accused Saudi Arabia, the U.S., and Israel of meddling within their internal affairs due to the <a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">Mahsa Amini protests</a>. In late October 2022, Saudi intelligence was shared to the U.S., warning of an imminent attack by Iran, which placed the GCC, Iraq, and Israel on high alert.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> The intelligence showed that Iran was allegedly planning to strike Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and the Persian Gulf. Iran denied these accusations and intel as baseless.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Involved_parties">Involved parties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Involved parties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_supporters_and_proxies">Iranian supporters and proxies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Iranian supporters and proxies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syria">Syria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Iran–Syria relations">Iran–Syria relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liwa_Fatemiyoun_near_Palmyra_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_near_Palmyra_2.png/220px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_near_Palmyra_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_near_Palmyra_2.png/330px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_near_Palmyra_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_near_Palmyra_2.png/440px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_near_Palmyra_2.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Iranian-supported <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a> fighters during the <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive</a> in Syria in December 2016</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a> under <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> had been a strategic ally to both Iranian and Russian interests. Since 2011, the year <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">the civil war broke out</a>, Iran and its allies actively <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">involved themselves</a> in the Syrian civil war, with many proxies.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> Following the civil unrest triggered against the Assad regime with the <a href="/wiki/Arab_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab uprisings">Arab uprisings</a>, the main reasons for conflict in Syria were competition for regional power and sectarian divisions.<a href="#cite_note-Mirza_Abbas_Qaisrani_2021-264">[264]</a> The movement received support from Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the US and Turkey with the aim of overthrowing the Assad government. These uprisings also facilitated the influence of right-wing religious groups and parties over the movement, eventually bringing about <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mirza_Abbas_Qaisrani_2021-264">[264]</a> At the same time, Syria remained the "primary hub in Iran's power projection in the Levant" and has coordinated, and played a facilitator role over, Iran's links with <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mirza_Abbas_Qaisrani_2021-264">[264]</a> Syria, together with Iran and Hezbollah, had been considered and defined as the "<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a>" against Israel and similar competing regional states located in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mirza_Abbas_Qaisrani_2021-264">[264]</a> In fact, with the intent of preserving the Assad regime, Iran sent General Qassem Suleimani, among other military commanders, providing training and assistance.<a href="#cite_note-Mirza_Abbas_Qaisrani_2021-264">[264]</a> The Iranian branch of the armed forces in charge of its foreign operations, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a> (IRGC-QF), intervened in the Syrian crisis by sending thousands of Iranians and by recruiting and training Shi'ites from other states.<a href="#cite_note-:12-265">[265]</a> These, included <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Zainebiyoun" title="Liwa Zainebiyoun">Liwa Zaynabiyoun</a> recruiting Pakistani Shias, and <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatimiyoun</a> comprising Afghan Shi'ites.<a href="#cite_note-:12-265">[265]</a> Iranian assistance also came under the shape of communication and intelligence monitoring technologies of the most recent type.<a href="#cite_note-:12-265">[265]</a> Conversely, the majority of the funding and equipment for the rebels by the Saudi state was transported through Jordan, together with the provision of ideological support.<a href="#cite_note-:12-265">[265]</a> The rebellion was thus legitimised with the issuing by Saudi and other <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Muftis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwas</a> in favour of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against the regime in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-:12-265">[265]</a> As of 2021, the long-term strategic interest of Iran in Syria appeared to have been secured as the presumed victory of Bashar al-Assad and his allies against <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Daesh</a> and rebel forces was declared.<a href="#cite_note-:12-265">[265]</a> However the tides turned dramatically due to <a href="/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives" title="2024 Syrian opposition offensives">resurgent rebel offensives in 2024</a>; with only limited Iranian proxies falling back to defend <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Damascus_(2024)" title="Fall of Damascus (2024)">the capital fell</a> on 7 December 2024, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">fall of the Assad regime</a> a day later, and the loss of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> as a key Iranian strategic ally.<a href="#cite_note-fall1-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-fall2-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-fall3-268">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hamas">Hamas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hamas">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> has been allies of Iran, Hezbollah and other Iranian proxies and allies.<a href="#cite_note-adnanabuamer-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> The organisation has received arms from Iran via <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> that acted as "transshipment point" for their circulation, and Eritrea that allowed Iranian navy use of its ports.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> Despite the 2005 cease fire agreement that officially ended the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>, friction arose as Israel attempted to gain access to the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Hamas initiated a program of tunnel building to overcome the physical isolation. The history of these tunnels goes back as far as prior to the <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">1979 peace treaty</a> between Israel and Egypt. They were used for a range of different functions: from supporting economic activity through smuggling goods, but also weapons, to infiltration into Israeli territory, abductions and attacks on Israeli soldiers.The maze of tunnels provided access to homes, mosques, schools and public buildings, according to expert in underground warfare Eado Hecht.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> Hamas received strong rhetorical support from regime leaders <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> and Majlis speaker <a href="/wiki/Ali_Larijani" title="Ali Larijani">Ali Larijani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-276">[276]</a> In July 2008, was deemed to be part of Iran's line of defense against an Israeli attack together with Hezbollah, by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">IRGC</a> chief Ali Jafari.<a href="#cite_note-:13-276">[276]</a> Late May 2008 reports demonstrated Iran's increase in support to Hamas up to $150 million per year.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hezbollah">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_military_activities" title="Hezbollah military activities">Hezbollah military activities</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> is one of the main groups in the Middle East to be described as an 'Iranian proxy'.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> Hezbollah fights alongside Iranian troops in Syria and supports the Houthis.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> Hezbollah served also as inspiration to Houthis in their success at forcing the IDF out of Lebanon.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Iran aims to use Hezbollah as proxy model to establish throughout Africa.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> Hezbollah already possesses support in West Africa, given the large presence of Lebanese diaspora. Moreover, the group was also used by Iran in the arming and training of insurgents in Nigeria, and has been engaged in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bahi_2018_32-283">[283]</a> Hezbollah is often involved in the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist activities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Proxy_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Proxy warfare">proxy warfare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">sectarian violence</a>. Hezbollah is funded by Iran, Syria, Qatar,<a href="#cite_note-Weinthal-286">[286]</a> and Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> and was formerly supported by Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> Hezbollah is also considered as a terrorist organization by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> as it often criticizes states like <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> Morocco has also made claims that Hezbollah funds the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> via Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Hezbollah has also maintained relations with other Islamic and anti-West movements, including the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cisac.fsi.stanford.edu-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">Palestinian Islamic Jihad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashtar_Brigades" title="Al-Ashtar Brigades">Al-Ashtar Brigades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_Al-Hejaz" title="Hezbollah Al-Hejaz">Hezbollah Al-Hejaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a>,<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Husayniyun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Husayniyun (page does not exist)">Husayniyun</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Houthis" title="Houthis">Houthis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baqir_Brigade" title="Baqir Brigade">Baqir Brigade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> These movements, among the Iranian, Syrian, and Iraqi governments, form the <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a> against the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nigerian_Islamic_Movement">Nigerian Islamic Movement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nigerian Islamic Movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_(Nigeria)" title="Islamic Movement (Nigeria)">Islamic Movement (Nigeria)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Movement of Nigeria">Islamic Movement of Nigeria</a> (IMN), a Shiite religious and political organisation founded and headed by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Zakzaky" title="Ibrahim Zakzaky">Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaki</a>, constitutes another proxy in the conflict. It constitutes another asset that could enable Iran in disrupting Sunni States in West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Bahi_2018_32-283">[283]</a> Thus, Saudi Arabia by supporting the Nigerian government in its suppressing efforts, and by providing support to rival Sunni groups such as <a href="/wiki/Izala_Society" title="Izala Society">Izala</a> and not seriously condemning Boko Haram's actions, aims to limit its influence and growth in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Bahi_2018_33-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Houthis">Houthis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Houthis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a></div> Iran and its allies North Korea, Syria, Iraq, Qatar, Hezbollah, and Venezuela are known to have provided political, economical, diplomatic, and military support to the Houthis<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yobserver_2011-09-04-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> Houthis overthrew the government in Yemen in the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">September 21 Revolution</a> or 2014–15 coup d'état, supported by Iran while Saudi Arabia was attempting to restore the central government through a military campaign.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> Since the uprising, they have evolved into a well-organised and equipped militia in Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-Mirza_Abbas_Qaisrani_2021-264">[264]</a> Houthis can be considered to be similar in their response to Hamas, rather than Hezbollah, given the varying degrees of resources and support without actually responding to or informing Iran.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> In fact, Houthis took control of Sanaa in September 2014, despite Iran's advising restraint.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> Saudi officials believe Houthis will become the "next Hezbollah" that operates close to Saudi territory.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> Moreover, Houthis have been supported in their fight against the Yemeni government through a gateway for arms and supplies smuggling from Iran through Somalia since 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Bahi_2018_30-322">[322]</a> Access to Somalia, as well as to Eritrea, together with control of Yemen's Red Sea coast through the Houthis, provided Iran's with an enhanced ability to threaten international shipping in the <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab al-Mandeb</a>. An instances of this capacity was constituted by the several attacks on U.S. and coalition vessels that were set in motion from the Yemeni side of the Bab al-Mandeb in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Bahi_2018_30-322">[322]</a> A military campaign against Houthis was started by a Saudi-led coalition on the request of ousted <a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">President Mansur</a>, dividing the state between pro-Houthi forces supported by Iran and pro-Mansur forces supported by Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-Mirza_Abbas_Qaisrani_2021-264">[264]</a> The competition between the two countries has exacerbated the suffering of the Yemeni population, the half of which is deemed to be facing a "pre-famine condition", as reported by the UN in 2018. In 2022, multiple events occurred, including the following: <ul><li>On March 16, 2022, Yemen's Houthi rebels said that negotiations with the Saudi-led coalition would be welcome if the site was a neutral country, such as the Gulf states, and that the top goal would be to relieve "arbitrary" restrictions on Yemeni ports and <a href="/wiki/Sanaa_International_Airport" title="Sanaa International Airport">Sanaa airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a></li> <li>On March 20, 2022, according to the Saudi energy ministry and official media, Yemen's Iran-aligned Houthi militia fired missiles and drones against Saudi energy and water desalination facilities, causing a short dip in output at a refinery but no injuries.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a></li> <li>On March 26, 2022, the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen gave the Iran-aligned Houthis a three-hour ultimatum to withdraw weaponry from Sanaa's airport and the two Red Sea ports.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a></li> <li>On April 1, 2022, the warring parties in Yemen's seven-year conflict have agreed to a statewide truce for the first time in years, allowing fuel imports into Houthi-held areas and certain planes to operate from <a href="/wiki/Sanaa_International_Airport" title="Sanaa International Airport">Sanaa airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a></li> <li>On April 13, 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a> announced the formation of a new multinational task force to target arms smuggling in Yemeni waterways, being the latest American military response to Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia and the UAE.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a></li> <li>On April 28, 2022, as part of a humanitarian move, the Saudi-led coalition fighting in Yemen said that it would release 163 prisoners from Yemen's Iran-aligned Houthi militia who fought against the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a></li> <li>On May 6, 2022, the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen said on Friday it transported more than 100 freed inmates to Yemen in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a></li> <li>On May 12, 2022, three officials stated that Yemen's government has agreed to enable Houthi-issued passport holders to travel outside the country.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a></li> <li>On June 2, 2022, Yemen's warring sides agreed to extend a U.N.-brokered truce for another two months on the same terms as the previous agreement, which was set to expire on June 2, according to the United Nations envoy to Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a></li></ul> In April 2023, Saudi Arabia had freed more than a dozen Houthi detainees ahead of a wider prisoner release agreed upon by the warring sides. The deal was brokered by <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and will include future releases of more Houthi prisoners in an effort to normalize political and economic relations in the region.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraqi_militias">Iraqi militias</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Iraqi militias">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asa%27ib_Ahl_al-Haq" title="Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq">Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah" title="Kata'ib Hezbollah">Kata'ib Hezbollah</a></div> Various <a href="/wiki/Private_militias_in_Iraq" title="Private militias in Iraq">Iraqi groups</a>, many of them as part of the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a>, have been described as Iranian proxies.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-csis-335">[335]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a>, Iran aided Shi'ite groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdi army">Mahdi army</a> while private Saudi citizens and the Saudi government aided anti-Iran and Sunni militias.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> Saudi Arabia supported the <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Iraqi_protests" title="2012–2013 Iraqi protests">2012–2013 Iraqi protests</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 Iraqi protests</a>,<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> in which protesters protested against Shi'ite prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adil_Abdul-Mahdi" title="Adil Abdul-Mahdi">Adil Abdul-Mahdi</a>, respectively. The Popular Mobilization Forces rose to prominence in 2014 when Shia groups banded together during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq-ISIL_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq-ISIL War">Iraq-ISIL War</a>. The PMF, aided by Iran and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and supported internally by al-Maliki and <a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">Haider al-Abadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">defeated ISIL</a> internally by December 2017, however, refused to disarm, and waged attacks against <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">American forces</a> in Syria and Iraq. These groups also supported other 'Islamic Resistance Movements' such as <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-cisac.fsi.stanford.edu-296">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mukhtar_Brigades" title="Al-Mukhtar Brigades">Al-Mukhtar Brigades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">Palestinian Islamic Jihad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_Al-Hejaz" title="Hezbollah Al-Hejaz">Hezbollah Al-Hejaz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a>. The PMF also engaged in the 2019–2021 Persian Gulf crisis against CJTF-OIR. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bahraini_militias">Bahraini militias</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bahraini militias">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">Insurgency in Bahrain</a></div> Iran and its allies have backed multiple Shia groups in Bahrain. These opposition groups include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashtar_Brigades" title="Al-Ashtar Brigades">Al-Ashtar Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mukhtar_Brigades" title="Al-Mukhtar Brigades">Al-Mukhtar Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waad_Allah_Brigades" title="Waad Allah Brigades">Waad Allah Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraya_Thair_Allah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saraya Thair Allah (page does not exist)">Saraya Thair Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_Resistance_Brigades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popular Resistance Brigades (page does not exist)">Popular Resistance Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14_Youth_Coalition" title="February 14 Youth Coalition">February 14 Youth Coalition</a></li> <li>Other minor groups</li></ul> These groups fight the Bahraini government in order to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Khalifa" title="House of Khalifa">House of Khalifa</a>. These groups are backed by Iran and <a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah" title="Kata'ib Hezbollah">Kata'ib Hezbollah</a> financially, militarily, verbally, and ideologically.<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> These groups, in turn, support Iran and the <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a> in conflicts in Syria, Palestine, and Iraq. Exceptionally, the February 14 Youth Coalition, founded during the <a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a>, became a paramilitary group during the Shia insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabian_supporters_and_proxies">Saudi Arabian supporters and proxies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabian supporters and proxies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gulf_Cooperation_Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gulf Cooperation Council">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force" title="Peninsula Shield Force">Peninsula Shield Force</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>, an alliance of Sunni Arab States of the Gulf region including Saudi Arabia, has often been described as a Saudi headed alliance to counter Iran, which engaged pro-Saudi interests in Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-345">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bahrain">Bahrain</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bahrain">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> is a major ally to Saudi interests, and a major member of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>. Bahrain is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi coalition</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Houthis" title="Houthis">Houthis</a>. However, Bahrain's population is somewhere between 70 and 85% <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>, and has led to protests, of which, the most notable was the <a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Bahraini protests">2011 protests</a>, which were suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force" title="Peninsula Shield Force">Peninsular Shield Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> Iran has been accused of supporting militant groups in the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">insurgency in Bahrain</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashtar_Brigades" title="Al-Ashtar Brigades">Al-Ashtar Brigades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> Iran also formerly supported the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Bahrain" title="Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain">Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain</a> in attempting to overthrow the Bahraini monarchy, as such <a href="/wiki/1981_Bahraini_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Bahraini coup d'état attempt">in 1981</a>.<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> Bahrain has also historically on the Saudi side, as it sent weapons to Iraq during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> aided the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> sent troops to the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian–led coalition in Yemen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> severed ties with Iran in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Saudi_allies-353">[353]</a> and signed the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a> in 2020 with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kuwait">Kuwait</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Kuwait">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> is a strategic ally to Saudi interests in the Gulf area. Kuwait has involved itself in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">the Yemeni civil war</a> as part of the Saudi coalition,<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> along with formerly supporting the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates relations">Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates relations</a></div> The U.A.E and Saudi Arabia are strategic allies, as both see Iran as a common enemy.<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> The U.A.E has been a major contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian–led coalition in Yemen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> has supported the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>, and joined up with Saudi Arabia and Egypt to support the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Army" title="Libyan National Army">Libyan National Army</a> and its leader <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar" title="Khalifa Haftar">Khalifa Haftar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kurdish_insurgents">Kurdish insurgents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Kurdish insurgents">edit</a>]</div> Saudi Arabia has allegedly provided support to the Kurdish militants within the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan">KDPI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Party" title="Kurdistan Freedom Party">PAK</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Free_Life_Party" title="Kurdistan Free Life Party">PJAK</a> through its consulate in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> Saudi Arabia and the UAE has also supported the Kurdish-led <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>, as part of <a href="/wiki/CJTF-OIR" class="mw-redirect" title="CJTF-OIR">CJTF-OIR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uaesaud-363">[363]</a> Saudi Arabia also support Iraqi Kurdistan against Iraq and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Ibish-364">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-365">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Albania">Albania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Albania">edit</a>]</div> Due to Albania's decision to welcome the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">MEK</a> to take refuge in the country, tensions between Iran and Albania increased. Since 2018, Albania has accused Iran of hounding Iranian dissidents and has expelled several Iranian diplomats.<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> In January 2020, following the death of <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a>, the Iranian government lashed out at Albania for hosting MEK members, and Iran has increased cyberattacks and agent hunting on Iranian dissidents against Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Deutsche_Welle_2020-01-21-369">[369]</a> Saudi Arabia, in response, announced its support for Albania in its efforts against Iran.<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jaish_ul-Adl">Jaish ul-Adl</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Jaish ul-Adl">edit</a>]</div> The rebel group <a href="/wiki/Jaish_ul-Adl" title="Jaish ul-Adl">Jaish ul-Adl</a>, active in the <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sistan and Baluchestan</a> region of Iran, is accused by Iranian authorities of receiving Saudi and American support.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2014-03-28-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></div> The speaker of Iran's parliament, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Larijani" title="Ali Larijani">Ali Larijani</a>, stated that Saudi Arabia gave "strategic" intelligence information to Israel during the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a> In May 2018, Israeli defense minister <a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Lieberman" title="Avigdor Lieberman">Avigdor Lieberman</a> supported greater discussion between Israel, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states, stating "It's time for the Middle East to [...] have an axis of moderate countries," opposed to the network of Iranian allies and proxies.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_13-05-2018-220">[220]</a> As of 2018, several sources described alleged intelligence ties between Saudi Arabia and Israel as a "covert alliance", with a joint interest to counter Iran in the region.<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> remarked that such cooperation was made more difficult by controversy over Israel's attitude towards Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a> Israel and Saudi Arabia are both part of the Middle East Air Defense Alliance (MEAD).<a href="#cite_note-breakingdefense.com-251">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi Arabia–United States relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">Iran–United States relations after 1979</a></div> The United States and Saudi Arabia have a strategic relationship that dates back to 1947.<a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> occurred, revolutionaries began to <a href="/wiki/Exporting_the_revolution" title="Exporting the revolution">support other uprisings and rebellions</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, including in <a href="/wiki/1981_Bahraini_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Bahraini coup d'état attempt">Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Saudi Arabia</a>. Iran used <a href="/wiki/The_policy_of_exporting_the_Islamic_Revolution" title="The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution">this policy</a> to undermine their sovereignty while fighting in proxy warfare.<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a> This caused Saudi Arabia and the other Gulf allies to turn to the U.S. for support. The U.S., Saudi Arabia, and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> jointly backed <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> under <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> and the U.S. and Iran directly attacked each other during the <a href="/wiki/Tanker_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanker War">Tanker War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> The U.S. and Iran again opened in mistrust during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, with the U.S. and the GCC accusing Iran of funding and militarizing its proxies and Shia groups within Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a> The highest point of mutual distrust happened in 2005 after details of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Iran's nuclear program</a> were leaked, and sanctions by the UN were put in place.<a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a> The sanctions were put in place until 2015, when the <a href="/wiki/JCPOA" class="mw-redirect" title="JCPOA">JCPOA</a> was implemented. Iran and U.S. have also been embroiled in tensions due to the wars in <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a> <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict_(2003%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi conflict (2003–present)">Iraq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a> and disputes surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Strait_of_Hormuz_dispute" title="2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute">2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute</a>, Iran threatened to close Hormuz, however, was forced to back down after the <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> placed sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a> The U.S. and Iran were brought to the brink of war during the 2019–2021 Persian Gulf crisis, when the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">assassinated</a> <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mahdi_al-Muhandis" title="Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis">Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis</a>, leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a>, respectively. This was after the <a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad" title="Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad">Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad</a>, and Iran retaliated by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani" title="Operation Martyr Soleimani">bombing</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Asad_Airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Asad Airbase">Al Asad Airbase</a> in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a> U.S.-Saudi relations have deteriorated due to the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>. Saudi Arabia formerly supported the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> affiliate in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Turkeyy-KSA-393">[393]</a> Saudi Arabia has also been <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war_(2014-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Yemeni civil war (2014-present)">involved in war crimes</a> in Yemen due to civilian airstrikes and a humanitarian blockade.<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a> The U.S. supported the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian–led invasion</a> until 2022, when <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> repealed support for it and halted arm sales to Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E.<a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a> US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> denounced the <a href="/wiki/2019_Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack">attacks on the Saudi oil industry</a>, on 14 September 2019, as an "act of war". President Donald Trump called for an increase in <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">sanctions against Iran</a> opposing the strikes.<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a> President Trump approved the deployment of additional U.S. troops to Saudi Arabia and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> following the attack on Saudi oil facilities that the United States blamed on Iran.<a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jordan">Jordan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Jordan">edit</a>]</div> Jordan has historically been on the Saudi bloc despite its slight rivalry. Jordan and Iran have sour relations with each other.<a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_involved_parties">Other involved parties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Other involved parties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey">Turkey</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi">Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> has long seen Iran's expansions as threats but also perceived Saudi Arabia's influence with a similar reception, and is seeking to build itself as an alternative replacement to both Saudi and Iranian influences, to a degree.<a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a> However, the growing Turkish military, political, and economic expansions have caused some concern on the Saudi and Iranian sides. Iran considers Turkish military adventurism in Syria and its growing encounter against Iran in the Levant and Iraq as a challenge, not to mention its good relationship with <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, which is very antagonistic to Iran. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia has also begun a systematic campaign to rewrite history, changing the Ottoman Caliphate into the occupier of Arabia; while it has also partially financed other megaprojects to counter the growing Turkish presence in Qatar, Sudan, Maghreb, Somalia, Kuwait, and Oman.<a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Qatar">Qatar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Qatar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia#Qatar" title="Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia">Qatar–Saudi Arabia relations</a> have been strained since the beginning of the Arab Spring.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews_n768966-401">[401]</a> Qatar has been a focus of controversy in the Saudi-Iranian rivalry due to Saudi Arabia's longstanding concern about the country's relationship with Iran and Iranian-backed militant groups.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-402">[402]</a> In June 2017, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, Mauritania, Sudan, Senegal, Djibouti, Comoros, Jordan, the Tobruk-based Libyan government, and the <a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Hadi</a>-led Yemeni government <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9319_Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–19 Qatar diplomatic crisis">severed diplomatic relations with Qatar</a> and blocked their airspace and sea routes, in addition to Saudi Arabia blocking the only land crossing. The reasons cited were Qatar's relations with Iran, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al-Jazeera</a>'s coverage of other GCC states and Egypt, and Qatar's alleged <a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">support of Islamist groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press-403">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-404">[404]</a> Qatar was also expelled from the anti-<a href="/wiki/Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi">Houthi</a> coalition.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-405">[405]</a> Qatar's defense minister Khalid bin Mohammed Al Attiyah called the blockade akin to a bloodless declaration of war, and Qatar's finance minister <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sharif_Al_Emadi" title="Ali Sharif Al Emadi">Ali Sharif Al Emadi</a> stated that Qatar was rich enough to withstand the blockade.<a href="#cite_note-dohanews.co-406">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-money.cnn.com-407">[407]</a> As of 2020, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Egypt have maintained the blockade, whereas all other countries mentioned above had rebuilt their relations with Qatar. The blockade ended in 2021 when the four countries and Qatar agreed to restore relations.<a href="#cite_note-408">[408]</a> The bloc sought a guarantee that Qatar will in the future align in all matters with other Gulf states, discuss all of its decisions with them, and provide regular reports on its activity (monthly for the first year, quarterly for the second, and annually for the following ten years). They also demanded the deportation of all political refugees who live in Qatar to their countries of origin, freezing their assets, providing any desired information about their residency, movements, and finances, and revoking their Qatari citizenship if naturalized. They also demanded that Qatar be forbidden from granting citizenship to any additional fugitives.<a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-409">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-410">[410]</a> Upon Qatar's rejection of these demands, the countries involved announced that the blockade would remain in place until Qatar changed its policies.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-411">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saudi-led_group_vows_'appropriate'-412">[412]</a> On 24 August 2017, Qatar announced that they would restore full diplomatic relations with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-ndtv.com-413">[413]</a> Saudi Arabia together with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Egypt and Bahrain, restored bilateral relations with Qatar on January 5, 2021. Diplomatic and trade ties were severed and a land, sea and air blocked on Qatar were imposed in June 2017.<a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a> Qatar also has a history of funding the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weinthal-286">[286]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashtar_Brigades" title="Al-Ashtar Brigades">Al-Ashtar Brigades</a>,<a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[418]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Iran–Russia collaboration has deepend significantly throughout the early 2020s, with <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Iran supporting Russia in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a> and Russia providing military assistance to Iran and its proxies (see also: <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Upheaval" title="Axis of Upheaval">Axis of Upheaval</a>). Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Russia has been aligned with Iran and Syria for years. It <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War">intervened in Syria</a> to provide support for the Assad government and to target rebel groups, working together with Iran and using Iranian air bases to stage air strikes.<a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a> It also joined Iran, Iraq, and Syria in forming a <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">joint intelligence-sharing coalition</a> as part of the fight against <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-420">[420]</a> The alliance coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">US-led coalition</a> created a year earlier to fight ISIL. The competing military actions were seen as part of a larger proxy conflict between the United States and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-421">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a> However, Russia's tie with Saudi Arabia has become increasingly warmed since 2010s despite numerous differences, thus sometimes affected Iran's stance on relations with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a> In the past, Saudi Arabia backed Chechen and Dagestani fighters as well as <a href="/wiki/Arab_Mujahideen_in_Chechnya" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Mujahideen in Chechnya">Arab Mujahedeen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> during the First and Second Chechen Civil Wars in the 1990s, in which Russia has fought against them.<a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a> In recent years however, Saudi Arabia has shifted its diplomacy to become friendlier to Russia, with <a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">King Salman</a> became the first Saudi head of state to visit Russia, heralding possible political change.<a href="#cite_note-426">[426]</a> Since then, Saudi Arabia and Russia have started to support each other in various conflicts in Syria and Libya, with Saudi Arabia supported Russian intervention in Syria, while Russia and Saudi Arabia have together backed <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar" title="Khalifa Haftar">Khalifa Haftar</a>'s forces in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a> In addition, Saudi Arabia and Russia are also becoming more antagonistic to Iranian ambitions in the Middle East, as revealed by their secret cooperation alongside Israel and Jordan against Iran.<a href="#cite_note-hamodia-429">[429]</a> Likewise, since late 2010s, sign of Iranian–Russian friction emerged, following Iran's attempt to turn Bashar al-Assad to align with the Islamist ideology of the Iranian regime which opposed to Russia's desire for a secular state.<a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a> Russia's attitude toward Iran is also becoming more negative due to Iranian desire to control the Middle East, resulting in growing cooperation with Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-hamodia-429">[429]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oman">Oman</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Oman">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> is a member of the GCC and thus, maintains a close relationship with Saudi Arabia. However, unlike the majority of GCC countries, Oman does not perceive Iran as a threat. Oman has long promoted itself as the main stabilizing force amidst the intensified Iranian–Saudi conflict and often prefers a diplomatic solution to end the proxy wars.<a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a> However, it is alleged of Houthi support and Iranian arms smuggling.<a href="#cite_note-Oman's_dangerous_double_game-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-watanserb.com-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Pakistan">edit</a>]</div> Pakistan is a major partner of Saudi Arabia, but is also a neighbor of Iran, sharing historical ties as well. Prior to 1979, the three countries formed a moderate relationship and acted as responsible Muslim states. However, since 1979, Pakistan has fallen into sectarian discord due to growing attempt by Iran and Saudi Arabia to spread influence to the country, with Pakistan having a balance of Sunni and Shi'a Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a> Pakistan's relations with Saudi Arabia has been historically strong, and often Pakistan has feared Iran is trying to recruit its large Shi'a population to serve for Iran's military adventures, given by increasing number of vanishing Shi'as in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-433">[433]</a> Its link with Iran is also marred with a number of problems regarding not just Shia issue, but also due to <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan" title="War in Afghanistan">conflict in Afghanistan</a>, with Iran-backed proxies have fought against Pakistan and its ally <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, further strengthens Pakistan's relations with Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-434">[434]</a> However, Pakistan has refrained from criticizing Iran, but rather seeks to preserve the relations, given its long historical relationship with Iran. Pakistan has backed Iran on its effort to maintain border security in the restive <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> region,<a href="#cite_note-435">[435]</a> and have cooperated against the Soviets in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-436">[436]</a> Pakistan prefers to remain neutral in Saudi-Iran rivalry. It remained neutral during the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">2017 Qatar-Gulf crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_Neutral-437">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[439]</a> In 2019, Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan, during a visit to Tehran, said that he was trying promote talks between Iran and Saudi Arabia to defuse the tension between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-440">[440]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Involvement_in_regional_conflicts">Involvement in regional conflicts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Involvement in regional conflicts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Syrian Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian civil war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> has been a major theater in the proxy conflict throughout its ongoing <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">civil war</a>, which began in 2011. Iran and the GCC states have provided varying degrees of military and financial support to opposing sides, with Iran backing the <a href="/wiki/Assad_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad government">Assad government</a> and Saudi Arabia supporting <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian opposition">rebel militants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a> was an important part of Iran's sphere of influence, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">government</a> under <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> had long been a major ally. During the early stages of the Arab Spring, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a> initially expressed support for the revolutions in <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a>, characterizing them as an "Islamic awakening" akin to its own revolution in 1979. When <a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War">protests</a> broke out in Syria, Iran changed its position and condemned them, comparing the uprising to its own <a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">presidential election protests</a> in 2009 and accusing the United States and Israel of being behind the unrest.<a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a> The war threatened Iran's position, and Saudi Arabia and its allies sided with Sunni rebels in part to weaken Iran. For years Iranian forces were involved on the ground, with soldiers in Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps facing heavy casualties.<a href="#cite_note-442">[442]</a> In 2014, with no end in sight to the conflict, Iran increased its ground support for the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a>, providing elite forces, intelligence gathering, and training. Iran also backed pro-Assad Hezbollah fighters.<a href="#cite_note-443">[443]</a> Although Iran and Saudi Arabia agreed in 2015 to participate in peace talks in Vienna in participation with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> and Russian <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a>, the talks ultimately failed.<a href="#cite_note-444">[444]</a> Saudi Arabia countered Russia's intervention in Syria by increasing its support for the rebels and supplying American-made anti-tank <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">TOW missiles</a>, a move which slowed initial progress made by Russian and Syrian forces.<a href="#cite_note-445">[445]</a> Iran suffered a significant setback in Syria with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">fall of the Assad regime</a> to <a href="/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives" title="2024 Syrian opposition offensives">renewed rebel offensives in 2024</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fall1-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-fall2-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-fall3-268">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yemeni_civil_war">Yemeni civil war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Yemeni civil war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen#Alleged_foreign_involvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi insurgency in Yemen">Houthi insurgency in Yemen § Alleged foreign involvement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_strike_in_Sana%27a_11-5-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Air_strike_in_Sana%27a_11-5-2015.jpg/220px-Air_strike_in_Sana%27a_11-5-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Air_strike_in_Sana%27a_11-5-2015.jpg/330px-Air_strike_in_Sana%27a_11-5-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Air_strike_in_Sana%27a_11-5-2015.jpg/440px-Air_strike_in_Sana%27a_11-5-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6096" data-file-height="2864" /></a><figcaption>An airstrike in <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a> by a Saudi-led coalition on 11 May 2015</figcaption></figure> Yemen has been called one of the major fronts in the conflict as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Revolution">revolution</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni civil war (2015–present)">civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-446">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[447]</a> Yemen had for years been within the Saudi sphere of influence. The decade-long <a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi insurgency in Yemen">Houthi insurgency in Yemen</a> stoked tensions with Iran, with accusations of covert support for the rebels. A 2015 UN report alleged that Iran provided the <a href="/wiki/Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi">Houthi</a> rebels with money, training, and arms shipments beginning in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-448">[448]</a> However, the degree of support has been subject to debate, and accusations of greater involvement have been denied by Iran.<a href="#cite_note-449">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-IranInfo-451">[451]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">2014–2015 coup d'état</a> was viewed by Saudi leadership as an immediate threat, and as an opportunity for Iran to gain a foothold in the region. In March 2015, a Saudi-led coalition of Arab states, including all GCC members except <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">intervened</a> and launched airstrikes and a ground offensive in the country, declaring the entire <a href="/wiki/Saada_Governorate" title="Saada Governorate">Saada Governorate</a> a military target and imposing a naval blockade.<a href="#cite_note-452">[452]</a> The United States intervened in October 2016 after missiles were fired at a US warship, which was in place to protect oil shipments along the sea lane passing through the <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Mandeb Strait</a>. The US blamed the rebels and responded by targeting radar sites with missile strikes along the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast. In response, rebels called the strikes evidence of American support for the Saudi campaign.<a href="#cite_note-453">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Iraq">War in Iraq</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: War in Iraq">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Iraq" title="Sectarian violence in Iraq">Sectarian violence in Iraq</a></div> While the majority of Muslims in Iraq are Shia, the country has been ruled for decades by Sunni-dominated governments under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the British-installed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Hashemites</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athists</a>. Under the rule of Saddam Hussein, Iraq was hostile to both Iran and Saudi Arabia and acted as a counterbalancing regional power. The <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">American-led invasion</a> in 2003 caused a power vacuum in the region. With the antagonistic Ba'athist regime removed, Iran sought a more friendly Shia-dominated government and supported sympathetic rebel factions as part of an effort to undermine the coalition, which Iran feared would install a government hostile to its interests.<a href="#cite_note-455">[455]</a> Saudi Arabia remained more passive during the occupation of Iraq, taking caution to preserve its relations with the United States by avoiding any direct support of Sunni insurgent groups. Riyadh supported the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>'s commitment to stay in the country, as it limited Iran's influence.<a href="#cite_note-456">[456]</a> The edicts issued in May 2003 by <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> Administrator <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bremer" title="Paul Bremer">Paul Bremer</a> to exclude members of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party</a> from the new Iraqi government and to disband the Iraqi Army undermined the occupation effort. The orders empowered various insurgent factions and weakened the new government's functional capabilities, leaving Iraq vulnerable to future instability.<a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a> Following the United States <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">withdrawal from Iraq</a> in December 2011, the country drifted further into Iran's sphere of influence. The instability that resulted from the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)">Iraqi Civil War</a> and the rise of ISIL threatened the existence of the Iraqi regime and led to an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention</a> in 2014. Iran mobilized Shia militia groups to halt and ultimately push back the advancing Sunni insurgency,<a href="#cite_note-458">[458]</a> though the resurgence of ISIL in Iraq remains more than a possibility.<a href="#cite_note-459">[459]</a> The Iraqi government remains particularly influenced by Iran, and consults with it on most matters.<a href="#cite_note-460">[460]</a> As of 2018 Iran has become Iraq's top trading partner, with an annual turnover of approximately US$12 billion compared to the US$6 billion in trade between Iraq and Saudi Arabia. In addition to fostering economic ties, Tehran furthered its influence by aiding the Iraqi government <a href="/wiki/2017_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">in its fight</a> against the <a href="/wiki/2017_Iraqi_Kurdistan_independence_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum">push for independence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>, which is mainly Sunni.<a href="#cite_note-461">[461]</a> Saudi Arabia has responded by strengthening its ties to the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a>, seeing it as a barrier to the expansion of Iranian influence in the region, while also adopting a <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> approach to improve relations with the Iraqi government.<a href="#cite_note-Ibish-364">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-365">[365]</a> <a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a>, former Ba'athist official and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqshbandi Army">Naqshbandi Army</a> insurgent group, has repeatedly praised Saudi efforts to constrain Iranian clout in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_2016-04-10-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudaw-53">[53]</a> Recently, Saudi Arabia has developed a close relationship with Shia cleric <a href="/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr" title="Muqtada al-Sadr">Muqtada al-Sadr</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Sadrist_Movement" title="Sadrist Movement">Sadrist Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Companies">Peace Companies</a> militia as well as a critic of both U.S. and Iranian involvement.<a href="#cite_note-Haddad-462">[462]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahraini_uprising">Bahraini uprising</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Bahraini uprising">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March_of_9_march_7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/March_of_9_march_7.JPG/220px-March_of_9_march_7.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/March_of_9_march_7.JPG/330px-March_of_9_march_7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/March_of_9_march_7.JPG/440px-March_of_9_march_7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Bahraini_uprising_(January%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Aftermath of the Bahraini uprising (January–August 2012)">Bahraini anti-government protests</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> Saudi Arabia and Iran have sought to extend their influence in Bahrain for decades. While the majority of Muslims in Bahrain are Shia, the country is ruled by the Sunni <a href="/wiki/House_of_Khalifa" title="House of Khalifa">Al Khalifa</a> family – who are widely viewed as being subservient to the Saudi government. Iran claimed sovereignty over Bahrain until 1970, when Shah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> abandoned claims after negotiations with the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-rhm-463">[463]</a> The Iranian Revolution led to resumed interest in Bahraini affairs. In 1981, the front organization <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Bahrain" title="Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain">Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain</a> led a <a href="/wiki/1981_Bahraini_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Bahraini coup d'état attempt">failed coup attempt</a> to install a Shia theocratic regime led by <a href="/wiki/Hadi_al-Modarresi" title="Hadi al-Modarresi">Hadi al-Modarresi</a>. Since then, the government has accused Iran of supporting terrorist plots within its borders.<a href="#cite_note-464">[464]</a> Sunni states have long feared that Iran might stir up unrest among regional Shia minority populations, especially in Bahrain. <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bahrain" title="Politics of Bahrain">Bahrain government</a>'s stability depends heavily on Saudi support. The island is connected to Saudi Arabia by the 25 kilometer <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_Causeway" title="King Fahd Causeway">King Fahd Causeway</a>, and its proximity to Saudi Arabia's oil-rich, the Saudi Shia minority in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern Province</a> is viewed by Riyadh as a security concern. Any political gains by the Shia in Bahrain are seen by the Saudis as gains for Iran.<a href="#cite_note-465">[465]</a> In response to the Arab Spring in 2011, the GCC governments sought to maintain their power through social reform, economic handouts, and violent repression. Member states also distributed a share of their combined oil wealth to Bahrain and Oman to maintain stability. Saudi-led GCC forces quickly <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force#Role_in_Bahraini_uprising" title="Peninsula Shield Force">intervened</a> in support of the government of Bahraini to put down the <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_protests_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini protests of 2011">anti-government uprising</a> in Bahrain. The Bahraini government publicly blamed Iran for the protests, but an <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Independent_Commission_of_Inquiry" title="Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry">independent commission</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">King Hamad</a> rejected the claim, instead highlighting human rights abuses committed in the crackdown.<a href="#cite_note-466">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-PenForce_NYT14March-95">[95]</a> The protests, along with the Iran nuclear deal, strained Bahrain's relationship with the United States. Bahrain has sought closer ties with Russia as a result, but this has been limited due to Saudi Arabia's alliance with the US.<a href="#cite_note-467">[467]</a> Following the onset of the Arab Winter, Bahrain accused Iran of orchestrating several domestic incidents as part of a campaign to destabilize the country. Tehran denied all allegations and accused the government of Bahrain of blaming its own internal problems on Iran after every incident.<a href="#cite_note-DW_November_2017-207">[207]</a> In August 2015, authorities in Bahrain arrested five suspects over a bombing in <a href="/wiki/Sitra" title="Sitra">Sitra</a>. Officials linked the attacks to the Revolutionary Guard and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, although Iran denied any involvement.<a href="#cite_note-468">[468]</a> In January 2016, Bahrain joined Saudi Arabia in cutting diplomatic ties with Tehran following the attacks on Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-469">[469]</a> In November 2017, Bahrain called an explosion on its main oil pipeline "terrorist sabotage" linked to Iran, drawing a rebuke from Tehran. Saudi Arabia also referred to the incident as an "attack on the pipeline".<a href="#cite_note-DW_November_2017-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanese_politics">Lebanese politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Lebanese politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute</a></div> In 2008, Saudi Arabia proposed creating an Arab force backed by US and NATO air and sea power to intervene in Lebanon and destroy Iranian-backed Hezbollah, according to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">leaked US diplomatic cable</a>. According to the cable Saudi argued that a Hezbollah victory against the <a href="/wiki/Fouad_Siniora" title="Fouad Siniora">Siniora</a> government "combined with Iranian actions in Iraq and on the Palestinian front would be a disaster for the US and the entire region". In February 2016 Saudi Arabia banned their citizens from visiting Lebanon and suspended <a href="/wiki/Military_aid" title="Military aid">military aid</a> due to possible Iranian influence and Lebanon's refusal to condemn the attack on Saudi embassy.<a href="#cite_note-470">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[471]</a> Furthermore, Bahrain, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates advised all their citizens not to travel to Lebanon and urged them to leave immediately.<a href="#cite_note-472">[472]</a> Lebanese <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Saad_Hariri" title="Saad Hariri">Saad Hariri</a> resigned on 4 November 2017. The situation was seen as a power play by Saudi Arabia to increase its influence in Lebanon and counterbalance Iran's victories in Iraq and Syria.<a href="#cite_note-473">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-474">[474]</a> In a televised speech from Saudi Arabia, Hariri criticized Hezbollah and blamed Iran for causing "disorder and destruction" in Lebanon. Hezbollah leader <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a> responded by accusing Hariri of resigning on Riyadh's orders.<a href="#cite_note-475">[475]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Afghanistan">War in Afghanistan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: War in Afghanistan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)</a></div> The rivalry has contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)">ongoing instability</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. Afghanistan shares ties with Iran through the Persian language, but is strategically important to Saudi Arabia. After the Cold War, Saudi policy shifted from fighting the spread of communism to containing Iranian influence in South and Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-afghanistan-115">[115]</a> Saudi Arabia was one of three countries to officially recognize the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> government in 1996, along with its allies Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates. During the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Afghan Civil War</a>, Iran and Saudi Arabia supported opposing militant factions. Iran assisted the Shia <a href="/wiki/Hezbe_Wahdat" title="Hezbe Wahdat">Hezb-e Wahdat</a>, while Saudi Arabia provided financial support to the Wahhabist <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawah_Organisation_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan">Ittihad-e Islami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-476">[476]</a> In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">invasion of Afghanistan</a> and the removal of the Taliban in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> benefited Iran, which had previously been on the brink of war with the group. The regime change removed Iran's primary threat along its eastern borders, and the removal of Saddam Hussein two years later further bolstered its position, allowing it to refocus its efforts on other areas, especially Syria and Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-477">[477]</a> In the ensuing years, Iran sought to expand its influence over Afghanistan. It provided limited support to the Taliban as a potential means of increasing leverage with the Afghan central government and creating a deterrent to conflict with the United States, although the support waned amid growing backlash in Afghanistan against perceived Iranian interference.<a href="#cite_note-rand_2014-478">[478]</a> Iran has also sought to expand soft influence by building pro-Iranian schools, mosques, and media centers, and by maintaining close ties with Afghanistan's <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazara</a> populations.<a href="#cite_note-rand_2014-478">[478]</a> Originally Iran support the central government against the Taliban, which was still funded by Saudi Arabia in the months following 9/11.<a href="#cite_note-479">[479]</a><a href="#cite_note-480">[480]</a> However, due to <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">American presence</a>, Iran resorted to funding the Taliban,<a href="#cite_note-481">[481]</a> while Saudi Arabia helped the Afghan Government in reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-482">[482]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistani_sectarian_violence">Pakistani sectarian violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Pakistani sectarian violence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Sectarian violence in Pakistan">Sectarian violence in Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Civil War">Afghan Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_deployments_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Armed Forces deployments in Saudi Arabia">Pakistan Armed Forces deployments in Saudi Arabia</a></div> Since the 1980s, Pakistan has been dealing with sporadic <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Sectarian violence in Pakistan">sectarian conflict</a>, and the Muslim population is predominantly Sunni with about 10–15% Shia adherents.<a href="#cite_note-483">[483]</a> The Saudi Arabia enjoys a strong public support from the country's <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">conservative sphere</a> and has occupied a unique statue in Pakistan's foreign policy stature. Pakistan is economically dependent on oil imports from Saudi Arabia, a key strategic ally but shares some historical cultural ties with Iran. The <a href="/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia">foreign employees</a> Saudi oil industry from Pakistan plays a crucial role in Pakistan's economic stability who sends <a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Remittances to Pakistan">large remittances back home</a>. The largest amount comes from the 1.5 million Pakistanis working in Saudi Arabia who sent home about US$5.5 billion in remittances in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_22-02-2018-484">[484]</a> There are also allegations of Saudi Arabia's financial grants to Pakistan's national laboratories that built Pakistan's nuclear weapons program.<a href="#cite_note-485">[485]</a> The Saudi monarchy also views the <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> province of Pakistan as a potential means of stirring ethnic unrest in neighboring Iran, with its province of <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan">Sistan and Baluchestan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-486">[486]</a> In February 2018, Saudi Arabia, acting on behalf of the GCC, joined China and Turkey in opposing a US-led initiative to place Pakistan on an international terror-financing watch list through the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Action_Task_Force_on_Money_Laundering" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering">Financial Action Task Force</a>. This move came days after Prime Minister Imran Khan went onto to deploy ~1,000 military troops to the Gulf kingdoms for what it described as an "advisory mission".<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_22-02-2018-484">[484]</a> At home, the Pakistani lawmakers have been levelling accusations at Iran of influencing Pakistani Shias to act as proxies to further Iranian interests in Pakistan. The Iranian government has been suspected of militarizing Shias amongst Pakistan's local population and promoting sectarian sentiments to further achieve its goals.<a href="#cite_note-487">[487]</a> According to the Pakistani intelligence assessments, many Pakistani Shias have also been suspected of traveling to parts of the Middle East including Syria and Lebanon to fight on behalf of the Iranian government.<a href="#cite_note-488">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-489">[489]</a><a href="#cite_note-490">[490]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigerian_Sectarianism">Nigerian Sectarianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Nigerian Sectarianism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Movement of Nigeria">Islamic Movement of Nigeria</a> (IMN), a Shiite religious and political organisation founded and headed by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Zakzaky" title="Ibrahim Zakzaky">Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaki</a>, constitutes another proxy in the conflict. It constitutes another asset that could enable Iran in disrupting Sunni States in West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Bahi_2018_32-283">[283]</a> Thus, Saudi Arabia by supporting the Nigerian government in its suppressing efforts, and by providing support to rival Sunni groups such as <a href="/wiki/Izala_Society" title="Izala Society">Izala</a> and not seriously condemning Boko Haram's actions, aims to limit its influence and growth in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Bahi_2018_33-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli–Palestinian_conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Israeli–Palestinian conflict">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></div> Both Iran and Saudi Arabia have employed different methods to resolve the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>. Iran has preferred a confrontational approach, arming and financing proxies such as <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> (and lesser proxies such as <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">PIJ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a>) in its ongoing <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">proxy conflict</a> with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Saudi Arabia has taken a diplomatic approach, such as backing <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a>'s negotiations with Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a> announced in 2002 and re-endorsed in 2007 and 2013 to bring about a comprehensive peace accord with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-491">[491]</a> Saudi Arabia strengthened ties with Israel in 2018 when Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad bin Salman">Mohammad bin Salman</a> stated that Israelis have a right to their own land.<a href="#cite_note-492">[492]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libyan_Crisis">Libyan Crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Libyan Crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Libyan Civil War">Second Libyan Civil War</a></div> Iran and Saudi Arabia have waged a proxy war in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, with Saudi Arabia,<a href="#cite_note-493">[493]</a> along with the U.A.E,<a href="#cite_note-494">[494]</a> Egypt, and Sudan, have provided support to the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Army" title="Libyan National Army">Libyan National Army</a>, and its leader <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlord</a> <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar" title="Khalifa Haftar">Khalifa Haftar</a>. Iran, Qatar, and Turkey support the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord" title="Government of National Accord">Government of National Accord</a> and other Islamist forces in the country.<a href="#cite_note-495">[495]</a><a href="#cite_note-496">[496]</a><a href="#cite_note-497">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-498">[498]</a> According to the UN, Iran also sent weapons to the GNA and its affiliates.<a href="#cite_note-499">[499]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclear_programs_of_Iran_and_Saudi_Arabia">Nuclear programs of Iran and Saudi Arabia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Nuclear programs of Iran and Saudi Arabia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia">Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iran and weapons of mass destruction">Iran and weapons of mass destruction</a></div> Although both Iran and Saudi Arabia signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a> in 1970 and 1988 respectively, a potential nuclear arms race has been a concern for years. Both governments claim that their programs are for peaceful purposes, but foreign governments and organizations have accused both of taking steps to obtain nuclear weapons capabilities. Iran's ongoing <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">nuclear program</a> began in the 1950s under the Shah in cooperation with the United States as part of the <a href="/wiki/Atoms_for_Peace" title="Atoms for Peace">Atoms for Peace</a> program. The cooperation continued until the Iranian Revolution in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-500">[500]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_on_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions on Iran">Sanctions</a> have been in place since then, and were expanded in 2006 with the passage of United Nations Security Council <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1737" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737">Resolution 1737</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1696" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1696">Resolution 1696</a> in response to Iran's uranium enrichment program. Saudi Arabia has considered several options in response to the Iranian program: acquiring its own <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia">nuclear capability</a> as a deterrent, entering into an alliance with an existing nuclear power, or pursuing a regional <a href="/wiki/Nuclear-weapon-free_zone" title="Nuclear-weapon-free zone">nuclear-weapon-free zone</a> agreement.<a href="#cite_note-501">[501]</a> It is believed that Saudi Arabia has been a major financier of Pakistan's integrated <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear program</a> since 1974, a project begun under former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>. In 2003 it was reported that Saudi Arabia had taken the "strategic decision" to acquire "off-the-shelf" atomic weapons from Pakistan, according to senior American officials.<a href="#cite_note-502">[502]</a> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a> reported that Pakistan and Saudi Arabia had entered a secret agreement on nuclear cooperation to provide the Saudis with nuclear weapons technology in return for access to cheap oil for Pakistan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following several years of negotiations for a <a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">nuclear deal framework</a> between Iran and the <a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a> countries, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> (JCPOA) was signed in 2015. The deal raised concerns for Saudi Arabia, which saw it as a step toward reducing Iran's international isolation and potentially exacerbating the proxy conflict.<a href="#cite_note-503">[503]</a> However, Riyadh did not publicly denounce the deal at the time as Israel did.<a href="#cite_note-504">[504]</a> In 2018, Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman stated that Saudi Arabia would move to obtain nuclear weapons if Iran's program is successful.<a href="#cite_note-505">[505]</a> He led a delegation to the United States to meet with <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> officials to discuss mutual concerns, including a potential US withdrawal from the Iran nuclear agreement.<a href="#cite_note-CNBC_19-03-18-216">[216]</a> In April 2018, Israeli <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> gave a televised speech accusing Iran of covertly continuing the <a href="/wiki/AMAD_Project" title="AMAD Project">AMAD Project</a> in violation of the JCPOA.<a href="#cite_note-506">[506]</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> Trump announced on 8 May 2018 that the United States would <a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">withdraw</a> from the JCPOA and reinstate previous <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">sanctions against Iran</a> in addition to imposing new sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_08-05-18-218">[218]</a> In anticipation of the decision, Iranian <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Rouhani</a> stated that Iran would remain in the deal if the remaining parties did the same, but was otherwise vague on how the country would respond to the US decision.<a href="#cite_note-507">[507]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_rapprochement">Iran–Saudi Arabia rapprochement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Iran–Saudi Arabia rapprochement">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earlier_negotiations">Earlier negotiations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Earlier negotiations">edit</a>]</div> Since April 2021, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> has hosted five rounds of direct talks between the two nations, which cut diplomatic ties in 2016. The 6th round of talks on a ministerial level stalled, but after a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, in December 2022, Iran's <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Amirabdollahian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Amirabdollahian">Hossein Amirabdollahian</a> and Saudi Foreign Minister Prince <a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Farhan_Al_Saud" title="Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud">Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud</a> signaled that both countries would be "open to more dialogue". Despite increased rhetoric by Iran against Saudi Arabia, the Saudis support efforts to revive the stalled <a href="/wiki/JCPOA" class="mw-redirect" title="JCPOA">Iran nuclear deal</a>. However, the Saudi minister threatened to nullify the negotiations and following agreement if Iran were to obtain nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-508">[508]</a><a href="#cite_note-509">[509]</a> In January 2023, the Saudi foreign ministers Al Saud speaking at a panel at the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a> reiterated that "Riyadh is trying to find a dialog with Iran". He welcomed the decision by Saudi Arabia and other <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf states</a> to focus on their economies "towards joint prosperity".<a href="#cite_note-510">[510]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_2023_restoration_of_relations">March 2023 restoration of relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: March 2023 restoration of relations">edit</a>]</div> The two countries announced the resumption of relations on 10 March 2023, following a deal brokered by China.<a href="#cite_note-:1-511">[511]</a> The agreement was signed by secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council of Iran</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shamkhani" title="Ali Shamkhani">Ali Shamkhahni</a> and Saudi Arabian national security advisor <a href="/wiki/Musaad_bin_Mohammed_Al_Aiban" title="Musaad bin Mohammed Al Aiban">Musaed Al-Aiban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-512">[512]</a> A joint statement announced that their embassies would re-open within two months.<a href="#cite_note-:1-511">[511]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary General">United Nations Secretary General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-513">[513]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-514">[514]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[515]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><a href="#cite_note-516">[516]</a> welcomed the reapproachment, while two former Israeli Prime Ministers criticized it.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-517">[517]</a><a href="#cite_note-518">[518]</a> Under the deal, the countries would restore agreements related to security, trade, and culture.<a href="#cite_note-2023resume-519">[519]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_Saudi_Arabia_and_Iran_Agree_to_Restore_Ties-520">[520]</a> Under the agreement both countries agreed to respect the other's sovereignty and not interfere in the internal affairs of the other.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-517">[517]</a> The rapprochement deal was concluded after <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei's</a> offer to end Iran's military support to <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi</a> militants in Yemen and abide by the <a href="/wiki/Arms_embargo" title="Arms embargo">UN arms embargo</a>, an agreement that pressurizes the Houthis towards a negotiated settlement with the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Yemen" title="Cabinet of Yemen">Yemeni government</a>. Saudi and US officials remarked that subsequent Iranian commitments towards de-escalating <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni conflict</a> were a "litmus test" for the survival of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a>-brokered reconciliation deal.<a href="#cite_note-Nissenbaum,_Said,_Falcon-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-521">[521]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arab_News-128">[128]</a> On 20 March 2023, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian President">Iranian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi" title="Ebrahim Raisi">Ebrahim Raisi</a> has "welcomed" an invitation from Saudi Arabia's <a href="/wiki/King_Salman" class="mw-redirect" title="King Salman">King Salman</a> to visit the kingdom, according to France24. Earlier Iran's top security official <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shamkhani" title="Ali Shamkhani">Ali Shamkhani</a> also held talks with Emirati President <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, which paved the way for more security in the region.<a href="#cite_note-522">[522]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Yemeni_crisis,_revolution,_and_civil_war_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Outline of the Yemeni crisis, revolution, and civil war (2011–present)">Outline of the Yemeni crisis, revolution, and civil war (2011–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Yemeni_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Yemeni crisis (2011–present)">Timeline of the Yemeni crisis (2011–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Turkey proxy conflict">Iran–Turkey proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style 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The new group suggested Saudis should be sleeping with one eye open from now on.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Will+Saudi+Arabia+become+a+new+drone+battleground%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Firan-sponsored-militia-in-iraq-threatens-saudi-arabia-with-drone-warfare%2Fa-56384109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+proxy+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifmat.org/08/09/iran-guards-renew-pledge-support-iraqi-shiite-militias/">"Iran's Guards Renew Pledge To Support Iraqi Shiite Militias"</a>. 9 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Guards+Renew+Pledge+To+Support+Iraqi+Shiite+Militias&rft.date=2021-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifmat.org%2F08%2F09%2Firan-guards-renew-pledge-support-iraqi-shiite-militias%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+proxy+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Friedman, George (19 March 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geopoliticalfutures.com/role-militias-irans-strategy-iraq/">The Role of Militias in Iran's Strategy for Iraq</a> Geopolitical Futures Retrieved on 12 August 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWess2018" class="citation news cs1">Wess, Caleb (23 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/02/bahraini-militant-group-adopts-irgc-branding.php">"Bahraini militant group adopts IRGC branding"</a>. <q>At the same time, Saraya al Ashtar reaffirmed its loyalty to the Islamic Republic of Iran. 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"The Safavis also institutionalised what was to be another central defining difference between Arabs and Persians, the predominance of Shi'ite Islam in Iran. This made formal the religious difference between Arabs and Persians that had been smouldering since the early years of Islam. In subsequent nationalist rhetoric the Iranians could be seen as shu'ûbiyyin, defectors from both Arabism and the orthodox faith, while in Khomeini's rhetoric Saddam was associated with Yazid, the Umayyad tyrant who killed Hussain at Karbala in 680AD" </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiglietta2002" class="citation book cs1">Miglietta, John P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DyWK9rIImB4C&pg=PA56">American Alliance Policy in the Middle East, 1945–1992: Iran, Israel, and Saudi Arabia</a>. 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Retrieved 17 August 2015. <q>North Korea's military support for Houthi rebels in Yemen is the latest manifestation of its support for anti-American forces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+Balancing+Act+in+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.date=2015-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fsamuel-ramani%2Fnorth-koreas-balancing-ac_b_7995688.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+proxy+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nknews.org/2019/09/the-september-14-drone-attack-on-saudi-oil-fields-north-koreas-potential-role/">"The September 14 drone attack on Saudi oil fields: North Korea's potential role | NK News"</a>. 30 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011033136/https://www.nknews.org/2019/09/the-september-14-drone-attack-on-saudi-oil-fields-north-koreas-potential-role/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2019. 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Can it play the same role in Qatar?"</a>. The Washington Post. 22 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181018004634/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/07/22/oman-is-a-mediator-in-yemen-can-it-play-the-same-role-in-qatar/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018. <q>Oman is a mediator in Yemen. Can it play the same role in Qatar?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Oman+is+a+mediator+in+Yemen.+Can+it+play+the+same+role+in+Qatar%3F&rft.date=2017-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2017%2F07%2F22%2Foman-is-a-mediator-in-yemen-can-it-play-the-same-role-in-qatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+proxy+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/oman-denies-arms-smuggled-through-border-houthis">"Oman denies arms smuggled through border to Houthis"</a>. Middle East Eye. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426151625/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/oman-denies-arms-smuggled-through-border-houthis">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Oman+denies+arms+smuggled+through+border+to+Houthis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Foman-denies-arms-smuggled-through-border-houthis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+proxy+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201112-yemens-houthi-led-govt-appoints-new-envoy-to-syria/">"Yemen's Houthi-led govt appoints new envoy to Syria"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 March 2021. <q>Yemen's Houthi-led National Salvation Government (NSG) has appointed a new ambassador to Syria, one of the countries alongside Iran which recognises the Sanaa-based government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Monitor&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Houthi-led+govt+appoints+new+envoy+to+Syria&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20201112-yemens-houthi-led-govt-appoints-new-envoy-to-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+proxy+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmood" class="citation news cs1">Mahmood, Ali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/aden-s-stc-says-qatar-is-giving-houthis-financial-support-1.753172">"Aden's STC says Qatar is giving Houthis financial support"</a>. 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Saudi24News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudi24news.com/2020/09/a-former-intelligence-officer-reveals-qatars-support-for-the-houthis-to-strike-saudi-arabia.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021. <q>The newspaper quoted the former intelligence officer, who introduced himself under a pseudonym "Jason J", as saying that Doha has been funding the Houthi militia over the past few years "directly" with the aim of attacking Saudi Arabia. The Austrian newspaper stated that the files of the former intelligence man contain accurate details of Qatar's funding over the years for the Lebanese Hezbollah militias and the Muslim Brotherhood, which reveals the seriousness of the role Qatar plays in the region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi24News&rft.atitle=A+former+intelligence+officer+reveals+Qatar%27s+support+for+the+Houthis+to+strike+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudi24news.com%2F2020%2F09%2Fa-former-intelligence-officer-reveals-qatars-support-for-the-houthis-to-strike-saudi-arabia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+proxy+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/15264/How-did-Qatar-back-the-Houthis-in-Yemen">How did Qatar back the Houthis in Yemen?</a> Egypt Today:The magazine of Egypt </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theportal-center.com/2018/06/yemeni-adviser-qatars-support-for-houthis-blatant/">"Yemeni adviser: Qatar's support for Houthis blatant"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3+%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81+%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82+%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB+%D8%B9%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shafaaq.com%2Far%2Far_newsreader%2F1c656724-0568-45f2-a0a9-0bda8506669d%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2587%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3-%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D8%25B4%25D9%2581-%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D9%2588%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582-%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AF%25D8%25AB-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+proxy+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baghdadtoday.news/news/92705/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-">"الحشد الشعبي يكشف حقيقة ارساله قوات خاصة للمشاركة في حرب اليمن"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809133736/https://baghdadtoday.news/news/92705/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020. 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Al-Arabiya. 16 March 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/03/16/Iran-to-halt-weapon-supplies-to-Houthis-as-part-of-deal-with-Saudi-Arabia-Report">the original</a> on 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Arabiya&rft.atitle=Iran+to+halt+weapon+supplies+to+Houthis+as+part+of+deal+with+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Report&rft.date=2023-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2023%2F03%2F16%2FIran-to-halt-weapon-supplies-to-Houthis-as-part-of-deal-with-Saudi-Arabia-Report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+proxy+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-522"><a href="#cite_ref-522">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20230319-iran-s-raisi-welcomes-invitation-to-visit-saudi-arabia-following-reconciliation-deal">"Iran's Raisi 'welcomes' invitation to visit Saudi Arabia following reconciliation deal</a> france24. Accessed 9 April 2023. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theowp.org/crisis_index/saudi-arabia-iran-proxy-war/">Saudi Arabia-Iran Proxy War</a> OWP The Organization for World Peace</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict318" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template talk:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict318" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assadist%E2%80%93Saddamist_conflict" title="Assadist–Saddamist conflict">Assadist–Saddamist conflict</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984" title="Action of June 5, 1984">Action of June 5, 1984</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">insurgency in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan civil war">First Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funding_of_the_Axis_of_Resistance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funding of the Axis of Resistance (page does not exist)">Funding of the Axis of Resistance</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scorched_Earth" title="Operation Scorched Earth">Operation Scorched Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blow_to_the_Head" title="Operation Blow to the Head">Operation Blow to the Head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabian_conflict" title="Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict">Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">Execution of Nimr al-Nimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932020_Qatif_unrest" title="2017–2020 Qatif unrest">2017–2020 Qatif unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Riyadh_missile_strike" title="2018 Riyadh missile strike">2018 Riyadh missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afif_attack" title="2019 Afif attack">2019 Afif attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abha_International_Airport_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Abha International Airport attacks">Abha International Airport attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" title="Abqaiq–Khurais attack">Abqaiq–Khurais attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iranian relations with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_International" title="Iran International">Iran International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Saudi_Arabia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia527" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Saudi_Arabia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia527" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia">Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Tehran" title="Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran">Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran">Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984" title="Action of June 5, 1984">Action of June 5, 1984</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">insurgency in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funding_of_the_Axis_of_Resistance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funding of the Axis of Resistance (page does not exist)">Funding of the Axis of Resistance</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scorched_Earth" title="Operation Scorched Earth">Operation Scorched Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blow_to_the_Head" title="Operation Blow to the Head">Operation Blow to the Head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi-led intervention in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabian_conflict" title="Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict">Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">Execution of Nimr al-Nimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932020_Qatif_unrest" title="2017–2020 Qatif unrest">2017–2020 Qatif unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Riyadh_missile_strike" title="2018 Riyadh missile strike">2018 Riyadh missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afif_attack" title="2019 Afif attack">2019 Afif attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abha_International_Airport_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Abha International Airport attacks">Abha International Airport attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" title="Abqaiq–Khurais attack">Abqaiq–Khurais attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Iranian relations with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_football_rivalry" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry">Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_International" title="Iran International">Iran International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Foreign_relations_of_Iran194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Template:Foreign relations of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Foreign_relations_of_Iran194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Algeria–Iran relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Iran relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Egypt–Iran relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–Iran relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Ghana–Iran relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Iran–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="Iran–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Iran–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Iran–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Iran–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Iran–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Iran–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Iran"><img alt="Emblem of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/135px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Argentina–Iran relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bolivia–Iran relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Brazil–Iran relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Canada–Iran relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Cuba–Iran relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Ecuador–Iran relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Iran–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">after 1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Iran–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Iran–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Afghanistan–Iran relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Armenia–Iran relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Iran relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bangladesh–Iran relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Georgia–Iran relations">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="History of Georgia–Iran relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="India–Iran relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Indonesia–Iran relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Iran–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Iran–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="Iran–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Iran–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="Iran–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Iran–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Iran–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Iran–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Iran–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Iran–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Iran–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Iran–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Iran–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Iran–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Iran–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Iran–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iran–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Iran–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Iran–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Iran–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Iran–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Albania–Iran relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Belarus–Iran relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Iran relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Croatia–Iran relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Czech Republic–Iran relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Denmark–Iran relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Finland–Iran relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="France–Iran relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Germany–Iran relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Greece–Iran relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Holy See–Iran relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Hungary–Iran relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Iran–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Iran–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Iran–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Iran–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Iran–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Iran–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Iran–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Iran–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Iran–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Iran–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Iran–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Iran–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Australia–Iran relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Iran–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–Iran relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Iran–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iran–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran#NATO" title="Foreign relations of Iran">NATO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Views on the nuclear program of Iran">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Sanctions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">U.S. sanctions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions of Iran">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Iran)#Trade_Promotion_Organization" title="Ministry of Commerce (Iran)">Trade Promotion Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors from Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Masoud_Pezeshkian_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Masoud Pezeshkian administration">Foreign policy of the Masoud Pezeshkian administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia224" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template:Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia224" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia">Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Algeria–Saudi Arabia relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Egypt–Saudi Arabia relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Kenya–Saudi Arabia relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Libya–Saudi Arabia relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Morocco–Saudi Arabia relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Nigeria–Saudi Arabia relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/75px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/113px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Brazil–Saudi Arabia relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Canada–Saudi Arabia relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Mexico–Saudi Arabia relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Peru–Saudi Arabia relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Afghanistan–Saudi Arabia relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Armenia–Saudi Arabia relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Saudi Arabia relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Bahrain–Saudi Arabia relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Bangladesh–Saudi Arabia relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="China–Saudi Arabia relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="India–Saudi Arabia relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Indonesia–Saudi Arabia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iraq–Saudi Arabia relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Israel–Saudi Arabia relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Japan–Saudi Arabia relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Jordan–Saudi Arabia relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Kuwait–Saudi Arabia relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Lebanon–Saudi Arabia relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Malaysia–Saudi Arabia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Maldives–Saudi Arabia relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Myanmar–Saudi Arabia relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Oman–Saudi Arabia relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Palestine–Saudi Arabia relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Philippines–Saudi Arabia relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Russia–Saudi Arabia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Austria–Saudi Arabia relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Saudi Arabia relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Croatia–Saudi Arabia relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Denmark–Saudi Arabia relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="France–Saudi Arabia relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Germany–Saudi Arabia relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Greece–Saudi Arabia relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Holy See–Saudi Arabia relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Italy–Saudi Arabia relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Kosovo–Saudi Arabia relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Norway–Saudi Arabia relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Poland–Saudi Arabia relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Romania–Saudi Arabia relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Russia–Saudi Arabia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Australia–Saudi Arabia relations">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia">Diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Saudi Arabia">in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran–Israel_proxy_conflict446" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Template:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Template talk:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran–Israel_proxy_conflict446" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Iran_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war" title="Israeli support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq war">Iran–Iraq war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_arrest_of_Iranian_Jews" title="1999 arrest of Iranian Jews">1999 arrest of Iranian Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2024_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2024 Iran–Israel conflict">2024 Iran–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="International reactions to the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_seizure_of_the_MSC_Aries" title="Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries">Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries</a></li> <li>Iranian strikes on Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">October 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israeli strikes on Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">October 2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_retaliation_leak" title="Israeli retaliation leak">intelligence leak</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Hezbollah–Israel conflict">Hezbollah–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflict" title="Israeli–Lebanese conflict">Israeli–Lebanese conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_kidnapping_of_Iranian_diplomats" title="1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats">1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abbas_al-Musawi" title="Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi">Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Buenos_Aires_Israeli_embassy_bombing" title="1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing">1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000%E2%80%932006_Shebaa_Farms_conflict" title="2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict">2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Imad_Mughniyeh" title="Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh">Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_prisoner_exchange" title="2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange">2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Hezbollah_plot_in_Egypt" title="2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt">2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francop_Affair" title="Francop Affair">Francop Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Shebaa_Farms_incident" title="January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident">January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Shield" title="Operation Northern Shield">Operation Northern Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Beirut_drone_crash" title="2019 Beirut drone crash">2019 Beirut drone crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_shellings" title="2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings">2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%932024)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–2024)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–2024)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Fuad_Shukr" title="Killing of Fuad Shukr">Killing of Fuad Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Lebanon_electronic_device_attacks" title="2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks">2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_September_2024_Beirut_attack" title="20 September 2024 Beirut attack">20 September 2024 Beirut attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Israeli_attacks_against_Lebanon" title="September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon">September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Hezbollah_headquarters_strike" title="2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike">2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hashem_Safieddine" title="Assassination of Hashem Safieddine">Assassination of Hashem Safieddine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_ceasefire_agreement" title="2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement">2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_projectile_attacks_from_Lebanon_on_Israel_and_the_Golan_Heights" title="List of projectile attacks from Lebanon on Israel and the Golan Heights">Projectile attacks from Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karine_A_affair" title="Karine A affair">Karine A affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Affair" title="Victoria Affair">Victoria Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klos_C_cargo_ship_seizure" title="Klos C cargo ship seizure">Klos C cargo ship seizure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a> (2023-) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh">Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrike" title="January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike">January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" title="May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" title="December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mazraat_Amal_incident" title="January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident">January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">Operation House of Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">September 2018 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">August 2019 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">November 2019 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">January 2021 Syria airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">2023 Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Outside_the_Box" title="Operation Outside the Box">Operation Outside the Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Sudan_airstrikes" title="2009 Sudan airstrikes">2009 Sudan airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_attacks_on_Israeli_diplomats" title="2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats">2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Bangkok_bombings" title="2012 Bangkok bombings">2012 Bangkok bombings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Cyprus_terrorist_plot" title="2012 Cyprus terrorist plot">2012 Cyprus terrorist plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">2012 Burgas bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Military_Industrial_Complex" title="Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex">Yarmouk munitions factory explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Israeli_airstrikes_in_Iraq" title="2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq">2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Istanbul_terror_plot" title="2022 Istanbul terror plot">2022 Istanbul terror plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_missile_strikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria">2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_2024_Israeli_attack_on_Yemen" title="20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen">20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Iranian_nuclear_scientists" title="Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists">Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_Hosseinpour" title="Ardeshir Hosseinpour">Ardeshir Hosseinpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Ali-Mohammadi" title="Massoud Ali-Mohammadi">Massoud Ali-Mohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Shahriari" title="Majid Shahriari">Majid Shahriari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Abbasi" title="Fereydoon Abbasi">Fereydoon Abbasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Ahmadi_Roshan" title="Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan">Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Fakhrizadeh" title="Mohsen Fakhrizadeh">Mohsen Fakhrizadeh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMAD_Project" title="AMAD Project">AMAD Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mossad_infiltration_of_Iranian_nuclear_archive" title="Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive">Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid_Kaneh_explosion" title="Bid Kaneh explosion">Bid Kaneh explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Iran_drone_attacks" title="2023 Iran drone attacks">2023 Iran drone attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Hamas_relations" title="Russia–Hamas relations">Russia–Hamas relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Reza_Djalali" title="Ahmad Reza Djalali">Ahmad Reza Djalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Satan" title="Little Satan">Little Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Israel" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_military_action_against_Iran" title="Views on military action against Iran">Views on military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_support_for_Hamas" title="Iranian support for Hamas">Iranian support for Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quds_Day" title="Quds Day">Quds Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_X2" title="Prisoner X2">Prisoner X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_(TV_series)" title="Tehran (TV series)">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States545" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States545" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Iran,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to the United States">Ambassadors of Iran to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">Embassy of the United States, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Iran">Ambassadors of the United States to Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interests_Section_of_Iran_in_the_United_States" title="Interests Section of Iran in the United States">Interests Section of Iran in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_the_United_States,_Tabriz" title="Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz">Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_Claims_Tribunal" title="Iran–United States Claims Tribunal">Iran–United States Claims Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Directorate" title="Iranian Directorate">Iranian Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Syria_Policy_and_Operations_Group" title="Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group">Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Command" title="Persian Gulf Command">Persian Gulf Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Abadan_Crisis" title="Timeline of the Abadan Crisis">Abadan Crisis Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity,_Economic_Relations_and_Consular_Rights" title="Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights">Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Delawar" title="Exercise Delawar">Exercise Delawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Dark_Gene" title="Project Dark Gene">Project Dark Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Stability_(speech)" title="Island of Stability (speech)">Island of Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad%27s_letter_to_George_W._Bush" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_between_Barack_Obama_and_Ali_Khamenei" title="Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei">Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_conversation_between_Barack_Obama_and_Hassan_Rouhani" title="Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani">Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Plan of Action">Joint Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Reactions to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Criticism of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Aftermath of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">U.S. withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">United States support for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeton_incident" title="Bridgeton incident">Bridgeton incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Ajr" title="Iran Ajr">Iran Ajr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Staunch" title="Operation Staunch">Operation Staunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eager_Glacier" title="Operation Eager Glacier">Operation Eager Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will" title="Operation Earnest Will">Operation Earnest Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prime_Chance" title="Operation Prime Chance">Operation Prime Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nimble_Archer" title="Operation Nimble Archer">Operation Nimble Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis" title="Operation Praying Mantis">Operation Praying Mantis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">February 2019 Warsaw Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Assassination of Qasem Soleimani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Reactions to the assassination of Qasem Soleimani">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_revenge_scenarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen revenge scenarios">Thirteen revenge scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_threat_for_the_destruction_of_Iranian_cultural_sites" title="Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites">Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani" title="Operation Martyr Soleimani">Operation Martyr Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Camp_Taji_attacks" title="2020 Camp Taji attacks">2020 Camp Taji attacks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">Incidents after 1979</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Paul_R._Shaffer_and_John_H._Turner" title="Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner">Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iranian_hostage_crisis" title="Timeline of the Iranian hostage crisis">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Conference" title="Guadeloupe Conference">Guadeloupe Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Credible_Sport" title="Operation Credible Sport">Operation Credible Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_October_Surprise_theory" title="1980 October Surprise theory">1980 October Surprise theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations" title="Iran hostage crisis negotiations">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_can%27t_do_a_damn_thing_against_us" title="America can't do a damn thing against us">America can't do a damn thing against us</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">Beirut barracks bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Franklin_espionage_scandal" title="Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal">Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Robert_Levinson" title="Disappearance of Robert Levinson">Disappearance of Robert Levinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_kill_or_capture_strategy_in_Iraq" title="United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq">United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_raid_on_the_Iranian_Liaison_Office_in_Erbil" title="United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil">United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Jalal_Sharafi" title="Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi">Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Iran%E2%80%93United_States_naval_dispute" title="2008 Iran–United States naval dispute">2008 Naval dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Monkey" title="Filipino Monkey">Filipino Monkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cassandra" title="Project Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932011_detention_of_American_hikers_by_Iran" title="2009–2011 detention of American hikers by Iran">Detention of American hikers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(Iran)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Iran)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Strait_of_Hormuz_dispute" title="2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute">Strait of Hormuz dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93U.S._RQ-170_incident" title="Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident">RQ-170 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Maersk_Tigris" title="MV Maersk Tigris">MV Maersk Tigris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2016 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2016 Naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Timeline of the nuclear program of Iran">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Merlin" title="Operation Merlin">Operation Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charming_Kitten" title="Charming Kitten">Charming Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Hossein_Alikhani" title="Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani">Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Arrest of Meng Wanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Iranian_students_at_US_airports" title="Deportation of Iranian students at US airports">Deportation of Iranian students at US airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Iranian_shoot-down_of_American_drone" title="2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone">2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_K-1_Air_Base_attack" title="2019 K-1 Air Base attack">2019 K-1 Air Base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad" title="Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad">Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Erbil_rocket_attacks" title="2021 Erbil rocket attacks">2021 Erbil rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaked_Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_audiotape" title="Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape">Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">2023 Northeastern Syria clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Rajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Rajan">Seizure of Suez Rajan and St Nikolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_US_bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Erbil attack">2024 Erbil attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_22_drone_attack" title="Tower 22 drone attack">Tower 22 drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections">Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">United States sanctions against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_pressure_campaign" title="Maximum pressure campaign">Maximum pressure campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" title="Executive Order 12170">Executive Order 12170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12172" title="Executive Order 12172">Executive Order 12172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769" title="Reactions to Executive Order 13769">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">Trump travel ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13876" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order 13876">Executive Order 13876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act" title="Iran and Libya Sanctions Act">Iran and Libya Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nonproliferation_Act_of_2000" title="Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000">Iran Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran,_North_Korea,_Syria_Nonproliferation_Act" title="Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act">Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Support_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Support Act">Iran Freedom and Support Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Sanctions_Enhancement_Act_of_2007" title="Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act of 2007">Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyl%E2%80%93Lieberman_Amendment" title="Kyl–Lieberman Amendment">Kyl–Lieberman Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010">Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Counter-Proliferation_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act">Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_113-100" title="Public Law 113-100">Public Law 113-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nuclear_Agreement_Review_Act_of_2015" title="Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015">Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dames_%26_Moore_v._Regan" title="Dames & Moore v. Regan">Dames & Moore v. Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Diplomatic_and_Consular_Staff_in_Tehran" title="United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran">United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Platforms_case" title="Oil Platforms case">Oil Platforms case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Banki" title="United States v. Banki">United States v. Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson" title="Bank Markazi v. Peterson">Bank Markazi v. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certain_Iranian_Assets" title="Certain Iranian Assets">Certain Iranian Assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_v._Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran">Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Violations_of_the_1955_Treaty_of_Amity_(Iran_v._United_States)" title="Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. United States)">Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Groups and individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Action_Group" title="Iran Action Group">Iran Action Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93America_Society" title="Iran–America Society">Iran–America Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_Association_in_the_United_States" title="Iranian Students Association in the United States">Iranian Students Association in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_American_Council" title="National Iranian American Council">National Iranian American Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_American_Communities" title="Organization of Iranian American Communities">Organization of Iranian American Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Against_Nuclear_Iran" title="United Against Nuclear Iran">United Against Nuclear Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farashgard" title="Farashgard">Farashgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jundallah_(Iran)" title="Jundallah (Iran)">Jundallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Assembly_of_Iran" title="Kingdom Assembly of Iran">Kingdom Assembly of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Iran">National Council of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Resistance_of_Iran" title="National Council of Resistance of Iran">National Council of Resistance of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveh_L._Afrasiabi" title="Kaveh L. Afrasiabi">Kaveh L. Afrasiabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baskerville" title="Howard Baskerville">Howard Baskerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Fallon" title="William J. Fallon">William J. Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hook" title="Brian Hook">Brian Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Macmanus" title="Joseph Macmanus">Joseph Macmanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Malley" title="Robert Malley">Robert Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Mull" title="Stephen D. Mull">Stephen D. Mull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_David_Rabhan" title="Erwin David Rabhan">Erwin David Rabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Rezaian" title="Jason Rezaian">Jason Rezaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Wadsworth" title="Craig Wadsworth">Craig Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._White_(U.S._veteran)" title="Michael R. White (U.S. veteran)">Michael R. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxana_Saberi" title="Roxana Saberi">Roxana Saberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Abedini" title="Saeed Abedini">Saeed Abedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeid_Aboutaleb" title="Saeid Aboutaleb">Saeid Aboutaleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahram_Amiri" title="Shahram Amiri">Shahram Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirous_Asgari" title="Sirous Asgari">Sirous Asgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Reza_Banki" title="Mahmoud Reza Banki">Mahmoud Reza Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleh_Esfandiari" title="Haleh Esfandiari">Haleh Esfandiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Mirza_Hekmati" title="Amir Mirza Hekmati">Amir Mirza Hekmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezedin_Abdel_Aziz_Khalil" title="Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil">Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrzad_Mirgholikhan" title="Shahrzad Mirgholikhan">Shahrzad Mirgholikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hosseini_(showman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hosseini (showman)">Mohammad Hosseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esha_Momeni" title="Esha Momeni">Esha Momeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquer_Namazi" title="Baquer Namazi">Baquer Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak_Namazi" title="Siamak Namazi">Siamak Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahar_Nowrouzzadeh" title="Sahar Nowrouzzadeh">Sahar Nowrouzzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Pahlavi,_Crown_Prince_of_Iran" title="Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran">Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Noor Pahlavi">Noor Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trita_Parsi" title="Trita Parsi">Trita Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Rajavi" title="Maryam Rajavi">Maryam Rajavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolreza_Shahlaei" title="Abdolreza Shahlaei">Abdolreza Shahlaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shakeri" title="Ali Shakeri">Ali Shakeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Soleimani" title="Masoud Soleimani">Masoud Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morad_Tahbaz" title="Morad Tahbaz">Morad Tahbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kian_Tajbakhsh" title="Kian Tajbakhsh">Kian Tajbakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Vafadari" title="Karan Vafadari">Karan Vafadari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiyue_Wang" title="Xiyue Wang">Xiyue Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_Zakka" title="Nizar Zakka">Nizar Zakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Iranian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Muhammed" title="Abdul Majid Muhammed">Abdul Majid Muhammed</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v_Iran_(1998_FIFA_World_Cup)" title="United States v Iran (1998 FIFA World Cup)">1998 FIFA World Cup match</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_relations_between_Iran_and_the_United_States" title="Academic relations between Iran and the United States">Academic relations between Iran and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Islam_(term)" title="American Islam (term)">American Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Iran" title="Anti-American sentiment in Iran">Anti-American sentiment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iran" title="CIA activities in Iran">CIA activities in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_copyright_relations" title="Iran–United States copyright relations">Copyright relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_containment" title="Dual containment">Dual containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satan" title="Great Satan">Great Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Hollywoodism" title="International Conference on Hollywoodism">International Conference on Hollywoodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_frozen_assets" title="Iranian frozen assets">Iranian frozen assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsor of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/650_Fifth_Avenue" title="650 Fifth Avenue">650 Fifth Avenue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Foundation" title="Alavi Foundation">Alavi Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alborz_High_School" title="Alborz High School">Alborz High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Iranian_Studies" title="American Institute of Iranian Studies">American Institute of Iranian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Isfahan" title="American School of Isfahan">American School of Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_School,_Tehran" title="Community School, Tehran">Community School, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damavand_College" title="Damavand College">Damavand College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Bethel_School" title="Iran Bethel School">Iran Bethel School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranzamin_School" title="Iranzamin School">Iranzamin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Church,_Tehran" title="Saint Peter Church, Tehran">Saint Peter Church, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_American_School" title="Tehran American School">Tehran American School</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bomb_Iran" title="Bomb Iran">Bomb Iran</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_(book)" title="Overthrow (book)">Overthrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_the_Faint_of_Heart" title="Not for the Faint of Heart">Not for the Faint of Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Iran–United States relations">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Israel&#124;link=Israel_Israel–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States501" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Israel–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Israel–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Israel–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Israel&#124;link=Israel_Israel–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States501" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">Israel–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Israel,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Israel, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Israel, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Israel_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Israel to the United States">Ambassadors of Israel to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Jerusalem" title="Embassy of the United States, Jerusalem">Embassy of the United States, Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Israel" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Israel">Ambassadors of the United States to Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Israel_to_the_Pacific_Northwest_Region" title="Consulate General of Israel to the Pacific Northwest Region">Consulate General of Israel to the Pacific Northwest Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consuls_general_of_Israel_to_the_United_States" title="List of consuls general of Israel to the United States">Consuls general of Israel to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Branch_Office_of_the_Embassy_of_the_United_States" title="Tel Aviv Branch Office of the Embassy of the United States">Tel Aviv Branch Office of the Embassy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Jerusalem" title="Consulate General of the United States, Jerusalem">Consulate General of the United States, Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Plan" title="Rogers Plan">Rogers Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_autonomy_talks" title="Palestinian autonomy talks">Palestinian autonomy talks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Cooperation_Agreement" title="Strategic Cooperation Agreement">Strategic Cooperation Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17_Agreement" title="May 17 Agreement">May 17 Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement">Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_I_Accord" title="Oslo I Accord">Oslo I Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord" title="Oslo II Accord">Oslo II Accord</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye River Memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">2000 Camp David Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clinton_Parameters" title="The Clinton Parameters">The Clinton Parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taba_Summit" title="Taba Summit">Taba Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negroponte_doctrine" title="Negroponte doctrine">Negroponte doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_map_for_peace" title="Road map for peace">Road map for peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Israel_Joint_Economic_Development_Group" title="U.S.–Israel Joint Economic Development Group">U.S.–Israel Joint Economic Development Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Conference" title="Annapolis Conference">Annapolis Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_Parameters" title="John Kerry Parameters">John Kerry Parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel">United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel">United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">February 2019 Warsaw Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_peace_plan" title="Trump peace plan">Trump peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement">Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement" title="Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement">Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Sudan normalization agreement">Israel–Sudan normalization agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Morocco normalization agreement">Israel–Morocco normalization agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_Serbia_economic_normalization_agreements" title="Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements">Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Abrahamic_Alliance" title="Indo-Abrahamic Alliance">Indo-Abrahamic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2U2_Group" title="I2U2 Group">I2U2 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev_Summit" title="Negev Summit">Negev Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_maritime_border_dispute" title="Israeli–Lebanese maritime border dispute">Israeli–Lebanese maritime border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_ceasefire_agreement" title="2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement">2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Parsons" title="Jack Parsons">Jack Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apollo_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="The Apollo Affair">The Apollo Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident" title="USS Liberty incident">USS Liberty incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lod_Airport_massacre" title="Lod Airport massacre">Lod Airport massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_Esmail_trial" title="Sami Esmail trial">Sami Esmail trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekem" title="Lekem">Lekem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Pollard" title="Jonathan Pollard">Jonathan Pollard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Corrie" title="Rachel Corrie">Rachel Corrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Tashkent_suicide_bombings" title="2004 Tashkent suicide bombings">2004 Tashkent suicide bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_J._Rosen" title="Steve J. Rosen">Steve J. Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Franklin_espionage_scandal" title="Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal">Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Ami_Kadish" title="Ben-Ami Kadish">Ben-Ami Kadish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Nozette" title="Stewart Nozette">Stewart Nozette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Freedom_Flotilla" title="Gaza Freedom Flotilla">Gaza Freedom Flotilla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_journey_of_MV_Rachel_Corrie" title="Gaza journey of MV Rachel Corrie">Gaza journey of MV Rachel Corrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furkan_Do%C4%9Fan" title="Furkan Doğan">Furkan Doğan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(Israel)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Israel)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivotofsky_v._Clinton" title="Zivotofsky v. Clinton">Zivotofsky v. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivotofsky_v._Kerry" title="Zivotofsky v. Kerry">Zivotofsky v. Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_disclosures_of_classified_information" title="Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information">Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_of_Aaron_Bushnell" title="Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell">Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Central_Kitchen_drone_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="World Central Kitchen drone strikes">World Central Kitchen drone strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ay%C5%9Fenur_Eygi" title="Killing of Ayşenur Eygi">Killing of Ayşenur Eygi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_retaliation_leak" title="Israeli retaliation leak">Israeli retaliation leak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">Military relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Imad_Mughniyeh" title="Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh">Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_US%E2%80%93Israel_military_exercise" title="2012 US–Israel military exercise">2012 US–Israel military exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Have_Doughnut" title="Have Doughnut">Have Doughnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAVE_DRILL" class="mw-redirect" title="HAVE DRILL">HAVE DRILL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Political_Military_Group" title="Joint Political Military Group">Joint Political Military Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II_Israeli_procurement" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Israeli procurement">Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Israeli procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">Major non-NATO ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Joshua" title="Operation Joshua">Operation Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Moses" title="Operation Moses">Operation Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nickel_Grass" title="Operation Nickel Grass">Operation Nickel Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tipped_Kettle" title="Operation Tipped Kettle">Operation Tipped Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_High_Altitude_Area_Defense" title="Terminal High Altitude Area Defense">Terminal High Altitude Area Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Israel_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war">United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_exchange_of_Israeli_hostages_for_Palestinian_prisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners">2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodge%E2%80%93Fish_Resolution" title="Lodge–Fish Resolution">Lodge–Fish Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Embassy_Act" title="Jerusalem Embassy Act">Jerusalem Embassy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyl%E2%80%93Bingaman_Amendment" title="Kyl–Bingaman Amendment">Kyl–Bingaman Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Israel_Strategic_Partnership_Act_of_2014" title="United States–Israel Strategic Partnership Act of 2014">United States–Israel Strategic Partnership Act of 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Anti-Boycott_Act" title="Israel Anti-Boycott Act">Israel Anti-Boycott Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combating_BDS_Act" title="Combating BDS Act">Combating BDS Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palestine–United States relations">Palestine–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Israel lobby in the United States">Israel lobby in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Israel_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Israel lobby in the United States">Anti-Israel lobby in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_in_the_United_States_to_the_Israeli_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition in the United States to the Israeli occupation">Opposition in the United States to the Israeli occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_1948_visit_to_Palestine" title="Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine">Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America-Israel_Cultural_Foundation" title="America-Israel Cultural Foundation">America-Israel Cultural Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%E2%80%93Israel_Friendship_League" title="America–Israel Friendship League">America–Israel Friendship League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Healthcare_Professionals_and_Friends_for_Medicine_in_Israel" title="American Healthcare Professionals and Friends for Medicine in Israel">American Healthcare Professionals and Friends for Medicine in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Palestine_Public_Affairs_Forum" title="American Palestine Public Affairs Forum">American Palestine Public Affairs Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Israel_Public_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="American Israel Public Affairs Committee">American Israel Public Affairs Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Task_Force_on_Palestine" title="American Task Force on Palestine">American Task Force on Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueStar_PR" title="BlueStar PR">BlueStar PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIRD_Foundation" title="BIRD Foundation">BIRD Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Golda_Meir" title="Bust of Golda Meir">Bust of Golda Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Middle_East_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Middle East Policy">Center for Middle East Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians_United_for_Israel" title="Christians United for Israel">Christians United for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Accuracy_in_Middle_East_Reporting_in_America" title="Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America">Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Justice_and_Peace_in_the_Holy_Land" title="Committee for Justice and Peace in the Holy Land">Committee for Justice and Peace in the Holy Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_of_Major_American_Jewish_Organizations" title="Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations">Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Council_on_Jerusalem" title="Coordinating Council on Jerusalem">Coordinating Council on Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Community_for_Peace" title="Creative Community for Peace">Creative Community for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_National_Interest" title="Council for the National Interest">Council for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_David_Project" title="The David Project">The David Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Majority_for_Israel" title="Democratic Majority for Israel">Democratic Majority for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Committee_for_Israel" title="Emergency Committee for Israel">Emergency Committee for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibur" title="Hibur">Hibur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_Americans_Knew" title="If Americans Knew">If Americans Knew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Strategic_and_Political_Studies" title="Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies">Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Middle_East_Understanding" title="Institute for Middle East Understanding">Institute for Middle East Understanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli-American_Council" title="Israeli-American Council">Israeli-American Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_on_Campus_Coalition" title="Israel on Campus Coalition">Israel on Campus Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Policy_Forum" title="Israel Policy Forum">Israel Policy Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Project">Israel Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_Street" title="J Street">J Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Council_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jewish Council for Public Affairs">Jewish Council for Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Institute_for_National_Security_of_America" title="Jewish Institute for National Security of America">Jewish Institute for National Security of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Action_Committee_for_Political_Affairs" title="Joint Action Committee for Political Affairs">Joint Action Committee for Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_D._Brandeis_Center_for_Human_Rights_Under_Law" title="Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law">Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Watch_International" title="Media Watch International">Media Watch International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milstein_Family_Foundation" title="Milstein Family Foundation">Milstein Family Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORPAC" title="NORPAC">NORPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Interchange" title="Project Interchange">Project Interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queers_Undermining_Israeli_Terrorism" title="Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism">Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StandWithUs" title="StandWithUs">StandWithUs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_%E2%80%93_Israel_Binational_Science_Foundation" title="United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation">United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Zionist Organization of America">Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley">Paul Findley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_American_International_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem American International School">Jerusalem American International School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walworth_Barbour_American_International_School" title="Walworth Barbour American International School">Walworth Barbour American International School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_Living_Memorial_Plaza" title="9/11 Living Memorial Plaza">9/11 Living Memorial Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Armageddon_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="The Armageddon Network">The Armageddon Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/They_Dare_to_Speak_Out" title="They Dare to Speak Out">They Dare to Speak Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Clean_Break:_A_New_Strategy_for_Securing_the_Realm" title="A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm">A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Israel_Lobby_and_U.S._Foreign_Policy" title="The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy">The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Occupation_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Occupation of the American Mind">The Occupation of the American Mind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Israel–United States relations">Category:Israel–United States relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_Korea&#124;link=North_Korea_North_Korea–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States471" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:North Korea–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:North Korea–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Korea–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_Korea&#124;link=North_Korea_North_Korea–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States471" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">North Korea–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Korean_Legation_Museum" title="Old Korean Legation Museum">Old Korean Legation Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Special_Representatives_for_North_Korea" title="List of United States Special Representatives for North Korea">United States Special Representatives for North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Seoul" title="Embassy of the United States, Seoul">Embassy of the United States, Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_South_Korea" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to South Korea">Ambassadors of the United States to South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Sweden,_Pyongyang" title="Embassy of Sweden, Pyongyang">Embassy of Sweden, Pyongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_North_Korea_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Mission of North Korea to the United Nations">Permanent Mission of North Korea to the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs" title="Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs">Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agreed_Framework" title="Agreed Framework">Agreed Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-party_talks" title="Six-party talks">Six-party talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Korean_peace_process" title="2018–19 Korean peace process">2018–19 Korean peace process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">Singapore Summit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="International reactions to the 2018 North Korea–United States summit">Reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit" title="2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit">Hanoi Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit" title="2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit">DMZ Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Treaty_on_Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Treaty on Korean Peninsula">Peace Treaty on Korean Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_of_US_human_remains_from_the_Korean_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Recovery of US human remains from the Korean War">Recovery of US human remains from the Korean War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_303_massacre" title="Hill 303 massacre">Hill 303 massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinchon_Massacre" title="Sinchon Massacre">Sinchon Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Combat_Fox" title="Operation Combat Fox">Operation Combat Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Formation_Star" title="Operation Formation Star">Operation Formation Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_biological_warfare_in_the_Korean_War" title="Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War">Allegations of biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_North_Korea" title="CIA activities in North Korea">CIA activities in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Spirit" title="Team Spirit">Team Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foal_Eagle" title="Foal Eagle">Foal Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weasel" title="Operation Weasel">Operation Weasel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Thunder" title="Max Thunder">Max Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulchi-Freedom_Guardian" title="Ulchi-Freedom Guardian">Ulchi-Freedom Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea" title="Nuclear power in North Korea">Nuclear power in North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula_Energy_Development_Organization" title="Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization">Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain%E2%80%93Medic_massacre" title="Chaplain–Medic massacre">Chaplain–Medic massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Gulch_massacre" title="Bloody Gulch massacre">Bloody Gulch massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Jenkins" title="Charles Robert Jenkins">Charles Robert Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo (AGER-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_EC-121_shootdown_incident" title="1969 EC-121 shootdown incident">1969 EC-121 shootdown incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lod_Airport_massacre" title="Lod Airport massacre">Lod Airport massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_axe_murder_incident" title="Korean axe murder incident">Korean axe murder incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Hunziker" title="Evan Hunziker">Evan Hunziker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis of Evil">Axis of Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_David_Louis_Sneddon" title="Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon">Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Asia_Financial_Group" title="Delta Asia Financial Group">Delta Asia Financial Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident">Dai Hong Dan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_imprisonment_of_American_journalists_by_North_Korea" title="2009 imprisonment of American journalists by North Korea">2009 imprisonment of American journalists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euna_Lee" title="Euna Lee">Euna Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ling" title="Laura Ling">Laura Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Park" title="Han Park">Han Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aijalon_Gomes" title="Aijalon Gomes">Aijalon Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Bae" title="Kenneth Bae">Kenneth Bae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Rodman" title="Dennis Rodman">Dennis Rodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Newman" title="Merrill Newman">Merrill Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Todd_Miller" title="Matthew Todd Miller">Matthew Todd Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Edward_Fowle" title="Jeffrey Edward Fowle">Jeffrey Edward Fowle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Interview" title="The Interview">The Interview</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_hack" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Pictures hack">Sony Pictures hack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Warmbier" title="Otto Warmbier">Otto Warmbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_Embassy_in_Madrid_incident" title="North Korean Embassy in Madrid incident">North Korean Embassy in Madrid incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_King" title="Travis King">Travis King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_nationals_detained_in_North_Korea" title="List of foreign nationals detained in North Korea">Foreign nationals detained in North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against North Korea">Sanctions against North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran,_North_Korea,_Syria_Nonproliferation_Act" title="Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act">Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_Human_Rights_Act_of_2004" title="North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004">North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_Sanctions_Enforcement_Act_of_2013" title="North Korea Sanctions Enforcement Act of 2013">North Korea Sanctions Enforcement Act of 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">Trump travel ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Korea–United States relations">South Korea–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_New_York_Philharmonic_visit_to_North_Korea" title="2008 New York Philharmonic visit to North Korea">2008 New York Philharmonic visit to North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38_North" title="38 North">38 North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-American sentiment in Korea">Anti-American sentiment in Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_American_National_Coordinating_Council" title="Korean American National Coordinating Council">Korean American National Coordinating Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinchon_Museum_of_American_War_Atrocities" title="Sinchon Museum of American War Atrocities">Sinchon Museum of American War Atrocities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdollar" title="Superdollar">Superdollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put_It_Down_(South_Park)" title="Put It Down (South Park)">Put It Down</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:North Korea–United States relations">Category:North Korea–United States relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Saudi_Arabia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States456" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Saudi Arabia–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Saudi Arabia–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi Arabia–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Saudi_Arabia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States456" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi Arabia–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Riyadh" title="Embassy of the United States, Riyadh">Embassy of the United States, Riyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States">Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Saudi Arabia">Ambassadors of the United States to Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_House_(U.S._Ambassador_residence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quincy House (U.S. Ambassador residence)">Quincy House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hajji_Baba" title="Operation Hajji Baba">Operation Hajji Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Training_Mission" title="United States Military Training Mission">United States Military Training Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Program_Manager,_Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard_Modernization_Program" title="Office of the Program Manager, Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program">Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._support_for_Saudi-led_operations_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. support for Saudi-led operations in Yemen">U.S. support for Saudi-led operations in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_States%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal" title="2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal">2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit" title="2017 Riyadh summit">2017 Riyadh summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jeddah_(2023)" title="Treaty of Jeddah (2023)">Treaty of Jeddah (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Saudi_Embassy_in_Khartoum" title="Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum">1973 attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_AWACS_Sale" title="US–Saudi Arabia AWACS Sale">US–Saudi Arabia AWACS Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_v._Nelson" title="Saudi Arabia v. Nelson">Saudi Arabia v. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Saudi_role_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Alleged Saudi role in the September 11 attacks">Alleged Saudi role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_re_Terrorist_Attacks_on_September_11,_2001" title="In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001">In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Against_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_Act" title="Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act">Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saudi_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Saudi detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Saudi Guantanamo Bay detainees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homaidan_Al-Turki" title="Homaidan Al-Turki">Homaidan Al-Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Saudi Arabia)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos_phone_hacking_incident" title="Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident">Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi">Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola_shooting" title="Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting">Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_gimmick" title="Golden gimmick">Golden gimmick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roush" title="Patricia Roush">Patricia Roush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States">Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_American_Public_Relation_Affairs_Committee" title="Saudi American Public Relation Affairs Committee">Saudi American Public Relation Affairs Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="WWE in Saudi Arabia">WWE in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sultan_Air_Base" title="Prince Sultan Air Base">Prince Sultan Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_Air_Base" title="King Abdulaziz Air Base">King Abdulaziz Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Khalid_Military_City" title="King Khalid Military City">King Khalid Military City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Khalid_Military_College" title="King Khalid Military College">King Khalid Military College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_International_School_of_Jeddah" title="American International School of Jeddah">American International School of Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_International_School_%E2%80%93_Riyadh" title="American International School – Riyadh">American International School – Riyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhahran_School" title="Dhahran School">Dhahran School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISG_Dammam" class="mw-redirect" title="ISG Dammam">ISG Dammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Saudi_Academy" title="Islamic Saudi Academy">Islamic Saudi Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Academy" title="King Abdullah Academy">King Abdullah Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bush,_House_of_Saud" title="House of Bush, House of Saud">House of Bush, House of Saud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Category:Saudi Arabia–United States relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syria–United_States_relations225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Syria–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Syria–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syria–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syria–United_States_relations225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Syria–United States relations">Syria–United States relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Syria,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Syria, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Syria, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Syria_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Syria to the United States">Ambassadors of Syria to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Syria" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Syria">Ambassadors of the United States to Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Imad_Mughniyeh" title="Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh">Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">February 2021 airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">June 2021 airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">2023 Northeastern Syria clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_US_bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Syria">Sanctions against Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran,_North_Korea,_Syria_Nonproliferation_Act" title="Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act">Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">Trump travel ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Syria" title="CIA activities in Syria">CIA activities in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Syria–United States relations">Category:Syria–United States relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gulf_Cooperation_Council195" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Template:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Template talk:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gulf_Cooperation_Council195" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf"><img alt="Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="216" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Gas_Project" title="Dolphin Gas Project">Dolphin Gas Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Patent_Office" title="GCC Patent Office">GCC Patent Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Standardization_Organization" title="GCC Standardization Organization">GCC Standardization Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_and_Arabian_Peninsula_Unity_Forum" title="Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum">Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Conformity_mark" title="Gulf Conformity mark">Gulf Conformity mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Organization_for_Industrial_Consulting" title="Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting">Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Railway" title="Gulf Railway">Gulf Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleeji_(currency)" title="Khaleeji (currency)">Khaleeji currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bilateral_free-trade_agreements#Gulf_Cooperation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bilateral free-trade agreements">Bilateral free-trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region" title="Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region">Migrant workers in the GCC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_homosexuality_test" title="GCC homosexuality test">homosexuality test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workforce_nationalization" title="Workforce nationalization">Workforce nationalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geopolitical history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force" title="Peninsula Shield Force">Peninsula Shield Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_North_Thunder" title="Exercise North Thunder">Exercise North Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_meetings_on_Syria_(2025)" title="Riyadh meetings on Syria (2025)">Riyadh meetings on Syria (2025)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="Arabian Gulf Cup">Arabian Gulf Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Futsal_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup">Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_rugby_union_team" title="Arabian Gulf rugby union team">Arabian Gulf rugby union team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGCFF_Gulf_Club_Champions_League" title="AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League">AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Games" title="GCC Games">GCC Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_GCC_Games" title="2011 GCC Games">2011 Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Athletics_Championships" title="Gulf Cooperation Council Athletics Championships">GCC Athletics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Ice_Hockey_Championship" title="Gulf Ice Hockey Championship">Gulf Ice Hockey Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-17_Championship" title="GCC U-17 Championship">GCC U-17 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-19_Championship" title="GCC U-19 Championship">GCC U-19 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-23_Championship" title="GCC U-23 Championship">GCC U-23 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Volleyball_Club_Championship" title="GCC Volleyball Club Championship">GCC Volleyball Club Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Youth_Athletics_Championships" title="Gulf Cooperation Council Youth Athletics Championships">GCC Youth Athletics Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Category:Gulf Cooperation Council">Category:Gulf Cooperation Council</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Asia169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Asia169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Asia" title="List of conflicts in Asia">conflicts in Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict (1947–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab,_India" title="Insurgency in Punjab, India">Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict (1947–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection (1987–1989)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Maldives_political_crisis" title="2011–2013 Maldives political crisis">Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_All_Clear" title="Operation All Clear">Operation All Clear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">Tibetan unrest (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korea (North and South)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_border_incidents_involving_North_and_South_Korea" title="List of border incidents involving North and South Korea">Maritime border incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_North_Korean_nuclear_crisis" title="1994 North Korean nuclear crisis">1994 North Korean nuclear crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_North_Korea_crisis" title="2017–2018 North Korea crisis">2017–2018 crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiwan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cambodia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict (1969–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Madago_Raya" title="Operation Madago Raya">East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Myanmar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Myanmar conflict (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Civil war (2021–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Timor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis" title="1999 East Timorese crisis">1999 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_crisis_in_Timor-Leste" title="2006 crisis in Timor-Leste">2006 crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines" title="Civil conflict in the Philippines">Philippine civil conflict (1969–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">NPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FULRO_insurgency" title="FULRO insurgency">FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> <ul><li>Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">1989–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">1992–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">1996–2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001–2021 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kazakhstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kazakhstan">Ethnic conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kyrgyzstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Osh_clashes" title="1990 Osh clashes">1990 Osh clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kyrgyz_Revolution" title="2010 Kyrgyz Revolution">2010 Kyrgyz Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_Kyrgyzstan_ethnic_clashes" title="2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes">2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tajikistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Gorno-Badakhshan_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)">Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_massacre" title="Fergana massacre">Fergana massacre (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan_massacre" title="Andijan massacre">Andijan massacre (2005)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bahrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Bahraini uprising (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes (2016–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel (1985–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon (1985–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian arena (2012–2024)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan_conflict_(2001%E2%80%932003)" title="Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)">Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">ISIL insurgency (2017–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada (2000–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel (2006–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel (1985–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian arena (2012–2024)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Lebanon_conflict" title="2008 Lebanon conflict">Lebanon conflict (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada (2000–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel (2006–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saudi Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li> <li>Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian Civil War (2011–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover of the Syrian Civil War">Regional spillover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHKP/C_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey">DHKP/C insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Turkey–ISIL conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(1994)" title="Yemeni civil war (1994)">Civil war (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda (1998–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi (2004–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen (2009–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis (2011–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Civil War (2014–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-continental conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency (2011–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">Operation Inherent Resolve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East359" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template talk:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon starvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)">Simko Shikak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazeera_Front_(Anglo-Turkish_War,_1918%E2%80%931923)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazeera Front (Anglo-Turkish War, 1918–1923) (page does not exist)">Al-Jazeera Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Mahmud Barzanji revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Adwan Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Ahmed Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goharshad_Mosque_rebellion" title="Goharshad Mosque rebellion">Goharshad Mosque rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935%E2%80%931936_Iraqi_Shia_revolts" title="1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts">1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Yazidi_revolt" title="1935 Yazidi revolt">1935 Yazidi revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Italian bombing of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied invasion of Iraq">Allied invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt" title="1943 Barzani revolt">1943 Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waziri_coup" title="Al-Waziri coup">Al-Waziri coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973 Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Adenese_clan_violence" title="Yemeni–Adenese clan violence">Yemeni–Adenese clan violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">1958 Iraqi revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">Mar. 1963 Syrian coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">1964 Hama riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Saudi_Arabian_coup_attempt" title="1969 Saudi Arabian coup attempt">1969 Saudi Arabian coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Sharjawi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" title="1972 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt">1972 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1972">Yemenite War of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1979">Yemenite War of 1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution">Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Turkey–PKK conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Egyptian_conscripts_riot" title="1986 Egyptian conscripts riot">1986 Egyptian conscripts riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Damascus_bombings" title="1986 Damascus bombings">1986 Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Sharjawi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt">1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">Mecca massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization_internal_executions" title="Abu Nidal Organization internal executions">Abu Nidal's executions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War (1990–1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (1994)">Yemeni Civil War (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq">Operation Desert Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Balochi insurgency in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Qamishli riots">2004 Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi insurgency in Yemen">Houthi insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Syrian War spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Beirut_clashes" title="2021 Beirut clashes">2021 Beirut clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>This list includes <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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