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</ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Tswanas" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Tswanas" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_volk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_volk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Die volk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_volk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kraal-_en_hutuitleg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kraal-_en_hutuitleg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kraal- en hutuitleg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kraal-_en_hutuitleg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sosiale_organisasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sosiale_organisasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sosiale organisasie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sosiale_organisasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politieke_organisasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politieke_organisasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politieke organisasie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politieke_organisasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomiese_bedrywighede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiese_bedrywighede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ekonomiese bedrywighede</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiese_bedrywighede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Godsdiens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Godsdiens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Godsdiens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Godsdiens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bronne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tswanas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 38 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="شعب تسوانا – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب تسوانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="شعب التسوانا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعب التسوانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuana" title="Tsuana – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tsuana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C" title="تسوانا خالقی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تسوانا خالقی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тсвана – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тсвана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Тсвани – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тсвани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuana" title="Tsuana – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tsuana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana" title="Tswana – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tswana" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batswana" title="Batswana – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Batswana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tswana people" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvanoj" title="Cvanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cvanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuana" title="Tsuana – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tsuana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana" title="Tswana – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tswana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مردم تسوانا – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم تسوانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswanat" title="Tswanat – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tswanat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana_(peuple)" title="Tswana (peuple) – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tswana (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_tswana" title="Pobo tswana – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo tswana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Tswana" title="Orang Tswana – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Tswana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana" title="Tswana – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tswana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%AF%E3%83%8A%E4%BA%BA" title="ツワナ人 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ツワナ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B)" title="Тсвана (халық) – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тсвана (халық)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B8%A0%EC%99%80%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B8" title="츠와나인 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="츠와나인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тсвана – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Тсвана" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsvanai" title="Tsvanai – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tsvanai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Цвани – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цвани" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Тсванавлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тсванавлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana_(volk)" title="Tswana (volk) – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tswana (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana" title="Tswana – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tswana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana" title="Tswana – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tswana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuanas" title="Tsuanas – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tsuanas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Тсвана (народ) – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тсвана (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsvana" title="Tsvana – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tsvana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana" title="Tswana – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tswana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batho_ba_letso_la_Setswana" title="Batho ba letso la Setswana – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Batho ba letso la Setswana" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тсвана – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тсвана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsvana_(xalq)" title="Tsvana (xalq) – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tsvana (xalq)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90)" title="ტსვანა (კათა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტსვანა (კათა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E7%BA%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="茨瓦纳人 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="茨瓦纳人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q810917#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tswanas" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Tswanas" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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dir="ltr"><table class="infobox bordered" align="right" style="width: 22em; font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: larger; background-color: #b08261; color: #fee8ab;">Tswanas </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png/250px-Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png/375px-Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="621" /></a></span><br />'n Tlhapingkaptein en sy vrou, soos waargeneem deur eerw. John Campbell by "New Lattakoo" (Kuruman) in die eerste helfte van die 1800's. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #fee8ab; color:inherit;">Totale bevolking: </th> <td style="background-color: #fff6d9; color:inherit;">5 500 000 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #fee8ab; color:inherit;">Belangrike bevolkings  in: </th> <td style="background-color: #fff6d9; color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Suid-Afrika"><img alt="Vlag van Suid-Afrika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrika</a> 4 067 248<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Botswana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Botswana"><img alt="Vlag van Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/33px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/44px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> 1 400 000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #fee8ab; color:inherit;">Taal: </th> <td style="background-color: #fff6d9; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tswana" title="Tswana">Tswana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #fee8ab; color:inherit;">Geloofsoortuiging: </th> <td style="background-color: #fff6d9; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christene</a>, Tradisionele Afrika-godsdiens </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #fee8ab; color:inherit;">Verwante etniese groepe: </th> <td style="background-color: #fff6d9; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Basotho" title="Basotho">Basotho</a> (<a href="/wiki/Suid-Sotho" title="Suid-Sotho">Suid-Sotho</a>-sprekers), <a href="/wiki/Noord-Sotho%27s" title="Noord-Sotho's">Noord-Sotho's</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noord-Sotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Noord-Sotho">Noord-Sotho</a>-sprekers) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Die <b>Tswana</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tswana" title="Tswana">Tswana</a>: <i>Batswana</i>, enkelvoud <i>Motswana</i>) is dié groep onder die Sotho's wat die heel noordwestelike gedeelte van <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrika</a> en die hele <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> bewoon. Die Tswana behels verskeie groeperings, waarvan die belangrikste die Hurutshe, Kgatla, Kwena, <a href="/wiki/Rolong" title="Rolong">Rolong</a>, Thlaping en Tlokwa is. </p><p>Alhoewel die Tswana die dominante etniese identiteit in Botswana is, word die land se hele bevolking gekenmerk as BaTswana, ongeag hul etniese oorsprong. Alhoewel geen amptelike poging nog ooit aangewend is om die bevolking volgens etniese oorsprong te tel nie, is minder as die helfte van die bevolking van Botswana waarskynlik "etnies Tswana" van oorsprong. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bechuana_hunting_the_lion-1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bechuana_hunting_the_lion-1841.jpg/220px-Bechuana_hunting_the_lion-1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bechuana_hunting_the_lion-1841.jpg/330px-Bechuana_hunting_the_lion-1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bechuana_hunting_the_lion-1841.jpg/440px-Bechuana_hunting_the_lion-1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Batswana jag 'n <a href="/wiki/Leeu" title="Leeu">leeu</a>, 1841</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a> (voorheen in die huidige <a href="/wiki/Noordwes" title="Noordwes">Noordwes</a>-provinsie van Suid-Afrika) - 'n voormalige republiek, alhoewel nooit internasionaal as sodanig erken nie - was die wetlik aangewese tuisland van die Tswana-bevolking in die pre-1994 Republiek van Suid-Afrika. Volgens hul geskiedenis het hulle hul huidige tuisland waarskynlik al teen <a href="/wiki/1600" title="1600">1600</a> AD bewoon. </p><p>Dit word beweer dat die Kgalagadi die eerste groep was om die binneland van Suid-Afrika binne te dring en die hedendaagse BaRolong- en BaThlaping-groepe het hulle gevolg. Die derde groep wat hulle in die gebied van die huidige <a href="/wiki/Rustenburg" title="Rustenburg">Rustenburg</a> en <a href="/wiki/Brits" title="Brits">Brits</a> gevestig het, was die BaHurutse-BaKwena. </p><p>Met die vasstelling van die westelike grens van die <a href="/wiki/Transvaal" title="Transvaal">Transvaal</a> in <a href="/wiki/1881" title="1881">1881</a>, is die Tswanagroepe in twee verdeel: diegene wat nou in Botswana woon en diegene wat hulle in die noordwestelike streke van Suid-Afrika gevestig het. </p><p>Die geskiedkundige nagedagtenis van hierdie Wes-Sotho-volk is te vinde in hul nedersettings, omring met klipmure, waarvan verskeie kapteinsgebiede soos <a href="/wiki/Kaditshwene" title="Kaditshwene">Kaditshwene</a>, Molokwane en Mabyanamatshwana deur die Noordwes-provinsie versprei lê. 'n Kleiner <a href="/wiki/Eksklawe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksklawe">eksklawe</a> van Bophuthatswana, die tuiste van die Barolongstam, was geleë in die huidige <a href="/wiki/Vrystaat" title="Vrystaat">Vrystaat</a> tussen <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> en <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, met <a href="/wiki/Thaba_Nchu" title="Thaba Nchu">Thaba Nchu</a> en Botshabelo as die belangrikste dorpe daar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_volk">Die volk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Die volk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Die volk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die Tswanas of Wes-Sotho's is die kerngroep waaruit die ander 2 Sotho-groepe, die Basoeto's (Suid-Sotho's) en die Noord-Sotho's, ontstaan het. Hul voorouers het tot verskeie migrasiegroepe behoort wat uit <a href="/wiki/Sentraal-Afrika" title="Sentraal-Afrika">Sentraal-Afrika</a> suidwaarts getrek het. Die eerste aankomelinge in Suider-Afrika was die <a href="/wiki/Kgalagadi-distrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kgalagadi-distrik">Kgalagadi</a>, wat hulle waarskynlik reeds voor die <a href="/wiki/15de_eeu" title="15de eeu">15de eeu</a> in die huidige <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> gevestig het. </p><p>Die grootste groep Tswanas het in die loop van die <a href="/wiki/16de_eeu" title="16de eeu">16de eeu</a> Suid-Afrika binnegekom en hulle in Wes-Transvaal gevestig. Die versplintering in subgroepe en 'n groot aantal stamme het hier plaasgevind, onder meer vanweë onderlinge twiste en oorloë met ander groepe. Veral die invalle van Silkaats (Mzilikazi), die Ndebeleleier wat voor <a href="/wiki/Shaka" title="Shaka">Shaka</a> uit <a href="/wiki/Natal_(kolonie)" title="Natal (kolonie)">Natal</a> gevlug het, het baie tot die hergroepering van die volk bygedra. </p><p>Die Tswanas bestaan uit meer as 50 stamme, waarvan die Tlhaping, die Tlharo en die Rolong (almal woonagtig in <a href="/wiki/Noord-Kaap" title="Noord-Kaap">Noord-Kaap</a>) en die Kgatla, die Tlokwa, die Hurutse en die Malete (in Wes-Transvaal) die bekendstes in Suid-Afrika is. Die vernaamste stamme in Botswana is die Kwena, die Mangwato, die Ngwaketse en die Kgatla. </p><p>'n Klein groep Tswanas woon ook in die ooste van <a href="/wiki/Namibi%C3%AB" title="Namibië">Namibië</a>. Hoewel die Tswanastamme nooit 'n politieke eenheid gevorm het nie, handhaaf hulle wel noue kulturele bande. Dit blyk onder meer uit die feit dat die talle dialekte van die Tswanataal in baie gevalle slegs in geringe mate van mekaar verskil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kraal-_en_hutuitleg">Kraal- en hutuitleg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Kraal- en hutuitleg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Kraal- en hutuitleg"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die Tswanas se tradisionele krale is die grootste van die van al die Swart volke van Suid-Afrika. Dit is nie ongewoon vir 'n hele stam om in een kraal te woon nie, wat soms meer as 10 000 inwoners huisves. Die krale is in wyke ingedeel en word deur verwante gesinne bewoon. Elke gesin het sy eie wooneenheid, wat uit 'n paar woon- en pakhutte en 'n gemeenskaplike werf bestaan. Die geheel word deur 'n lae muur of 'n rietheining om ring. As 'n man meer as een vrou het, het elkeen haar eie hut. </p><p>Die hutte is gewoonlik rond en het 'n kegelvormige grasdak. Die mure bestaan uit pale wat met 'n dik laag klei gepleister word. Die Tswanas het veeposte vir hul beeskuddes naby die weiveld en huisgesinne hou slegs enkele stuks vee in die krale aan, veral ry- en trekosse. Die afsonderlike beeskrale is gewoonlik in die middel van 'n wyk geleë. Teenaan die beeskrale is halfmaanvormige afskortings en in die ruimtes wat so ontstaan, vergader die mans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sosiale_organisasie">Sosiale organisasie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Sosiale organisasie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Sosiale organisasie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cooking_in_3_legged_pot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cooking_in_3_legged_pot.jpg/220px-Cooking_in_3_legged_pot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cooking_in_3_legged_pot.jpg/330px-Cooking_in_3_legged_pot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cooking_in_3_legged_pot.jpg/440px-Cooking_in_3_legged_pot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption>Tswana-vroue kook in baie potte</figcaption></figure> <p>Kenmerkend vir die Tswanas se sosiale organisasie is die verskeidenheid vorme van maatskaplike klassifikasie wat gehandhaaf word. Eerstens word daar 'n onderskeid gemaak tussen die afstammelinge van kapteins, die afstammelinge van gewone mense wat reeds lank deel van die stam is, en mense wat hulle nuut by die stam aangesluit het. Verskeie stamme, veral die van Botswana, hou ook "slawe" aan. </p><p>Dit is gewoonlik <a href="/wiki/Boesman" title="Boesman">Boesmans</a> of selfs Kgalagadi wat onder hulle woon en sekere soorte werk moet verrig in ruil vir kos en beskerming. 'n Verdere maatskaplike indeling is die in totemgroepe, waarvan daar sowat 25 onder die Tswanas aangetref word. Elke totemgroep staan in mistieke verband met 'n bepaalde dier na wie hy ook vernoem is. Hoewel die dier nie aanbid word nie, word dit met eerbied behandel en mag byvoorbeeld nie doodgemaak of geëet word nie. </p><p>Lidmaatskap van 'n totemgroep is erflik en word volgens die manlike linie (patrilineêr) bereken. Mans en vroue behoort ook tot afsonderlike "regimente", wat 'n verskeidenheid van funksies in openbare belang moet verrig. Nuwe regimente word gewoonlik na afloop van die inisiasieskool vir tienerseuns en -meisies gevorm, en bestaan dus uit lede van dieselfde ouderdomsgroepe. Elke regiment het 'n leier, gewoonlik 'n lid van die kaptein se familie, en 'n eie naam. </p><p>Daar word verwag dat junior regimente die oueres respekvol moet behandel. Inisiasieskole vind sowat elke 4 jaar plaas. Die vir seuns duur gewoonlik sowat 3 maande en word op 'n afgesonderde plek en onder groot <a href="/wiki/Geheimhouding" title="Geheimhouding">geheimhouding</a> gehou. 'n Belangrike deel daarvan is die besnydenis van die seuns, wat al vroeg tydens inisiasietyd plaasvind. Die meisies word in die krale onder toesig van 'n ou vrou geïnisieer. Tydens die inisiasietyd word die jongmense op die volwasse lewe voorberei. </p><p>Jongmense mag nie trou voordat hulle geïnisieer en in 'n regiment ingedeel is nie. Daar is geen verbod op huwelike binne dieselfde familie of totemgroep nie. Trouens, huwelike tussen neefs en niggies word aangemoedig, veral 'n huwelik tussen 'n man en die dogter van sy oom aan moederskant. Poligamie is tradisioneel aanvaarbaar, maar 'n man het gewoonlik geen seggenskap in die keuse van sy eerste bruid nie. Sy word deur sy familie uitgesoek, terwyl dogters ook dikwels aan 'n man beloof word terwyl hulle nog baie jonk is. </p><p>By die Tswanas, in teenstelling met die meeste ander Swart volke, bepaal net die ouers van die bruidegom hoeveel beeste hy as bruidsprys aan sy bruid se ouers moet betaal ten einde die huwelik te wettig. Sodra die sogenaamde bogadi afgelewer is, word daar 'n groot fees gevier. 'n Man se eerste vrou word as sy hoofvrou beskou en haar oudste seun as sy erfgenaam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politieke_organisasie">Politieke organisasie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Politieke organisasie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Politieke organisasie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die kleinste politieke eenheid in 'n Tswana-stam is die wyk, waarin 'n wykhoofman die orde moet handhaaf. Die wykhoofman is regstreeks ondergeskik aan die stamkaptein, wat 'n onafhanklike opperhoof is. Hoewel die stamkaptein oor wye magte beskik en deur sy onderdane met groot respek behandel word, is hy nie 'n despotiese heerser nie. </p><p>Hy word bygestaan deur sy persoonlike raadgewers, wat deur hom gekies word en dikwels senior lede van sy familie insluit. Daarby is dit 'n vaste gebruik onder die Tswanas om sake wat die hele stam raak, met al die mans te bespreek. Sulke vergaderings word in die kaptein se kgotla gehou en die gewone mans se stem is dan van deurslaggewende belang. Die kaptein en die hoofmanne se posisie is erflik en hulle word gewoonlik deur die oudste seun van die hoofvrou opgevolg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomiese_bedrywighede">Ekonomiese bedrywighede</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekonomiese bedrywighede" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomiese bedrywighede"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:1904_Olympic_Marathon_participants,_Len_Tau_(left)_and_Jan_Mashiani_of_the_Tswana_tribe_of_South_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1904_Olympic_Marathon_participants%2C_Len_Tau_%28left%29_and_Jan_Mashiani_of_the_Tswana_tribe_of_South_Africa.jpg/210px-1904_Olympic_Marathon_participants%2C_Len_Tau_%28left%29_and_Jan_Mashiani_of_the_Tswana_tribe_of_South_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1904_Olympic_Marathon_participants%2C_Len_Tau_%28left%29_and_Jan_Mashiani_of_the_Tswana_tribe_of_South_Africa.jpg/315px-1904_Olympic_Marathon_participants%2C_Len_Tau_%28left%29_and_Jan_Mashiani_of_the_Tswana_tribe_of_South_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1904_Olympic_Marathon_participants%2C_Len_Tau_%28left%29_and_Jan_Mashiani_of_the_Tswana_tribe_of_South_Africa.jpg/420px-1904_Olympic_Marathon_participants%2C_Len_Tau_%28left%29_and_Jan_Mashiani_of_the_Tswana_tribe_of_South_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4420" data-file-height="5496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mashiani" title="Jan Mashiani">Jan Mashiani</a> en <a href="/wiki/Len_Taunyane" title="Len Taunyane">Len Taunyane</a> was die eerste swart deelnemers van Afrika in die <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1904" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 1904">Olimpiese Spele</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Die Tswanas het tradisioneel 'n gemengde ekonomie. Die mans is in die eerste plek veeboere wat buiten groot troppe beeste ook skape en bokke aanhou. Die beeste is egter hul waardevolste besitting aangesien dit die vernaamste ruilmiddel is, melk voorsien en as trek- en rydiere gebruik word. Tswanas is oor die algemeen knap jagters en vleis is hoofsaaklik deur die jag in die hande gekry. Die vroue behartig die grootste deel van die akkerbou. </p><p>Die mans ploeg en saai, maar die vroue moet na die gewasse, veral sorghum en in mindere mate na die <a href="/wiki/Mielie" title="Mielie">mielies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boontjie" title="Boontjie">boontjies</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalbas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalbas (bladsy bestaan nie)">kalbasse</a>, omsien. Die plantseisoen word voorafgegaan deur 'n reënmaakseremonie wat deur die kaptein uitgevoer word. Die dieet word verder aangevul met veldkos, wat deur die vroue versamel word. Mans en vroue vervaardig handwerk. Die mans bewerk <a href="/wiki/Metaal" title="Metaal">metaal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hout" title="Hout">hout</a> en <a href="/wiki/Been" title="Been">been</a>, terwyl die vroue kleipotte bak. Mans sowel as vroue vleg mandjies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Godsdiens">Godsdiens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Godsdiens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Godsdiens"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die Tswanas glo tradisioneel in 'n opperwese (modimo) wat die wêreld geskep het, maar vereer of aanbid hom nie regstreeks nie. Hul tradisionele godsdiens berus hoofsaaklik in die geloof dat die geeste van hul voorouers iewers in die grond woon en die lewe van hul nakomelinge beïnvloed. Om die geeste gunstig te stem, word daar voortdurend offers aan hulle gebring en hulle word ook aanbid. </p><p>Naas die voorvaders van die eie familie, word ook die voorvaders van die stamkaptein vereer. Die kaptein word as die lewende verteenwoordiger van die stam se voorouers beskou en roep die geeste dikwels namens die hele stam aan. Die Tswanas glo ook in die bestaan van hekse en bose towenaars en in die mag van toordokters, wat die aard en oorsaak van 'n ramp of ongeluk kan vasstel deur hul dolosse te gooi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronne">Bronne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Bronne"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldspektrum" title="Wêreldspektrum">Wêreldspektrum</a></i>, 1982, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0908409680" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0908409680</a>, volum 27, bl. 160, 161</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140722063856/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/HTML/CInBrief/CIB2001.pdf">"Census in Brief"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Engels). Statssa.gov.za. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/CInBrief/CIB2001.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 22 Julie 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Oktober</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+in+Brief&rft.pub=Statssa.gov.za&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statssa.gov.za%2Fcensus01%2Fhtml%2FCInBrief%2FCIB2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ATswanas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html#People">"CIA – The World Factbook"</a> (in Engels). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606155250/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 6 Junie 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Oktober</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fbc.html%23People&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ATswanas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> het meer media in die kategorie <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tswana_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tswana people">Tswanas</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="toccolours" style="width:100%; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:-0.5em; clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="hiddenStructure"> </td> <th style="background-color:#ccccff;" align="center" width="100%"><a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrikaanse_etniese_groepe_en_kulture" title="Suid-Afrikaanse etniese groepe en kulture">Etniese groepe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrika</a> </th> <td class="hiddenStructureabc"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/38px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/57px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/75px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td class="hiddenStructure" valign="top" rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size:90%; padding-top:5px;" colspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Afrikane" title="Anglo-Afrikane">Anglo-Afrikane</a> • <a href="/wiki/Asiatiese_Suid-Afrikaners" title="Asiatiese Suid-Afrikaners">Asiate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Griekwas_(stam)" title="Griekwas (stam)">Griekwas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kaapse_Maleiers" title="Kaapse Maleiers">Kaapse Maleiers</a> • <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kleurlinge" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleurlinge">Kleurlinge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ndebele_(stam)" title="Ndebele (stam)">Ndebeles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noord-Sotho%27s" title="Noord-Sotho's">Noord-Sotho's</a> • <a href="/wiki/Basotho" title="Basotho">Suid-Sotho's</a> • <a href="/wiki/Swazi%27s" title="Swazi's">Swazi's</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tsongas" title="Tsongas">Tsongas</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tswanas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vendas" title="Vendas">Vendas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Xhosas" title="Xhosas">Xhosas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zoeloes" title="Zoeloes">Zoeloes</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810917&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810917&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810917" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932945d">cb11932945d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932945d">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85138357">sh85138357</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027244695">027244695</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&oldid=2717334">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tswanas&oldid=2717334</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Kategorie%C3%AB" title="Spesiaal:Kategorieë">Kategorieë</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Etniese_groepe_in_Botswana" title="Kategorie:Etniese groepe in Botswana">Etniese groepe in Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Etniese_groepe_in_Namibi%C3%AB" title="Kategorie:Etniese groepe in Namibië">Etniese groepe in Namibië</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Etniese_groepe_in_Suid-Afrika" title="Kategorie:Etniese groepe in Suid-Afrika">Etniese groepe in Suid-Afrika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Etniese_groepe_in_Zimbabwe" title="Kategorie:Etniese groepe in Zimbabwe">Etniese groepe in Zimbabwe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Inheemse_volke_van_Suider-Afrika" title="Kategorie:Inheemse volke van Suider-Afrika">Inheemse volke van Suider-Afrika</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Versteekte kategorieë: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-bronne_in_Engels_(en)" title="Kategorie:AS1-bronne in Engels (en)">AS1-bronne in Engels (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_BNF-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met BNF-identifiseerders">Artikels met BNF-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_LCCN-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met LCCN-identifiseerders">Artikels met LCCN-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_SUDOC-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met SUDOC-identifiseerders">Artikels met SUDOC-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Normdata_met_3_elemente" title="Kategorie:Normdata met 3 elemente">Normdata met 3 elemente</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="Kategorie:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Die bladsy is laas op 21 November 2024 om 07:39 bygewerk.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Die teks is beskikbaar onder die lisensie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Erkenning-Insgelyks Deel</a>. 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