CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9136096bbfdb3e14',cH: 'ACkkaHMvI7a93KyDX68ulqsATHY8ddYlzgcK57ekSYw-1739798028-1.2.1.1-4i__U8dWy8gEXcmeJuIgbeYai7OcGHBphYtoLRVy75mlOEGe2RAODfFZZFfKmb4H',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Alex%20Rich&__cf_chl_tk=AlWFlhcJ.t4fBL6e3as02GZUMYpNtAXkdkLLSz0SSLw-1739798028-1.0.1.1-5dMUr3Nv_UXwUwvVzPCuW6Bvs8jzN.F2imReKCnx7_I",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739798028',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Alex%20Rich&__cf_chl_f_tk=AlWFlhcJ.t4fBL6e3as02GZUMYpNtAXkdkLLSz0SSLw-1739798028-1.0.1.1-5dMUr3Nv_UXwUwvVzPCuW6Bvs8jzN.F2imReKCnx7_I",md: "vo.hrDb9RrX.Yi02sbt66KTNbYEjzswdCPnSt7zCGRU-1739798028-1.2.1.1-N4PSnClL2hQL8ply2bhw.cZxEZH.cyIvHgmjEuARt9nn_y9Oz3XPiSlu7zo6IjzxmT2U0gC3F8krrJgHRptoQfnWRT6ethg9XDOuh9qw43U9jm61z58835cj4h6mfBwKpMigegNlR.W9i6C4DEMs6pWZt1GdjvwTYik_gvNpUk89wrSBaHenvwSgen1FeymIekEpvBiioerjn6G1hKtV.kuugOknk.hlE2WBnXrib0FlelGZw.fvT8p8iXVwoW4Bj1a0H4.SPgfGCY4hGx7nJ.poypdcfJjGLNPHs.KnVRcSBppSdq.bBpKo78q.a9zrqU.Ab5KY9a5bDsxIe1uNvRIeZEO3sxOv8FVgRmUPNkXlmmztRFSvw6HAnxxlPKUrP2MIxlMkL_4dlwLu38yb5jqjsMg35Pk7lDfdlI1slh16DdtMj8aSbcI5GIsYCd4pIXZgc5plWQuJSTdhgyob9cHnX9xd7AGX0d_N4wVvLGPyJjjrDmu94.MOI06S6bL89WADcQItOCkkhzfOZ1nQdT1Rnt.9TzIJ7mFIYNTqjLPl7HZKTpLfDuSwYWwjQrNjxAkT4b5wD1gEc5RPATfJx_lybxtRb.oTlfj5w83Y4XOjlwRhGCgtI_b0pi9rvFDa3_2w71g4Kv4xznXJg0MFad9G4OGwTEmtOK23wk7.s._W1sUDEe5s2MGLnVqkBeUiIt5LnHkHGtUTNPWCCzq6JBKf5qkSRB5LSJXpqR_f.naXHV0Ccp_EkCOow0aeA3uJyap8gPw3sP3pYmpdHOuWK6hphqa4nSSDILeLvRjIddTaZY0WoR1w8GEqh9FZuT52JHXtygPq3QlNMvtnLGxaYoLLt1jlkDMZ02ZeqB3OrtHPWo2gf5faT996JtnPbuHBPhmTcS.5_6hlb71IItabjf34MdyDPdvVloLw1T7vdtIJyOJh6aGnxggTV1Ph8FdmX71holA416YMfjyHa7OYRk8JD0B7l5r_AmAr38.mSecKMefsZUTRvea1olU.sYIDBVV821QwALCufTKRw.YYM.1uObZ34VkL8A2VzzYpBxgD53eaailUQF1L9AvZUYiYDr2dbpWyzx_46tQS6XFioCebXThvRUb9SlQbAkKC_icOzFDM1K1ZLRYQtmUuimeewKcv739mHgyReGrhGEYkxQxWg2yeP9LBJhWv47UwcNYkrHXGLSZbfeA01hZmckE4bc7KA_yMy7LTWA5iOuqkowiYW1xBcTxzpe84LtexB0_ck49XIfFhL6m4m9Wm.tOhYNW85oKZBTr48Udj3BkqUXE8ckoJNNfdvrmtti_sWfbthMKWhoU2Yd06O_vFB4S5lmoz5Jcj_Vy.dzHEn87uWhhpmJ_l2ejq4GnEL6FVPDGXyD38xZivmNVMy2cPA2dZNy3D6ctTZKKo7Gw2dkseksRVT4hUtLt3Ojm6KMOB_sF2o3FslvEd47.eTwyPFF_BTYLvgLOSNMkZrcX95uxw6id._0wXp5ccxlmwFpps2gdXAZmB9jKDlVwABIt4s00e8MG.94FmpN3QN70UkrTknfgmbnEHxG_Bdcbp8_vzLLmjAwWbIKxo9gfzbLPrpEFTvdusZI299jFj79vrgnEf9B1nqSvix0Ym1TfIzm.bb_wVURXFl95QI0FnB2rT8h3o3iYZsRqHmciSIJ3MTxd_kVu3TQnhjtG.5QCNr7FobbVVAuSRXM5whJtBdta.X6fR0Q66ys.pSWCBq.WKQVj2paNdh7FD5RXfyOBQii3lfYv3v6RdlY8EkY04NAdVPmaHk7m98loyWz8Jqa1OJYrktHxvVi..WfdjLr5zhAYy4m635yo.iVsW2oE347e1HSb6HKBRpvVYRH4TADKj.MaE3tskjTbz52refR8kuhlurWONG0Lp.VKDQYo6MZOPgoJwjvSeSi.j3v6oEVDJpkCVsA",mdrd: "V69rW1zKGKsGM6UkAUrv3X1zKPEGSMd0VvzXjhuE_XA-1739798028-1.2.1.1-FbuN9702bpEqyEaaXCY1ioYiBQ0PDQz2BvcA1Cx8ChQBKPk87hY61HwFmcqdN888Tl4GYplBa9ZusgYc0FKrik8nnHZF_oOfEDyzKSyUlnxStqu52azvoyWQoc88OhO10TF5b2LzpxZYaIExf0iAgwGn1oE7sxh_ghpbzdBE4RZBTGnsHx42ZCyPYfQHVd0wmqRd_KUheSTmYQIrY24hbQiVl8ZNmwOC8mLuQPhnae.h.A4xZEdWr.yKAWNQqklt0nKzDWkCYF4B38Z3di5AGp1_o6nTFUSFM.sL7Ch1U_EkIYLtV1n5KUrIzvKD_h988QXYARX4RO74X8SZ6L6QNw9sr7MlXnOEU2LefC6ysPLk8Vln6MSInwPhb5CDFJA2DzLwA8wBFrS8s7vVNB3RyHVM.ohSUh62GRqvX3.LMx34.RvQonreH1b.lnADJ5hREM6iOPPywG3qbl_AOi67pEHMrE17Z.Yo89t27lKZ3Xly2TxsniCFBOq9oKC437CmT73d2PSd04VvEC4xrWJLgPlGF3zBniXMf8Hl81owMKDmhSWmFxQ6Vfss59N2MvFgMmZPMf4itc3GmeydAPo3OV.jqdRHeFEd8L5oUfz2XsyIGvFRrjSMhcIxFXPH2OVivZGlsAT4DP9QMYDK3la3Xvk_.3KiW4HnZU3xpd42WxLr6DV2AIZCAzaGNyyoanMyxyx2EhNbtMpzxdbLUxCZUg7txmJ6xfkQUpPr13PNGPoNqbAD6yDM2b_OmMNbk1muQ_uA.gIkqs6OMhPHthBO8OBxsVRK.pKDVvRIZtgTIOd5HpKBBDiDRQLDc9gVRdUBYEkpNzH3Ub1rhlfUmJpBcb9yZ2beRcaQjgvMxDWZHinQEGveh0Bl6bMkd1AC8pWdZ8Kz_YkY6qR_3fTneVVZcsYFBaoOgQrubWFhoqOBruvZfywDSlnuM4tX2R.kKA43lqqoB4X3Ih33k9hZMDmSuIHXPieCn7_kHz_8t4a0IsJgzQ4YF4fjor1DArfjx1oSuO7eGu0SjXUBVwHUTXJenpGdugmLWK8t59bA3aeF.cdRFsX6D49TVjMco3Ym_C.78TYMtmutO4IqoCWtWRTwuERNxUADzckecteZD6ZrUSyqpoHoiN5quWPB6pJAZBM0Pw3xhgz9xj6DKNw_GBNpxrzrQpq5FR1BKxJdBBD3J59JEUe_moI762Da4uj.49cFCLMQEDdXQBShQFYlYaJ_15u4XhuJV5HgqAPYuuhBVixWT0zYRKDFjoBrIJMTCXLcApV.zEHit6kpuoMhf7vdUztKnQ.ncvaz_yXo.qXTqLmD.rV5AWS8pKe5wvlkMWyo4DG98xgxVBIyzFumnWbbQgBBfiAlU2dzLUHxoDlKQTbZKTwMoc4zpRHoCz_VUPqp3A9IQztFhU6fI6KuJbkj5PqOHGiLr.bjFxmYkYTUZqHZzSGRgZulLx9QYbYXlZuqXlxkELSF8r41G4I4YJDnreB_DaCozn_WhBvrtHUUyMArvaWrBjHHxniy9XmaPCeJOzZzxJkwudc9N207g1rcmAiSBA8uhmV7ek1XdmPQd2ro3C91DbgO5aVW0qq1SvfVZKdlXQAOuCuEr1ZvA6_bhPGhbZYrKu8IVlNCj8VV5ZpE0A2LU7mkYMXE1W3T2K2uLwOW6PN42WZZ4sYEt1RoFLNxibAfD3jBNHFvpqhR_q5TAKyV6e6MQGn8kTkoUZRPv7e0k1IGBQ.bDniWm6v1xBIMgTTY6oXFbG57fw_ZjIKtvItYjCKMKUu92.i3aH9wn8oaK_gcdjAxFAS4cqCm0Cghys0P78TYX9mud3MYTSKoM6wMGwOrGXPiQkjcrtlOnbzdHpiHb0LLf7Xq0mCyIruJI6kP5P20idwvMquYaHBrvYNj5coL2grJVTBK5khTLp7xUbazGvu2tOB4MAdyWkgbseq.3mMhe8UcIR.V0PyC0HJYEoSMTmqsg6tOs85t8tq1nnSH8siPyx53HT9T1g"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9136096bbfdb3e14';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Alex%20Rich&__cf_chl_rt_tk=AlWFlhcJ.t4fBL6e3as02GZUMYpNtAXkdkLLSz0SSLw-1739798028-1.0.1.1-5dMUr3Nv_UXwUwvVzPCuW6Bvs8jzN.F2imReKCnx7_I" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>