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vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorie_și_artă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorie_și_artă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Istorie și artă</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorie_și_artă-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Istorie și artă subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorie_și_artă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preistorie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preistorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Preistorie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preistorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lumea_antică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lumea_antică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lumea antică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lumea_antică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorie_postclasică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorie_postclasică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Istorie postclasică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istorie_postclasică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorie_modernă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorie_modernă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Istorie modernă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istorie_modernă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secolele_XVIII_și_XIX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secolele_XVIII_și_XIX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Secolele XVIII și XIX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secolele_XVIII_și_XIX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secolele_XX_și_XXI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secolele_XX_și_XXI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Secolele XX și XXI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secolele_XX_și_XXI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asocieri_și_semnificații_simbolice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asocieri_și_semnificații_simbolice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Asocieri și semnificații simbolice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asocieri_și_semnificații_simbolice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asocieri și semnificații simbolice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asocieri_și_semnificații_simbolice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-În_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>În China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lumină_și_rațiune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lumină_și_rațiune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Lumină și rațiune</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lumină_și_rațiune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aur_și_blond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aur_și_blond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Aur și blond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aur_și_blond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vizibilitate_și_precauție" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vizibilitate_și_precauție"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Vizibilitate și precauție</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vizibilitate_și_precauție-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optimism_și_plăcere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optimism_și_plăcere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Optimism și plăcere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optimism_și_plăcere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expresii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expresii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Expresii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expresii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Altele</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Galben</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 170 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-170" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">170 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geel" title="Geel – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A2%E1%8C%AB" title="ቢጫ – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቢጫ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amariello" title="Amariello – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Amariello" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geolu" title="Geolu – engleză veche" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Geolu" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="engleză veche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="पीला – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पीला" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1" title="أصفر – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أصفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%A5%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_(%DC%93%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%90)" title="ܫܥܘܬܐ (ܓܘܢܐ) – aramaică" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܥܘܬܐ (ܓܘܢܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1" title="لون صفر – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لون صفر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1_(%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86)" title="اصفر (لون) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اصفر (لون)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariellu" title="Mariellu – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mariellu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27illu" title="Q'illu – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Q'illu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1" title="Sarı – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sarı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_(%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="ساری (رنگ) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساری (رنگ)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Һары – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenar" title="Jenar – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jenar" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geltuona" title="Geltuona – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Geltuona" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giyaw_(kolor)" title="Giyaw (kolor) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Giyaw (kolor)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жоўты колер – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жоўты колер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жоўты колер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жоўты колер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%82_%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Жълт цвят – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жълт цвят" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6_(%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82)" title="হলুদ (রং) – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হলুদ (রং)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="སེར་པོ། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སེར་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melen_(liv)" title="Melen (liv) – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Melen (liv)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuta" title="Žuta – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Žuta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groc" title="Groc – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Groc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%B2ng-s%C3%A1ik" title="Uòng-sáik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Uòng-sáik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Можа – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Можа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amariyu" title="Amariyu – chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Amariyu" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="زەرد – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDlut%C3%A1" title="Žlutá – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žlutá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%83_%D1%82%C4%95%D1%81" title="Сарă тĕс – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сарă тĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melyn" title="Melyn – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Melyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gul" title="Gul – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelb" title="Gelb – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gelb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osilou" title="Osilou – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Osilou" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="पेऽलो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पेऽलो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Κίτρινο – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίτρινο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Yellow" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flava" title="Flava – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flava" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo" title="Amarillo – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amarillo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollane" title="Kollane – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kollane" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hori" title="Hori – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hori" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillu" title="Amarillu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Amarillu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="زرد – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltainen" title="Keltainen – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keltainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5llan%C3%B5" title="Kõllanõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kõllanõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramodramo" title="Dramodramo – fijiană" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Dramodramo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaune" title="Jaune – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jaune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BC%C3%BCl" title="Güül – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Güül" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giel" title="Giel – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Giel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%AD" title="Buí – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Buí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83" title="黃 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="黃" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarelo" title="Amarelo – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amarelo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27yju" title="Sa'yju – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sa'yju" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2ng-set" title="Vòng-set – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vòng-set" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%94%D7%95%D7%91" title="צהוב – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צהוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="पीला – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuta" title="Žuta – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Žuta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B2n" title="Jòn – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1rga" title="Sárga – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sárga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6_(%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%B6)" title="Դեղին (գույն) – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեղին (գույն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6_(%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%B6)" title="Դեղին (գոյն) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Դեղին (գոյն)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalne" title="Jalne – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jalne" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuning" title="Kuning – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuning" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quqsuqtaaq" title="Quqsuqtaaq – inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Quqsuqtaaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulur" title="Gulur – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gulur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giallo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%89%B2" title="黄色 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黄色" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelo" title="Yelo – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yelo" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuning" title="Kuning – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kuning" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ყვითელი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყვითელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awra%C9%A3" title="Awraɣ – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Awraɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%CA%8At%CA%8A_s%C9%9Bm%C9%A9%C5%8B" title="Sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuning" title="Kuning – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kuning" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Сары түс – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сары түс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%8C%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BF%E1%9E%84" title="ពណ៌លឿង – khmeră" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពណ៌លឿង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%9E%91" title="노랑 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노랑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%B1_(%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF)" title="لیۆدُر (رنٛگ) – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لیۆدُر (رنٛگ)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4%C3%A4l" title="Jääl – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Jääl" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zer" title="Zer – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavus" title="Flavus – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Flavus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amariyo" title="Amariyo – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Amariyo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giel" title="Giel – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Giel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Хъахъисса – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Хъахъисса" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jala" title="Jala – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jala" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aal" title="Śal – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Śal" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giald" title="Giald – lombardă" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giald" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond%C9%94b%C9%94%CC%81" title="Bondɔbɔ́ – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bondɔbɔ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geltona" title="Geltona – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geltona" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzelten%C4%81_kr%C4%81sa" title="Dzeltenā krāsa – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzeltenā krāsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuning" title="Kuning – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kuning" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%B6%D1%8F" title="Тюжя – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тюжя" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Жолта боја – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жолта боја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E" title="മഞ്ഞ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഞ്ഞ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A8" title="ꯍꯪꯒꯥꯝꯄꯥꯟ ꯃꯆꯨ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯪꯒꯥꯝꯄꯥꯟ ꯃꯆꯨ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE" title="पिवळा – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पिवळा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuning" title="Kuning – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuning" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfar" title="Isfar – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Isfar" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အဝါရောင် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဝါရောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B6%D0%BE" title="Ожо – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ожо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="زرد – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زرد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="पहेँलो – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पहेँलो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81" title="म्हासु – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="म्हासु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geel_(kleur)" title="Geel (kleur) – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geel (kleur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gul" title="Gul – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gul" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gult" title="Gult – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gult" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A2one" title="Jâone – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Jâone" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serolane" title="Serolane – sotho de nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Serolane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho de nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaune" title="Jaune – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jaune" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keldaine" title="Keldaine – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Keldaine" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80" title="Бур – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бур" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_(%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97)" title="ਪੀਲਾ (ਰੰਗ) – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੀਲਾ (ਰੰਗ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilo" title="Dilo – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Dilo" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganne" title="Ganne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ganne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehl" title="Gehl – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Gehl" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barwa_%C5%BC%C3%B3%C5%82ta" title="Barwa żółta – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barwa żółta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DD%AA%D8%A7" title="پیݪا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیݪا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%93" title="زیړ – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زیړ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarelo" title="Amarelo – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amarelo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27illu" title="Q'illu – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'illu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galbinu" title="Galbinu – aromână" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Galbinu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromână" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Жёлтый цвет – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жёлтый цвет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="पीत – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पीत" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%95%D0%B0%D1%81_%D3%A9%D2%A5" title="Араҕас өҥ – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Араҕас өҥ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giarnu" title="Giarnu – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Giarnu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellae" title="Yellae – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yellae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A6%DA%AA%D9%88" title="ڦڪو – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڦڪو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuto" title="Žuto – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Žuto" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7" title="කහ පාට – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කහ පාට" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yellow" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDlt%C3%A1" title="Žltá – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žltá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumena" title="Rumena – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rumena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huroro" title="Huroro – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Huroro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeenid_(midab)" title="Qeenid (midab) – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qeenid (midab)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngjyra_e_verdh%C3%AB" title="Ngjyra e verdhë – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ngjyra e verdhë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Жута боја – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жута боја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeel" title="Jeel – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Jeel" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C3%A9ng_(warna)" title="Konéng (warna) – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Konéng (warna)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gul" title="Gul – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gul" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangi_ya_manjano" title="Rangi ya manjano – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rangi ya manjano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/takuliway" title="takuliway – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="takuliway" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="மஞ்சள் (நிறம்) – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மஞ்சள் (நிறம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81_(%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81)" title="పసుపు (రంగు) – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పసుపు (రంగు)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Зард – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зард" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สีเหลือง – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สีเหลือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilaw" title="Dilaw – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dilaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelo_(kala)" title="Yelo (kala) – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Yelo (kala)" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1" title="Sarı – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitshopana" title="Xitshopana – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Xitshopana" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%81" title="Сары төс – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сары төс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%82_%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%AD" title="سېرىق رەڭ – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سېرىق رەڭ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%80" title="Жовтий колір – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жовтий колір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="پیلا – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیلا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sariq" title="Sariq – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sariq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C5%82o" title="Zało – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zało" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakuine_muju" title="Pakuine muju – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pakuine muju" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A0ng_(m%C3%A0u)" title="Vàng (màu) – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vàng (màu)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geel_(kleur)" title="Geel (kleur) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Geel (kleur)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djaene" title="Djaene – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djaene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darag" title="Darag – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Darag" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mboq" title="Mboq – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mboq" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%89%B2" title="黄色 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黄色" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჸვინთელი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჸვინთელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9C" title="געל – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saekhenj" title="Saekhenj – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saekhenj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%89%B2" title="黄色 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黄色" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83" title="黃 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="黃" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%CC%82g-sek" title="N̂g-sek – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="N̂g-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83" title="黃 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黃" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPhuzi" title="OPhuzi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="OPhuzi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q943#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Galben" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Galben" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Galben"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Galben"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Galben" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Galben" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fișier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&oldid=16570591" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Galben&id=16570591&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGalben"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGalben"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Galben"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Galben&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yellow" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q943" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="dezambiguizare">Pentru alte sensuri, vedeți <a href="/wiki/Galben_(dezambiguizare)" class="mw-disambig" title="Galben (dezambiguizare)">Galben (dezambiguizare)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;">Galben</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; line-height:12px; background-color:#FFFF00; border: 0.1px solid #000000"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <table style="background-color:#000000;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #009001;width:243px;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><table style="background-color:#000000;border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td style="border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Schroeder_fire_balloons_G50-24_(D-OORS)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/CJ0A3421-1.jpg/365px-CJ0A3421-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/CJ0A3421-1.jpg/486px-CJ0A3421-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Coordonate spectrale</th></tr><tr><th style=""><a href="/wiki/Lungime_de_und%C4%83" title="Lungime de undă">Lungime de undă</a></th><td class="" style="">575–585<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nanometru" title="Nanometru">nm</a></td></tr><tr><th style=""><a href="/wiki/Frecven%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Frecvență">Frecvență</a></th><td class="" style="">521–512 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">THz</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Coordonatele culorii</th></tr><tr><th style=""><a href="/wiki/Culori_web#Hex_triplet" title="Culori web">Tripletă Hex</a></th><td class="" style="">#FFFF00</td></tr><tr><th style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=SRGB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRGB — pagină inexistentă">sRGB</a><sup><b>B</b></sup>  (<a href="/wiki/Ro%C8%99u" title="Roșu">r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verde" title="Verde">g</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albastru" title="Albastru">b</a>)</th><td class="" style="">(255, 255, 0)</td></tr><tr><th style=""><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CMYK_color_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CMYK color model — pagină inexistentă">CMYK</a><sup><b>H</b></sup>   (<a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">c</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">m</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">y</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negru" title="Negru">k</a>)</span></th><td class="" style=""><span style="white-space:nowrap;">(0, 0, 100, 0)</span></td></tr><tr><th style=""><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HSL_and_HSV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HSL and HSV — pagină inexistentă">HSV</a>       (<a href="/wiki/Hue" class="mw-redirect" title="Hue">h</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorfulness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colorfulness — pagină inexistentă">s</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brightness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brightness — pagină inexistentă">v</a>)</span></th><td class="" style=""><span style="white-space:nowrap;">(60°, 100%, 100%)</span></td></tr><tr><th style="">Sursă</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Culori_web" title="Culori web">HTML/CSS</a><sup id="cite_ref-css3-color_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-css3-color-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><b>B</b>: Normalizat la [0–255] (byte)<br /><b>H</b>: Normalizat la [0–100] (sută)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Galbenul</b> este una dintre culorile din spectrul vizibil ochiului uman, aflată între <a href="/wiki/Portocaliu" title="Portocaliu">portocaliu</a> și <a href="/wiki/Verde" title="Verde">verde</a>, și clasificată ca o „culoare caldă”. Are o lungime de undă cuprinsă între 570–590 <a href="/wiki/Nanometru" title="Nanometru">nm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgia_State_University_Department_of_Physics_and_Astronomy_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgia_State_University_Department_of_Physics_and_Astronomy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Este o culoare primară în <a href="/wiki/Modelul_de_culoare_CMYK" title="Modelul de culoare CMYK">modelul de culori CMYK</a>, folosit în pictură sau imprimare color. În <a href="/wiki/Modelul_de_culoare_ro%C8%99u-verde-albastru" class="mw-redirect" title="Modelul de culoare roșu-verde-albastru">modelul RGB</a>, utilizat pentru a crea culori pe ecranele televizorului și calculatorului, galbenul este o culoare secundară realizată prin combinarea <a href="/wiki/Ro%C8%99u" title="Roșu">roșului</a> și <a href="/wiki/Verde" title="Verde">verdelui</a> la o intensitate egală. Culoarea sa complementară este <a href="/wiki/Violet" title="Violet">violetul</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid%C4%83" title="Carotenoidă">Carotenoizii</a> dau culoarea galbenă caracteristică frunzelor de toamnă, <a href="/wiki/Porumb" title="Porumb">porumbului</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canar" title="Canar">canarilor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcis%C4%83" title="Narcisă">narciselor</a> și <a href="/wiki/L%C4%83m%C3%A2ie" class="mw-redirect" title="Lămâie">lămâilor</a>, precum și <a href="/wiki/Ou" title="Ou">gălbenușului de ou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluture" title="Fluture">fluturilor</a> și <a href="/wiki/Banan%C4%83" title="Banană">bananelor</a>. Ele absorb energia luminii și protejează plantele de fotolezări.<sup id="cite_ref-fasebj.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fasebj.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lumina soarelui are o ușoară nuanță gălbuie atunci când Soarele este aproape de orizont, din cauza împrăștierii atmosferice a lungimilor de undă mai scurte (<a href="/wiki/Verde" title="Verde">verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albastru" title="Albastru">albastru</a> și <a href="/wiki/Violet" title="Violet">violet</a>). </p><p>Deoarece era disponibil pe scară largă, pigmentul ocru galben a fost una dintre primele culori utilizate în artă. <a href="/wiki/Pe%C8%99tera_Lascaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Peștera Lascaux">Peștera Lascaux</a> din Franța are o pictură cu un cal galben veche de 17.000 de ani. Pigmentul ocru și <a href="/wiki/Auripigment" title="Auripigment">auripigmentul</a> au fost folosite pentru a reprezenta culoarea aurului și a pielii în mormintele egiptene, apoi în picturile murale din vilele romane.<sup id="cite_ref-webexhibits.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webexhibits.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În biserica creștină timpurie, galbenul era culoarea asociată Papei și cheile de aur ale Regatului, dar era asociată și cu <a href="/wiki/Iuda_Iscariotul" class="mw-redirect" title="Iuda Iscariotul">Iuda Iscariotul</a> și era folosită pentru a marca ereticii. În secolul XX, evreii din Europa ocupată de naziști au fost nevoiți să poarte o <a href="/wiki/Steaua_galben%C4%83" title="Steaua galbenă">stea galbenă</a>. În <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, galbenul strălucitor era culoarea Regatului Mijlociu și putea fi purtat doar de împărat și familia sa; oaspeții speciali erau primiți pe un covor galben.<sup id="cite_ref-Eva_Heller_2000_p._82_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eva_Heller_2000_p._82-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conform sondajelor din <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> și <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite" class="mw-redirect" title="Statele Unite">Statele Unite</a>, galbenul este culoarea pe care oamenii o asociază cel mai adesea cu amuzamentul, blândețea, umorul și spontaneitatea, dar și cu duplicitatea, invidia, gelozia, avariția iar, în SUA, cu lașitatea.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În Iran are conotații de paloare/boală, <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dar și înțelepciune și conexiune.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În China și în multe țări asiatice, aceasta este văzută drept culoarea fericirii, gloriei, armoniei și înțelepciunii.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În limba română cuvântul „galben” provine din latinescul <i>galbinus</i>. Dintre limbile romanice numai româna a păstrat etimonul latin; în franceză <i>jaune</i>, italiană <i>giallo</i>, spaniolă <i>amarillo</i>. </p><p>În româna veche, substantivul "galben" se referea la monedă mică de <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a>, indiferent de gramaj, pentru efectuarea de tranzacții. </p><p>Cuvântul englezesc <i>yellow</i> provine din engleza veche <i>geolu</i>, <i>geolwe</i>, care înseamnă „galben, gălbui”, derivat din cuvântul proto-germanic <i>gelwaz</i> „galben”.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorie_și_artă"><span id="Istorie_.C8.99i_art.C4.83"></span>Istorie și artă</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie și artă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Istorie și artă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preistorie">Preistorie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Preistorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Preistorie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galbenul, sub formă de pigment ocru galben, obținut din lut, a fost una dintre primele culori folosite în <a href="/wiki/Art%C4%83_rupestr%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Artă rupestră">arta rupestră</a> preistorică. <a href="/wiki/Pe%C8%99tera_din_Lascaux" title="Peștera din Lascaux">Peștera din Lascaux</a> are o pictură a unui cal colorat cu galben veche de 17.300 de ani. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lumea_antică"><span id="Lumea_antic.C4.83"></span>Lumea antică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lumea antică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Lumea antică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În <a href="/wiki/Egiptul_antic" class="mw-redirect" title="Egiptul antic">Egiptul antic</a>, galbenul era asociat cu <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aurul</a>, care era considerat a fi nepieritor, etern și indestructibil. Se credea că pielea și oasele zeilor sunt făcute din aur. Egiptenii foloseau intens galbenul în picturile mormântului; foloseau de obicei fie ocru galben, fie <a href="/wiki/Auripigment" title="Auripigment">auripigmentul</a> strălucitor, deși era fabricat din <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">arsen</a> și era foarte toxic. În mormântul regelui <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamon" title="Tutankhamon">Tutankhamon</a> s-a găsit o cutie de vopsea mică cu auripigment. Bărbații erau întotdeauna desenați cu fețe maro, femeile cu ochi galbeni sau fețe aurii.<sup id="cite_ref-webexhibits.org_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webexhibits.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roma_antic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma antică">Romanii antici</a> foloseau galbenul în picturile lor pentru a reprezenta aurul și, de asemenea, pentru tonuri de piele. Se găsește frecvent în picturile murale din Pompei. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Lascaux2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imaginea unui cal colorat cu ocru galben din Peștera Lascaux (Franța)."><img alt="Imaginea unui cal colorat cu ocru galben din Peștera Lascaux (Franța)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lascaux2.jpg/328px-Lascaux2.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lascaux2.jpg/493px-Lascaux2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Lascaux2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Imaginea unui cal colorat cu ocru galben din Peștera Lascaux (Franța).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Tomb_of_Nakht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Picturi în mormântul lui Nakht din Egiptul antic (sec. al XV-lea î.Hr.)."><img alt="Picturi în mormântul lui Nakht din Egiptul antic (sec. al XV-lea î.Hr.)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tomb_of_Nakht.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Nakht.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tomb_of_Nakht.jpg/500px-Tomb_of_Nakht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tomb_of_Nakht.jpg/517px-Tomb_of_Nakht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="702" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Picturi în mormântul lui Nakht din Egiptul antic (sec. al XV-lea î.Hr.).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Masca lui Tutankhamon, 1323 î.Hr."><img alt="Masca lui Tutankhamon, 1323 î.Hr." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/197px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/297px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/395px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Masca_lui_Tutankhamon" title="Masca lui Tutankhamon">Masca lui Tutankhamon</a>, 1323 î.Hr.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chinesischer_Maler_des_3._Jahrhunderts_v._Chr._001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pictura pe ceramică a dinastiei Han, 206 î.Hr. - 220 d.Hr."><img alt="Pictura pe ceramică a dinastiei Han, 206 î.Hr. - 220 d.Hr." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Chinesischer_Maler_des_3._Jahrhunderts_v._Chr._001.jpg/215px-Chinesischer_Maler_des_3._Jahrhunderts_v._Chr._001.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Chinesischer_Maler_des_3._Jahrhunderts_v._Chr._001.jpg/323px-Chinesischer_Maler_des_3._Jahrhunderts_v._Chr._001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Chinesischer_Maler_des_3._Jahrhunderts_v._Chr._001.jpg/430px-Chinesischer_Maler_des_3._Jahrhunderts_v._Chr._001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2326" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pictura pe ceramică a <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Han" title="Dinastia Han">dinastiei Han</a>, 206 î.Hr. - 220 d.Hr.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 111.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 109.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Harfenspielerin_R%C3%B6misches_Fresko.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ocrul galben a fost adesea folosit în picturile murale din vilele și orașele romane antice."><img alt="Ocrul galben a fost adesea folosit în picturile murale din vilele și orașele romane antice." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Harfenspielerin_R%C3%B6misches_Fresko.jpg/164px-Harfenspielerin_R%C3%B6misches_Fresko.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Harfenspielerin_R%C3%B6misches_Fresko.jpg/247px-Harfenspielerin_R%C3%B6misches_Fresko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Harfenspielerin_R%C3%B6misches_Fresko.jpg/329px-Harfenspielerin_R%C3%B6misches_Fresko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ocrul galben a fost adesea folosit în picturile murale din vilele și orașele romane antice.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_(Ravenna).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arta bizantină a făcut uz de aur. Detaliu al mozaicul împăratului Iustinian din Bazilica "San Vitale" din Ravenna (Italia dinainte de 547 d.Hr.)."><img alt="Arta bizantină a făcut uz de aur. Detaliu al mozaicul împăratului Iustinian din Bazilica "San Vitale" din Ravenna (Italia dinainte de 547 d.Hr.)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg/250px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg/330px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg/500px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1997" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arta bizantină a făcut uz de aur. Detaliu al mozaicul împăratului Iustinian din Bazilica "San Vitale" din Ravenna (Italia dinainte de 547 d.Hr.).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Istorie_postclasică"><span id="Istorie_postclasic.C4.83"></span>Istorie postclasică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie postclasică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Istorie postclasică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În perioada postclasică, galbenul a devenit în mod ferm culoarea lui <a href="/wiki/Iuda_Iscariotul" class="mw-redirect" title="Iuda Iscariotul">Iuda Iscariotul</a>, discipolul care l-a trădat pe <a href="/wiki/Iisus_Hristos" class="mw-redirect" title="Iisus Hristos">Iisus Hristos</a>, chiar dacă Biblia nu-și descrie niciodată îmbrăcămintea. Din această legătură, galbenul a preluat și asociații cu <a href="/wiki/Invidie" title="Invidie">invidie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelozie" title="Gelozie">gelozie</a> și duplicitate. </p><p>În <a href="/wiki/Rena%C8%99tere" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaștere">Renaștere</a> a început tradiția de a marca străinii necreștini, precum evreii, cu culoarea galbenă. În Spania secolului al XVI-lea, cei acuzați de erezie și care refuzau să renunțe la părerile lor erau obligați să vină în fața Inchiziției spaniole îmbrăcați într-o pelerină galbenă.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culoarea galbenă a fost asociată istoric cu creditele și finanțele. Stema <a href="/wiki/Casa_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Casa Medici">Casei Medici</a>, o faimoasă dinastie italiană a bancherilor și creditorilor din secolul al XV-lea, conținea simbolul a cinci bile de aur.<sup id="cite_ref-Yellowtown_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yellowtown-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Yongle-Emperor1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portret al împăratului Yongle, 1402"><img alt="Portret al împăratului Yongle, 1402" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yongle-Emperor1.jpg/250px-Yongle-Emperor1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yongle-Emperor1.jpg/500px-Yongle-Emperor1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portret al <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Emp%C4%83ratul_Yongle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Împăratul Yongle — pagină inexistentă">împăratului Yongle</a>, 1402</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Ming_Jingdezhen_dish_with_dragon.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Porțelan chinezesc, dinastia Ming, 1522-1566"><img alt="Porțelan chinezesc, dinastia Ming, 1522-1566" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ming_Jingdezhen_dish_with_dragon.JPG/291px-Ming_Jingdezhen_dish_with_dragon.JPG" decoding="async" width="194" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ming_Jingdezhen_dish_with_dragon.JPG/436px-Ming_Jingdezhen_dish_with_dragon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ming_Jingdezhen_dish_with_dragon.JPG/582px-Ming_Jingdezhen_dish_with_dragon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="2331" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Porțelan chinezesc, dinastia Ming, 1522-1566</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 219.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:S%C3%A3o_Pedro_(c._1529)_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_(Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco).png" class="mw-file-description" title=""Papa Sf. Petru", 1530–1535, de Grão Vasco Fernandes. O piesă de apogeu din perioada în care Renașterea portugheză a avut o influență externă considerabilă."><img alt=""Papa Sf. Petru", 1530–1535, de Grão Vasco Fernandes. O piesă de apogeu din perioada în care Renașterea portugheză a avut o influență externă considerabilă." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png/326px-S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png/489px-S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png/651px-S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png 2x" data-file-width="5270" data-file-height="4855" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Papa Sf. Petru", 1530–1535, de Grão Vasco Fernandes. O piesă de apogeu din perioada în care Renașterea portugheză a avut o influență externă considerabilă.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Iuda, în galben, este plătit cu 30 de arginți. Frescă din sec. al XVI-lea"><img alt="Iuda, în galben, este plătit cu 30 de arginți. Frescă din sec. al XVI-lea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG/250px-6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG/330px-6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG/500px-6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="2076" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iuda, în galben, este plătit cu 30 de arginți. Frescă din sec. al XVI-lea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_-_Young_Woman_with_a_Pearl_Necklace_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Femeie cu colier de perle, de Johannes Vermeer (c. 1664)"><img alt="Femeie cu colier de perle, de Johannes Vermeer (c. 1664)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_-_Young_Woman_with_a_Pearl_Necklace_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/258px-Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_-_Young_Woman_with_a_Pearl_Necklace_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_-_Young_Woman_with_a_Pearl_Necklace_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/387px-Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_-_Young_Woman_with_a_Pearl_Necklace_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_-_Young_Woman_with_a_Pearl_Necklace_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/516px-Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_-_Young_Woman_with_a_Pearl_Necklace_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Femeie cu colier de perle,</i> de <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> (c. 1664)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Istorie_modernă"><span id="Istorie_modern.C4.83"></span>Istorie modernă</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie modernă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Istorie modernă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secolele_XVIII_și_XIX"><span id="Secolele_XVIII_.C8.99i_XIX"></span>Secolele XVIII și XIX</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Secolele XVIII și XIX" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Secolele XVIII și XIX"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În secolele XVIII și XIX s-au descoperit și fabricat pigmenți și coloranți sintetici, care au înlocuit rapid gălbenul tradițional obținut din arsenic, urină de vacă și alte substanțe. </p><p>În jurul anului 1776, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard" title="Jean-Honoré Fragonard">Jean-Honoré Fragonard</a> a pictat <i>O fată citind</i>. Era îmbrăcată într-o rochie galben-șofran strălucitor. Această pictură este „considerată de mulți critici ca fiind printre cele mai atrăgătoare și măiestre ale lui Fragonard”.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În secolul al XIX-lea, pictorul britanic <a href="/wiki/J.M.W._Turner" class="mw-redirect" title="J.M.W. Turner">J.M.W. Turner</a> a fost unul dintre primii din acel secol care a folosit galbenul pentru a crea dispoziții și emoții, modul în care compozitorii romantici foloseau muzica. Pictura lui <i>Ploaia, aburul și viteza - Marea Cale Ferată Centrală</i> a fost dominată de nori galbeni strălucitori. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a> a folosit noile culori sintetice în picturile sale experimentale compuse din puncte minuscule de culori primare, în special în celebrul său <i>După-amiază de duminică pe Isle de la Grand jatte</i> (1884–86). Nu știa că noul pigment sintetic galben, zinc galben sau zinc cromat, pe care l-a folosit în peluza verde deschis, era extrem de instabil și va deveni maro rapid.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pictorul <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> a fost un admirator particular al culorii galbene, a culorii soarelui. Scriindu-i surorii sale din sudul Franței în 1888, el a scris: „Acum avem o frumoasă vreme caldă, fără vânt, care este foarte benefic pentru mine. Soarele, o lumină care, din lipsa unui cuvânt mai bun, nu o pot numi decât galben, galben strălucitor de sulf, auriu pal de lămâie. Cât de frumos este galbenul!” Van Gogh a fost unul dintre primii artiști care a folosit vopsele fabricate comercial, mai degrabă decât vopsele pe care le-a realizat el însuși. A folosit tradiționalul galben ocru, dar și galben crom realizat pentru prima dată în 1809 și galben-cadmiu, realizat pentru prima dată în 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea, în 1895, o nouă formă de artă populară a început să apară în ziarele din New York; banda desenată color. A profitat de un nou proces de imprimare color, care a folosit separarea culorilor și trei culori diferite de cerneală: <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">magenta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a> și galben, plus negru, pentru a crea toate culorile pe pagină. Unul dintre primele personaje din noile benzi desenate a fost un băiat plin de umor din străzile din New York pe nume Mickey Dugen, mai cunoscut sub numele de „Yellow Kid”, de la tricoul de noapte galben pe care îl purta. El a dat numele (și culoarea) întregului gen de jurnalism popular, senzațional, care a devenit cunoscut sub numele de „jurnalism galben”. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Vase_(AM_1464-2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vas chinezesc din timpul dinastiei Qing"><img alt="Vas chinezesc din timpul dinastiei Qing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vase_%28AM_1464-2%29.jpg/267px-Vase_%28AM_1464-2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vase_%28AM_1464-2%29.jpg/402px-Vase_%28AM_1464-2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vase_%28AM_1464-2%29.jpg/535px-Vase_%28AM_1464-2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vas chinezesc din timpul dinastiei Qing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Fragonard,_The_Reader.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La liseuse ("Lumina de citit"), de Jean-Honoré Fragonard, c. 1776"><img alt="La liseuse ("Lumina de citit"), de Jean-Honoré Fragonard, c. 1776" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fragonard%2C_The_Reader.jpg/250px-Fragonard%2C_The_Reader.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fragonard%2C_The_Reader.jpg/330px-Fragonard%2C_The_Reader.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fragonard%2C_The_Reader.jpg/500px-Fragonard%2C_The_Reader.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3182" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>La liseuse ("Lumina de citit")</i>, de <a href="/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard" title="Jean-Honoré Fragonard">Jean-Honoré Fragonard</a>, c. 1776</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Vincent_Van_Gogh_0010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Floarea soarelui, de Vincent van Gogh, 1888"><img alt="Floarea soarelui, de Vincent van Gogh, 1888" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vincent_Van_Gogh_0010.jpg/250px-Vincent_Van_Gogh_0010.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vincent_Van_Gogh_0010.jpg/330px-Vincent_Van_Gogh_0010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vincent_Van_Gogh_0010.jpg/500px-Vincent_Van_Gogh_0010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1789" data-file-height="2322" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Floarea_soarelui_(Vincent_van_Gogh)" title="Floarea soarelui (Vincent van Gogh)">Floarea soarelui</a></i>, de <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, 1888</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_The_Golden_Train.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lui sa 'aime elle suit ("Ea își urmează dragostea"), de Edmund Leighton, 1891"><img alt="Lui sa 'aime elle suit ("Ea își urmează dragostea"), de Edmund Leighton, 1891" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_The_Golden_Train.jpg/165px-Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_The_Golden_Train.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_The_Golden_Train.jpg/248px-Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_The_Golden_Train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_The_Golden_Train.jpg/330px-Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_The_Golden_Train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="2068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Lui sa 'aime elle suit ("Ea își urmează dragostea")</i>, de Edmund Leighton, 1891</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Van_Gogh_-_Das_gelbe_Haus_(Vincents_Haus)2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Casa galbenă, de Vincent van Gogh, 1888"><img alt="Casa galbenă, de Vincent van Gogh, 1888" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Van_Gogh_-_Das_gelbe_Haus_%28Vincents_Haus%292.jpeg/285px-Van_Gogh_-_Das_gelbe_Haus_%28Vincents_Haus%292.jpeg" decoding="async" width="190" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Van_Gogh_-_Das_gelbe_Haus_%28Vincents_Haus%292.jpeg/429px-Van_Gogh_-_Das_gelbe_Haus_%28Vincents_Haus%292.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Van_Gogh_-_Das_gelbe_Haus_%28Vincents_Haus%292.jpeg/571px-Van_Gogh_-_Das_gelbe_Haus_%28Vincents_Haus%292.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3858" data-file-height="3042" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Casa_galben%C4%83_(pictur%C4%83)" title="Casa galbenă (pictură)">Casa galbenă</a></i>, de <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, 1888</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Gaston_La_Touche_At_the_riverbank.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pe malul râului, de Gaston La Touche"><img alt="Pe malul râului, de Gaston La Touche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gaston_La_Touche_At_the_riverbank.jpg/202px-Gaston_La_Touche_At_the_riverbank.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gaston_La_Touche_At_the_riverbank.jpg/303px-Gaston_La_Touche_At_the_riverbank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gaston_La_Touche_At_the_riverbank.jpg/403px-Gaston_La_Touche_At_the_riverbank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pe malul râului</i>, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_La_Touche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaston La Touche — pagină inexistentă">Gaston La Touche</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secolele_XX_și_XXI"><span id="Secolele_XX_.C8.99i_XXI"></span>Secolele XX și XXI</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Secolele XX și XXI" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Secolele XX și XXI"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În secolul XX, galbenul a fost reînviat ca simbol al excluderii, așa cum a fost în <a href="/wiki/Evul_Mediu" title="Evul Mediu">Evul Mediu</a> și în <a href="/wiki/Rena%C8%99tere" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaștere">Renaștere</a>. Evreii din <a href="/wiki/Germania_nazist%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Germania nazistă">Germania nazistă</a> și din țările ocupate de Germania au fost obligați să coase triunghiuri galbene cu steaua lui David pe hainele lor. </p><p>În secolul XX, pictorii moderniști au redus pictura la cele mai simple culori și forme geometrice. Pictorul modernist olandez <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a> a realizat o serie de tablouri care au constat dintr-o pânză albă pură, cu o grilă de linii negre verticale și orizontale și dreptunghiuri de galben, <a href="/wiki/Ro%C8%99u" title="Roșu">roșu</a> și <a href="/wiki/Albastru" title="Albastru">albastru</a>. </p><p>Galbenul a fost apreciat în special în secolul XX datorită vizibilității sale ridicate. Datorită capacității sale de a fi văzut bine de la distanțe mai mari și la viteze mari, galbenul face să fie culoarea ideală de a fi privită din automobilele în mișcare.<sup id="cite_ref-Yellowtown_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yellowtown-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adesea a înlocuit roșul drept culoare a camioanelor de pompieri și a altor vehicule de urgență și a fost popular în semnele de neon, în special în Las Vegas și în China, unde galbenul era cea mai apreciată culoare. </p><p>În anii '60, Pickett Brand a dezvoltat <a href="/wiki/Rigl%C4%83_de_calcul" title="Riglă de calcul">rigla de calcul</a> "Eye Saver Yellow", care a fost produsă cu o culoare specifică galbenă (Angstrom 5600) care reflectă razele de lungime de undă lungă și promovează o ușurință optimă a ochilor pentru a ajuta la prevenirea tensiunii oculare și îmbunătățirea preciziei vizuale.<sup id="cite_ref-Yellowtown_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yellowtown-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În secolul al XXI-lea s-au utilizat materiale și tehnologii neobișnuite pentru a crea noi moduri de a experimenta culoarea galben. Un exemplu a fost „proiectul meteo”, al artistului danez-islandez Olafur Eliasson, instalat în spațiul deschis al Turbine Hall din Londra în 2003. Eliasson a folosit umidificatoare pentru a crea o ceață fină în aer printr-un amestec de zahăr și apă, precum și un disc semi-circular format din sute de lămpi monocromatice care radiau lumină galbenă. Tavanul holului era acoperit cu o oglindă imensă, în care vizitatorii se puteau vedea ca niște umbre minuscule negre împotriva unei mase de lumină.<sup id="cite_ref-newyorker.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorker.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Godward_Idleness_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lene, de John William Godward, 1900"><img alt="Lene, de John William Godward, 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Godward_Idleness_1900.jpg/250px-Godward_Idleness_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Godward_Idleness_1900.jpg/330px-Godward_Idleness_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Godward_Idleness_1900.jpg/500px-Godward_Idleness_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="1998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Lene</i>, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_William_Godward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John William Godward — pagină inexistentă">John William Godward</a>, 1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Yellow_Room,_Frieseke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cameră galbenă, Frederick Carl Frieseke, 1910"><img alt="Cameră galbenă, Frederick Carl Frieseke, 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yellow_Room%2C_Frieseke.jpg/330px-Yellow_Room%2C_Frieseke.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yellow_Room%2C_Frieseke.jpg/500px-Yellow_Room%2C_Frieseke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yellow_Room%2C_Frieseke.jpg/960px-Yellow_Room%2C_Frieseke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cameră galbenă</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Carl_Frieseke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Carl Frieseke — pagină inexistentă">Frederick Carl Frieseke</a>, 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:To_the_Unknown_Voice.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pentru vocea necunoscută, Vasili Kandinski, 1916"><img alt="Pentru vocea necunoscută, Vasili Kandinski, 1916" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/To_the_Unknown_Voice.JPG/250px-To_the_Unknown_Voice.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/To_the_Unknown_Voice.JPG/330px-To_the_Unknown_Voice.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/To_the_Unknown_Voice.JPG/400px-To_the_Unknown_Voice.JPG 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pentru vocea necunoscută</i>, <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kandinski" title="Vasili Kandinski">Vasili Kandinski</a>, 1916</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Xdx_-_Manierre_Dawson_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Xdx, de Manierre Dawson, ca. 1910"><img alt="Xdx, de Manierre Dawson, ca. 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Xdx_-_Manierre_Dawson_-_overall.jpg/250px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Xdx_-_Manierre_Dawson_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Xdx_-_Manierre_Dawson_-_overall.jpg/500px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Xdx_-_Manierre_Dawson_-_overall.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Xdx</i>, de Manierre Dawson, ca. 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Paul_Klee_-_Gespenst_eines_Genies_(Ghost_of_a_Genius)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fantoma unui geniu, de Paul Klee, 1922"><img alt="Fantoma unui geniu, de Paul Klee, 1922" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Paul_Klee_-_Gespenst_eines_Genies_%28Ghost_of_a_Genius%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Paul_Klee_-_Gespenst_eines_Genies_%28Ghost_of_a_Genius%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Paul_Klee_-_Gespenst_eines_Genies_%28Ghost_of_a_Genius%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Paul_Klee_-_Gespenst_eines_Genies_%28Ghost_of_a_Genius%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Paul_Klee_-_Gespenst_eines_Genies_%28Ghost_of_a_Genius%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Paul_Klee_-_Gespenst_eines_Genies_%28Ghost_of_a_Genius%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3893" data-file-height="5648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Fantoma unui geniu,</i> de <a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a>, 1922</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bedrich_Novotny_Rv%C3%A1%C4%8Di_po%C4%8D%C3%A1tek_60.let_tu%C5%A1_a_pastel_na_pap%C3%AD%C5%99e_43_x_34_cm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luptători, de Bedřich Novotný"><img alt="Luptători, de Bedřich Novotný" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bedrich_Novotny_Rv%C3%A1%C4%8Di_po%C4%8D%C3%A1tek_60.let_tu%C5%A1_a_pastel_na_pap%C3%AD%C5%99e_43_x_34_cm.jpg/330px-Bedrich_Novotny_Rv%C3%A1%C4%8Di_po%C4%8D%C3%A1tek_60.let_tu%C5%A1_a_pastel_na_pap%C3%AD%C5%99e_43_x_34_cm.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bedrich_Novotny_Rv%C3%A1%C4%8Di_po%C4%8D%C3%A1tek_60.let_tu%C5%A1_a_pastel_na_pap%C3%AD%C5%99e_43_x_34_cm.jpg/500px-Bedrich_Novotny_Rv%C3%A1%C4%8Di_po%C4%8D%C3%A1tek_60.let_tu%C5%A1_a_pastel_na_pap%C3%AD%C5%99e_43_x_34_cm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bedrich_Novotny_Rv%C3%A1%C4%8Di_po%C4%8D%C3%A1tek_60.let_tu%C5%A1_a_pastel_na_pap%C3%AD%C5%99e_43_x_34_cm.jpg/512px-Bedrich_Novotny_Rv%C3%A1%C4%8Di_po%C4%8D%C3%A1tek_60.let_tu%C5%A1_a_pastel_na_pap%C3%AD%C5%99e_43_x_34_cm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Luptători,</i> de Bedřich Novotný</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biologie">Biologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Biologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Biologie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frunzele de toamnă, florile galbene, bananele, portocalele și alte fructe galbene conțin carotenoizi, pigmenți organici galbeni și roșii care se găsesc în cloroplastele și cromoplastele plantelor și ale altor organisme fotosintetice, cum ar fi algele, unele bacterii și unele ciuperci. Aceștia îndeplinesc două roluri-cheie în plante și alge: absorb energia luminoasă pentru a fi utilizată în <a href="/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%83" title="Fotosinteză">fotosinteză</a> și protejează <a href="/wiki/Clorofila" class="mw-redirect" title="Clorofila">clorofila</a> verde de fotodeteriorare.<sup id="cite_ref-fasebj.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fasebj.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La sfârșitul verii, pe măsură ce orele de lumină se scurtează și temperaturile se răcesc, venele care transportă fluidele în interiorul și în afara frunzei se închid treptat. Aportul de apă și minerale în frunză se reduce, la început încet, apoi mai rapid. În această perioadă, clorofila începe să scadă. Pe măsură ce clorofila se diminuează, carotenoizii galbeni și roșii devin din ce în ce mai vizibili, creând culoarea clasică a frunzelor de toamnă. </p><p>Carotenoizii sunt prezenți în multe viețuitoare; ei dau culoarea caracteristică <a href="/wiki/Morcov" title="Morcov">morcovilor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porumb" title="Porumb">porumbului</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcise" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcise">narciselor</a>, rubarbelor și <a href="/wiki/Banane" class="mw-redirect" title="Banane">bananelor</a>. Ei sunt responsabili de roșul homarilor gătiți, de rozul <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingo</a> și al <a href="/wiki/Somon" title="Somon">somonului</a> și de galbenul <a href="/wiki/Canar" title="Canar">canarilor</a> și al gălbenușurilor de ou. </p><p>Xantofilele sunt cei mai comuni pigmenți galbeni care formează una dintre cele două diviziuni majore ale grupului carotenoidelor. Denumirea provine din grecescul <b>xanthos</b> (ξανθος, "galben") + <b>phyllon</b> (φύλλον, "frunză"). Xantofilele se găsesc cel mai frecvent în frunzele plantelor verzi, dar ele ajung și la <a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">animale</a> prin intermediul alimentelor pe care le consumă. De exemplu, culoarea galbenă a gălbenușurilor de ou, a grăsimii și a pielii de găină provine din hrana pe care o consumă găinile. Crescătorii de pui înțeleg acest lucru și adesea adaugă xantofile, de obicei luteină, pentru a face gălbenușurile de ou mai galbene. </p><p>Bananele sunt verzi atunci când sunt culese din cauza clorofilei pe care o conține pielea lor. Odată culese, acestea încep să se coacă; hormonii din banane transformă aminoacizii în gaz etilenă, care stimulează producția mai multor enzime. Aceste enzime încep să schimbe culoarea, textura și aroma bananei. Alimentarea cu clorofilă verde este oprită și este înlocuită de culoarea galbenă a carotenoidelor; în cele din urmă, pe măsură ce enzimele își continuă activitatea, pereții celulari se descompun și bananele devin maro. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:La_Nuit_by_Aristide_Maillol,_Jardins_du_Carrousel,_Paris_October_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frunze galbene"><img alt="Frunze galbene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/La_Nuit_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Jardins_du_Carrousel%2C_Paris_October_2015.jpg/250px-La_Nuit_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Jardins_du_Carrousel%2C_Paris_October_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/La_Nuit_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Jardins_du_Carrousel%2C_Paris_October_2015.jpg/330px-La_Nuit_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Jardins_du_Carrousel%2C_Paris_October_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3424" data-file-height="4481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frunze galbene</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Caltha_palustris_(36241275843).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bulbuci de baltă"><img alt="Bulbuci de baltă" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Caltha_palustris_%2836241275843%29.jpg/157px-Caltha_palustris_%2836241275843%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Caltha_palustris_%2836241275843%29.jpg/236px-Caltha_palustris_%2836241275843%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Caltha_palustris_%2836241275843%29.jpg/315px-Caltha_palustris_%2836241275843%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bulbuci de baltă</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bananas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bananele își obțin culoarea galbenă din pigmenți naturali numiți carotenoizi."><img alt="Bananele își obțin culoarea galbenă din pigmenți naturali numiți carotenoizi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bananas.jpg/330px-Bananas.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bananas.jpg/500px-Bananas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bananas.jpg/960px-Bananas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Banan%C4%83" title="Banană">Bananele</a> își obțin culoarea galbenă din pigmenți naturali numiți carotenoizi.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Raw_egg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gălbenușul unui ou crud. Culoarea provine de la carotenoidele xantofile luteină și zeaxantină."><img alt="Gălbenușul unui ou crud. Culoarea provine de la carotenoidele xantofile luteină și zeaxantină." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Raw_egg.jpg/330px-Raw_egg.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Raw_egg.jpg/500px-Raw_egg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Raw_egg.jpg/960px-Raw_egg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="1698" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gălbenușul unui ou crud. Culoarea provine de la carotenoidele xantofile luteină și zeaxantină.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Duckling_chicks_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pui de rață"><img alt="Pui de rață" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Duckling_chicks_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/315px-Duckling_chicks_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Duckling_chicks_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/473px-Duckling_chicks_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Duckling_chicks_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/630px-Duckling_chicks_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pui de rață</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asocieri_și_semnificații_simbolice"><span id="Asocieri_.C8.99i_semnifica.C8.9Bii_simbolice"></span>Asocieri și semnificații simbolice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Asocieri și semnificații simbolice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Asocieri și semnificații simbolice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În vest, galbenul nu este o culoare iubită; într-un sondaj din 2000, doar 6% dintre respondenții din Europa și America au numit-o culoarea preferată, comparativ cu 45% pentru <a href="/wiki/Albastru" title="Albastru">albastru</a>, 15% pentru <a href="/wiki/Verde" title="Verde">verde</a>, 12% pentru <a href="/wiki/Ro%C8%99u" title="Roșu">roșu</a> și 10% pentru <a href="/wiki/Negru" title="Negru">negru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eva_Heller_2000_pg._33_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eva_Heller_2000_pg._33-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galbenul este culoarea ambivalenței și a contradicției, este culoarea asociată cu optimismul și distracția dar și cu trădarea, duplicitatea și gelozia.<sup id="cite_ref-Eva_Heller_2000_pg._33_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eva_Heller_2000_pg._33-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În China și în alte părți ale Asiei, galbenul este o culoare a virtuții și a nobleței. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="În_China"><span id=".C3.8En_China"></span>În China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: În China" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: În China"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galbenul are asociații istorice și culturale puternice în China, unde este culoarea fericirii, gloriei și înțelepciunii. În China, există cinci direcții ale busolei: nord, sud, est, vest și mijloc, fiecare cu o culoare simbolică. Galbenul semnifică mijlocul. China este numită Regatul Mijlociu; palatul împăratului era considerat centrul exact al lumii.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated82_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated82-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legendarul prim împărat al Chinei a fost numit <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Emp%C4%83ratul_Galben" class="mw-redirect" title="Împăratul Galben">Împăratul Galben</a>. Ultimul împărat al Chinei, <a href="/wiki/Puyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Puyi">Puyi</a> (1906–1967), a descris în memoriile sale că de copil era înconjurat numai de obiecte galbene. „M-a făcut să înțeleg încă de la vârsta mea cea mai fragedă că sunt de o esență unică și mi-a insuflat conștiința 'naturii mele cerești' care m-a făcut diferit de orice alt om”.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eva_Heller_2000_p._82_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eva_Heller_2000_p._82-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Împăratul chinez era literalmente considerat copilul cerului, având atât un rol politic, cât și unul religios, ambele simbolizate de galben. După <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Song" title="Dinastia Song">dinastia Song</a>, culoarea galben-strălucitor nu putea e fi purtată decât de împărat. Oaspeții remarcabili erau onorați cu un covor galben, nu roșu. </p><p>În simbolismul chinezesc, galbenul, roșul și verdele sunt culori masculine, în timp ce albul și negru sunt considerate feminine. În simbolistica tradițională a celor două opuse care se completează reciproc, <a href="/wiki/Yin_%C8%99i_Yang" title="Yin și Yang">Yin și Yang</a>, yangul masculin este reprezentat în mod tradițional de galben. La fel cum există cinci elemente, cinci direcții și cinci culori în viziunea chineză asupra lumii, există și cinci anotimpuri: vara, iarna, toamna, primăvara și sfârșitul verii, simbolizată prin frunze galbene.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated82_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated82-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Zhengde.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portret al împăratului Zhengde, al dinastiei Ming."><img alt="Portret al împăratului Zhengde, al dinastiei Ming." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Zhengde.jpg/250px-Zhengde.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Zhengde.jpg/330px-Zhengde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Zhengde.jpg/500px-Zhengde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portret al <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Emp%C4%83ratul_Zhengde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Împăratul Zhengde — pagină inexistentă">împăratului Zhengde</a>, al <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming">dinastiei Ming</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portrait_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Împăratul Qianlong, al dinastiei Manciu, poartă îmbrăcăminte chineză manciuriană, în sec. al XVIII-lea"><img alt="Împăratul Qianlong, al dinastiei Manciu, poartă îmbrăcăminte chineză manciuriană, în sec. al XVIII-lea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Portrait_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg/204px-Portrait_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Portrait_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg/307px-Portrait_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Portrait_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg/409px-Portrait_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Emp%C4%83ratul_Qianlong" title="Împăratul Qianlong">Împăratul Qianlong</a>, al <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing">dinastiei Manciu</a>, poartă îmbrăcăminte chineză manciuriană, în sec. al XVIII-lea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Imperial_Yellow_Peking_Glass_Vase_Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vază de sticlă Peking. Culoarea este numită „Galben imperial”, după steagul dinastiei Qing."><img alt="Vază de sticlă Peking. Culoarea este numită „Galben imperial”, după steagul dinastiei Qing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Imperial_Yellow_Peking_Glass_Vase_Closeup.jpg/202px-Imperial_Yellow_Peking_Glass_Vase_Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Imperial_Yellow_Peking_Glass_Vase_Closeup.jpg/304px-Imperial_Yellow_Peking_Glass_Vase_Closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Imperial_Yellow_Peking_Glass_Vase_Closeup.jpg/405px-Imperial_Yellow_Peking_Glass_Vase_Closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="2508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vază de sticlă Peking. Culoarea este numită „Galben imperial”, după steagul <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing">dinastiei Qing</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 141.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 139.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Ostasiatische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_041.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porțelan galben chinezesc"><img alt="Porțelan galben chinezesc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Ostasiatische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_041.jpg/250px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Ostasiatische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_041.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Ostasiatische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_041.jpg/330px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Ostasiatische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Ostasiatische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_041.jpg/500px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Ostasiatische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="1841" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Porțelan galben chinezesc</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 273.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 271.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Forbidden_City_(6349226071)_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acoperișuri galbene din Orașul Interzis, care erau limitate la clădirile imperiale."><img alt="Acoperișuri galbene din Orașul Interzis, care erau limitate la clădirile imperiale." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Forbidden_City_%286349226071%29_%283%29.jpg/500px-Forbidden_City_%286349226071%29_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Forbidden_City_%286349226071%29_%283%29.jpg/960px-Forbidden_City_%286349226071%29_%283%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Acoperișuri galbene din Orașul Interzis, care erau limitate la clădirile imperiale.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lumină_și_rațiune"><span id="Lumin.C4.83_.C8.99i_ra.C8.9Biune"></span>Lumină și rațiune</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lumină și rațiune" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Lumină și rațiune"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galbenul, culoare a luminii solare atunci când <a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soarele</a> este aproape de orizont, este frecvent asociat cu căldura. Galbenul combinat cu roșu simbolizează căldură și energie. O cameră vopsită în galben se simte mai caldă decât o cameră vopsită în alb, iar o lampă cu lumină galbenă pare mai naturală decât o lampă cu lumină albă. </p><p>Fiind culoarea luminii, galbenul este asociat cu cunoștințele și înțelepciunea. În multe limbi, „strălucitor” și „sclipitor” înseamnă inteligent. În Islam, culoarea galbenă a aurului simbolizează înțelepciunea. În simbolistica europeană medievală, roșul simboliza pasiunea, albastrul simboliza spiritualul, iar galbenul simboliza rațiunea. În multe universități europene, robele și șepcile galbene sunt purtate de membrii facultății de științe fizice și naturale, întrucât galbenul este culoarea rațiunii și a cercetării.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aur_și_blond"><span id="Aur_.C8.99i_blond"></span>Aur și blond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Aur și blond" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Aur și blond"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În <a href="/wiki/Grecia_antic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Grecia antică">Grecia</a> și <a href="/wiki/Roma_antic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma antică">Roma antică</a>, zeii erau adesea înfățișați cu păr galben sau blond, care era descris în literatură drept „auriu”. Culoarea galbenă a fost asociată cu zeii solari <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> și <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>. În Grecia antică era la modă ca bărbații și femeile să-și vopsească părul galben sau să petreacă timp la soare pentru a-l deschide.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În Roma antică, prostituatelor li s-a cerut să-și decoloreze părul, pentru a fi ușor de identificat, dar a devenit, de asemenea, o culoare la modă a femeilor aristocratice, modă influențată de părul blond exotic al multor sclavi nou cuceriți din Galia, Marea Britanie și Germania.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cu toate acestea, în Europa medievală și mai târziu, cuvântul galben avea adesea conotații negative, fiind asociată cu trădarea.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vizibilitate_și_precauție"><span id="Vizibilitate_.C8.99i_precau.C8.9Bie"></span>Vizibilitate și precauție</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vizibilitate și precauție" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Vizibilitate și precauție"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galbenul este o culoare vizibilă de la distanță, de aceea este adesea folosit pentru obiecte care trebuie văzute, precum echipamentele de întreținere a drumurilor, autobuzele școlare și taxiurile. De asemenea, este adesea utilizat pentru semne de avertizare, deoarece galbenul semnalează în mod tradițional prudență, mai degrabă decât pericol. O lumină galbenă pe un semn rutier înseamnă încetinirea, dar nu oprirea. Un cartonaș galben de penalizare în sport înseamnă avertizare, dar nu eliminare. Un semafor galben înseamnă că este interzis să începi mișcarea într-o intersecție, dar poți continua o mișcare deja începută. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:First_Student_132.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Autobuz școlar"><img alt="Autobuz școlar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/First_Student_132.jpg/330px-First_Student_132.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/First_Student_132.jpg/500px-First_Student_132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/First_Student_132.jpg/960px-First_Student_132.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Autobuz școlar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Gelber_Briefkasten_der_Deutschen_Post.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cutie poștală în Germania. Galbenul era culoarea serviciului poștal timpuriu din Imperiul habsburgic."><img alt="Cutie poștală în Germania. Galbenul era culoarea serviciului poștal timpuriu din Imperiul habsburgic." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gelber_Briefkasten_der_Deutschen_Post.JPG/330px-Gelber_Briefkasten_der_Deutschen_Post.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gelber_Briefkasten_der_Deutschen_Post.JPG/500px-Gelber_Briefkasten_der_Deutschen_Post.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gelber_Briefkasten_der_Deutschen_Post.JPG/960px-Gelber_Briefkasten_der_Deutschen_Post.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cutie poștală în Germania. Galbenul era culoarea serviciului poștal timpuriu din Imperiul habsburgic.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Sea_King_HAR3_XZ585_at_RIAT_2010_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elicopter de salvare"><img alt="Elicopter de salvare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sea_King_HAR3_XZ585_at_RIAT_2010_arp.jpg/339px-Sea_King_HAR3_XZ585_at_RIAT_2010_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sea_King_HAR3_XZ585_at_RIAT_2010_arp.jpg/509px-Sea_King_HAR3_XZ585_at_RIAT_2010_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sea_King_HAR3_XZ585_at_RIAT_2010_arp.jpg/677px-Sea_King_HAR3_XZ585_at_RIAT_2010_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elicopter de salvare</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Massimo_Busacca,_Referee,_Switzerland_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartonaș galben de avertizare"><img alt="Cartonaș galben de avertizare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Massimo_Busacca%2C_Referee%2C_Switzerland_%2810%29.jpg/500px-Massimo_Busacca%2C_Referee%2C_Switzerland_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Massimo_Busacca%2C_Referee%2C_Switzerland_%2810%29.jpg/960px-Massimo_Busacca%2C_Referee%2C_Switzerland_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cartonaș galben de avertizare</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optimism_și_plăcere"><span id="Optimism_.C8.99i_pl.C4.83cere"></span>Optimism și plăcere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Optimism și plăcere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Optimism și plăcere"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galbenul este culoarea cea mai asociată cu optimismul și plăcerea; este o culoare concepută pentru a atrage atenția și este folosită pentru distracții. Rochiile galbene la modă sunt rare, dar întotdeauna sunt asociate cu veselia și sărbătoarea. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:L%27imp%C3%A9ratrice_Eug%C3%A9nie_%C3%A0_la_Marie-Antoinette,_1854,_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Împărăteasa Eugenie a Franței, îmbrăcată ca Maria Antoaneta. Pictură de Franz Winterhalter (1854)"><img alt="Împărăteasa Eugenie a Franței, îmbrăcată ca Maria Antoaneta. Pictură de Franz Winterhalter (1854)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/L%27imp%C3%A9ratrice_Eug%C3%A9nie_%C3%A0_la_Marie-Antoinette%2C_1854%2C_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg/237px-L%27imp%C3%A9ratrice_Eug%C3%A9nie_%C3%A0_la_Marie-Antoinette%2C_1854%2C_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/L%27imp%C3%A9ratrice_Eug%C3%A9nie_%C3%A0_la_Marie-Antoinette%2C_1854%2C_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg/356px-L%27imp%C3%A9ratrice_Eug%C3%A9nie_%C3%A0_la_Marie-Antoinette%2C_1854%2C_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/L%27imp%C3%A9ratrice_Eug%C3%A9nie_%C3%A0_la_Marie-Antoinette%2C_1854%2C_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg/475px-L%27imp%C3%A9ratrice_Eug%C3%A9nie_%C3%A0_la_Marie-Antoinette%2C_1854%2C_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2945" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Împărăteasa Eugenie a Franței, îmbrăcată ca <a href="/wiki/Maria_Antoaneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Antoaneta">Maria Antoaneta</a>. Pictură de <a href="/wiki/Franz_Winterhalter" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Winterhalter">Franz Winterhalter</a> (1854)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Kuznetsova_by_Repin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portret al Doamnei Kuznețova, de Ilya Repin (1901)"><img alt="Portret al Doamnei Kuznețova, de Ilya Repin (1901)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kuznetsova_by_Repin.jpg/161px-Kuznetsova_by_Repin.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kuznetsova_by_Repin.jpg/241px-Kuznetsova_by_Repin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kuznetsova_by_Repin.jpg/321px-Kuznetsova_by_Repin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Portret al Doamnei Kuznețova</i>, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilya_Repin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilya Repin — pagină inexistentă">Ilya Repin</a> (1901)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:James_Tissot_-_The_Ball.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balul, de James Tissot (1880)"><img alt="Balul, de James Tissot (1880)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/James_Tissot_-_The_Ball.jpg/162px-James_Tissot_-_The_Ball.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/James_Tissot_-_The_Ball.jpg/243px-James_Tissot_-_The_Ball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/James_Tissot_-_The_Ball.jpg/324px-James_Tissot_-_The_Ball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Balul,</i> de <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a> (1880)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Basil_Soda_Yellow_Dress_-_Paris_Haute_Couture_Spring-Summer_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rochie galbenă – "Paris Haute Couture", pentru primăvară-vară"><img alt="Rochie galbenă – "Paris Haute Couture", pentru primăvară-vară" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Basil_Soda_Yellow_Dress_-_Paris_Haute_Couture_Spring-Summer_2012.jpg/250px-Basil_Soda_Yellow_Dress_-_Paris_Haute_Couture_Spring-Summer_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Basil_Soda_Yellow_Dress_-_Paris_Haute_Couture_Spring-Summer_2012.jpg/330px-Basil_Soda_Yellow_Dress_-_Paris_Haute_Couture_Spring-Summer_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Basil_Soda_Yellow_Dress_-_Paris_Haute_Couture_Spring-Summer_2012.jpg/500px-Basil_Soda_Yellow_Dress_-_Paris_Haute_Couture_Spring-Summer_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="2340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rochie galbenă – "Paris Haute Couture", pentru primăvară-vară</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuses_de_Kuchipudi_(mus%C3%A9e_Guimet).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dansatoare Kuchipudi"><img alt="Dansatoare Kuchipudi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuses_de_Kuchipudi_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg/267px-Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuses_de_Kuchipudi_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuses_de_Kuchipudi_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg/401px-Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuses_de_Kuchipudi_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuses_de_Kuchipudi_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg/534px-Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuses_de_Kuchipudi_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dansatoare <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuchipudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuchipudi — pagină inexistentă">Kuchipudi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Kylie_Minogue_IMG_4379.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cântăreața Kylie Minogue cântă la un concert de decernare a Premiilor Nobel"><img alt="Cântăreața Kylie Minogue cântă la un concert de decernare a Premiilor Nobel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kylie_Minogue_IMG_4379.JPG/250px-Kylie_Minogue_IMG_4379.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kylie_Minogue_IMG_4379.JPG/330px-Kylie_Minogue_IMG_4379.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kylie_Minogue_IMG_4379.JPG/500px-Kylie_Minogue_IMG_4379.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="2483" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cântăreața <a href="/wiki/Kylie_Minogue" title="Kylie Minogue">Kylie Minogue</a> cântă la un concert de decernare a Premiilor Nobel</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expresii">Expresii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Expresii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Expresii"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>În limba română există câteva sintame sau expresii legate de galben: „galben ca ceara / lămâia” (palid, bolnav), „galben de invidie” (foarte invidios), „galben de spaimă” (înfricoșat), „a lua gălbenușul” (a însuși cea mai mare parte dintr-un câștig prin înșelăciune)</li> <li>„Cod galben”, un grad inferior de clasificare a condițiilor meteo sau intemperiilor.</li> <li>„Centura galbenă” este în general al doilea grad pentru un practicant de arte marțiale.</li> <li>„Pagini galbene” se referă în diverse țări la cartea cu numere de telefon, aranjate alfabetic după tipul de afacere sau serviciu oferit.</li> <li>„<a href="/wiki/Jurnalismul_galben" title="Jurnalismul galben">Jurnalismul galben</a>” este un termen peiorativ pentru jurnalismul care tratează știrile în mod neprofesionist.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altele">Altele</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Altele" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Altele"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Tour_de_France_2019,_Egan_Bernal_(48417058947)_(cropped_small).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tour_de_France_2019%2C_Egan_Bernal_%2848417058947%29_%28cropped_small%29.jpg/220px-Tour_de_France_2019%2C_Egan_Bernal_%2848417058947%29_%28cropped_small%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tour_de_France_2019%2C_Egan_Bernal_%2848417058947%29_%28cropped_small%29.jpg/330px-Tour_de_France_2019%2C_Egan_Bernal_%2848417058947%29_%28cropped_small%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tour_de_France_2019%2C_Egan_Bernal_%2848417058947%29_%28cropped_small%29.jpg/440px-Tour_de_France_2019%2C_Egan_Bernal_%2848417058947%29_%28cropped_small%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Tricoul_galben" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricoul galben">Tricoul galben</a> – sau <i>maillot jaune</i> – este acordat liderului în clasamentul general în <a href="/wiki/Turul_Fran%C8%9Bei" title="Turul Franței">Turul Franței</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Teama de culoarea galben se numește xantofobie.</li> <li>În <a href="/wiki/Ciclism_rutier" title="Ciclism rutier">cursele de ciclism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clasamentul_general_%C3%AEn_Turul_Fran%C8%9Bei" title="Clasamentul general în Turul Franței">tricoul galben</a> – sau <i>maillot jaune</i> – este purtat de liderul clasamentului general. Clasamentul se întocmește prin însumarea timpilor obținuți de fiecare ciclist în fiecare etapă. Ciclistul cu cel mai mic timp astfel totalizat, primește la sfârșitul fiecărei etape un tricou galben și dreptul de a porni primul în etapa următoare, îmbrăcat în respectivul tricou.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerat1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerat1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tradiția a fost începută în <a href="/wiki/Turul_Fran%C8%9Bei" title="Turul Franței">Turul Franței</a>, unde ziarul <i>L'Auto</i> (mai târziu <i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89quipe" title="L'Équipe">L'Équipe</a></i>) care era sponsor a fost tipărit pe o hârtie de ziar galben distinctiv.</li> <li>Centura galbenă în arte marțiale este purtată de un începător care a învățat să practice mișcările de bază.</li> <li>Rasa galbenă se numește <a href="/wiki/Rasa_mongoloid%C4%83" title="Rasa mongoloidă">rasa mongoloidă</a>.</li> <li>Pericolul galben evocă în Europa la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea teama de popoarele din Asia de Est.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marea_Galben%C4%83" title="Marea Galbenă">Marea Galbenă</a> este numită așa de la particulele de nisip care îi colorează apele și care provin din <a href="/wiki/Fluviul_Galben" title="Fluviul Galben">Fluviul Galben</a>.</li> <li>În unele țări, taxiurile sunt galbene. Această practică a început la <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, unde antreprenorul de taxi John D. Hertz și-a pictat în galben taxiurile pe baza unui studiu al Universității din Chicago, care susținea că galbenul este culoarea cea mai ușor de văzut de la distanță.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>În Codul internațional al semnalelor maritime, steagul galben reprezintă litera „Q”.<sup id="cite_ref-USPS_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Înseamnă, de asemenea, că o navă afirmă că nu trebuie să fie pusă în carantină.<sup id="cite_ref-USPS_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>În semnificația codurilor de culori hidro și meteo, codul galben înseamnă depășirea cotelor de atenție sau risc de creșteri de debite și niveluri.<sup id="cite_ref-Isumm.ro_2020-07-26_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isumm.ro_2020-07-26-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>La recipientele de sortare a deșeurilor, culoarea galben indică ambalaje din plastic și metal.</li> <li><i>Smile face</i>, cerc galben cu două puncte negre reprezentând ochi și un arc negru reprezentând gura, este o ideogramă de bază care reprezintă o față zâmbitoare și care a devenit parte a culturii populare la nivel mondial.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.info/color/">„Color”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Color&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.info%2Fcolor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited 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Accesat în <time datetime="2020-07-14">14 iulie 2020</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pigments+through+the+Ages+%E2%80%93+Antiquity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webexhibits.org%2Fpigments%2Fintro%2Fantiquity.html%257cWebexhibits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eva_Heller_2000_p._82-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eva_Heller_2000_p._82_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eva_Heller_2000_p._82_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Cited in Eva Heller (2000), <i>Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques</i>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Eva Heller (2000), <i>Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques</i>, pp. 69–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/festival_of_fire.php">„Culture of Iran: Festival of Fire”</a>. <i>www.iranchamber.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranchamber.com&rft.atitle=Culture+of+Iran%3A+Festival+of+Fire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fculture%2Farticles%2Ffestival_of_fire.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221225744/http://www.payvand.com/news/12/mar/1051.html">„Shades of doubt and shapes of hope: Colors in Iranian culture”</a>. <i>www.payvand.com</i>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.payvand.com/news/12/mar/1051.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2022-12-21">21 decembrie 2022</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2020-07-14">14 iulie 2020</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.payvand.com&rft.atitle=Shades+of+doubt+and+shapes+of+hope%3A+Colors+in+Iranian+culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.payvand.com%2Fnews%2F12%2Fmar%2F1051.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Eva Heller (2000), <i>Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques</i>, pp. 69–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Webster's New World Dictionary of American English</i>, Third College Edition, (1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Eva Heller (2000). <i>Psychologie de la couleur -effets et symboliques</i>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yellowtown-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yellowtown_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yellowtown_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yellowtown_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lewis, Karen (<time datetime="2010">2010</time>). „Yellowtown: Urban Signage, Class, and Race”. <i>Design and Culture</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 183–198. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175470710X12696138525668">10.2752/175470710X12696138525668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Design+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Yellowtown%3A+Urban+Signage%2C+Class%2C+and+Race&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-198&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F175470710X12696138525668&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Walker, John (<time datetime="1975">1975</time>). <i>National Gallery of Art, Washington</i>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-8109-0336-4" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-8109-0336-4">978-0-8109-0336-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Gallery+of+Art%2C+Washington&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-0336-4&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">John Gage, (1993), <i>Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction</i>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Stefano Zuffi (2012), <i>Color in Art</i>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newyorker.com-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newyorker.com_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Cynthia Zarin (13 November 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/13/061113fa_fact_zarin#ixzz1FQvk1dMc">Seeing Things. The art of Olafur Eliasson</a> <i>New Yorker</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eva_Heller_2000_pg._33-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eva_Heller_2000_pg._33_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eva_Heller_2000_pg._33_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Eva Heller (2000), <i>Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques</i>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated82-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated82_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated82_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Eva Heller (2000), <i>Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques</i>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Aisin-Gioro, Puyi (<time datetime="1989">1989</time>) [First published 1964]. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromemperortocit00puyi"><i>From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi</i> <bdi lang="zh">我的前半生</bdi><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Necesită înregistrare gratuită"><img alt="Necesită înregistrare gratuită" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span> [<i>The First Half of My Life; From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Puyi</i>] (în chineză). Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-7-119-00772-4" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-7-119-00772-4">978-7-119-00772-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Emperor+to+Citizen%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Aisin-Gioro+Pu+Yi+%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E5%89%8D%E5%8D%8A%E7%94%9F&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-7-119-00772-4&rft.aulast=Aisin-Gioro&rft.aufirst=Puyi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromemperortocit00puyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /> – original</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Eva Heller (2000), <i>Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques</i>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Eva Heller (2000), <i>Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques</i>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://italianthro.blogspot.fr/2011/11/hair-dye-and-wigs-in-ancient-rome.html">„Hair dye and wigs in Ancient Rome”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hair+dye+and+wigs+in+Ancient+Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitalianthro.blogspot.fr%2F2011%2F11%2Fhair-dye-and-wigs-in-ancient-rome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Eva Heller (2000), <i>Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques</i>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerat1-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerat1_25-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letour.fr/2006/TDF/LIVE/docs/reglement_2006_us.pdf">„Regulile cursei”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. ASO/letour.fr<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-09-28">28 septembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulile+cursei&rft.pub=ASO%2Fletour.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.letour.fr%2F2006%2FTDF%2FLIVE%2Fdocs%2Freglement_2006_us.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Odijie, Michael (<time datetime="2018">2018</time>). „The Fear of 'Yellow Peril' and the Emergence of European Federalist Movement”. <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Fear+of+%E2%80%98Yellow+Peril%E2%80%99+and+the+Emergence+of+European+Federalist+Movement&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=359&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Odijie&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxiregister.com/history.php">„History of the Main Taxi Groups”</a>. Taxi Register<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-04-04">4 aprilie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Main+Taxi+Groups&rft.pub=Taxi+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxiregister.com%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USPS-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USPS_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USPS_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Flag and Etiquette Committee (<time datetime="2006-06-12">12 iunie 2006</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usps.org/f_stuff/pratique.html">„Pratique”</a>. <i>Flag Etiquette</i>. United States Power Squadrons<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-04-04">4 aprilie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flag+Etiquette&rft.atitle=Pratique&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft.au=Flag+and+Etiquette+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usps.org%2Ff_stuff%2Fpratique.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isumm.ro_2020-07-26-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isumm.ro_2020-07-26_29-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isumm.ro/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Afis_avertizari_hidro_si_meteo1.pdf">„Semnificația codurilor de culori pentru avertizări”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, <i>Isumm.ro</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2020-07-26">26 iulie 2020</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isumm.ro&rft.atitle=Semnifica%C8%9Bia+codurilor+de+culori+pentru+avertiz%C4%83ri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisumm.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F11%2FAfis_avertizari_hidro_si_meteo1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galben&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Doran, Sabine (<time datetime="2013">2013</time>). <i>The Culture of Yellow, or, The Visual Politics of Late Modernity</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-4411-8587-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-4411-8587-7">978-1-4411-8587-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Yellow%2C+or%2C+The+Visual+Politics+of+Late+Modernity&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-8587-7&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Ball, Philip (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <i>Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour</i>. Hazan (French translation). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-2-7541-0503-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-2-7541-0503-3">978-2-7541-0503-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bright+Earth%2C+Art+and+the+Invention+of+Colour&rft.pub=Hazan+%28French+translation%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-7541-0503-3&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Heller, Eva (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). <i>Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques</i>. Pyramyd (French translation). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-2-35017-156-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-2-35017-156-2">978-2-35017-156-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychologie+de+la+couleur+%E2%80%93+Effets+et+symboliques&rft.pub=Pyramyd+%28French+translation%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35017-156-2&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Keevak, Michael (<time datetime="2011">2011</time>). <i>Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-691-14031-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-691-14031-5">978-0-691-14031-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Yellow%3A+A+Short+History+of+Racial+Thinking&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14031-5&rft.aulast=Keevak&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Pastoureau, Michel (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <i>Le petit livre des couleurs</i>. Editions du Panama. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-2-7578-0310-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-2-7578-0310-3">978-2-7578-0310-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+petit+livre+des+couleurs&rft.pub=Editions+du+Panama&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-7578-0310-3&rft.aulast=Pastoureau&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Gage, John (<time datetime="1993">1993</time>). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colourculturepra0000gage"><i>Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Necesită înregistrare gratuită"><img alt="Necesită înregistrare gratuită" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French translation). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-2-87811-295-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-2-87811-295-5">978-2-87811-295-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colour+and+Culture+%E2%80%93+Practice+and+Meaning+from+Antiquity+to+Abstraction&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson+%28Page+numbers+cited+from+French+translation%29&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-2-87811-295-5&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolourculturepra0000gage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Varichon, Anne (<time datetime="2000">2000</time>). <i>Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples</i>. Seuil. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-2-02084697-4" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-2-02084697-4">978-2-02084697-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Couleurs+%E2%80%93+pigments+et+teintures+dans+les+mains+des+peuples&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-02084697-4&rft.aulast=Varichon&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Zuffi, Stefano (<time datetime="2012">2012</time>). <i>Color in Art</i>. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-4197-0111-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-4197-0111-5">978-1-4197-0111-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+in+Art&rft.pub=Abrams&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4197-0111-5&rft.aulast=Zuffi&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Ethan Russo; Melanie Creagan Dreher; Mary Lynn Mathre, ed. (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=gZJ7m3Uf6FQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Women+and+Cannabis:+Medicine,+Science,+and+Sociology#v=onepage&q=Women%20and%20Cannabis%3A%20Medicine%2C%20Science%2C%20and%20Sociology&f=false"><i>Women and Cannabis: Medicine, Science, and Sociology</i></a> (ed. 1st). Psychology Press (publicat la martie 2003). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-7890-2101-4" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-7890-2101-4">978-0-7890-2101-4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-10-09">9 octombrie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Cannabis%3A+Medicine%2C+Science%2C+and+Sociology&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7890-2101-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DgZJ7m3Uf6FQC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DWomen%2Band%2BCannabis%3A%2BMedicine%2C%2BScience%2C%2Band%2BSociology%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DWomen%2520and%2520Cannabis%253A%2520Medicine%252C%2520Science%252C%2520and%2520Sociology%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Willard, Pat (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=WsUaFT7l3QsC"><i>Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice</i></a>. Beacon Press (publicat la <time datetime="2002-04-11">11 aprilie 2002</time>). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-8070-5009-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-8070-5009-5">978-0-8070-5009-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+Saffron%3A+The+Vagabond+Life+of+the+World%27s+Most+Seductive+Spice&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-5009-5&rft.aulast=Willard&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DWsUaFT7l3QsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Arvon, Henri (<time datetime="1951">1951</time>). <i>Le bouddhisme</i>. Presses Universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-2-13-055064-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-2-13-055064-8">978-2-13-055064-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+bouddhisme&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-2-13-055064-8&rft.aulast=Arvon&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGalben" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culoare" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percepția culorii</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Culoare" title="Culoare">Culoare</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Culoare_complementar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culoare complementară — pagină inexistentă">Culoare complementară</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ochi" title="Ochi">Ochi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rodopsin%C4%83" title="Rodopsină">Rodopsină</a> • <a href="/wiki/Retin%C4%83" title="Retină">Retină</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintez%C4%83_aditiv%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinteză aditivă — pagină inexistentă">Sinteză aditivă</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintez%C4%83_substractiv%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinteză substractivă — pagină inexistentă">Sinteză substractivă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Daltonism" title="Daltonism">Daltonism</a> • <a 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style="width:1%">Alte culori</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="background-color:#E52B50; border:1px solid black; color:black;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Amarant" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarant">Amarant</a> • <span style="background-color:#708090; border:1px solid black; color:black;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Ardeziu" title="Ardeziu">Ardeziu</a> • <span style="background-color:#C2B280; border:1px solid black; color:black;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Bej" title="Bej">Bej</a> • <span style="background-color:#00FFFF; border:1px solid black; color:black;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a> • <span style="background-color:#FF00FF; border:1px solid black; color:black;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Fuchsia_(culoare)" title="Fuchsia (culoare)">Fuchsia</a> • <span style="background-color:#000080; border:1px solid black; 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style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4438206-6">4438206-6</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85149078">sh85149078</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1122978&CON_LNG=ENG">ph1122978</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> Categorie:Galben </p>    </div><noscript><img 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electromagnetic">Spectru electromagnetic</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorii ascunse: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_cu_cit%C4%83ri_ce_utilizeaz%C4%83_caractere_din_limba_chinez%C4%83_(zh)" title="Categorie:Articole cu citări ce utilizează caractere din limba chineză (zh)">Articole cu citări ce utilizează caractere din limba chineză (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_cu_surse_%C3%AEn_limba_chinez%C4%83_(zh)" title="Categorie:Articole cu surse în limba chineză (zh)">Articole cu surse în limba chineză (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_GND" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori GND">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_LCCN" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori LCCN">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_NKC" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori NKC">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori NKC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_control_de_autoritate" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu control de autoritate">Articole Wikipedia cu control de autoritate</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 16 octombrie 2024, ora 21:40.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Acest text este disponibil sub licența <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice</a>; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. 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