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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonligsterkte" title="Sonligsterkte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sonligsterkte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إضاءة شمسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إضاءة شمسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="সৌর জ্যোতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সৌর জ্যোতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Сонечная сьвяцільнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сонечная сьвяцільнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Слънчева светимост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Слънчева светимост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluminositat_solar" title="Lluminositat solar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lluminositat solar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%C3%A7%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95" title="Хĕвел çутатаслăхĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хĕвел çутатаслăхĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slune%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_z%C3%A1%C5%99ivost" title="Sluneční zářivost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sluneční zářivost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnenleuchtkraft" title="Sonnenleuchtkraft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sonnenleuchtkraft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosidad_solar" title="Luminosidad solar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luminosidad solar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suna_lumeco" title="Suna lumeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suna lumeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eguzki-argitasun" title="Eguzki-argitasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eguzki-argitasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="تابندگی خورشید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تابندگی خورشید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosit%C3%A9_solaire" title="Luminosité solaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Luminosité solaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91_%EA%B4%91%EB%8F%84" title="태양 광도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태양 광도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արևի պայծառություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևի պայծառություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="सौर ज्योति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सौर ज्योति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminositas_Matahari" title="Luminositas Matahari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Luminositas Matahari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosit%C3%A0_solare" title="Luminosità solare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luminosità solare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94" title="მზის სიკაშკაშე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მზის სიკაშკაშე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mng%27aro_wa_Jua" title="Mng'aro wa Jua – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mng'aro wa Jua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%C4%97s_%C5%A1viesis" title="Saulės šviesis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saulės šviesis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Сончева сјајност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сончева сјајност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सौर तेजस्विता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सौर तेजस्विता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekilauan_suria" title="Kekilauan suria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kekilauan suria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="နေရောင်ခြည်တောက်ပမှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နေရောင်ခြည်တောက်ပမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6" title="太陽光度 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="太陽光度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solluminositet" title="Solluminositet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Solluminositet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasno%C5%9B%C4%87_S%C5%82o%C5%84ca" title="Jasność Słońca – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jasność Słońca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosidade_solar" title="Luminosidade solar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luminosidade solar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminozitate_solar%C4%83" title="Luminozitate solară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Luminozitate solară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Солнечная светимость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Солнечная светимость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminusitati_sulari" title="Luminusitati sulari – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Luminusitati sulari" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_luminosity" title="Solar luminosity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Solar luminosity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svietivos%C5%A5_Slnka" title="Svietivosť Slnka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svietivosť Slnka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son%C4%8Dev_izsev" title="Sončev izsev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sončev izsev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auringon_luminositeetti" title="Auringon luminositeetti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Auringon luminositeetti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solluminositet" title="Solluminositet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Solluminositet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="กำลังส่องสว่างดวงอาทิตย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กำลังส่องสว่างดวงอาทิตย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCne%C5%9Fsel_ayd%C4%B1nlatma_g%C3%BCc%C3%BC" title="Güneşsel aydınlatma gücü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güneşsel aydınlatma gücü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Сонячна світність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сонячна світність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_s%C3%A1ng_c%E1%BB%A7a_M%E1%BA%B7t_Tr%E1%BB%9Di" title="Độ sáng của Mặt Trời – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Độ sáng của Mặt Trời" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content">The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unit of light in stars and galaxies</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_evolution_(English).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Solar_evolution_%28English%29.svg/330px-Solar_evolution_%28English%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Solar_evolution_%28English%29.svg/495px-Solar_evolution_%28English%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Solar_evolution_%28English%29.svg/660px-Solar_evolution_%28English%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of the solar luminosity, <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius">radius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">effective temperature</a> compared to the present-day Sun. After Ribas (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-ribas2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ribas2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>solar luminosity</b> (<b><var>L</var><sub>☉</sub></b>) is a unit of <a href="/wiki/Radiant_flux" title="Radiant flux">radiant flux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a> emitted in the form of <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a>) conventionally used by <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomers</a> to measure the <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a> and other celestial objects in terms of the output of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. </p><p>One nominal solar <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a> is defined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> to be <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7026382800000000000♠"></span>3.828<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>26</sup> <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sun is a weakly <a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">variable star</a>, and its actual luminosity therefore <a href="/wiki/Solar_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar variation">fluctuates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major fluctuation is the eleven-year <a href="/wiki/Solar_cycle" title="Solar cycle">solar cycle</a> (sunspot cycle) that causes a quasi-periodic variation of about ±0.1%. Other variations over the last 200–300 years are thought to be much smaller than this.<sup id="cite_ref-Noed_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Determination">Determination</h2></div> <p>Solar luminosity is related to <a href="/wiki/Irradiance" title="Irradiance">solar irradiance</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Solar_constant" title="Solar constant">solar constant</a>). Solar irradiance is responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">orbital forcing</a> that causes the <a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a>, which determine Earthly glacial cycles. The mean irradiance at the top of the Earth's atmosphere is sometimes known as the <a href="/wiki/Solar_constant" title="Solar constant">solar constant</a>, <span class="texhtml"><i>I</i><sub>☉</sub></span>. Irradiance is defined as power per unit area, so the solar luminosity (total power emitted by the Sun) is the irradiance received at the Earth (solar constant) multiplied by the area of the sphere whose radius is the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{\odot }=4\pi kI_{\odot }A^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>k</mi> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{\odot }=4\pi kI_{\odot }A^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5920e67e52dada6aaff3254a6c336318ee47fd8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.229ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{\odot }=4\pi kI_{\odot }A^{2}}"></span> where <span class="texhtml"><i>A</i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">unit distance</a> (the value of the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metres</a>) and <span class="texhtml"><i>k</i></span> is a constant (whose value is very close to one) that reflects the fact that the mean distance from the Earth to the Sun is not exactly one <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">Solar mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius">Solar radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_region" title="Active region">Active region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ribas2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ribas2010_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRibas2010" class="citation cs2">Ribas, Ignasi (February 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/293C0314C44A1A4AAF8175A3C288B50B/S1743921309992298a.pdf/sun_and_stars_as_the_primary_energy_input_in_planetary_atmospheres.pdf">"The Sun and stars as the primary energy input in planetary atmospheres"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Solar and Stellar Variability: Impact on Earth and Planets, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, IAU Symposium</i>, vol. 264, pp. 3–18, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0911.4872">0911.4872</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010IAUS..264....3R">2010IAUS..264....3R</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921309992298">10.1017/S1743921309992298</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119107400">119107400</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sun+and+stars+as+the+primary+energy+input+in+planetary+atmospheres&rft.btitle=Solar+and+Stellar+Variability%3A+Impact+on+Earth+and+Planets%2C+Proceedings+of+the+International+Astronomical+Union%2C+IAU+Symposium&rft.pages=3-18&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0911.4872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119107400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1743921309992298&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010IAUS..264....3R&rft.aulast=Ribas&rft.aufirst=Ignasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F293C0314C44A1A4AAF8175A3C288B50B%2FS1743921309992298a.pdf%2Fsun_and_stars_as_the_primary_energy_input_in_planetary_atmospheres.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+luminosity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2015_English.pdf">"Resolution B3 on recommended nominal conversion constants for selected solar and planetary properties"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Astronomical Union. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+B3+on+recommended+nominal+conversion+constants+for+selected+solar+and+planetary+properties&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fstatic%2Fresolutions%2FIAU2015_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+luminosity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVieiraNortonDudok_De_WitKretzschmar2012" class="citation journal cs1">Vieira, L. E. A.; Norton, A.; Dudok De Wit, T.; Kretzschmar, M.; Schmidt, G. A.; Cheung, M. C. M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2012/2012_Vieira_vi06000k.pdf">"How the inclination of Earth's orbit affects incoming solar irradiance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>39</b> (16): L16104 (8 pp.). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GeoRL..3916104V">2012GeoRL..3916104V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2012GL052950">10.1029/2012GL052950</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01179873">insu-01179873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=How+the+inclination+of+Earth%27s+orbit+affects+incoming+solar+irradiance&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=L16104+%288+pp.%29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2012GL052950&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012GeoRL..3916104V&rft.aulast=Vieira&rft.aufirst=L.+E.+A.&rft.au=Norton%2C+A.&rft.au=Dudok+De+Wit%2C+T.&rft.au=Kretzschmar%2C+M.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+G.+A.&rft.au=Cheung%2C+M.+C.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.giss.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2F2012%2F2012_Vieira_vi06000k.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+luminosity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noed-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noed_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoerdlinger2008" class="citation journal cs1">Noerdlinger, Peter D. (2008). "Solar Mass Loss, the Astronomical Unit, and the Scale of the Solar System". <i>Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy</i>. <b>801</b>: 3807. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.3807">0801.3807</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008arXiv0801.3807N">2008arXiv0801.3807N</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Solar+Mass+Loss%2C+the+Astronomical+Unit%2C+and+the+Scale+of+the+Solar+System&rft.volume=801&rft.pages=3807&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0801.3807&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008arXiv0801.3807N&rft.aulast=Noerdlinger&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+luminosity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSackmann,_I.-J.Boothroyd,_A._I.2003" class="citation cs2">Sackmann, I.-J.; Boothroyd, A. I. (2003), "Our Sun. V. A Bright Young Sun Consistent with Helioseismology and Warm Temperatures on Ancient Earth and Mars", <i><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal">Astrophys. J.</a></i>, <b>583</b> (2): 1024–39, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0210128">astro-ph/0210128</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...583.1024S">2003ApJ...583.1024S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F345408">10.1086/345408</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118904050">118904050</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophys.+J.&rft.atitle=Our+Sun.+V.+A+Bright+Young+Sun+Consistent+with+Helioseismology+and+Warm+Temperatures+on+Ancient+Earth+and+Mars&rft.volume=583&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1024-39&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0210128&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118904050%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F345408&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ApJ...583.1024S&rft.au=Sackmann%2C+I.-J.&rft.au=Boothroyd%2C+A.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+luminosity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoukal,_P.Fröhlich,_C.Spruit,_H.Wigley,_T._M._L.2006" class="citation cs2">Foukal, P.; Fröhlich, C.; Spruit, H.; Wigley, T. M. L. (2006), "Variations in solar luminosity and their effect on the Earth's climate", <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>, <b>443</b> (7108): 161–66, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.443..161F">2006Natur.443..161F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05072">10.1038/nature05072</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16971941">16971941</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205211006">205211006</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Variations+in+solar+luminosity+and+their+effect+on+the+Earth%27s+climate&rft.volume=443&rft.issue=7108&rft.pages=161-66&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05072&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205211006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16971941&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.443..161F&rft.au=Foukal%2C+P.&rft.au=Fr%C3%B6hlich%2C+C.&rft.au=Spruit%2C+H.&rft.au=Wigley%2C+T.+M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+luminosity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelletier,_Jon_D.1996" class="citation cs2">Pelletier, Jon D. (1996), "Variations in Solar Luminosity from Timescales of Minutes to Months", <i><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal">Astrophys. J.</a></i>, <b>463</b> (1): L41–L45, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9510026">astro-ph/9510026</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ApJ...463L..41P">1996ApJ...463L..41P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F310049">10.1086/310049</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7372755">7372755</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophys.+J.&rft.atitle=Variations+in+Solar+Luminosity+from+Timescales+of+Minutes+to+Months&rft.volume=463&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=L41-L45&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9510026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7372755%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F310049&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996ApJ...463L..41P&rft.au=Pelletier%2C+Jon+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+luminosity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoykova,_D._A.Shopov,_Y._Y.Ford,_D.Georgiev,_L._N.1999" class="citation cs2">Stoykova, D. A.; Shopov, Y. Y.; Ford, D.; Georgiev, L. N.; et al. (1999), "Powerful Millennial-Scale Solar Luminosity Cycles and Their Influence Over Past Climates and Geomagnetic Field", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/chapconf/stoykova_abs.html"><i>Proceedings of the AGU Chapman Conference: Mechanisms of Millennial Scale Global Climate Change</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Powerful+Millennial-Scale+Solar+Luminosity+Cycles+and+Their+Influence+Over+Past+Climates+and+Geomagnetic+Field&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+AGU+Chapman+Conference%3A+Mechanisms+of+Millennial+Scale+Global+Climate+Change&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Stoykova%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Shopov%2C+Y.+Y.&rft.au=Ford%2C+D.&rft.au=Georgiev%2C+L.+N.&rft.au=Tsankov%2C+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncdc.noaa.gov%2Fpaleo%2Fchapconf%2Fstoykova_abs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+luminosity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511173325/http://lasp.colorado.edu/lisird/">LISIRD: LASP Interactive Solar Irradiance Datacenter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/stellarprops/stellarlum.html">Stellar Luminosity Calculator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20091116175134/http://www.universetoday.com/guide-to-space/the-sun/solar-luminosity/">Solar Luminosity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031113174453/http://web.sfc.keio.ac.jp/~masudako/edu/text/quatbook/variat/node4.html">Variation of Solar Luminosity</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/17px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/34px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span 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