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For the hobo graffiti, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moniker_(graffiti)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moniker (graffiti)">Moniker (graffiti)</a>. For the board game, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celebrity_(game)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celebrity (game)">Celebrity (game)</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style> <table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> <div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"> <b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nickname?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Nickname">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Nickname?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Talk:Nickname">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nickname?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Nickname">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522Nickname%2522">"Nickname"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbm%3Dnws%26q%3D%2522Nickname%2522%2B-wikipedia%26tbs%3Dar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?%26q%3D%2522Nickname%2522%26tbs%3Dbkt:s%26tbm%3Dbks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522Nickname%2522%2B-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q%3D%2522Nickname%2522">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query%3D%2522Nickname%2522%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Refexample plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This article <b>gives <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Self-sourcing_examples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Self-sourcing_examples" title="Template:Self-sourcing examples">self-sourcing popular culture examples</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DNickname%26action%3Dedit">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a> and remove less pertinent examples. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Unsourced</a> or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>A <b>nickname</b>, in some circumstances also known as a <b>sobriquet,</b> or informally "a <b>moniker</b>", is an informal substitute for the proper name of a person, place, or thing,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used to express affection, playfulness, contempt, or a particular character trait. It is distinct from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stage_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stage name">stage name</a>, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Title?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Title">title</a>, although the concepts can overlap.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Various_language_conventions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Various language conventions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Various_societal_uses"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Various societal uses</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Computing"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Computing</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#People"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">People</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Abbreviation_or_modification"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Abbreviation or modification</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Name_portions"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Name portions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Relationship"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Relationship</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Placenames"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Placenames</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Residents"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Residents</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nickname&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The compound word <i>ekename</i>, meaning "additional name", was attested as early as 1303.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This word was derived from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old English">Old English</a> word <i>eac</i>, meaning "also",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> related to <i>eacian</i>, meaning "to increase".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 15th century, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rebracketing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rebracketing">misdivision of the syllables</a> of the phrase "an ekename" led to its rephrasing as "a nekename".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the spelling has changed, the meaning of the word has remained relatively stable ever since.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Various_language_conventions">Various language conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nickname&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Various language conventions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>English nicknames are generally represented in quotes between the bearer's first and last names (e.g., <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bubba_Franks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bubba Franks">Daniel Lamont "Bubba" Franks</a></i>). It is also common for the nickname to be identified after a comma following the full real name or later in the body of the text, such as in an obituary (e.g., <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankie_Frisch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankie Frisch">Frankie Frisch, "The Fordham Flash"</a></i>). Any middle name is generally omitted, especially in speech. Like English, German uses (German-style) quotation marks between the first and last names (e.g., <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niki_Lauda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Niki Lauda">Andreas Nikolaus “Niki“ Lauda</a></i>). Other languages may use other conventions; for example, Italian writes the nickname after the full name followed by <i>detto</i> "called" (e.g., <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salvatore_Schillaci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salvatore Schillaci">Salvatore Schillaci detto Totò</a></i>), in Spanish the nickname is written in formal contexts at the end in quotes following <i>alias</i> (e.g. <i>Alfonso Tostado, alias «el Abulense»</i>), in Portuguese the nickname is written after the full name followed by <i>vulgo</i> or between parenthesis (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pel%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pelé">Edson Arantes do Nascimento, vulgo Pelé</a> / Edson Arantes do Nascimento (Pelé)) and Slovenian represents nicknames after a dash or hyphen (e.g., <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc_Rozman_%E2%80%93_Stane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Franc Rozman – Stane">Franc Rozman – Stane</a></i>). The latter may confuse because it resembles an English convention sometimes used for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Married_and_maiden_names?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Married and maiden names">married and maiden names</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Various_societal_uses">Various societal uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nickname&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Various societal uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> societies, many people had <i>heiti</i>, <i>viðrnefni</i>, or <i>kenningarnöfn</i> (Old Norse terms for nicknames)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were used in addition to, or instead of, the first name. In some circumstances, the giving of a nickname had a special status in Viking society in that it created a relationship between the name maker and the recipient of the nickname, to the extent that the creation of a nickname also often entailed a formal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceremony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceremony">ceremony</a> and an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gift_exchange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gift exchange">exchange of gifts</a> known in Old Norse as <i>nafnfestr</i> ('fastening a name').</p> <p>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bengalis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> society, for example, people will often have two names: a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bengali_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bengali name"><i>daknam</i></a> (pet name) which is the name used by family and friends and a <i>bhalonam</i> which is their formal name.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In England, some surnames have nicknames traditionally attached. A man with the surname 'Clark' will be nicknamed 'Nobby'; the surname 'Miller' will have the nickname 'Dusty' (alluding to the flour dust of a miller at work); the surname 'Adams' has the nickname 'Nabby'. Several other nicknames are linked traditionally with surnames, including Chalky White, Bunny Warren, Tug Wilson, and Spud Baker. Other English nicknames allude to a person's origins. A Scotsman may be nicknamed 'Jock', an Irishman 'Paddy' (alluding to Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland), or 'Mick' (alluding<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to the preponderance of Roman Catholicism in Ireland), and a Welshman may be nicknamed 'Taffy' (from Welsh <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dafydd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dafydd">Dafydd</a></i>, David). Some nicknames referred ironically to a person's physical characteristics, such as 'Lofty' for a short person, 'Curly' for a bald man, or 'Bluey' for a redhead.</p> <p>In Chinese culture, nicknames are frequently used within a community among relatives, friends, and neighbors. A typical southern Chinese nickname often begins with a "阿" followed by another character, usually the last character of the person's given name.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Taiwanese politician <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chen Shui-bian">Chen Shui-bian</a> (陳水扁) is sometimes referred as "阿扁" (A-Bian). In many Chinese communities of Southeast Asia, nicknames may also connote one's occupation or status. For example, the landlord might be known simply as <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wiki:_Towkay&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wiki: Towkay (page does not exist)">Towkay</a></i> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">头家</span>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">頭家</span>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: <i><span lang="nan-Latn">thâu-ke</span></i>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> for "boss") to his tenants or workers, while a bread seller would be called "Mianbao Shu" 面包叔 (literally, Uncle Bread).</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Computing">Computing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nickname&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Computing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User_(computing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="User (computing)">User (computing)</a> </div> <p>In the context of information technology, <i>nickname</i> is a common synonym for the <i>screen name</i> or <i>handle</i> of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User_(computing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="User (computing)">user</a>. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computer_network_programming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Computer network programming">computer networks</a> it has become a common practice for every person to also have one or more nicknames for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudonymity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudonymity">pseudonymity</a>, to avoid <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ambiguity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a>, or simply because the natural name or technical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IP_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IP address">address</a> would be too long to type or take too much space on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computer_display?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display">screen</a>.</p> <p>In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IRC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IRC"> IRC (Internet Relay Chat)</a> text-based messaging system first developed in the late 1980s, a nickname (or "nick") was required for every client that connected to an IRC server. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nickname&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: People" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="117"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 189px;height: 117px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter.jpg" data-width="189" data-height="117" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> "I, Jimmy Carter...": <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jimmy_Carter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jimmy Carter">James Earl Carter</a> is sworn in as President of the United States using his nickname "Jimmy" in January 1977. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Nicknames are usually applied to a person and they are not always chosen by the recipient themselves. Some nicknames are derogatory <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Name_calling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Name calling">name calls</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Abbreviation_or_modification">Abbreviation or modification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nickname&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Abbreviation or modification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A nickname can be a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbreviation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abbreviation">shortened</a> or a modified variation on a person's real name.</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contraction (grammar)">Contractions</a> of longer names: Margaret to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greta_(given_name)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greta (given name)">Greta</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Initials?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Initials">Initials</a>: using the first letters of a person's first, middle and/or last name, e.g. "DJ" for Daniel James.</li> <li>Dropping letters: with many nicknames, one or more letters, often R, are dropped: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fanny_(given_name)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanny (given name)">Fanny</a> from Frances, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walt">Walt</a> from Walter.</li> <li>Phonetic spelling: sometimes a nickname is created through the phonetic spelling of a name: Len from Leonard.</li> <li>Letter swapping: during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the letter R would often be swapped for either L or D: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hal_(given_name)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hal (given name)">Hal</a> from Harry (which in turn comes from Henry); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Molly_(name)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Molly (name)">Molly</a> from Mary; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sadie_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sadie (disambiguation)">Sadie</a> from Sarah; Hob, Dob, Rob, Bob, and Nob from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert">Robert</a>; Rick, Dick, and Hick from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard">Richard</a>; Bill from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_(name)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="William (name)">Will</a> (which in turn comes from William); and Peg and Meg from Margaret. In the 19th-century frontier United States, Mary and Molly were often given the nickname <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polly">Polly</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Name_portions">Name portions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nickname&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Name portions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Front of a name. Sometimes a nickname can come from the beginning of a given name: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_(given_name)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al (given name)">Al</a> from Alan/Allan/Albert/Alfonse/Alfred/Alden/Alexander, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Art">Art</a> from Arthur, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chris">Chris</a> from Christopher/Christina; Dot from Dorothy, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ed_(given_name)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ed (given name)">Ed</a> from Edward, Edmond, Edgar or Edwin, Iz or Izzy from Isaac, Isaiah, Isidore, Isabel, or Isabella; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joe_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Joe (disambiguation)">Joe</a> or Jo from Joseph, Josephine, or Joanna.</li> <li>End of name: Drew from Andrew; Xander from Alexander; Enzo or Renzo from Lorenzo; Beth from Elizabeth; Bel, Bell, Bella or Belle from Isabelle/Isabella.</li> <li>Middle of name: Liz from Elizabeth; Tori from Victoria; Del or Della from Adelaide.</li> <li>Addition of diminutives: before the 17th century, most nicknames in English had the diminutive ending <i>-in</i> or <i>-kin</i>, where the ending was attached to the first syllable: thus Walter → Wat → Watkin, Robert → Rob → Hob → Hobkin, Thomas → Tom → Tomkin. While most of these have died away, a few remain, such as Robert → Rob → <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robin_(name)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robin (name)">Robin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_(given_name)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry (given name)">Henry</a> → Henkin → Hank, John → Jankin → <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jack_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jack (disambiguation)">Jack</a>, and Nicolas → <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colin_(given_name)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colin (given name)">Colin</a>.</li> <li>Many nicknames drop the final one or two letters and add either ie/ee/y as a diminutive ending: Penny from Penelope, Edie from Edith, Davy from David, Charlie from Charles, Mikey from Michael, Jimmy from James, and Marty from Martin.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acronym_and_initialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronym and initialism">Initialization</a>, which forms a nickname from a person's initials: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A._E._Housman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A. E. Housman">A. E. Housman</a> from Alfred Edward Housman, or Dubya for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_W._Bush?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, a Texan pronunciation of the name of the letter 'W', President Bush's middle initial. Brazilian striker <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ronaldo_(Brazilian_footballer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)">Ronaldo</a> was given the nickname R9 (initial and shirt number).<sup id="cite_ref-Official_profile_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Official_profile-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nicknames are sometimes based on a person's last name ("Tommo" for Bill Thompson, "Campo" for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Campese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Campese">David Campese</a>) or a combination of first and last name such as "A-Rod" for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alex_Rodriguez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alex Rodriguez">Alex Rodriguez</a>).</li> <li>Loose ties to a person's name with an attached suffix: Gazza for English footballer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Gascoigne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Gascoigne">Paul Gascoigne</a> (though used more widely in Australia for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gary_(given_name)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gary (given name)">Gary</a>) and similar "zza" forms (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Heseltine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Heseltine">Hezza</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Prescott?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Prescott">Prezza</a>, etc.) for other prominent personalities whose activities are frequently reported in the British press (see also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_%22-er%22?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford "-er"">Oxford "-er"</a> for a similar but wider phenomenon).</li> <li>Use of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second name">second name</a>.</li> <li>Use of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suffix_(name)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Generational_titles" title="Suffix (name)">generational suffix</a>, like "Junior", or nicknames associated with a particular generational suffix, like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trey_(given_name)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trey (given name)">Trey</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tripp_(nickname)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tripp (nickname)">Tripp</a> for <i>III</i>.</li> <li>Combination of the first and middle name, or variations of a person's first and middle name. For example, a person may have the name Mary Elizabeth but has the nickname "Maz" or "Miz" by combining Mary and Liz.</li> <li>Doubling of part of a first name. For example, forming "NatNat" from Nathan/Natasha or "JamJam" from James.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Relationship">Relationship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nickname&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Relationship" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A nickname may refer to the relationship with the person. This is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Term_of_endearment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Term of endearment">term of endearment</a>.</p> <ul> <li>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese culture">Japanese culture</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_honorifics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanese honorifics">Japanese honorifics</a> are designed so that a term of endearment conveys the exact status of the relationship between two people. Recipients are allowed to restrict use to a certain person.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nickname&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Placenames">Placenames</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nickname&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Placenames" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Nicknames_of_the_states,_1884.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nicknames_of_the_states%2C_1884.jpg/220px-Nicknames_of_the_states%2C_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9334" data-file-height="5232"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nicknames_of_the_states%2C_1884.jpg/220px-Nicknames_of_the_states%2C_1884.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nicknames_of_the_states%2C_1884.jpg/330px-Nicknames_of_the_states%2C_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nicknames_of_the_states%2C_1884.jpg/440px-Nicknames_of_the_states%2C_1884.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Nicknames of U.S. states, 1884 </figcaption> </figure> <p>Many geographical places have titles, or alternative names, which have positive implications. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris">Paris</a>, for example, is the "City of Light", <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a> is the "Eternal City", <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venice">Venice</a> is "La Serenissima", and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Jersey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> is the "Garden State". These alternative names are often used to boost the status of such places, contrary to the usual role of a nickname. Many places or communities, particularly in the US, adopt titles because they can help in establishing a civic identity, help outsiders recognize a community or attract people to a community, promote civic pride, and build community unity.<sup id="cite_ref-Wisconsin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wisconsin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titles and slogans that successfully create a new community "ideology or myth"<sup id="cite_ref-Branding_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Branding-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also believed to have economic value.<sup id="cite_ref-Wisconsin_12-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wisconsin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their economic value is difficult to measure,<sup id="cite_ref-Wisconsin_12-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wisconsin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by "branding" themselves by adopting new slogans.<sup id="cite_ref-Branding_13-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Branding-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>By contrast, older <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_nickname?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City nickname">city nicknames</a> may be critical: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="London">London</a> is still occasionally referred to as "The Smoke" in memory of its notorious "pea-souper" <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smog">smogs</a> (smoke-filled fogs) of the 19th and early 20th centuries, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edinburgh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> was "Auld Reekie" for the same reason, as countless coal fires polluted its atmosphere.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Residents">Residents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nickname&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Residents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Besides or replacing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demonym">demonym</a>, some places have collective nicknames for their inhabitants. Many examples of this practice are found in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wallonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> and in Belgium in general, where such a nickname is referred to in French as "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blason_populaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blason populaire">blason populaire</a>".</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nickname&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonomasia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonomasia">Antonomasia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Athletic_nickname?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Athletic nickname">Athletic nickname</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australian_national_sports_team_nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australian national sports team nicknames">Australian national sports team nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calling_name" class="extiw" title="wikt:calling name">Calling name</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Code_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Nicknames">Category:Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epithet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epithet">Epithet</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">Honorific nicknames in popular music</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legal_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legal name">Legal name</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_baseball_nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of baseball nicknames">List of baseball nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_basketball_nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of basketball nicknames">List of basketball nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_in_cricket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of nicknames used in cricket">List of nicknames used in cricket</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_by_ethnicity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity">List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of monarchs by nickname">List of monarchs by nickname</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_jazz_musicians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of nicknames of jazz musicians">List of nicknames of jazz musicians</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_United_States_presidents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nicknames of United States presidents">List of nicknames of United States presidents</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_North_American_football_nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of North American football nicknames">List of North American football nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_sportspeople_by_nickname?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sportspeople by nickname">List of sportspeople by nickname</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lists of nicknames">Lists of nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metonymy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metonymy">Metonymy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pet_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pet name">Pet name</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonym</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regimental_nicknames_of_the_Canadian_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regimental nicknames of the Canadian Forces">Regimental nicknames of the Canadian Forces</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Regional_nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Regional nicknames">Category:Regional nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sobriquet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stage_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stage name">Stage name</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synecdoche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Synecdoche">Synecdoche</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terms_of_endearment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms of endearment">Terms of endearment</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victory_titles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory titles">Victory titles</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clich%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Call_sign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_call_sign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military call sign">Military call sign</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Snowclone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Snowclone">Snowclone</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nickname&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCosta2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Costa, Daniel (September 6, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/topic/nickname">"Nickname"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nickname&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.date=2022-09-06&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fnickname&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickname" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/60061">"eke-name, n."</a>, <i>OED Online</i>, Oxford University Press, June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OED+Online&rft.atitle=eke-name%2C+n.&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F60061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickname" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nickname%23learn-more">"nickname"</a>, <i>Merriam Webster Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster+Online&rft.atitle=nickname&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fnickname%23learn-more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickname" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term%3Dnickname">"nickname"</a>, <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-31</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=nickname&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dnickname&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickname" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nickname">"nickname"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=nickname&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fnickname&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickname" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillson2007" class="citation web cs1">Willson, Kendra Jean (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLLJPAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dheiti,%2Bvi%25C3%25B0rnefni,%2Bor%2Bkenningarn%25C3%25B6fn%2B(">"Icelandic Nicknames"</a>. University of California, Berkeley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Icelandic+Nicknames&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Willson&rft.aufirst=Kendra+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLLJPAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dheiti%2C%2Bvi%25C3%25B0rnefni%2C%2Bor%2Bkenningarn%25C3%25B6fn%2B%28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickname" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahiri2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Lahiri, Jhumpa (2003-06-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/06/16/gogol">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Gogol"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=%22Gogol%22&rft.date=2003-06-09&rft.aulast=Lahiri&rft.aufirst=Jhumpa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2003%2F06%2F16%2Fgogol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickname" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2007" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Amardeep (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02759527.2007.11932500">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Names Can Wait": the Misnaming of the South Asian Diaspora in Theory and Practice"</a>. <i>South Asian Review</i>. <b>28</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>36. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F02759527.2007.11932500">10.1080/02759527.2007.11932500</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-9527">0275-9527</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166091604">166091604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=%22Names+Can+Wait%22%3A+the+Misnaming+of+the+South+Asian+Diaspora+in+Theory+and+Practice&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166091604%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0275-9527&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02759527.2007.11932500&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Amardeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F02759527.2007.11932500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickname" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiwei2019" class="citation book cs1">Liwei, Jiao (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dkb29DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsouthern%2BChinese%2Bnickname%2Bwith%2Ba%2B%2522%25E9%2598%25BF%26pg%3DPT157"><i>A Cultural Dictionary of The Chinese Language: 500 Proverbs, Idioms and Maxims</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000713022?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781000713022"><bdi>9781000713022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+Dictionary+of+The+Chinese+Language%3A+500+Proverbs%2C+Idioms+and+Maxims&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.isbn=9781000713022&rft.aulast=Liwei&rft.aufirst=Jiao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkb29DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsouthern%2BChinese%2Bnickname%2Bwith%2Ba%2B%2522%25E9%2598%25BF%26pg%3DPT157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickname" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1459%23section-1.2">"Clients"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1459"><i>Internet Relay Chat Protocol</i></a>. p. 5. sec. 1.2. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.17487%252FRFC1459">10.17487/RFC1459</a></span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#IETF_RFC_1459">RFC 1459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clients&rft.btitle=Internet+Relay+Chat+Protocol&rft.pages=p.-5.-sec.-1.2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1459&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1459%26%23035%3Bsection-1.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickname" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Official_profile-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Official_profile_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921162243/https://ronaldo.com/football-news/ronaldo-nazario-o-fenomeno/">"Ronaldo Nazario – "O Fenômeno"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Ronaldo.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ronaldo.com/football-news/ronaldo-nazario-o-fenomeno/">the original</a> on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>Nickname: R9</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ronaldo.com&rft.atitle=Ronaldo+Nazario+%E2%80%93+%22O+Fen%C3%B4meno%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fronaldo.com%2Ffootball-news%2Fronaldo-nazario-o-fenomeno%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickname" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wisconsin-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Wisconsin_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Wisconsin_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Wisconsin_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuench1993" class="citation web cs1">Muench, David (December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309175857/http://www.uwex.edu/ces/cced/economies/communityindicators/communityslogans.pdf">"Wisconsin Community Slogans: Their Use and Local Impacts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin – Extension</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.uwex.edu/ces/cced/economies/communityindicators/communityslogans.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wisconsin+Community+Slogans%3A+Their+Use+and+Local+Impacts&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+%E2%80%93+Extension&rft.date=1993-12&rft.aulast=Muench&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwex.edu%2Fces%2Fcced%2Feconomies%2Fcommunityindicators%2Fcommunityslogans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickname" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Branding-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Branding_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Branding_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andia, Alfredo (September 10, 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.monu.org/monu7/Branding.pdf">"Branding the Generic City"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521163526/http://www.monu.org/monu7/Branding.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-05-21 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, MU.DOT magazine</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nickname&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/nickname" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/nickname"><i>nickname</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DNickname%26oldid%3D1269464589">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nickname&oldid=1269464589</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nickname&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="95.90.244.25" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1736887291"> <span>Last edited on 14 January 2025, at 20:41</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bynaam" title="Bynaam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bynaam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585_%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9" title="اسم شهرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اسم شهرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C9%2599q%25C9%2599b" title="Ləqəb – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ləqəb" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AE" title="ডাকনাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডাকনাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D1%258F%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D1%2588%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Мянушка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мянушка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaha" title="Gaha – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gaha" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D1%258F%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Прякор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прякор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BD%2584%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BE%25A1%25E0%25BD%25BC%25E0%25BD%2582" title="མིང་ལྡོག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིང་ལྡོག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadimak" title="Nadimak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nadimak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesanv" title="Lesanv – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lesanv" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2580lies" title="Àlies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àlies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AF%25D1%2582%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Ятка – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ятка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C5%2599ezd%25C3%25ADvka" title="Přezdívka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přezdívka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madunhurirwa" title="Madunhurirwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Madunhurirwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llysenw" title="Llysenw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llysenw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2598genavn" title="Øgenavn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Øgenavn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitzname" title="Spitzname – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spitzname" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25BC%25C3%25BCdnimi" title="Hüüdnimi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüüdnimi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodo" title="Apodo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apodo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromnomo" title="Kromnomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kromnomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezizen" title="Ezizen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ezizen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585_%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="نام خودمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نام خودمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surnom" title="Surnom – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Surnom" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bynamme" title="Bynamme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bynamme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorenon" title="Sorenon – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sorenon" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcume" title="Alcume – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alcume" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25B3%2584%25EB%25AA%2585" title="별명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="별명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunayen_Ranaku" title="Sunayen Ranaku – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sunayen Ranaku" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadimak" title="Nadimak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nadimak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_julukan" title="Nama julukan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nama julukan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%25C3%25B0urnefni" title="Viðurnefni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Viðurnefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomignolo" title="Nomignolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nomignolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A9%25D7%259D_%25D7%2597%25D7%2599%25D7%2591%25D7%2594" title="שם חיבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שם חיבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2585%25E0%25B2%25A1%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25A1%25E0%25B2%25B9%25E0%25B3%2586%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%2581" title="ಅಡ್ಡಹೆಸರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಡ್ಡಹೆಸರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588_%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A0%25DA%2598%25DA%25BE" title="ناو رؠژھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ناو رؠژھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesauka" title="Iesauka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iesauka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravard%25C4%2597" title="Pravardė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pravardė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becen%25C3%25A9v" title="Becenév – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Becenév" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Прекар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прекар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijnaam" title="Bijnaam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bijnaam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedersaksische_bijnamen" title="Nedersaksische bijnamen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Nedersaksische bijnamen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2584%259B%25E7%25A7%25B0" title="愛称 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="愛称" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallenavn" title="Kallenavn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kallenavn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallenamn" title="Kallenamn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kallenamn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laqab" title="Laqab – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Laqab" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitzname" title="Spitzname – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Spitzname" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2596kelnaam" title="Ökelnaam – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ökelnaam" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcunha" title="Alcunha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alcunha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shpeznaame" title="Shpeznaame – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Shpeznaame" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porecl%25C4%2583" title="Poreclă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poreclă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2589%25D0%25B5" title="Прозвище – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прозвище" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581_%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="Хос аат – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хос аат" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nofka" title="Nofka – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nofka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nci%25C3%25B9ria" title="Nciùria – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nciùria" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nickname" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A8" title="لقب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لقب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzdevek" title="Vzdevek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vzdevek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588" title="نازناو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نازناو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA" title="Надимак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Надимак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadimak" title="Nadimak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nadimak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempinimi" title="Lempinimi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lempinimi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeknamn" title="Smeknamn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Smeknamn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palayaw" title="Palayaw – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Palayaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D" title="சிறப்புப்பெயர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிறப்புப்பெயர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="Кушамат – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кушамат" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B7%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%2599" title="ชื่อเล่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชื่อเล่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumuz" title="Rumuz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rumuz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE" title="Прізвисько – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прізвисько" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A8" title="لقب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لقب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25AAn_ri%25C3%25AAng" title="Tên riêng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tên riêng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A5vadje_no" title="Såvadje no – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Såvadje no" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnay" title="Agnay – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Agnay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BB%25B0%25E5%258F%25B7" title="绰号 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="绰号" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%258A%25B1%25E5%2590%258D" title="花名 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="花名" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25B6%25BD%25E8%2599%259F" title="綽號 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="綽號" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_poyokan" title="Nama poyokan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Nama poyokan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" 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