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id="toc-Categorization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Construction </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Construction subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drum_makers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drum_makers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Drum makers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drum_makers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Performance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Performance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Form </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Instrumentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Regional styles </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regional styles subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eisa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eisa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Eisa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eisa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hachijō-daiko" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hachijō-daiko"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Hachijō-daiko </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hachijō-daiko-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miyake-daiko" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miyake-daiko"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Miyake-daiko </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miyake-daiko-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Outside Japan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_Japan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Outside Japan subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_cultural_and_social_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_cultural_and_social_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Related cultural and social movements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_cultural_and_social_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Related cultural and social movements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Related_cultural_and_social_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Gender conventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burakumin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burakumin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Burakumin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burakumin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_sansei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_sansei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 North American sansei </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_sansei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_performers_and_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_performers_and_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notable performers and groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_performers_and_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glossary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glossary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Glossary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glossary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Taiko</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88" title="تايكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تايكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="তাইকো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাইকো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Тайко – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тайко" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiko" title="Daiko – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Daiko" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="تایکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تایکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EA%B3%A0_(%EC%95%85%EA%B8%B0)" title="태고 (악기) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태고 (악기)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%B8" title="Թայկո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թայկո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95" title="טאיקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טאיקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1ndob" title="Japándob – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Japándob" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B" title="ടയ്കോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടയ്കോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဒိုင်ကိုဒရမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒိုင်ကိုဒရမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%AA%E9%BC%93" title="和太鼓 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="和太鼓" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Тайко – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тайко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko_(boben)" title="Taiko (boben) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Taiko (boben)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Тайко (барабан) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тайко (барабан)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Taiko" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%AA%E9%BC%93" title="和太鼓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="和太鼓" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese percussion instruments</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Taiko_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Taiko (disambiguation)">Taiko (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Taiko</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Miya_Daiko_drum_-_Taiko_drums.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a barrel-shaped chū-daiko, with a fastened cloth hanging down from the drum head." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Miya_Daiko_drum_-_Taiko_drums.jpg/250px-Miya_Daiko_drum_-_Taiko_drums.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Miya_Daiko_drum_-_Taiko_drums.jpg/375px-Miya_Daiko_drum_-_Taiko_drums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Miya_Daiko_drum_-_Taiko_drums.jpg/500px-Miya_Daiko_drum_-_Taiko_drums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="663" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A chū-daiko, one of many types of taiko</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d8bfd8"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">wadaiko, taiko drum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"> <a href="/wiki/Unpitched_percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpitched percussion">unpitched percussion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Unknown; archaeological evidence shows usage on the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</a> as early as 6th century CE.</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Taiko_Tsukiji_Honganji_Festival.webm/220px--Taiko_Tsukiji_Honganji_Festival.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="71" data-mwtitle="Taiko_Tsukiji_Honganji_Festival.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Taiko_Tsukiji_Honganji_Festival.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Taiko_Tsukiji_Honganji_Festival.webm/Taiko_Tsukiji_Honganji_Festival.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Taiko_Tsukiji_Honganji_Festival.webm/Taiko_Tsukiji_Honganji_Festival.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Taiko_Tsukiji_Honganji_Festival.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Taiko_Tsukiji_Honganji_Festival.webm/Taiko_Tsukiji_Honganji_Festival.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Taiko_Tsukiji_Honganji_Festival.webm/Taiko_Tsukiji_Honganji_Festival.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Taiko_Tsukiji_Honganji_Festival.webm/Taiko_Tsukiji_Honganji_Festival.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>This kumi-daiko performance at the <a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_Hongan-ji" title="Tsukiji Hongan-ji">Tsukiji Hongan-ji</a> Festival involves several performers switching between chū-daiko. Performers lean toward and away from the drum by adjusting the degree of bend in their left knee.</figcaption></figure> Taiko (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%BC%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:太鼓">太鼓</a>) are a broad range of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Japanese musical instruments">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion">percussion</a> instruments. In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, the term taiko refers to any kind of drum, but outside Japan, it is used specifically to refer to any of the various Japanese drums called wadaiko (和太鼓, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Japanese drums') and to the form of ensemble taiko drumming more specifically called kumi-daiko (組太鼓, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'set of drums'). The process of constructing taiko varies between manufacturers, and the preparation of both the drum body and skin can take several years depending on the method. Taiko have a mythological origin in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Japanese folklore</a>, but historical records suggest that taiko were introduced to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> through <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> cultural influence as early as the 6th century CE; pottery from the <a href="/wiki/Haniwa" title="Haniwa">Haniwa</a> period depicting taiko drums has also been found. Some taiko are similar to instruments originating from India. Archaeological evidence also supports the view that taiko were present in Japan during the 6th century in the <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a>. Their function has varied throughout history, ranging from communication, military action, theatrical accompaniment, religious ceremony and concert performances. In modern times, taiko have also played a central role in social movements for minorities both within and outside Japan. Kumi-daiko performance, characterized by an ensemble playing on different drums, was developed in 1951 through the work of <a href="/wiki/Daihachi_Oguchi" title="Daihachi Oguchi">Daihachi Oguchi</a> and later in 1961 by the <a href="/wiki/Ondekoza" title="Ondekoza">Ondekoza</a>, and taiko was made later popular with many other groups copying the format of Ondekoza such as <a href="/wiki/Kodo_(taiko_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodo (taiko group)">Kodo</a>, Yamato, Tao, Taikoza, Fuun No Kai, <a href="/wiki/Oedo_Sukeroku_Taiko" title="Oedo Sukeroku Taiko">Sukeroku Taiko</a>, etc. Other performance styles, such as hachijō-daiko, have also emerged from specific communities in Japan. Kumi-daiko performance groups are active not only in Japan, but also in the United States, Australia, Canada, Europe, Taiwan, and Brazil. Taiko performance consists of many components in technical rhythm, <a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">form</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_stick" title="Drum stick">stick</a> grip, clothing, and the <a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_(music)" title="Instrumentation (music)">particular instrumentation</a>. Ensembles typically use different types of barrel-shaped nagadō-daiko as well as smaller <a href="/wiki/Shime-daiko" title="Shime-daiko">shime-daiko</a>. Many groups accompany the drums with vocals, strings, and woodwind instruments. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThreeHaniwa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three plain clay figures, featuring long, skirt-like columnar bases. The outer two figures are depicted playing drums. Only one figure, in the middle, has a head." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/ThreeHaniwa.jpg/220px-ThreeHaniwa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a5/ThreeHaniwa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haniwa" title="Haniwa">Haniwa</a> figures, dated to the 6th century CE. The left and right depict two drum performers. The statue on the left, depicted using a stick on a barrel-shaped drum, represents the earliest evidence of taiko usage in Japan.</figcaption></figure> The origin of the taiko and its variants is unclear, though there have been many suggestions. Historical accounts, of which the earliest date from 588 CE, note that young Japanese men traveled to Korea to study the <a href="/wiki/Kakko_(instrument)" title="Kakko (instrument)">kakko</a>, a drum that originated in <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South China</a>. This study and appropriation of Chinese instruments may have influenced the emergence of taiko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades1992122–123-1">[1]</a> Certain court music styles, especially <a href="/wiki/Gigaku" title="Gigaku">gigaku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">gagaku</a>, arrived in Japan through both China and Korea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson200736,_39-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuller1989202-3">[3]</a> In both traditions, dancers were accompanied by several instruments that included drums similar to taiko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuller1989202-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECossío2001179-4">[4]</a> Certain percussive patterns and terminology in <a href="/wiki/Togaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Togaku">togaku</a>, an early dance and music style in Japan, in addition to physical features of the kakko, also reflect influence from both China and India on drum use in gagaku performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201226-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarich-Schneider1973108,_110-6">[6]</a> Archaeological evidence shows that taiko were used in Japan as early as the 6th century CE,<a href="#cite_note-TNM-7">[7]</a> during the latter part of the <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a>, and were likely used for communication, in festivals, and in other rituals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2012122-8">[8]</a> This evidence was substantiated by the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Haniwa" title="Haniwa">haniwa</a> statues in the <a href="/wiki/Sawa_District,_Gunma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawa District, Gunma">Sawa District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture" title="Gunma Prefecture">Gunma Prefecture</a>. Two of these figures are depicted playing drums;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2012122-8">[8]</a> one of them, wearing skins, is equipped with a barrel-shaped drum hung from his shoulder and uses a stick to play the drum at hip height.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2012122Varian201321-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ochi-10">[10]</a> This statue is titled "Man Beating the Taiko" and is considered the oldest evidence of taiko performance in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Ochi-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201321-11">[11]</a> Similarities between the playing style demonstrated by this haniwa and known music traditions in China and Korea further suggest influences from these regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201321-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a>, the second-oldest book of Japanese classical history, contains a mythological story describing the origin of taiko. The myth tells how <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a>, who had sealed herself inside a cave in anger, was beckoned out by an elder goddess <a href="/wiki/Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto">Ame-no-Uzume</a> when others had failed. Ame-no-Uzume accomplished this by emptying out a barrel of <a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">sake</a> and dancing furiously on top of it. Historians regard her performance as the mythological creation of taiko music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinor200337–39Izumi200137–39Raz198319-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_warfare">Use in warfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use in warfare">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girl-Plays-Shime-Daiko-Drum-c1885.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A woman wearing a kimono and traditional hairstyle kneels on a tatami mat, playing a drum in front of her with two sticks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Girl-Plays-Shime-Daiko-Drum-c1885.png/220px-Girl-Plays-Shime-Daiko-Drum-c1885.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Girl-Plays-Shime-Daiko-Drum-c1885.png/330px-Girl-Plays-Shime-Daiko-Drum-c1885.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Girl-Plays-Shime-Daiko-Drum-c1885.png/440px-Girl-Plays-Shime-Daiko-Drum-c1885.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>Hand-colored print of a woman playing a <a href="/wiki/Shime-daiko" title="Shime-daiko">shime-daiko</a>, circa 1885</figcaption></figure> In feudal Japan, taiko were often used to motivate troops, call out orders or announcements, and set a marching pace; marches were usually set to six paces per beat of the drum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull200837-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201227–28-14">[14]</a> During the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Warring States period</a>, specific drum calls were used to communicate orders for retreating and advancing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull201227-15">[15]</a> Other rhythms and techniques were detailed in period texts. According to the war chronicle Gunji Yoshū, nine sets of five beats would summon an ally to battle, while nine sets of three beats, sped up three or four times, was the call to advance and pursue an enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull200849-16">[16]</a> Folklore from the 16th century on the legendary 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Keitai" title="Emperor Keitai">Emperor Keitai</a> offers a story that he obtained a large drum from China, which he named Senjin-daiko (線陣太鼓, "front drum").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199812-17">[17]</a> The Emperor was thought to have used it to both encourage his own army and intimidate his enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199812-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_traditional_settings">In traditional settings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In traditional settings">edit</a>]</div> Taiko have been incorporated in Japanese theatre for rhythmic needs, general atmosphere, and in certain settings decoration. In the <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a> play The Tale of Shiroishi and the Taihei Chronicles, scenes in the <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABkaku" title="Yūkaku">pleasure quarters</a> are accompanied by taiko to create dramatic tension.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandonLeiter200286-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a> theatre also features taiko music,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiki2008176-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm2000286–288-20">[20]</a> where performance consists of highly specific rhythmic patterns. The Konparu (金春流) school of drumming, for example, contains 65 basic patterns in addition to 25 special patterns; these patterns are categorized in several classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm196075–78-21">[21]</a> Differences between these patterns include changes in <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accent_(music)" title="Accent (music)">accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, and function in the theatrical performance. Patterns are also often connected together in progressions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm196075–78-21">[21]</a> Taiko continue to be used in gagaku, a classical music tradition typically performed at the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a> in addition to local temples and shrines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm2000101–102-22">[22]</a> In gagaku, one component of the art form is traditional dance, which is guided in part by the rhythm set by the taiko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm2000103-23">[23]</a> Taiko have played an important role in many local festivals across Japan.<a href="#cite_note-JANM-24">[24]</a> They are also used to accompany religious ritual music. In <a href="/wiki/Kagura" title="Kagura">kagura</a>, a category of music and dances stemming from <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> practices, taiko frequently appear alongside other performers during local festivals. In Buddhist traditions, taiko are used for ritual dances as part of the <a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Bon Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiki2008180-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012110-26">[26]</a> Taiko, along with other instruments, are featured atop towers that are adorned with red-and-white cloth and serve to provide rhythms for the dancers who are encircled around the performers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm200077-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kumi-daiko">Kumi-daiko</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kumi-daiko">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Daihachi_Oguchi" title="Daihachi Oguchi">Daihachi Oguchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ondekoza" title="Ondekoza">Ondekoza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kodo_(taiko_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodo (taiko group)">Kodo (taiko group)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TaikoDrummersAichiJapan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/TaikoDrummersAichiJapan.jpg/220px-TaikoDrummersAichiJapan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/TaikoDrummersAichiJapan.jpg/330px-TaikoDrummersAichiJapan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/TaikoDrummersAichiJapan.jpg/440px-TaikoDrummersAichiJapan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A kumi-daiko group performing in <a href="/wiki/Aichi,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aichi, Japan">Aichi, Japan</a> wearing <a href="/wiki/Hachimaki" title="Hachimaki">hachimaki</a></figcaption></figure> In addition to the instruments, the term taiko also refers to the performance itself,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya2005134-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngram200471-29">[29]</a> and commonly to one style called kumi-daiko, or ensemble-style playing (as opposed to festival performances, rituals, or theatrical use of the drums).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerShahriari2014146-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell_2012a-31">[31]</a> Kumi-daiko was developed by <a href="/wiki/Daihachi_Oguchi" title="Daihachi Oguchi">Daihachi Oguchi</a> in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerShahriari2014146-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian200533-32">[32]</a> He is considered a master performer and helped transform taiko performance from its roots in traditional settings in festivals and shrines.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-33">[33]</a> Oguchi was trained as a jazz musician in <a href="/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture" title="Nagano Prefecture">Nagano</a>, and at one point, a relative gave him an old piece of written taiko music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlves2012312-34">[34]</a> Unable to read the traditional and esoteric notation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlves2012312-34">[34]</a> Oguchi found help to transcribe the piece, and on his own added rhythms and transformed the work to accommodate multiple taiko players on different-sized instruments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian200528-35">[35]</a> Each instrument served a specific purpose that established present-day conventions in kumi-daiko performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian200529-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201251-37">[37]</a> Oguchi's ensemble, <a href="/wiki/Osuwa_Daiko" title="Osuwa Daiko">Osuwa Daiko</a>, incorporated these alterations and other drums into their performances. They also devised novel pieces that were intended for non-religious performances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlves2012312-34">[34]</a> Several other groups emerged in Japan through the 1950s and 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Oedo_Sukeroku_Daiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Oedo Sukeroku Daiko">Oedo Sukeroku Daiko</a> was formed in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> in 1959 under <a href="/wiki/Seid%C5%8D_Kobayashi" title="Seidō Kobayashi">Seidō Kobayashi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell_2012b125-38">[38]</a> and has been referred to as the first taiko group who toured professionally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2004204-39">[39]</a> Globally, kumi-daiko performance became more visible during the <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Summer Olympics</a> in Tokyo, when it was featured during the Festival of Arts event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian200528–29-40">[40]</a> Kumi-daiko was also developed through the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Den_Tagayasu" title="Den Tagayasu">Den Tagayasu</a> (田耕), who gathered young men who were willing to devote their entire lifestyle to taiko playing and took them to <a href="/wiki/Sado_Island" title="Sado Island">Sado Island</a> for training<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian200529-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldVartoogian2007251-41">[41]</a> where Den and his family had settled in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya200565-42">[42]</a> Den chose the island based on a desire to reinvigorate the folk arts in Japan, particularly taiko; he became inspired by a drumming tradition unique to Sado called ondeko (鬼太鼓, "demon drumming" in the Sado dialect) that required considerable strength to play well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya200564–65-43">[43]</a> Den called the group "Za Ondekoza" or <a href="/wiki/Ondekoza" title="Ondekoza">Ondekoza</a> for short, and implemented a rigorous set of exercises for its members including long-distance running.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian200528-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldVartoogian2007251-41">[41]</a> In 1975, Ondekoza was the first taiko group to tour in the United States. Their first performance occurred just after the group finished running the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon" title="Boston Marathon">Boston Marathon</a> while wearing their traditional uniforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya2005149-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod2013171-45">[45]</a> In 1981, some members of Ondekoza split from Den and formed another group called <a href="/wiki/Kodo_(taiko_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodo (taiko group)">Kodo</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Eitetsu_Hayashi" title="Eitetsu Hayashi">Eitetsu Hayashi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoover201198-46">[46]</a> Kodo continued to use Sado Island for rigorous training and communal living, and went on to popularize taiko through frequent touring and collaborations with other musical performers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacashire201114-47">[47]</a> Kodo is one of the most recognized taiko groups both in Japan<a href="#cite_note-Arita-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matsumoto-49">[49]</a> and worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201272-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Estimates of the number of taiko groups in Japan vary to up to 5,000 active groups in Japan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian200517-52">[52]</a> but more conservative assessments place the number closer to 800 based on membership in the Nippon Taiko Foundation, the largest national organization of taiko groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender20123-53">[53]</a> Some pieces that have emerged from early kumi-daiko groups that continue to be performed include <a href="/wiki/Yatai-bayashi" title="Yatai-bayashi">Yatai-bayashi</a> from Ondekoza,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201274-54">[54]</a> Isami-goma (勇み駒, lit. "galloping horse") from Osuwa Daiko,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201287-55">[55]</a> and Zoku (族, lit. "tribe") from Kodo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012102-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categorization">Categorization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Categorization">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0.80em;"> <caption>Taiko by construction method </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Byō-uchi-daiko (鋲打ち太鼓) </th> <th scope="col">Shime-daiko (締め太鼓) </th> <th scope="col">Tsuzumi (鼓)<a href="#cite_note-first-58">[note 1]</a> </th> <th scope="col">Others </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>nagadō-daiko (長胴太鼓)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>  ko-daiko (小太鼓)</li><li>  chū-daiko (中太鼓)</li><li>  ō-daiko (大太鼓)</li></ul></div> </td> <td>tsukeshime-daiko (附け締め太鼓)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>  namitsuke (並附)</li><li>  nichō-gake (二丁掛)</li><li>  sanchō-gake (三丁掛)</li><li>  yonchō-gake (四丁掛)</li><li>  gochō-gake (五丁掛)</li></ul></div> </td> <td>ko-tsuzumi (小鼓) </td> <td>uchiwa-daiko (団扇太鼓)<a href="#cite_note-:0-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hira-daiko (平太鼓) </td> <td>naguta shime-daiko (長唄締め太鼓) </td> <td>san-no-tsuzumi (三の鼓) </td> <td>den-den-daiko (でんでん太鼓) </td></tr> <tr> <td>tsuri-daiko (釣太鼓) </td> <td>okedō-daiko (桶胴太鼓) </td> <td>ō-tsuzumi (大鼓) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>kakko (羯鼓) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>dadaiko (鼉太鼓)<a href="#cite_note-second-62">[note 2]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Taiko have been developed into a broad range of <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion instruments</a> that are used in both <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japanese folk and classical</a> musical traditions. An early classification system based on shape and tension was advanced by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Taylor_Piggott" title="Francis Taylor Piggott">Francis Taylor Piggott</a> in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiggott1971191–203-63">[61]</a> Taiko are generally classified based on the construction process, or the specific context in which the drum is used,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199812-17">[17]</a> but some are not classified, such as the toy <a href="/wiki/Den-den_daiko" title="Den-den daiko">den-den daiko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakehiTamoriSchourup1996251-64">[62]</a> With few exceptions, taiko have a drum shell with heads on both sides of the body, and a sealed resonating cavity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199812-17">[17]</a> The head may be fastened to the shell using a number of different systems, such as using ropes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199812-17">[17]</a> Taiko may be either tunable or non-tunable depending on the system used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETusler200360-65">[63]</a> Taiko are categorized into three types based on construction process. Byō-uchi-daiko are constructed with the <a href="/wiki/Drumhead" title="Drumhead">drumhead</a> nailed to the body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199812-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shime-daiko" title="Shime-daiko">Shime-daiko</a> are classically constructed with the skin placed over iron or steel rings, which are then tightened with ropes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201357-66">[64]</a> Contemporary shime-daiko are tensioned using <a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">bolts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turnbuckle" title="Turnbuckle">turnbuckles</a> systems attached to the drum body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199812-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiki2008177-67">[65]</a> Tsuzumi are also rope-tensioned drums, but have a distinct hourglass shape and their skins are made using deerskin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201357-66">[64]</a> Byō-uchi-daiko were historically made only using a single piece of wood;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlsen2009130–131-68">[66]</a> they continue to be made in this manner, but are also constructed from staves of wood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199812-17">[17]</a> Larger drums can be made using a single piece of wood, but at a much greater cost due to the difficulty in finding appropriate trees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199812-17">[17]</a> The preferred wood is the <a href="/wiki/Zelkova_serrata" title="Zelkova serrata">Japanese zelkova</a> or keyaki,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmer2004420-69">[67]</a> but a number of other woods, and even <a href="/wiki/Wine_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine barrel">wine barrels</a>, have been used to create taiko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmer2004420-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liu-70">[68]</a> Byō-uchi-daiko cannot be tuned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETusler200360-65">[63]</a> The typical byō-uchi-daiko is the nagadō-daiko,<a href="#cite_note-Shumei2-71">[69]</a> an elongated drum that is roughly shaped like a wine barrel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201355-72">[70]</a> Nagadō-daiko are available in a variety of sizes, and their head diameter is traditionally measured in <a href="/wiki/Shaku_(unit)" title="Shaku (unit)">shaku</a> (units of roughly 30 cm). Head diameters range from 1 to 6 shaku (30 to 182 cm; 12 to 72 in). Ko-daiko (小太鼓) are the smallest of these drums and are usually about 1 shaku (30 cm; 12 in) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201355-72">[70]</a> The chū-daiko (中太鼓) is a medium-sized nagadō-daiko ranging from 1.6 to 2.8 shaku (48 to 85 cm; 19 to 33 in),<a href="#cite_note-Shumei2-71">[69]</a> and weighing about 27 kilograms (60 lb).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201355-72">[70]</a> Ō-daiko (大太鼓) vary in size, and are often as large as 6 shaku (180 cm; 72 in) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETitonFujie2005184-73">[71]</a> Some ō-daiko are difficult to move due to their size, and therefore permanently remain inside the performance space, such as temple or shrine.<a href="#cite_note-Heartbeat-74">[72]</a> Ō-daiko means "large drum" and for a given ensemble, the term refers to their largest drum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETitonFujie2005184-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heartbeat-74">[72]</a> The other type of byō-uchi-daiko is called a hira-daiko (平太鼓, "flat drum") and can be any drum constructed such that the head diameter is greater than the length of the body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian2013121–122-75">[73]</a> Shime-daiko are a set of smaller, roughly <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drum</a>-sized instrument that are tunable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201357-66">[64]</a> The tensioning system usually consists of hemp cords or rope, but bolt or turnbuckle systems have been used as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiki2008177-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian2013130-76">[74]</a> Nagauta shime-daiko (長唄締め太鼓), sometimes referred to as "taiko" in the context of theater, have thinner heads than other kinds of shime-daiko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian2013130-76">[74]</a> The head includes a patch of deerskin placed in the center, and in performance, drum strokes are generally restricted to this area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiki2008177-67">[65]</a> The tsukeshime-daiko (付け締め太鼓) is a heavier type of shime-daiko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201357-66">[64]</a> They are available in sizes 1–5, and are named according to their number: namitsuke (1), nichō-gakke (2), sanchō-gakke (3), yonchō-gakke (4), and gochō-gakke (5).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian2013119,_126-77">[75]</a> The namitsuke has the thinnest skins and the shortest body in terms of height; thickness and tension of skins, as well as body height, increase toward the gochō-gakke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian2013119-78">[76]</a> The head diameters of all shime-daiko sizes are around 27 cm (10.6 in).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiki2008177-67">[65]</a> Uchiwa-daiko (団扇太鼓, literally, fan drum) is a type of racket-shaped Japanese drum. It is the only Japanese traditional drum without a sound box and only one skin. It is played with a drumstick while hanging it with the other hand.<a href="#cite_note-:0-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[59]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwanese_taiko_drummer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A middle-sized chū-daiko being played on a slanted stand"><img alt="A middle-sized chū-daiko being played on a slanted stand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Taiwanese_taiko_drummer.jpg/338px-Taiwanese_taiko_drummer.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Taiwanese_taiko_drummer.jpg/507px-Taiwanese_taiko_drummer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Taiwanese_taiko_drummer.jpg/675px-Taiwanese_taiko_drummer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A middle-sized chū-daiko being played on a slanted stand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kodo_Taiko_Drum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="This ō-daiko from a Kodo performance features a tomoe design on its skin."><img alt="This ō-daiko from a Kodo performance features a tomoe design on its skin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kodo_Taiko_Drum.JPG/300px-Kodo_Taiko_Drum.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kodo_Taiko_Drum.JPG/451px-Kodo_Taiko_Drum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kodo_Taiko_Drum.JPG/600px-Kodo_Taiko_Drum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">This ō-daiko from a <a href="/wiki/Kodo_(taiko_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodo (taiko group)">Kodo</a> performance features a <a href="/wiki/Tomoe" title="Tomoe">tomoe</a> design on its <a href="/wiki/Drumskin" class="mw-redirect" title="Drumskin">skin</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shime_Daiko_drum_-_Shime_Taiko_Trommel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of a shime-daiko, tensioned using rope"><img alt="Example of a shime-daiko, tensioned using rope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Shime_Daiko_drum_-_Shime_Taiko_Trommel.jpg/228px-Shime_Daiko_drum_-_Shime_Taiko_Trommel.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Shime_Daiko_drum_-_Shime_Taiko_Trommel.jpg/343px-Shime_Daiko_drum_-_Shime_Taiko_Trommel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Shime_Daiko_drum_-_Shime_Taiko_Trommel.jpg/457px-Shime_Daiko_drum_-_Shime_Taiko_Trommel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="831" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of a shime-daiko, tensioned using rope</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Okedo_Daiko_drum_-_Okedo_Taiko_Trommel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of an okedō, tensioned using rope"><img alt="Example of an okedō, tensioned using rope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Okedo_Daiko_drum_-_Okedo_Taiko_Trommel.jpg/222px-Okedo_Daiko_drum_-_Okedo_Taiko_Trommel.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Okedo_Daiko_drum_-_Okedo_Taiko_Trommel.jpg/334px-Okedo_Daiko_drum_-_Okedo_Taiko_Trommel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Okedo_Daiko_drum_-_Okedo_Taiko_Trommel.jpg/445px-Okedo_Daiko_drum_-_Okedo_Taiko_Trommel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="1169" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of an okedō, tensioned using rope</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:162_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica,_tsuridaiko,_tambor_japon%C3%A8s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tsuri-daiko on display at the Museu de la Música de Barcelona"><img alt="A tsuri-daiko on display at the Museu de la Música de Barcelona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/162_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica%2C_tsuridaiko%2C_tambor_japon%C3%A8s.jpg/169px-162_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica%2C_tsuridaiko%2C_tambor_japon%C3%A8s.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/162_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica%2C_tsuridaiko%2C_tambor_japon%C3%A8s.jpg/253px-162_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica%2C_tsuridaiko%2C_tambor_japon%C3%A8s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/162_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica%2C_tsuridaiko%2C_tambor_japon%C3%A8s.jpg/337px-162_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica%2C_tsuridaiko%2C_tambor_japon%C3%A8s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A tsuri-daiko on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona" title="Museu de la Música de Barcelona">Museu de la Música de Barcelona</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotsuzumi_(Small_Hourglass_Drum)_with_Peonies_LACMA_M.89.134.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 17th-century ko-tsuzumi"><img alt="A 17th-century ko-tsuzumi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kotsuzumi_%28Small_Hourglass_Drum%29_with_Peonies_LACMA_M.89.134.1.jpg/170px-Kotsuzumi_%28Small_Hourglass_Drum%29_with_Peonies_LACMA_M.89.134.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kotsuzumi_%28Small_Hourglass_Drum%29_with_Peonies_LACMA_M.89.134.1.jpg/255px-Kotsuzumi_%28Small_Hourglass_Drum%29_with_Peonies_LACMA_M.89.134.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kotsuzumi_%28Small_Hourglass_Drum%29_with_Peonies_LACMA_M.89.134.1.jpg/340px-Kotsuzumi_%28Small_Hourglass_Drum%29_with_Peonies_LACMA_M.89.134.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="2100" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 17th-century ko-tsuzumi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gifujyou5851.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An uchiwa-daiko."><img alt="An uchiwa-daiko." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gifujyou5851.JPG/169px-Gifujyou5851.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gifujyou5851.JPG/253px-Gifujyou5851.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gifujyou5851.JPG/337px-Gifujyou5851.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An uchiwa-daiko.</div> </li> </ul> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0.80em;"> <caption>Taiko by theatrical usage </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Gagakki </th> <th scope="col">Noh </th> <th scope="col">Kabuki </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>dadaiko</td> <td>ō-tsuzumi</td> <td>ko-tsuzumi </td></tr> <tr> <td>tsuri-daiko</td> <td>ko-tsuzumi</td> <td>ō-tsuzumi </td></tr> <tr> <td>san-no-tsuzumi</td> <td>nagauta shime-daiko</td> <td>nagauta shime-daiko </td></tr> <tr> <td>kakko</td> <td></td> <td>ō-daiko </td></tr> </tbody></table> Okedō-daiko or simply okedō, are a type of shime-daiko that are stave-constructed using narrower strips of wood,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199812-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-JANM2-79">[77]</a> have a tube-shaped frame. Like other shime-daiko, drum heads are attached by metal hoops and fastened by rope or cords.<a href="#cite_note-Shumei2-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiki2008181-80">[78]</a> Okedō can be played using the same drumsticks (called bachi) as shime-daiko, but can also be hand-played.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiki2008181-80">[78]</a> Okedō come in short- and long-bodied types.<a href="#cite_note-Shumei2-71">[69]</a> Tsuzumi are a class of hourglass-shaped drums. The drum body is shaped on a spool and the inner body carved by hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades1992126-81">[79]</a> Their skins can be made from cowhide, horsehide, or deerskin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201228-82">[80]</a> While the ō-tsuzumi skins are made from cowhide, ko-tsuzumi are made from horsehide. While some classify tsuzumi as a type of taiko,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201228-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201357-66">[64]</a> others have described them as a drum entirely separate from taiko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades1992124-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiki2008156-83">[81]</a> Taiko can also be categorized by the context in which they are used. The miya-daiko, for instance, is constructed in the same manner as other byō-uchi-daiko, but is distinguished by an ornamental stand and is used for ceremonial purposes at <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan" title="Buddhist temples in Japan">Buddhist temples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199813-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoon2001420-85">[83]</a> The Sumō-daiko (相撲太鼓) (a ko-daiko) and sairei-nagadō (祭礼長胴) (a nagadō-daiko with a cigar-shaped body) are used in <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a> and festivals respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian2013129,_131-86">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yashima_Gakutei_-_A_woman_playing_a_large_suspended_drum_(tsuridaiko)_A_set_of_five_prints_for_the_Hisakataya_poetry_c..._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yashima_Gakutei_-_A_woman_playing_a_large_suspended_drum_%28tsuridaiko%29_A_set_of_five_prints_for_the_Hisakataya_poetry_c..._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Yashima_Gakutei_-_A_woman_playing_a_large_suspended_drum_%28tsuridaiko%29_A_set_of_five_prints_for_the_Hisakataya_poetry_c..._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yashima_Gakutei_-_A_woman_playing_a_large_suspended_drum_%28tsuridaiko%29_A_set_of_five_prints_for_the_Hisakataya_poetry_c..._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Yashima_Gakutei_-_A_woman_playing_a_large_suspended_drum_%28tsuridaiko%29_A_set_of_five_prints_for_the_Hisakataya_poetry_c..._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yashima_Gakutei_-_A_woman_playing_a_large_suspended_drum_%28tsuridaiko%29_A_set_of_five_prints_for_the_Hisakataya_poetry_c..._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Yashima_Gakutei_-_A_woman_playing_a_large_suspended_drum_%28tsuridaiko%29_A_set_of_five_prints_for_the_Hisakataya_poetry_c..._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3615" data-file-height="4091" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Block_printing_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Block printing in Japan">woodprint block</a> by <a href="/wiki/Yashima_Gakutei" title="Yashima Gakutei">Yashima Gakutei</a> illustrating a woman playing a <a href="/wiki/Tsuri-daiko" title="Tsuri-daiko">tsuri-daiko</a></figcaption></figure> Several drums, categorized as gagakki, are used in the Japanese theatrical form, <a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">gagaku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiki2008169-87">[85]</a> The lead instrument of the ensemble is the <a href="/wiki/Kakko_(instrument)" title="Kakko (instrument)">kakko</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm2000104-88">[86]</a> which is a smaller shime-daiko with heads made of deerskin, and is placed horizontally on a stand during performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm2000104-88">[86]</a> A tsuzumi, called the san-no-tsuzumi is another small drum in gagaku that is placed horizontally and struck with a thin stick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201227-89">[87]</a> Dadaiko (鼉太鼓) are the largest drums of the ensemble,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm2000335-90">[88]</a> and have heads that are about 127 cm (50 in) in diameter. During performance, the drum is placed on a tall pedestals and surrounded by a rim decoratively painted with flames and adorned with mystical figures such as <a href="/wiki/Wyverns" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyverns">wyverns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades1992124–125-91">[89]</a> Dadaiko are played while standing,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades1992123-92">[90]</a> and are usually only played on the <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Downbeat" title="Beat (music)">downbeat</a> of the music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiki2008169-87">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tsuri-daiko" title="Tsuri-daiko">tsuri-daiko</a> (釣太鼓, "suspended drum") is a smaller drum that produces a lower sound, its head measuring about 55 cm (22 in) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiki2008171-93">[91]</a> It is used in ensembles that accompany <a href="/wiki/Bugaku" title="Bugaku">bugaku</a>, a traditional dance performed at the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a> and in religious contexts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades1992122–123-1">[1]</a> Tsuri-daiko are suspended on a small stand, and are played sitting down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiki2008171-93">[91]</a> Tsuri-daiko performers typically use shorter mallets covered in leather knobs instead of <a href="/wiki/Bachi" title="Bachi">bachi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades1992122–123-1">[1]</a> They can be played simultaneously by two performers; while one performer plays on the head, another performer uses bachi on the body of the drum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades1992122–123-1">[1]</a> The larger ō-tsuzumi and smaller ko-tsuzumi are used in the opening and dances of <a href="/wiki/Noh_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Noh theater">Noh theater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm2000137,_142-94">[92]</a> Both drums are struck using the fingers; players can also adjust pitch by manually applying pressure to the ropes on the drum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201358-95">[93]</a> The color of the cords of these drums also indicates the skill of the musician: Orange and red for amateur players, light blue for performers with expertise, and <a href="/wiki/Lilac_(color)" title="Lilac (color)">lilac</a> for masters of the instrument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades1992127-96">[94]</a> Nagauta-shime daiko or uta daiko are also featured in Noh performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades1992125-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2002161-98">[96]</a> Many taiko in Noh are also featured in <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a> performance and are used in a similar manner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm196374–77-99">[97]</a> In addition to the ō-tsuzumi, ko-tsuzumi, and nagauta-shime daiko,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm196375-100">[98]</a> Kabuki performances make use of the larger ō-daiko offstage to help set the atmosphere for different scenes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandonLeiter2002153,_363-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Construction">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process">Process</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Process">edit</a>]</div> Taiko construction has several stages, including making and shaping of the drum body (or shell), preparing the drum skin, and tuning the skin to the drumhead. Variations in the construction process often occur in the latter two parts of this process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201353-102">[100]</a> Historically, byō-uchi-daiko were crafted from <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(botany)" title="Trunk (botany)">trunks</a> of the Japanese zelkova tree that were dried out over years, using techniques to prevent <a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">splitting</a>. A master carpenter then carved out the rough shape of the drum body with a chisel; the texture of the wood after carving softened the tone of the drum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201353-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201235-103">[101]</a> In contemporary times, taiko are carved out on a large <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathe</a> using wood staves<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlsen2009130–131-68">[66]</a> or logs that can be shaped to fit drum bodies of various sizes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201354-104">[102]</a> Drumheads can be left to air-dry over a period of years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199817-105">[103]</a> but some companies use large, smoke-filled warehouses to hasten the drying process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201235-103">[101]</a> After drying is complete, the inside of the drum is worked with a deep-grooved chisel and sanded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199817-105">[103]</a> Lastly, handles are placed onto the drum. These are used to carry smaller drums and they serve an ornamental purpose for larger drums.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199818-106">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiko_drum_manufacturing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A display at the Osaka Human Rights Museum depicting two workers, wielding large mallets, in the process of applying appropriate tension to a taiko." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Taiko_drum_manufacturing.jpg/220px-Taiko_drum_manufacturing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Taiko_drum_manufacturing.jpg/330px-Taiko_drum_manufacturing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Taiko_drum_manufacturing.jpg/440px-Taiko_drum_manufacturing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Taiko drum manufacturing display in the <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Human_Rights_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Human Rights Museum">Osaka Human Rights Museum</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Drum_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum skin">skins</a> or heads of taiko are generally made from <a href="/wiki/Cowhide" title="Cowhide">cowhide</a> from <a href="/wiki/Holstein_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein cattle">Holstein cows</a> aged about three or four years. Skins also come from <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a> skin is preferred for larger drums.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm196075–78-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201353-102">[100]</a> Thinner skins are preferred for smaller taiko, and thicker skins are used for larger ones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201236-107">[105]</a> On some drumheads, a patch of deer skin placed in the center serves as the target for many strokes during performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm196075–78-21">[21]</a> Before fitting it to the drum body the hair is removed from the hide by soaking it in a river or stream for about a month; winter months are preferred as colder temperatures better facilitate hair removal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199818-106">[104]</a> To stretch the skin over the drum properly, one process requires the body to be held on a platform with several <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic jack">hydraulic jacks</a> underneath it. The edges of the cowhide are secured to an apparatus below the jacks, and the jacks stretch the skin incrementally to precisely apply tension across the drumhead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlsen2009131-108">[106]</a> Other forms of stretching use rope or cords with wooden <a href="/wiki/Dowel" title="Dowel">dowels</a> or an iron wheel to create appropriate tension.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199818-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECangia201336-109">[107]</a> Small tension adjustments can be made during this process using small pieces of bamboo that twist around the ropes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199818-106">[104]</a> Particularly large drumheads are sometimes stretched by having several workers, clad in stockings, hop rhythmically atop it, forming a circle along the edge. After the skin has dried, tacks, called byō, are added to the appropriate drums to secure it; chū-daiko require about 300 of them for each side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199819-110">[108]</a> After the body and skin have been finished, excess hide is cut off and the drum can be stained as needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199819-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drum_makers">Drum makers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Drum makers">edit</a>]</div> Several companies specialize in the production of taiko. One such company that created drums exclusively for the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miyamoto_Unosuke_Shoten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miyamoto Unosuke Shoten (page does not exist)">Miyamoto Unosuke Shoten</a> in Tokyo, has been making taiko since 1861.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201353-102">[100]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asano_Taiko_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asano Taiko Corporation (page does not exist)">Asano Taiko Corporation</a> is another major taiko-producing organization, and has been producing taiko for over 400 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201234–35-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dretzka-112">[110]</a> The family-owned business started in <a href="/wiki/Matt%C5%8D,_Ishikawa" title="Mattō, Ishikawa">Mattō, Ishikawa</a>, and, aside from military equipment, made taiko for Noh theater and later expanded to creating instruments for festivals during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a>. Asano currently maintains an entire complex of large buildings referred to as Asano Taiko Village,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201234–35-111">[109]</a> and the company reports producing up to 8000 drums each year.<a href="#cite_note-AsanoCorp-113">[111]</a> As of 2012, there is approximately one major taiko production company in <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">each prefecture of Japan</a>, with some regions having several companies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201238-114">[112]</a> Of the manufacturers in Naniwa, Taikoya Matabē is one of the most successful and is thought to have brought considerable recognition to the community and attracted many drum makers there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201244-115">[113]</a> Umetsu Daiko, a company that operates in <a href="/wiki/Hakata-ku,_Fukuoka" title="Hakata-ku, Fukuoka">Hakata</a>, has been producing taiko since 1821.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould199817-105">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Performance">edit</a>]</div> Taiko performance styles vary widely across groups in terms of the number of performers, repertoire, instrument choices, and stage techniques.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201219,_70-116">[114]</a> Nevertheless, a number of early groups have had broad influence on the tradition. For instance, many pieces developed by Ondekoza and Kodo are considered standard in many taiko groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201260-117">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form">Form</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Form">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a> is the posture and movement associated with taiko performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell_2012a-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETusler200373–74-118">[116]</a> The notion is similar to that of kata in martial arts: for example, both traditions include the idea that the <a href="/wiki/Hara_(tanden)" title="Hara (tanden)">hara</a> is the center of being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell_2012a-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201389-119">[117]</a> Author Shawn Bender argues that kata is the primary feature that distinguishes different taiko groups from one another and is a key factor in judging the quality of performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201210-120">[118]</a> For this reason, many practice rooms intended for taiko contain mirrors to provide visual feedback to players.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012122-121">[119]</a> An important part of kata in taiko is keeping the body stabilized while performing and can be accomplished by keeping a wide, low stance with the legs, with the left knee bent over the toes and keeping the right leg straight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell_2012a-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201394-122">[120]</a> It is important that the hips face the drum and the shoulders are relaxed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201394-122">[120]</a> Some teachers note a tendency to rely on the upper body while playing and emphasize the importance of the holistic use of the body during performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2005201-123">[121]</a> Some groups in Japan, particularly those active in Tokyo, also emphasize the importance of the lively and spirited <a href="/wiki/Iki_(aesthetics)" title="Iki (aesthetics)">iki</a> aesthetic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender200558-124">[122]</a> In taiko, it refers to very specific kinds of movement while performing that evoke the sophistication stemming from the mercantile and artisan classes active during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1603–1868).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender200558-124">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taikos_bachi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Different types of drum sticks for taiko, called bachi, are displayed flat on a surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Taikos_bachi.jpg/220px-Taikos_bachi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Taikos_bachi.jpg/330px-Taikos_bachi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Taikos_bachi.jpg/440px-Taikos_bachi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bachi" title="Bachi">Bachi</a> are sticks used specifically for taiko performance, and can be slightly thicker than typical <a href="/wiki/Drum_sticks" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum sticks">drum sticks</a>.</figcaption></figure> The sticks for playing taiko are called <a href="/wiki/Bachi" title="Bachi">bachi</a>, and are made in various sizes and from different kinds of wood such as <a href="/wiki/Quercus_alba" title="Quercus alba">white oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_magnolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese magnolia">Japanese magnolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201359-125">[123]</a> Bachi are also held in a number of different styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201392-126">[124]</a> In kumi-daiko, it is common for a player to hold their sticks in a relaxed manner between the V-shape of the index finger and thumb, which points to the player.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201392-126">[124]</a> There are other grips that allow performers to play much more technically difficult rhythms, such as the shime grip, which is similar to a <a href="/wiki/Matched_grip" class="mw-redirect" title="Matched grip">matched grip</a>: the bachi are gripped at the back end, and the <a href="/wiki/Fulcrum_(drumming)" title="Fulcrum (drumming)">fulcrum</a> rests between the performer's index finger and thumb, while the other fingers remain relaxed and slightly curled around the stick.<a href="#cite_note-ModernP-127">[125]</a> Performance in some groups is also guided by principles based on <a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>. For instance, among other concepts, the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Taiko_Dojo" title="San Francisco Taiko Dojo">San Francisco Taiko Dojo</a> is guided by rei (礼) emphasizing communication, respect, and harmony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong200484-128">[126]</a> The way the bachi are held can also be significant; for some groups, bachi represent a spiritual link between the body and the sky.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell_2012b''[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgGlX7c66X1sCq22Buddhism22v_Ki]''-129">[127]</a> Some physical parts of taiko, like the drum body, its skin, and the tacks also hold symbolic significance in Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell_2012b''[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgGlX7c66X1sCq22Buddhism22v_Ki]''-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Instrumentation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Traditional-taikodrum-may2011.ogv/220px--Traditional-taikodrum-may2011.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Traditional-taikodrum-may2011.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Traditional-taikodrum-may2011.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Traditional-taikodrum-may2011.ogv/Traditional-taikodrum-may2011.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Traditional-taikodrum-may2011.ogv/Traditional-taikodrum-may2011.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Traditional-taikodrum-may2011.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Traditional-taikodrum-may2011.ogv/Traditional-taikodrum-may2011.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Traditional-taikodrum-may2011.ogv/Traditional-taikodrum-may2011.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Traditional-taikodrum-may2011.ogv/Traditional-taikodrum-may2011.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Several drummers perform a traditional pattern on a taiko drum at a summer festival in Japan.</figcaption></figure> Kumi-daiko groups consist primarily of percussive instruments where each of the drums plays a specific role. Of the different kinds of taiko, the most common in groups is the nagadō-daiko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2012125-130">[128]</a> Chū-daiko are common in taiko groups<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell_2012a-31">[31]</a> and represent the main rhythm of the group, whereas shime-daiko set and change tempo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201355-72">[70]</a> A shime-daiko often plays the <a href="/wiki/Jiuchi" title="Jiuchi">Jiuchi</a>, a base rhythm holding together the ensemble. Ō-daiko provide a steady, underlying pulse<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlves2012312-34">[34]</a> and serve as a counter-rhythm to the other parts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETusler200370,_72-131">[129]</a> It is common for performances to begin with a <a href="/wiki/Single_stroke_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Single stroke roll">single stroke roll</a> called an oroshi (颪, "wind blowing down from mountains").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell_2012a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxlZh8b-YXMgCqoroshi_chpt._7]-132">[130]</a> The player starts slowly, leaving considerable space between strikes, gradually shortening the interval between hits, until the drummer is playing a rapid roll of hits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell_2012a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxlZh8b-YXMgCqoroshi_chpt._7]-132">[130]</a> Oroshi are also played as a part of theatrical performance, such as in Noh theater.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm196075–78-21">[21]</a> Drums are not the only instruments played in the ensemble; other Japanese instruments are also used. Other kinds of percussion instruments include the atarigane (当り鉦), a hand-sized gong played with a small mallet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201232-133">[131]</a> In kabuki, the <a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">shamisen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Plucked_string_instrument" title="Plucked string instrument">plucked string instrument</a>, often accompanies taiko during the theatrical performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201229-134">[132]</a> Kumi-daiko performances can also feature woodwinds such as the <a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">shakuhachi</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2007287-135">[133]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shinobue" title="Shinobue">shinobue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2007288-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForss2010597-137">[135]</a> Voiced calls or shouts called <a href="/wiki/Kakegoe" title="Kakegoe">kakegoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiai" title="Kiai">kiai</a> are also common in taiko performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2007139-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201362-139">[137]</a> They are used as encouragement to other players or cues for transition or change in dynamics such as an increase in tempo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201229,_51-140">[138]</a> In contrast, the philosophical concept of <a href="/wiki/Ma_(negative_space)" title="Ma (negative space)">ma</a>, or the space between drum strikes, is also important in shaping rhythmic phrases and creating appropriate contrast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201389–90,_125-141">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Clothing">edit</a>]</div> There is a wide variety of traditional clothing that players wear during taiko performance. Common in many kumi-daiko groups is the use of the <a href="/wiki/Happi" title="Happi">happi</a>, a decorative, thin-fabric coat, and traditional headbands called <a href="/wiki/Hachimaki" title="Hachimaki">hachimaki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya2005150-142">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabi" title="Tabi">Tabi</a>, momohiki (もも引き, "loose-fitting pants"), and haragake (腹掛け, "working aprons") are also typical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya2010645-143">[141]</a> During his time with the group Ondekoza, Eitetsu Hayashi suggested that a loincloth called a <a href="/wiki/Fundoshi" title="Fundoshi">fundoshi</a> be worn when performing for French fashion designer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cardin" title="Pierre Cardin">Pierre Cardin</a>, who saw Ondekoza perform for him in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-UofC-144">[142]</a> The Japanese group Kodo has sometimes worn fundoshi for its performances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya2005151-145">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Taiko performance is generally taught orally and through demonstration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012115-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm198624-147">[145]</a> Historically, general patterns for taiko were written down, such as in the 1512 encyclopedia called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taigensho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taigensho (page does not exist)">Taigensho</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarich-Schneider1973394-148">[146]</a> but written scores for taiko pieces are generally unavailable. One reason for the adherence to an oral tradition is that, from group to group, the rhythmic patterns in a given piece are often performed differently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm1986202-149">[147]</a> Furthermore, ethnomusicologist William P. Malm observed that Japanese players within a group could not usefully predict one another using written notation, and instead did so through listening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalm198624–25-150">[148]</a> In Japan, printed parts are not used during lessons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarich-Schneider1973394-148">[146]</a> Orally, patterns of <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a> called <a href="/wiki/Kuchi_sh%C5%8Dga" title="Kuchi shōga">kuchi shōga</a> are taught from teacher to student that convey the rhythm and <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> of drum strikes for a particular piece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETusler200390,_271-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201390-152">[150]</a> For example, don (どん) represents a single strike to the center of the drum,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201390-152">[150]</a> where as do-ko (どこ) represents two successive strikes, first by the right and then the left, and lasts the same amount of time as one don strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012139-153">[151]</a> Some taiko pieces, such as <a href="/wiki/Yatai-bayashi" title="Yatai-bayashi">Yatai-bayashi</a>, include patterns that are difficult to represent in <a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_symbols" title="List of musical symbols">Western musical notation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012139-153">[151]</a> The exact words used can also differ from region to region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012139-153">[151]</a> More recently, Japanese publications have emerged in an attempt to standardize taiko performance. The <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Taiko_Foundation" title="Nippon Taiko Foundation">Nippon Taiko Foundation</a> was formed in 1979; its primary goals were to foster good relations among taiko groups in Japan and to both publicize and teach how to perform taiko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012182-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECangia2013129-155">[153]</a> Daihachi Oguchi, the leader of the Foundation, wrote Japan Taiko with other teachers in 1994 out of concern that correct form in performance would degrade over time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012183-156">[154]</a> The instructional publication described the different drums used in kumi-daiko performance, methods of gripping, correct form, and suggestions on instrumentation. The book also contains practice exercises and transcribed pieces from Oguchi's group, Osuwa Daiko. While there were similar textbooks published before 1994, this publication had much more visibility due to the Foundation's scope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012184-157">[155]</a> The system of fundamentals Japan Taiko put forward was not widely adopted because taiko performance varied substantially across Japan. An updated 2001 publication from the Foundation, called the Nihon Taiko Kyōhon (日本太鼓教本, "Japan Taiko Textbook"), describes regional variations that depart from the main techniques taught in the textbook. The creators of the text maintained that mastering a set of prescribed basics should be compatible with learning local traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012185–187-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_styles">Regional styles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Regional styles">edit</a>]</div> Aside from kumi-daiko performance, a number of folk traditions that use taiko have been recognized in different regions in Japan. Some of these include ondeko (鬼太鼓, "demon drumming") from <a href="/wiki/Sado,_Niigata" title="Sado, Niigata">Sado Island</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gion-daiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gion-daiko (page does not exist)">gion-daiko</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%80%89%E7%A5%87%E5%9C%92%E5%A4%AA%E9%BC%93" class="extiw" title="ja:小倉祇園太鼓">ja</a>] from the town of <a href="/wiki/Kokura" title="Kokura">Kokura</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sansa-odori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sansa-odori (page does not exist)">sansa-odori</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%9B%E5%B2%A1%E3%81%95%E3%82%93%E3%81%95%E8%B8%8A%E3%82%8A" class="extiw" title="ja:盛岡さんさ踊り">ja</a>] from <a href="/wiki/Iwate_Prefecture" title="Iwate Prefecture">Iwate Prefecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012225-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eisa">Eisa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Eisa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_eisa_folk_dancing_troupe_performs_at_the_2010_Okinawa_International_Carnival_Nov_101127-F-HZ730-008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An eisa folk dancing troupe performs at night at the 2010 Okinawa International Carnival." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/An_eisa_folk_dancing_troupe_performs_at_the_2010_Okinawa_International_Carnival_Nov_101127-F-HZ730-008.jpg/220px-An_eisa_folk_dancing_troupe_performs_at_the_2010_Okinawa_International_Carnival_Nov_101127-F-HZ730-008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/An_eisa_folk_dancing_troupe_performs_at_the_2010_Okinawa_International_Carnival_Nov_101127-F-HZ730-008.jpg/330px-An_eisa_folk_dancing_troupe_performs_at_the_2010_Okinawa_International_Carnival_Nov_101127-F-HZ730-008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/An_eisa_folk_dancing_troupe_performs_at_the_2010_Okinawa_International_Carnival_Nov_101127-F-HZ730-008.jpg/440px-An_eisa_folk_dancing_troupe_performs_at_the_2010_Okinawa_International_Carnival_Nov_101127-F-HZ730-008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Eisa are folk dances from Okinawa that involve the use of taiko while dancing.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eisa_(dance)" title="Eisa (dance)">Eisa (dance)</a></div> A variety of folk dances originating from <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, known collectively as <a href="/wiki/Eisa_(dance)" title="Eisa (dance)">eisa</a>, often make use of the taiko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerada2013234-160">[158]</a> Some performers use drums while dancing, and generally speaking, perform in one of two styles:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumada2011193–244-161">[159]</a> groups on the <a href="/wiki/Uruma,_Okinawa#Yokatsu_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruma, Okinawa">Yokatsu Peninsula</a> and on Hamahiga Island use small, single-sided drums called pāranku (パーランク) whereas groups near <a href="/wiki/Okinawa,_Okinawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawa, Okinawa">the city of Okinawa</a> generally use shime-daiko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerada2013234-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobayashi199836–40-162">[160]</a> Use of shime-daiko over pāranku has spread throughout the island, and is considered the dominant style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobayashi199836–40-162">[160]</a> Small nagadō-daiko, referred to as ō-daiko within the tradition, are also used<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECangia2013149-163">[161]</a> and are worn in front of the performer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012210-164">[162]</a> These drum dances are not limited to Okinawa and have appeared in places containing Okinawan communities such as in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, and large cities on the <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Japanese mainland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerada2013235-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hachijō-daiko">Hachijō-daiko</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hachijō-daiko">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hachijo_taiko_2007-03-21-alt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two women wearing kimonos perform traditional Hachijō-daiko." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hachijo_taiko_2007-03-21-alt.jpg/220px-Hachijo_taiko_2007-03-21-alt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hachijo_taiko_2007-03-21-alt.jpg/330px-Hachijo_taiko_2007-03-21-alt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hachijo_taiko_2007-03-21-alt.jpg/440px-Hachijo_taiko_2007-03-21-alt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1487" data-file-height="1939" /></a><figcaption>Hachijō-daiko is a music tradition involving two players on a single drum.</figcaption></figure> Hachijō-daiko (八丈太鼓, trans. "Hachijō-style taiko") is a taiko tradition originating on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D-jima" title="Hachijō-jima">Hachijō-jima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaszewska2008171-166">[164]</a> Two styles of Hachijō-daiko emerged and have been popularized among residents: an older tradition based on a historical account, and a newer tradition influenced by mainland groups and practiced by the majority of the islanders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaszewska2008171-166">[164]</a> The Hachijō-daiko tradition was documented as early as 1849 based on a journal kept by an exile named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakuso_Kizan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakuso Kizan (page does not exist)">Kakuso Kizan</a>. He mentioned some of its unique features, such as "a taiko is suspended from a tree while women and children gathered around", and observed that a player used either side of the drum while performing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaszewska20082-167">[165]</a> Illustrations from Kizan's journal show features of Hachijō-daiko. These illustrations also featured women performing, which is unusual as taiko performance elsewhere during this period was typically reserved for men. Teachers of the tradition have noted that the majority of its performers were women; one estimate asserts that female performers outnumbered males by three to one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaszewska20083-168">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hachijo-style_taiko_performance.webm/220px--Hachijo-style_taiko_performance.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="Hachijo-style_taiko_performance.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Hachijo-style_taiko_performance.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/Hachijo-style_taiko_performance.webm/Hachijo-style_taiko_performance.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="568" data-height="320" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Hachijo-style_taiko_performance.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="568" data-height="320" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/Hachijo-style_taiko_performance.webm/Hachijo-style_taiko_performance.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/Hachijo-style_taiko_performance.webm/Hachijo-style_taiko_performance.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>A performance in Hachijō-daiko style. On the upright drum, the uwa-byōshi (left) plays more complex rhythms while the shita-byōshi (right) plays a consistent underlying rhythm.</figcaption></figure> The first style of Hachijō-daiko is thought to descend directly from the style reported by Kizan. This style is called Kumaoji-daiko, named after its creator Okuyama Kumaoji, a central performer of the style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaszewska20085-169">[167]</a> Kumaoji-daiko has two players on a single drum, one of whom, called the shita-byōshi (下拍子, "lower beat"), provides the underlying beat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaszewska20088-170">[168]</a> The other player, called the uwa-byōshi (上拍子, "upper beat"), builds on this rhythmical foundation with unique and typically improvised rhythms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaszewska20088-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonda1984931-171">[169]</a> While there are specific types of underlying rhythms, the accompanying player is free to express an original musical beat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaszewska20088-170">[168]</a> Kumaoji-daiko also features an unusual positioning for taiko: the drums are sometimes suspended from ropes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaszewska20087-172">[170]</a> and historically, sometimes drums were suspended from trees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaszewska20082-167">[165]</a> The contemporary style of Hachijō-daiko is called shin-daiko (新太鼓, "new taiko"), which differs from Kumaoji-daiko in multiple ways. For instance, while the lead and accompanying roles are still present, shin-daiko performances use larger drums exclusively on stands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaszewska200814,_18–19-173">[171]</a> Shin-daiko emphasizes a more powerful sound, and consequently, performers use larger bachi made out of stronger wood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaszewska200819-174">[172]</a> Looser clothing is worn by shin-daiko performers compared to <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a> worn by Kumaoji-daiko performers; the looser clothing in shin-daiko allow performers to adopt more open stances and larger movements with the legs and arms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaszewska200814,_19-175">[173]</a> Rhythms used for the accompanying shita-byōshi role can also differ. One type of rhythm, called yūkichi, consists of the following: <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yukichi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Music notation indicating a drum rhythm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Yukichi.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="114" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> This rhythm is found in both styles, but is always played faster in shin-daiko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaszewska200814-176">[174]</a> Another type of rhythm, called honbadaki, is unique to shin-daiko and also contains a song which is performed in standard Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaszewska200814-176">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miyake-daiko">Miyake-daiko</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Miyake-daiko">edit</a>]</div> Miyake-daiko (三宅太鼓, trans. "Miyake-style taiko") is a style that has spread amongst groups through Kodo, and is formally known as Miyake-jima Kamitsuki mikoshi-daiko (三宅島神着神輿太鼓).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201298-177">[175]</a> The word miyake comes from <a href="/wiki/Miyake-jima" title="Miyake-jima">Miyake-jima</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Izu_Islands" title="Izu Islands">Izu Islands</a>, and the word Kamitsuki refers to the village where the tradition came from. Miyake-style taiko came out of performances for Gozu Tennō Sai (牛頭天王祭, "Gozu Tennō Festival")— a traditional festival held annually in July on Miyake Island since 1820 honoring the deity <a href="/wiki/Gozu_Tenn%C5%8D" title="Gozu Tennō">Gozu Tennō</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkeda1983275-178">[176]</a> In this festival, players perform on taiko while <a href="/wiki/Portable_shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable shrine">portable shrines</a> are carried around town.<a href="#cite_note-Miyake-179">[177]</a> The style itself is characterized in a number of ways. A nagadō-daiko is typically set low to the ground and played by two performers, one on each side; instead of sitting, performers stand and hold a stance that is also very low to the ground, almost to the point of kneeling.<a href="#cite_note-Miyake-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201298–99-180">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Japan">Outside Japan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Outside Japan">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> Taiko groups in Australia began forming in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloustein1999131-181">[179]</a> The first group, called Ataru Taru Taiko, was formed in 1995 by Paulene Thomas, Harold Gent, and Kaomori Kamei.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloustein1999166-182">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/TaikOz" class="mw-redirect" title="TaikOz">TaikOz</a> was later formed by percussionist Ian Cleworth and <a href="/wiki/Riley_Lee" title="Riley Lee">Riley Lee</a>, a former Ondekoza member, and has been performing in Australia since 1997.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Ferranti200780-183">[181]</a> They are known for their work in generating interest in performing taiko among Australian audiences, such as by developing a complete education program with both formal and informal classes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbSeddon2012762-184">[182]</a> and have a strong fan base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Ferranti200791-185">[183]</a> Cleworth and other members of the group have developed several original pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Ferranti200784-186">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiko_on_stage_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Members of Brazilian group Seiryu Daiko performing on stage with a variety of taiko." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Taiko_on_stage_2.jpg/220px-Taiko_on_stage_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Taiko_on_stage_2.jpg/330px-Taiko_on_stage_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Taiko_on_stage_2.jpg/440px-Taiko_on_stage_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Performance of the composition "Zero" by Brazilian group Seiryu Daiko in Fukuoka, Japan</figcaption></figure> The introduction of kumi-daiko performance in Brazil can be traced back to the 1970s and 1980s in São Paulo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenz2007102-187">[185]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangue_Setsuko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangue Setsuko (page does not exist)">Tangue Setsuko</a> founded an eponymous taiko dojo and was Brazil's first taiko group;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenz2007102-187">[185]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Setsuo_Kinoshita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Setsuo Kinoshita (page does not exist)">Setsuo Kinoshita</a> later formed the group Wadaiko Sho.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenz200726-188">[186]</a> Brazilian groups have combined native and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Rhythm in Sub-Saharan Africa">African drumming techniques</a> with taiko performance. One such piece developed by Kinoshita is called Taiko de Samba, which emphasizes both Brazilian and Japanese aesthetics in percussion traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenz2007115,_130–139-189">[187]</a> Taiko was also popularized in Brazil from 2002 through the work of Yukihisa Oda, a Japanese native who visited Brazil several times through the <a href="/wiki/Japan_International_Cooperation_Agency" title="Japan International Cooperation Agency">Japan International Cooperation Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horikawa-190">[188]</a> The Brazilian Association of Taiko (ABT) suggests that there are about 150 taiko groups in Brazil and that about 10–15% of players are non-Japanese; Izumo Honda, coordinator of a large annual festival in São Paulo, estimated that about 60% of all taiko performers in Brazil are women.<a href="#cite_note-Horikawa-190">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SohDaiko08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Performers from the group Soh Daiko perform outdoors on various drums in front of an audience." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SohDaiko08.jpg/220px-SohDaiko08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SohDaiko08.jpg/330px-SohDaiko08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SohDaiko08.jpg/440px-SohDaiko08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>New York-based group <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soh_Daiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soh Daiko (page does not exist)">Soh Daiko</a> was one of the earlier kumi-daiko groups to form in the eastern United States.</figcaption></figure> Taiko emerged in the United States in the late 1960s. The first group, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Taiko_Dojo" title="San Francisco Taiko Dojo">San Francisco Taiko Dojo</a>, was formed in 1968 by <a href="/wiki/Seiichi_Tanaka" title="Seiichi Tanaka">Seiichi Tanaka</a>, a postwar immigrant who studied taiko in Japan and brought the styles and teachings to the US.<a href="#cite_note-NEA-Tanaka-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya2005136–138-192">[190]</a> A year later, a few members of <a href="/wiki/Senshin_Buddhist_Temple" title="Senshin Buddhist Temple">Senshin Buddhist Temple</a> in Los Angeles led by its minister Masao Kodani initiated another group called <a href="/wiki/Kinnara_Taiko" title="Kinnara Taiko">Kinnara Taiko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya2005136,_144-193">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Taiko" title="San Jose Taiko">San Jose Taiko</a> later formed in 1973 in <a href="/wiki/Japantown,_San_Jose" title="Japantown, San Jose">Japantown, San Jose</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Roy_Hirabayashi" title="Roy Hirabayashi">Roy</a> and <a href="/wiki/PJ_Hirabayashi" title="PJ Hirabayashi">PJ Hirabayashi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SanJose-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzumi2006159-195">[193]</a> Taiko started to branch out to the eastern US in the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya2005145-196">[194]</a> This included formation of <a href="/wiki/Denver_Taiko" title="Denver Taiko">Denver Taiko</a> in 1976,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya2005145-196">[194]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soh_Daiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soh Daiko (page does not exist)">Soh Daiko</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Douglas-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tam-198">[196]</a> Many of these early groups lacked the resources to equip each member with a drum and resorted to makeshift percussion materials such as rubber tires or creating taiko out of wine barrels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya2005145-196">[194]</a> Japanese-Canadian taiko began in 1979 with Katari Taiko, and was inspired by the San Jose Taiko group.<a href="#cite_note-VTS-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomura2005333-200">[198]</a> Its early membership was predominantly female.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi201155-201">[199]</a> Katari Taiko and future groups were thought to represent an opportunity for younger, third-generation <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese Canadians</a> to explore their roots, redevelop a sense of ethnic community, and expand taiko into other musical traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzumi200137–39-202">[200]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiko_Tides_Stony_Brook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Taiko_Tides_Stony_Brook.jpg/220px-Taiko_Tides_Stony_Brook.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Taiko_Tides_Stony_Brook.jpg/330px-Taiko_Tides_Stony_Brook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Taiko_Tides_Stony_Brook.jpg/440px-Taiko_Tides_Stony_Brook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Taiko Tides, a student group at <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a>, New York</figcaption></figure> There are no official counts or estimates of the number of active taiko groups in the United States or Canada, as there is no governing body for taiko groups in either country. Unofficial estimates have been made. In 1989, there were as many as 30 groups in the US and Canada, seven of which were in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tagashira-203">[201]</a> One estimate suggested that around 120 groups were active in the US and Canada as of 2001, many of which could be traced to the San Francisco Taiko Dojo;<a href="#cite_note-Liu-70">[68]</a> later estimates in 2005 and 2006 suggested there were about 200 groups in the United States alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian200517-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzumi2006159-195">[193]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil" title="Cirque du Soleil">Cirque du Soleil</a> shows <a href="/wiki/Myst%C3%A8re_(Cirque_du_Soleil)" title="Mystère (Cirque du Soleil)">Mystère</a> in Las Vegas<a href="#cite_note-Przybys-204">[202]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dralion" title="Dralion">Dralion</a> have featured taiko performance.<a href="#cite_note-Rainey-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeene201118–19-206">[204]</a> Taiko performance has also been featured in commercial productions such as the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Eclipse" title="Mitsubishi Eclipse">Mitsubishi Eclipse</a> ad campaign,<a href="#cite_note-TProject-207">[205]</a> and in events such as the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> and 2011 <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Skidmore-208">[206]</a> From 2005 to 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_National_Museum" title="Japanese American National Museum">Japanese American National Museum</a> held an exhibition called Big Drum: Taiko in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> The exhibition covered several topics related to taiko in the United States, such as the formation of performance groups, their construction using available materials, and social movements. Visitors were able to play smaller drums.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzumi2006158–159-210">[208]</a> North America hosts the North American Taiko Conference (NATC) which has been ongoing since its inaugural conference in Los Angeles in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201213-211">[209]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko_Community_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taiko Community Alliance (page does not exist)">Taiko Community Alliance</a> (TCA) formed as virtual nonprofit 501(c)3 organization with a mission to empower the people and advance the art of taiko.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> The Taiko Community Alliance has been responsible for helping organize the NATC conferences to help further its mission of educating and raising awareness of taiko through the taiko community.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> The first group, called Quelli del Taiko, was formed in 2000 by Pietro Notarnicola. They played in World Premiere - 2017 - "On Western Terror 8" - Concerto for Taiko Ensemble and Orchestra of the Italian composed <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Morleo" title="Luigi Morleo">Luigi Morleo</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> Kagemusha Taiko based in the south-west were formed in 1999 by Jonathan Kirby and perform original pieces of their own creation. They are known for their work in <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a> and have performed in several UK venues as well as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_cultural_and_social_movements">Related cultural and social movements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Related cultural and social movements">edit</a>]</div> Certain peoples have used taiko to advance social or cultural movements, both within Japan and elsewhere in the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_conventions">Gender conventions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Gender conventions">edit</a>]</div> Taiko performance has frequently been viewed as an art form dominated by men.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012144-216">[214]</a> Historians of taiko argue that its performance comes from masculine traditions. Those who developed ensemble-style taiko in Japan were men,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012144-216">[214]</a> and through the influence of Ondekoza, the ideal taiko player was epitomized in images of the masculine peasant class,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012144-216">[214]</a> particularly through the character Muhōmatsu in the 1958 film <a href="/wiki/Rickshaw_Man" title="Rickshaw Man">Rickshaw Man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya2005150-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012144-216">[214]</a> Masculine roots have also been attributed to perceived capacity for "spectacular bodily performance" <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya20072-217">[215]</a> where women's bodies are sometimes judged as unable to meet the physical demands of playing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012145-218">[216]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiko_drummers_near_the_Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur,_Paris,_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of four women in a kumi-daiko group performing in Paris, France." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taiko_drummers_near_the_Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg/220px-Taiko_drummers_near_the_Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taiko_drummers_near_the_Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg/330px-Taiko_drummers_near_the_Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taiko_drummers_near_the_Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg/440px-Taiko_drummers_near_the_Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>Starting in the 1990s, there have been a greater or equal number of female performers in kumi-daiko compared to male performers.</figcaption></figure> Before the 1980s, it was uncommon for Japanese women to perform on traditional instruments, including taiko, as their participation had been systematically restricted; an exception was the San Francisco Taiko Dojo under the guidance of Grandmaster Seiichi Tanaka, who was the first to admit women to the art form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012144-216">[214]</a> In Ondekoza and in the early performances of Kodo, women performed only dance routines either during or between taiko performances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012155-219">[217]</a> Thereafter, female participation in kumi-daiko started to rise dramatically, and by the 1990s, women equaled and possibly exceeded representation by men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012144-216">[214]</a> While the proportion of women in taiko has become substantial, some have expressed concern that women still do not perform in the same roles as their male counterparts and that taiko performance continues to be a male-dominated profession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012145-218">[216]</a> For instance, a member of Kodo was informed by the director of the group's apprentice program that women were permitted to play, but could only play "as women".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012153-220">[218]</a> Other women in the apprentice program recognized a gender disparity in performance roles, such as what pieces they were allowed to perform, or in physical terms based on a male standard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2012154–155-221">[219]</a> Female taiko performance has also served as a response to gendered stereotypes of Japanese women as being quiet,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzumi200137–39-202">[200]</a> subservient, or a <a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">femme fatale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chan-222">[220]</a> Through performance, some groups believe they are helping to redefine not only the role of women in taiko, but how women are perceived more generally.<a href="#cite_note-Chan-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong200074-223">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burakumin">Burakumin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Burakumin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin">Burakumin</a></div> Those involved in the construction of taiko are usually considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin">burakumin</a>, a marginalized minority class in Japanese society, particularly those working with leather or animal skins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201236-107">[105]</a> Prejudice against this class dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa period">Tokugawa period</a> in terms of legal discrimination and treatment as social outcasts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201237-224">[222]</a> Although official discrimination ended with the Tokugawa era, the <a href="/wiki/Burakumin#Social_discrimination" title="Burakumin">burakumin have continued to face social discrimination</a>, such as scrutiny by employers or in marriage arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-Priestly-225">[223]</a> Drum makers have used their trade and success as a means to advocate for an end to discriminatory practices against their class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201237-224">[222]</a> The Taiko Road (人権太鼓ロード, "Taiko Road of Human Rights"), representing the contributions of burakumin, is found in <a href="/wiki/Naniwa-ku,_Osaka" title="Naniwa-ku, Osaka">Naniwa Ward</a> in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, home to a large proportion of burakumin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201238-114">[112]</a> Among other features, the road contains taiko-shaped benches representing their traditions in taiko manufacturing and leatherworking, and their influence on national culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201244-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Priestly-225">[223]</a> The road ends at the <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Human_Rights_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Human Rights Museum">Osaka Human Rights Museum</a>, which exhibits the history of systematic discrimination against the burakumin.<a href="#cite_note-Priestly-225">[223]</a> The road and museum were developed in part due an advocacy campaign led by the <a href="/wiki/Buraku_Liberation_League" title="Buraku Liberation League">Buraku Liberation League</a> and a taiko group of younger performers called Taiko Ikari (太鼓怒り, "taiko rage").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201238-114">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_sansei">North American sansei</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: North American sansei">edit</a>]</div> Taiko performance was an important part of cultural development by third-generation Japanese residents in North America, who are called <a href="/wiki/Sansei" title="Sansei">sansei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzumi2006159-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoon2001422-226">[224]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, second-generation Japanese residents, called <a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">nisei</a> faced <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">internment in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadian_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Canadian internment">in Canada</a> on the basis of their race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerada200140–41-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzumi200141-228">[226]</a> During and after the war, Japanese residents were discouraged from activities such as speaking Japanese or forming ethnic communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzumi200141-228">[226]</a> Subsequently, sansei could not engage in Japanese culture and instead were raised to assimilate into more normative activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerada200141-229">[227]</a> There were also prevailing stereotypes of Japanese people, which sansei sought to escape or subvert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerada200141-229">[227]</a> During the 1960s in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> influenced sansei to reexamine their heritage by engaging in Japanese culture in their communities; one such approach was through taiko performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzumi200141-228">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerada200141-229">[227]</a> Groups such as <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Taiko" title="San Jose Taiko">San Jose Taiko</a> were organized to fulfill a need for solidarity and to have a medium to express their experiences as Japanese-Americans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoon2001424-230">[228]</a> Later generations have adopted taiko in programs or workshops established by sansei; social scientist Hideyo Konagaya remarks that this attraction to taiko among other Japanese art forms may be due to its accessibility and energetic nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya2001117-231">[229]</a> Konagaya has also argued that the resurgence of taiko in the United States and Japan are differently motivated: in Japan, performance was meant to represent the need to recapture sacred traditions, while in the United States it was meant to be an explicit representation of masculinity and power in Japanese-American men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonagaya2005140-232">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_performers_and_groups">Notable performers and groups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notable performers and groups">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EitetsuHayashi2001-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black & white photograph of a solo performance by Eitetsu Hayashi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/EitetsuHayashi2001-01.jpg/220px-EitetsuHayashi2001-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/EitetsuHayashi2001-01.jpg/330px-EitetsuHayashi2001-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/EitetsuHayashi2001-01.jpg/440px-EitetsuHayashi2001-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eitetsu_Hayashi" title="Eitetsu Hayashi">Eitetsu Hayashi</a> in a 2001 concert in Tokyo</figcaption></figure> A number of performers and groups, including several early leaders, have been recognized for their contributions to taiko performance. <a href="/wiki/Daihachi_Oguchi" title="Daihachi Oguchi">Daihachi Oguchi</a> was best known for developing kumi-daiko performance. Oguchi founded the first kumi-daiko group called <a href="/wiki/Osuwa_Daiko" title="Osuwa Daiko">Osuwa Daiko</a> in 1951, and facilitated the popularization of taiko performance groups in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201252-233">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seid%C5%8D_Kobayashi" title="Seidō Kobayashi">Seidō Kobayashi</a> is the leader of the Tokyo-based taiko group <a href="/wiki/Oedo_Sukeroku_Taiko" title="Oedo Sukeroku Taiko">Oedo Sukeroku Taiko</a> as of December 2014.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201259-234">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-OST-235">[233]</a> Kobayashi founded the group in 1959 and was the first group to tour professionally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201259-234">[232]</a> Kobayashi is considered a master performer of taiko.<a href="#cite_note-Electronic-236">[234]</a> He is also known for asserting intellectual control of the group's performance style, which has influenced performance for many groups, particularly in North America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong200485-237">[235]</a> In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Seiichi_Tanaka" title="Seiichi Tanaka">Seiichi Tanaka</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Taiko_Dojo" title="San Francisco Taiko Dojo">San Francisco Taiko Dojo</a> and is regarded as the Grandfather of Taiko and primary developer of taiko performance in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian201331-238">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETusler2003127-239">[237]</a> He was a recipient of a 2001 <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_Fellowship" title="National Heritage Fellowship">National Heritage Fellowship</a> awarded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a><a href="#cite_note-NEA-Tanaka-191">[189]</a> and since 2013 is the only taiko professional presented with the Order of the Rising Sun 5th Order: Gold and Silver Rays by Emperor Akihito of Japan, in recognition of Grandmaster Seiichi Tanaka's contributions to the fostering of US-Japan relations as well as the promotion of Japanese cultural understanding in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Den_Tagayasu" title="Den Tagayasu">Den Tagayasu</a> (田耕, Den Tagayasu) founded <a href="/wiki/Ondekoza" title="Ondekoza">Ondekoza</a>, a group well known for making taiko performance internationally visible and for its artistic contributions to the tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201260-117">[115]</a> Den was also known for developing a communal living and training facility for Ondekoza on Sado Island in Japan, which had a reputation for its intensity and broad education programs in folklore and music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201268–70-241">[239]</a> Performers and groups beyond the early practitioners have also been noted. <a href="/wiki/Eitetsu_Hayashi" title="Eitetsu Hayashi">Eitetsu Hayashi</a> is best known for his solo performance work.<a href="#cite_note-Katara-242">[240]</a> When he was 19, Hayashi joined Ondekoza, a group later expanded and re-founded as <a href="/wiki/Kodo_(taiko_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodo (taiko group)">Kodo</a>, one of the best known and most influential taiko performance groups in the world.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> Hayashi soon left the group to begin a solo career<a href="#cite_note-Katara-242">[240]</a> and has performed in venues such as <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> in 1984, the first featured taiko performer there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoover201198-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornbury2013137-244">[242]</a> He was awarded the 47th Education Minister's Art Encouragement Prize, a national award, in 1997 as well as the 8th Award for the Promotion of Traditional Japanese Culture from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan_Arts_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan Arts Foundation (page does not exist)">Japan Arts Foundation</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glossary">Glossary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Glossary">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Romanized Japanese </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA Pronunciation</a> </th> <th scope="col">Kanji </th> <th scope="col">Definition<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian2013118–134-246">[244]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Bachi </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[batɕi]</a></td> <td>撥</td> <td>Various drumsticks used for taiko performance </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Byō-uchi-daiko </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[bʲoːɯtɕidaiko]</a></td> <td>鋲打ち太鼓</td> <td>Taiko where the skin is tacked onto the head </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Gagakki </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɡaɡakki]</a></td> <td>雅楽器</td> <td>Instruments used in the theatrical tradition called <a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">gagaku</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Kumi-daiko </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[kɯmidaiko]</a></td> <td>組太鼓</td> <td>Type of performance involving multiple players and different types of taiko </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nagadō-daiko </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[naɡadoːdaiko]</a></td> <td>長胴太鼓</td> <td>Subcategory of byō-uchi-daiko that have a longer, barrel-shaped body </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Miya-daiko </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[mijadaiko]</a> </td> <td>宮太鼓 </td> <td>Same as Nagado but only for sacred use at temples </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Okedō-daiko </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[okedoːdaiko]</a></td> <td>桶胴太鼓</td> <td>Taiko with bucket-like frames, and tensioned using ropes or bolts </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Shime-daiko </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɕimedaiko]</a></td> <td>締め太鼓</td> <td>Small, high-pitched taiko where the skin is pulled across the head using rope or through bolts </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tsuzumi </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[tsɯzɯmi]</a></td> <td>鼓</td> <td>Hourglass-shaped drums that are rope-tensioned and played with fingers </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuchi_sh%C5%8Dga" title="Kuchi shōga">Kuchi shōga</a>, a spoken rhythmic system for taiko and other Japanese instruments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan#Taiko" title="Music of Japan">Music of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiko:_Drum_Master" title="Taiko: Drum Master">Taiko: Drum Master</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiko_no_Tatsujin" title="Taiko no Tatsujin">Taiko no Tatsujin</a>, rhythm video games involving taiko performance.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-first-58"><a href="#cite_ref-first_58-0">^</a> There is disagreement about whether these drums are considered taiko or not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades1992124-57">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-second-62"><a href="#cite_ref-second_62-0">^</a> Dadaiko uses a rope tensioning system<a href="#cite_note-:2-61">[60]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades1992122–123-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlades1992122–123_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlades1992122–123_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlades1992122–123_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlades1992122–123_1-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlades1992">Blades 1992</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson200736,_39-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson200736,_39_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2007">Nelson 2007</a>, pp. 36, 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuller1989202-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuller1989202_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuller1989202_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchuller1989">Schuller 1989</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECossío2001179-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECossío2001179_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCossío2001">Cossío 2001</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201226-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBender201226_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBender2012">Bender 2012</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarich-Schneider1973108,_110-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarich-Schneider1973108,_110_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarich-Schneider1973">Harich-Schneider 1973</a>, pp. 108, 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-TNM-7"><a href="#cite_ref-TNM_7-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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San Francisco Taiko Dojo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208231526/http://www.sftaiko.com/awards/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Taiko+Dojo&rft.atitle=Awards+and+Accolades&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sftaiko.com%2Fawards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender201268–70-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBender201268–70_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBender2012">Bender 2012</a>, pp. 68–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-Katara-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Katara_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katara_242-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030002041/http://www.katara.net/english/event/eitetsu-hayashi-japans-premier-taiko-drummer/">"Eitetsu Hayashi – Japan's Premier Taiko Drummer"</a>. Katara. Katara Art Studios. 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San Francisco International Arts Festival. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfiaf.org/eitetsu_hayashi_bio">the original</a> on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eitetsu+Hayashi+Biographies&rft.pub=San+Francisco+International+Arts+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfiaf.org%2Feitetsu_hayashi_bio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarian2013118–134-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarian2013118–134_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarian2013">Varian 2013</a>, pp. 118–134. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlaszewska2008" class="citation book cs1">Alaszewska, Jane (2008). 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Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1438130090" title="Special:BookSources/1438130090"><bdi>1438130090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File%3A+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1438130090&rft.aulast=Ammer&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCossío2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cossío, Óscar Cossío (2001). La Tensión Espiritual del Teatro Nô (in Spanish). Dirección de Literatura, UNAM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9683690874" title="Special:BookSources/9683690874"><bdi>9683690874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Tensi%C3%B3n+Espiritual+del+Teatro+N%C3%B4&rft.pub=Direcci%C3%B3n+de+Literatura%2C+UNAM&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9683690874&rft.aulast=Coss%C3%ADo&rft.aufirst=%C3%93scar+Coss%C3%ADo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bender, Shawn (2005). "Of Roots and Race: Discourses of Body and Place in Japanese Taiko Drumming". Social Science Japan. 8 (2): 197–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fssjj%2Fjyi038">10.1093/ssjj/jyi038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Japan&rft.atitle=Of+Roots+and+Race%3A+Discourses+of+Body+and+Place+in+Japanese+Taiko+Drumming&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fssjj%2Fjyi038&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender2012" class="citation book cs1">Bender, Shawn (2012). Taiko Boom: Japanese Drumming in Place and Motion. Univ. of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520951433" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520951433"><bdi>978-0520951433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiko+Boom%3A+Japanese+Drumming+in+Place+and+Motion&rft.pub=Univ.+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0520951433&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlades1992" class="citation book cs1">Blades, James (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/percussioninstru00jame">Percussion Instruments and Their History</a> (Revised ed.). Bold Strummer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0933224613" title="Special:BookSources/0933224613"><bdi>0933224613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Percussion+Instruments+and+Their+History&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Bold+Strummer&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0933224613&rft.aulast=Blades&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpercussioninstru00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloustein1999" class="citation book cs1">Bloustein, Gerry, ed. (1999). Musical Visions: Selected Conference Proceedings from 6th National Australian/New Zealand IASPM and Inaugural Arnhem Land Performance Conference, Adelaide, Australia, June 1998. Wakefield Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1862545006" title="Special:BookSources/1862545006"><bdi>1862545006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Visions%3A+Selected+Conference+Proceedings+from+6th+National+Australian%2FNew+Zealand+IASPM+and+Inaugural+Arnhem+Land+Performance+Conference%2C+Adelaide%2C+Australia%2C+June+1998&rft.pub=Wakefield+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1862545006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandonLeiter2002" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, James R.; Leiter, Samuel L. (2002). Kabuki Plays On-Stage: Villainy and Vengeance, 1773–1799. Univ. of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/082482413X" title="Special:BookSources/082482413X"><bdi>082482413X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kabuki+Plays+On-Stage%3A+Villainy+and+Vengeance%2C+1773%E2%80%931799&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=082482413X&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft.au=Leiter%2C+Samuel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCangia2013" class="citation book cs1">Cangia, Flavia (2013). Performing the Buraku: Narratives on Cultures and Everyday Life in Contemporary Japan. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3643801531" title="Special:BookSources/978-3643801531"><bdi>978-3643801531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performing+the+Buraku%3A+Narratives+on+Cultures+and+Everyday+Life+in+Contemporary+Japan&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3643801531&rft.aulast=Cangia&rft.aufirst=Flavia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlsen2009" class="citation book cs1">Carlsen, Spike (2009). A Splintered History of Wood. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061982774" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061982774"><bdi>978-0061982774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Splintered+History+of+Wood&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0061982774&rft.aulast=Carlsen&rft.aufirst=Spike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2012" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Matt (2012). The Drum: A History. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810881709" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810881709"><bdi>978-0810881709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drum%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0810881709&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Ferranti2007" class="citation book cs1">de Ferranti, Hugh (2007). "Japan Beating: The making and marketing of professional taiko music in Australia". In Allen, William; Sakamoto, Rumi (eds.). Popular Culture and Globalisation in Japan. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134203741" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134203741"><bdi>978-1134203741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japan+Beating%3A+The+making+and+marketing+of+professional+taiko+music+in+Australia&rft.btitle=Popular+Culture+and+Globalisation+in+Japan&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1134203741&rft.aulast=de+Ferranti&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForss2010" class="citation book cs1">Forss, Matthew J. (2010). "Folk Music". In Lee, Jonathan H.X.; Nadeau, Kathleen M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej">Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej/page/645">645</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313350672" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313350672"><bdi>978-0313350672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Folk+Music&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Asian+American+Folklore+and+Folklife&rft.pages=645&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0313350672&rft.aulast=Forss&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofas00leej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gould, Michael (June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.pas.org/Archive/June98/articles/9806.12-21.pdf">"Taiko Classification and Manufacturing"</a> (PDF). Percussive Notes. 36 (3): 12–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170608221933/http://publications.pas.org/Archive/June98/articles/9806.12-21.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Percussive+Notes&rft.atitle=Taiko+Classification+and+Manufacturing&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1998-06&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.pas.org%2FArchive%2FJune98%2Farticles%2F9806.12-21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarich-Schneider1973" class="citation book cs1">Harich-Schneider, Eta (1973). A History of Japanese Music. Oxford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0193162032" title="Special:BookSources/0193162032"><bdi>0193162032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Japanese+Music&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0193162032&rft.aulast=Harich-Schneider&rft.aufirst=Eta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonda1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Honda, Yasuji (1984). Tōkyō-to minzoku geinōshi 東京都民俗芸能誌 (in Japanese). Kinseisha 錦正社. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/551310576">551310576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D-to+minzoku+gein%C5%8Dshi+%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E8%8A%B8%E8%83%BD%E8%AA%8C&rft.pub=Kinseisha+%E9%8C%A6%E6%AD%A3%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F551310576&rft.aulast=Honda&rft.aufirst=Yasuji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoover2011" class="citation book cs1">Hoover, William D. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810854604" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810854604"><bdi>978-0810854604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Postwar+Japan&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0810854604&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkeda1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ikeda, Nobumichi (1983). Miyakejima no rekishi to minzoku 三宅島の歴史と民俗 (in Japanese). Dentō to Gendaisha 伝統と現代社. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14968709">14968709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miyakejima+no+rekishi+to+minzoku+%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%85%E5%B3%B6%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%A8%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97&rft.pub=Dent%C5%8D+to+Gendaisha+%E4%BC%9D%E7%B5%B1%E3%81%A8%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14968709&rft.aulast=Ikeda&rft.aufirst=Nobumichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngram2004" class="citation book cs1">Ingram, Scott (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japaneseimmigran00ingr">Japanese Immigrants</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816056889" title="Special:BookSources/0816056889"><bdi>0816056889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Immigrants&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0816056889&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapaneseimmigran00ingr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzumi2001" class="citation journal cs1">Izumi, Masumi (2001). "Reconsidering Ethnic Culture and Community: A Case Study on Japanese Canadian Taiko Drumming". 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The Journal of American History. 93 (1): 158–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4486067">10.2307/4486067</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4486067">4486067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Big+Drum%3A+Taiko+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4486067&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4486067%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Izumi&rft.aufirst=Masumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakehiTamoriSchourup1996" class="citation book cs1">Kakehi, Hisao; Tamori, Ikuhiro; Schourup, Lawrence (1996). Dictionary of Iconic Expressions in Japanese. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110809044" title="Special:BookSources/3110809044"><bdi>3110809044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Iconic+Expressions+in+Japanese&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3110809044&rft.aulast=Kakehi&rft.aufirst=Hisao&rft.au=Tamori%2C+Ikuhiro&rft.au=Schourup%2C+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Keene, Jarret (2011). "Drumline". Inside Cirque du Soleil. Fall 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+Cirque+du+Soleil&rft.atitle=Drumline&rft.volume=Fall+2011&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Jarret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobayashi1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kobayashi, Kayo (1998). "Eisa no Bunrui (The Classification of Eisa) エイサーの分類". In Okinawa-shi Kikakubu Heiwa Bunka Shinkōka 沖縄市企画部平和文化振興課 (ed.). Eisā 360-do: Rekishi to Genzai エイサー360度 : 歴史と現在 (in Japanese). Naha Shuppansha 那覇出版社. pp. 36–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4890951113" title="Special:BookSources/4890951113"><bdi>4890951113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eisa+no+Bunrui+%28The+Classification+of+Eisa%29+%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E&rft.btitle=Eis%C4%81+360-do%3A+Rekishi+to+Genzai+%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC360%E5%BA%A6+%3A+%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%A8%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Naha+Shuppansha+%E9%82%A3%E8%A6%87%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=4890951113&rft.aulast=Kobayashi&rft.aufirst=Kayo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonagaya2001" class="citation journal cs1">Konagaya, Hideyo (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sv121.wadax.ne.jp/~jaas-gr-jp/jjas/PDF/2001/No.12-105.pdf">"Taiko as Performance: Creating Japanese American Traditions"</a> (PDF). The Journal of Japanese American Studies. 12: 105–124. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0288-3570">0288-3570</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912170139/http://sv121.wadax.ne.jp/~jaas-gr-jp/jjas/PDF/2001/No.12-105.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2014-09-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Japanese+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Taiko+as+Performance%3A+Creating+Japanese+American+Traditions&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0288-3570&rft.aulast=Konagaya&rft.aufirst=Hideyo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsv121.wadax.ne.jp%2F~jaas-gr-jp%2Fjjas%2FPDF%2F2001%2FNo.12-105.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonagaya2005" class="citation book cs1">Konagaya, Hideyo (2005). "Performing Manliness: Resistance and Harmony in Japanese American Taiko". In Bronner, Simon J. (ed.). Manly Traditions: The Folk Roots of American Masculinities. Indiana Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253217814" title="Special:BookSources/0253217814"><bdi>0253217814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Performing+Manliness%3A+Resistance+and+Harmony+in+Japanese+American+Taiko&rft.btitle=Manly+Traditions%3A+The+Folk+Roots+of+American+Masculinities&rft.pub=Indiana+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0253217814&rft.aulast=Konagaya&rft.aufirst=Hideyo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonagaya2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Konagaya, Hideyo (2007). 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(eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej">Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej/page/645">645</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313350672" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313350672"><bdi>978-0313350672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taiko+Performance&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Asian+American+Folklore+and+Folklife&rft.pages=645&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0313350672&rft.aulast=Konagaya&rft.aufirst=Hideyo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofas00leej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumada2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kumada, Susumu (2011). "Minzoku geinō Eisa no hen'yō to tenkai 民族芸能エイサーの変容と展開". Okinawa no minzoku geinō ron 沖縄の民俗芸能論 (in Japanese). Naha Shuppansha 那覇出版社. pp. 193–244. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47600697">47600697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minzoku+gein%C5%8D+Eisa+no+hen%27y%C5%8D+to+tenkai+%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%8A%B8%E8%83%BD%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%89%E5%AE%B9%E3%81%A8%E5%B1%95%E9%96%8B&rft.btitle=Okinawa+no+minzoku+gein%C5%8D+ron+%E6%B2%96%E7%B8%84%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E8%8A%B8%E8%83%BD%E8%AB%96&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.pub=Naha+Shuppansha+%E9%82%A3%E8%A6%87%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47600697&rft.aulast=Kumada&rft.aufirst=Susumu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacashire2011" class="citation book cs1">Lacashire, Terence A. (2011). An Introduction to Japanese Folk Performing Arts. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409431336" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409431336"><bdi>978-1409431336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Japanese+Folk+Performing+Arts&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1409431336&rft.aulast=Lacashire&rft.aufirst=Terence+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2011" class="citation book cs1">Li, Xiaoping (2011). Voices Rising: Asian Canadian Cultural Activism. Univ. of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774841368" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774841368"><bdi>978-0774841368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+Rising%3A+Asian+Canadian+Cultural+Activism&rft.pub=Univ.+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0774841368&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xiaoping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenz2007" class="citation book cs1">Lorenz, Shanna (2007). "Japanese in the Samba": Japanese Brazilian Musical Citizenship, Racial Consciousness, and Transnational Migration. Univ. of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0549451983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0549451983"><bdi>978-0549451983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Japanese+in+the+Samba%22%3A+Japanese+Brazilian+Musical+Citizenship%2C+Racial+Consciousness%2C+and+Transnational+Migration&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0549451983&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=Shanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalm1960" class="citation journal cs1">Malm, William P. (May 1960). "An Introduction to Taiko Drum Music in the Japanese No Drama". Ethnomusicology. 4 (2): 75–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F924267">10.2307/924267</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/924267">924267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Taiko+Drum+Music+in+the+Japanese+No+Drama&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1960-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F924267&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F924267%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Malm&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalm1963" class="citation book cs1">Malm, William P. (1963). Nagauta: The Heart of Kabuki Music. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1462913059" title="Special:BookSources/1462913059"><bdi>1462913059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nagauta%3A+The+Heart+of+Kabuki+Music&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=1462913059&rft.aulast=Malm&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalm1986" class="citation book cs1">Malm, William P. (1986). Six Hidden Views of Japanese Music. Univ. of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520050452" title="Special:BookSources/0520050452"><bdi>0520050452</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Hidden+Views+of+Japanese+Music&rft.pub=Univ.+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0520050452&rft.aulast=Malm&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalm2000" class="citation book cs1">Malm, William P. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/traditionaljapan0000malm">Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments</a> (1st ed.). Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4770023952" title="Special:BookSources/4770023952"><bdi>4770023952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Japanese+Music+and+Musical+Instruments&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=4770023952&rft.aulast=Malm&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftraditionaljapan0000malm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod2013" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, Ken (2013). We Are the Champions: The Politics of Sports and Popular Music. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409408642" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409408642"><bdi>978-1409408642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Are+the+Champions%3A+The+Politics+of+Sports+and+Popular+Music&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1409408642&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiki2008" class="citation book cs1">Miki, Minoru (2008). Regan, Marty (ed.). Composing for Japanese Instruments. Univ. of Rochester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580462730" title="Special:BookSources/978-1580462730"><bdi>978-1580462730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Composing+for+Japanese+Instruments&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1580462730&rft.aulast=Miki&rft.aufirst=Minoru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerShahriari2014" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Terry E.; Shahriari, Andrew (2014). World Music: A Global Journey. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317974604" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317974604"><bdi>978-1317974604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Music%3A+A+Global+Journey&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317974604&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Terry+E.&rft.au=Shahriari%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinor2003" class="citation book cs1">Minor, William (2003). Jazz Journeys to Japan: The Heart Within. Univ. of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472113453" title="Special:BookSources/0472113453"><bdi>0472113453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jazz+Journeys+to+Japan%3A+The+Heart+Within&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0472113453&rft.aulast=Minor&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2007" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Stephen G. (2007). Tokita, Alison; Hughes, David W. (eds.). The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music (Reprint ed.). Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754656999" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754656999"><bdi>978-0754656999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+Research+Companion+to+Japanese+Music&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0754656999&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNomura2005" class="citation book cs1">Nomura, Gail M. (2005). Fiset, Louis; Nomura, Gail M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780295984612">Nikkei in the Pacific Northwest Japanese Americans & Japanese Canadians in the Twentieth Century</a> (1st ed.). Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest in association with Univ. of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295800097" title="Special:BookSources/0295800097"><bdi>0295800097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nikkei+in+the+Pacific+Northwest+Japanese+Americans+%26+Japanese+Canadians+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Center+for+the+Study+of+the+Pacific+Northwest+in+association+with+Univ.+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0295800097&rft.aulast=Nomura&rft.aufirst=Gail+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780295984612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiggott1971" class="citation book cs1">Piggott, Francis Taylor (1971). The music and musical instruments of Japan (Unabridged republication of the Yokohama [usw.] (1909) 2nd ed.). Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/030670160X" title="Special:BookSources/030670160X"><bdi>030670160X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+music+and+musical+instruments+of+Japan&rft.edition=Unabridged+republication+of+the+Yokohama+%5Busw.%5D+%281909%29+2nd&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=030670160X&rft.aulast=Piggott&rft.aufirst=Francis+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell_2012a" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Kimberly (2012). "Inside-Out and Outside-In: Participant Observation in Taiko Drumming". In Spindler, George; Hammond, Lorie (eds.). Innovations in Educational Ethnography: Theories, Methods, and Results. Psychology Press. pp. 33–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136872693" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136872693"><bdi>978-1136872693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inside-Out+and+Outside-In%3A+Participant+Observation+in+Taiko+Drumming&rft.btitle=Innovations+in+Educational+Ethnography%3A+Theories%2C+Methods%2C+and+Results&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1136872693&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell_2012b" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Kimberly (2012). "The Drum in the Dojo". In Dixon-Román, Ezekiel; Gordon, Edmund W. (eds.). Thinking Comprehensively About Education: Spaces of Educative Possibility and their Implications for Public Policy. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136318474" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136318474"><bdi>978-1136318474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Drum+in+the+Dojo&rft.btitle=Thinking+Comprehensively+About+Education%3A+Spaces+of+Educative+Possibility+and+their+Implications+for+Public+Policy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1136318474&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaz1983" class="citation book cs1">Raz, Jacob (1983). Audience and Actors: A Study of Their Interaction in the Japanese Traditional Theatre. Brill Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004068864" title="Special:BookSources/9004068864"><bdi>9004068864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Audience+and+Actors%3A+A+Study+of+Their+Interaction+in+the+Japanese+Traditional+Theatre&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9004068864&rft.aulast=Raz&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2002" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674017536" title="Special:BookSources/0674017536"><bdi>0674017536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0674017536&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Louis+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuller1989" class="citation book cs1">Schuller, Gunther (1989). Musings: The Musical Worlds of Gunther Schuller. Oxford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/019972363X" title="Special:BookSources/019972363X"><bdi>019972363X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musings%3A+The+Musical+Worlds+of+Gunther+Schuller&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=019972363X&rft.aulast=Schuller&rft.aufirst=Gunther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerada2001" class="citation journal cs1">Terada, Yoshitaka (2001). Terada, Yoshitaka (ed.). "Transcending boundaries: Asian Musics in North America". Shifting Identities of Taiko Music in North America. 22: 37–60. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1340-6787">1340-6787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shifting+Identities+of+Taiko+Music+in+North+America.&rft.atitle=Transcending+boundaries%3A+Asian+Musics+in+North+America&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1340-6787&rft.aulast=Terada&rft.aufirst=Yoshitaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerada2013" class="citation book cs1">Terada, Yoshitaka (2013). "Rooted as Banyan Trees: Eisā and the Okinawan Diaspora". In Rice, Timothy (ed.). Ethnomusicological Encounters with Music and Musicians: Essays in Honor of Robert Garfias (revised ed.). Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409494782" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409494782"><bdi>978-1409494782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rooted+as+Banyan+Trees%3A+Eis%C4%81+and+the+Okinawan+Diaspora&rft.btitle=Ethnomusicological+Encounters+with+Music+and+Musicians%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Robert+Garfias&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1409494782&rft.aulast=Terada&rft.aufirst=Yoshitaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornbury2013" class="citation book cs1">Thornbury, Barbara (2013). America's Japan and Japan's Performing Arts: Cultural Mobility and Exchange in New York, 1952–2011. Univ. of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472029280" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472029280"><bdi>978-0472029280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Japan+and+Japan%27s+Performing+Arts%3A+Cultural+Mobility+and+Exchange+in+New+York%2C+1952%E2%80%932011&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0472029280&rft.aulast=Thornbury&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitonFujie2005" class="citation book cs1">Titon, Jeff Todd; Fujie, Linda, eds. (2005). Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0534627579" title="Special:BookSources/0534627579"><bdi>0534627579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+of+Music%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Music+of+the+World%27s+Peoples&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0534627579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2008" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen (2008). Samurai Armies: 1467–1649. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846033513" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846033513"><bdi>978-1846033513</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samurai+Armies%3A+1467%E2%80%931649&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1846033513&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2012" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen (2012). War in Japan 1467–1615. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782000181" title="Special:BookSources/978-1782000181"><bdi>978-1782000181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+Japan+1467%E2%80%931615&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1782000181&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTusler2003" class="citation thesis cs1">Tusler, Mark (2003). Sounds and Sights of Power: Ensemble Taiko Drumming (Kumi Daiko) Pedagogy in California and the Conceptualization of Power (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>). Univ. of California, Santa Barbara. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/768102165">768102165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Sounds+and+Sights+of+Power%3A+Ensemble+Taiko+Drumming+%28Kumi+Daiko%29+Pedagogy+in+California+and+the+Conceptualization+of+Power&rft.inst=Univ.+of+California%2C+Santa+Barbara&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F768102165&rft.aulast=Tusler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarian2005" class="citation book cs1">Varian, Heidi (2005). The Way of Taiko (1st ed.). Stone Bridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/188065699X" title="Special:BookSources/188065699X"><bdi>188065699X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+of+Taiko&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=188065699X&rft.aulast=Varian&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarian2013" class="citation book cs1">Varian, Heidi (2013). The Way of Taiko (2nd ed.). Stone Bridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1611720129" title="Special:BookSources/978-1611720129"><bdi>978-1611720129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+of+Taiko&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1611720129&rft.aulast=Varian&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldVartoogian2007" class="citation book cs1">Wald, Elijah; Vartoogian, Linda (2007). Global Minstrels: Voices of World Music. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415979290" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415979290"><bdi>978-0415979290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Minstrels%3A+Voices+of+World+Music&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0415979290&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Elijah&rft.au=Vartoogian%2C+Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebbSeddon2012" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Michael; Seddon, Frederick A. (2012). "Musical Instrument Learning, Music Ensembles, and Musicianship in a Global and Digital Age". In McPherson, Gary E.; Welch, Graham F. (eds.). The Oxford handbook of music education. Oxford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199730810" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199730810"><bdi>978-0199730810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Musical+Instrument+Learning%2C+Music+Ensembles%2C+and+Musicianship+in+a+Global+and+Digital+Age&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+music+education&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199730810&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Seddon%2C+Frederick+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wong, Deborah (2000). "Taiko and the Asian/American Body: Drums, Rising Sun, and the Question of Gender". The World of Music. 42 (3): 67–78. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41692766">41692766</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/717224426">717224426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+Music&rft.atitle=Taiko+and+the+Asian%2FAmerican+Body%3A+Drums%2C+Rising+Sun%2C+and+the+Question+of+Gender&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F717224426&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41692766%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2004" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Deborah (2004). Speak It Louder: Asian Americans Making Music. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203497279" title="Special:BookSources/0203497279"><bdi>0203497279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speak+It+Louder%3A+Asian+Americans+Making+Music&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0203497279&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoon2001" class="citation journal cs1">Yoon, Paul Jong-Chul (2001). "'She's Really Become Japanese Now!': Taiko Drumming and Asian American Identifications". American Music. 19 (4): 417–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3052419">10.2307/3052419</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3052419">3052419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Music&rft.atitle=%27She%27s+Really+Become+Japanese+Now%21%27%3A+Taiko+Drumming+and+Asian+American+Identifications&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E438&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3052419&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3052419%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yoon&rft.aufirst=Paul+Jong-Chul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiko" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiko&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%BC%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:太鼓">太鼓</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Taiko" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Taiko">Taiko</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nippon-taiko.or.jp/english/">The Nippon Taiko Foundation</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Traditional_Japanese_musical_instruments" title="Template:Traditional Japanese musical instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Traditional_Japanese_musical_instruments" title="Template talk:Traditional Japanese musical instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional_Japanese_musical_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional Japanese musical instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traditional_Japanese_musical_instruments70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Japanese musical instruments">Traditional Japanese musical instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plucked</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biwa" title="Biwa">Biwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichigenkin" title="Ichigenkin">Ichigenkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koto_(instrument)" title="Koto (instrument)">Koto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konghou" title="Konghou">Kugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanshin" title="Sanshin">Sanshin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottan" title="Gottan">Gottan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankara_sanshin" title="Kankara sanshin">Kankara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">Shamisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamatogoto" title="Yamatogoto">Yamatogoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkori" title="Tonkori">Tonkori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bowed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koky%C5%AB" title="Kokyū">Kokyū</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fue_(flute)" title="Fue (flute)">Flutes and oboes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gakubue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gakubue (page does not exist)">Gakubue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagurabue" title="Kagurabue">Kagurabue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komabue" title="Komabue">Komabue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minteki" title="Minteki">Minteki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nohkan" title="Nohkan">Nōkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABteki" title="Ryūteki">Ryūteki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinobue" title="Shinobue">Shinobue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokobue" title="Yokobue">Yokobue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hichiriki" title="Hichiriki">Hichiriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchiku" title="Hotchiku">Hotchiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">Shakuhachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-reed pipes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_(instrument)" title="Shō (instrument)">Shō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_(wind_instrument)" title="Yu (wind instrument)">Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Horns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horagai" title="Horagai">Horagai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kakko_(instrument)" title="Kakko (instrument)">Kakko</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taiko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctsuzumi" title="Ōtsuzumi">Ōtsuzumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shime-daiko" title="Shime-daiko">Shime-daiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuzumi" title="Tsuzumi">Tsuzumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuri-daiko" title="Tsuri-daiko">Tsuri-daiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikko_(drum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikko (drum)">Ikko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San-no-tsuzumi" class="mw-redirect" title="San-no-tsuzumi">San-no-tsuzumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den-den_daiko" title="Den-den daiko">Den-den daiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blocks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyoshigi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoshigi">Hyōshigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_fish" title="Wooden fish">Mokugyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasara">Sasara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ita-sasara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ita-sasara">Ita-sasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binzasara" title="Binzasara">Binzasara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokiriko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokiriko (page does not exist)">Kokiriko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakubyoshi" title="Shakubyoshi">Shakubyoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanba" title="Sanba">Sanba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gongs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dko_(instrument)" title="Shōko (instrument)">Shōko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagura_suzu" title="Kagura suzu">Kagura suzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(instrument)" title="Kane (instrument)">Kane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukkuri" title="Mukkuri">Mukkuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221769#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata898" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221769#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata898" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221769#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7577474-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572538">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph818616&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/69e695d1-e4e0-4c18-9b9a-134b189ca2bc">MusicBrainz instrument</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiko&oldid=1261761093">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiko&oldid=1261761093</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Directly_struck_membranophones" title="Category:Directly struck membranophones">Directly struck membranophones</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drums" title="Category:Drums">Drums</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battle_drums" title="Category:Battle drums">Battle drums</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_musical_instruments" title="Category:Japanese musical instruments">Japanese musical instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Asian_percussion_instruments" title="Category:Asian percussion instruments">Asian percussion instruments</a></li><li><a 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