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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Literary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ancient art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_R._Mack's_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_R._Mack's_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Charles R. Mack's interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_R._Mack's_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivative_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivative_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Derivative versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivative_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>The Birth of Venus</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ولادة فينوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ولادة فينوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneran%C4%B1n_do%C4%9Fulmas%C4%B1_(Boti%C3%A7elli)" title="Veneranın doğulması (Botiçelli) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Veneranın doğulması (Botiçelli)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96)" title="Нараджэнне Венеры (карціна Бацічэлі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нараджэнне Венеры (карціна Бацічэлі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Раждането на Венера (Ботичели) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Раждането на Венера (Ботичели)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganedigezh_Gwener_(Botticelli)" title="Ganedigezh Gwener (Botticelli) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ganedigezh Gwener (Botticelli)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_naixement_de_Venus" title="El naixement de Venus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="El naixement de Venus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%C3%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D3%B3%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BA%C4%95)" title="Венера çурални (Боттичелли ӳкерчĕкĕ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Венера çурални (Боттичелли ӳкерчĕкĕ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrozen%C3%AD_Venu%C5%A1e_(Botticelli)" title="Zrození Venuše (Botticelli) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zrození Venuše (Botticelli)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genedigaeth_Gwener" title="Genedigaeth Gwener – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Genedigaeth Gwener" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%27_f%C3%B8dsel_(Botticelli)" title="Venus' fødsel (Botticelli) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Venus' fødsel (Botticelli)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Geburt_der_Venus_(Botticelli)" title="Die Geburt der Venus (Botticelli) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Die Geburt der Venus (Botticelli)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venuse_s%C3%BCnd_(Botticelli)" title="Venuse sünd (Botticelli) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Venuse sünd (Botticelli)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97_%CE%93%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9)" title="Η Γέννηση της Αφροδίτης (Μποτιτσέλι) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Η Γέννηση της Αφροδίτης (Μποτιτσέλι)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_nacimiento_de_Venus_(Botticelli)" title="El nacimiento de Venus (Botticelli) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El nacimiento de Venus (Botticelli)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naski%C4%9Do_de_Venuso" title="Naskiĝo de Venuso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naskiĝo de Venuso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venusen_jaiotza" title="Venusen jaiotza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Venusen jaiotza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%84%DB%8C)" title="زایش ونوس (بوتیچلی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زایش ونوس (بوتیچلی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Naissance_de_V%C3%A9nus_(Botticelli)" title="La Naissance de Vénus (Botticelli) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Naissance de Vénus (Botticelli)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breith_V%C3%A9ineas" title="Breith Véineas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Breith Véineas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_nacemento_de_Venus" title="O nacemento de Venus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="O nacemento de Venus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%84%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%ED%83%84%EC%83%9D" title="비너스의 탄생 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비너스의 탄생" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A8_(%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80,_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%AB)" title="Վեներայի ծնունդը (նկար, Բոտիչելլի) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեներայի ծնունդը (նկար, Բոտիչելլի)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C4%91enje_Venere_(Botticelli)" title="Rođenje Venere (Botticelli) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rođenje Venere (Botticelli)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nascita_di_Venere" title="Nascita di Venere – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nascita di Venere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הולדת ונוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הולדת ונוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="ვენერას დაბადება (ბოტიჩელი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვენერას დაბადება (ბოტიჩელი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%96_(%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B)" title="Венераның дүниеге келуі (Боттичелли картинасы) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Венераның дүниеге келуі (Боттичелли картинасы)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortus_Veneris_(Botticelli)" title="Ortus Veneris (Botticelli) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ortus Veneris (Botticelli)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneros_gimimas" title="Veneros gimimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Veneros gimimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%93%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Раѓањето на Венера (Ботичели) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Раѓањето на Венера (Ботичели)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مولد فينوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مولد فينوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelahiran_Venus" title="Kelahiran Venus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelahiran Venus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Geboorte_van_Venus" title="De Geboorte van Venus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="De Geboorte van Venus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%95%E7%94%9F" title="ヴィーナスの誕生 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィーナスの誕生" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%E2%80%99_f%C3%B8dsel" title="Venus’ fødsel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Venus’ fødsel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacimento_di_Venus_di_Botticelli" title="Nacimento di Venus di Botticelli – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Nacimento di Venus di Botticelli" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodziny_Wenus" title="Narodziny Wenus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Narodziny Wenus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Nascimento_de_V%C3%AAnus" title="O Nascimento de Vênus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="O Nascimento de Vênus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_Jeburt_van_d_Venus" title="D Jeburt van d Venus – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="D Jeburt van d Venus" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C8%99terea_lui_Venus_(pictur%C4%83_de_Botticelli)" title="Nașterea lui Venus (pictură de Botticelli) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nașterea lui Venus (pictură de Botticelli)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Рождение Венеры (картина Боттичелли) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рождение Венеры (картина Боттичелли)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus" title="The Birth of Venus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Birth of Venus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrodenie_Venu%C5%A1e" title="Zrodenie Venuše – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zrodenie Venuše" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojstvo_Venere_(Botticelli)" title="Rojstvo Venere (Botticelli) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rojstvo Venere (Botticelli)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Рођење Венере – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рођење Венере" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C4%91enje_Venere_(Botticelli)" title="Rođenje Venere (Botticelli) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rođenje Venere (Botticelli)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venuksen_syntym%C3%A4_(Botticelli)" title="Venuksen syntymä (Botticelli) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venuksen syntymä (Botticelli)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_f%C3%B6delse" title="Venus födelse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Venus födelse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_(%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5)" title="กำเนิดวีนัส (บอตติเชลลี) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กำเนิดวีนัส (บอตติเชลลี)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%BCs%27%C3%BCn_Do%C4%9Fu%C5%9Fu_(Botticelli)" title="Venüs'ün Doğuşu (Botticelli) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Venüs'ün Doğuşu (Botticelli)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96)" title="Народження Венери (картина Боттічеллі) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Народження Венери (картина Боттічеллі)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_ra_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di_c%E1%BB%A7a_th%E1%BA%A7n_V%E1%BB%87_N%E1%BB%AF" title="Sự ra đời của thần Vệ Nữ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sự ra đời của thần Vệ Nữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%E5%87%BA%E4%B8%96" title="維納斯出世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維納斯出世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%95%E7%94%9F" title="維納斯的誕生 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="維納斯的誕生" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Painting by Sandro Botticelli</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Birth of Venus (disambiguation)">The Birth of Venus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/400px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/600px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/800px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="18840" /></a><figcaption>Sandro Botticelli, <i>The Birth of Venus</i> (c. 1484–1486). <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">Tempera</a> on canvas. 172.5 cm × 278.9 cm (67.9 in × 109.6 in). <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, Florence</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_botticelli_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Venus_botticelli_detail.jpg/220px-Venus_botticelli_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Venus_botticelli_detail.jpg/330px-Venus_botticelli_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Venus_botticelli_detail.jpg/440px-Venus_botticelli_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="1672" /></a><figcaption>Detail: the face of Venus</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>The Birth of Venus</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Nascita di Venere</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈnaʃʃita<span class="wrap"> </span>di<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvɛːnere]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a> by the Italian artist <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>, probably executed in the mid 1480s. It depicts the goddess <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> arriving at the shore after her birth, when she had emerged from the sea fully-grown (called <a href="/wiki/Venus_Anadyomene" title="Venus Anadyomene">Venus Anadyomene</a> and often depicted in art). The painting is in the <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi Gallery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy. </p><p>Although the two are not a pair, the painting is inevitably discussed with Botticelli's other very large mythological painting, the <i><a href="/wiki/Primavera_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primavera (painting)">Primavera</a></i>, also in the Uffizi. They are among the most famous paintings in the world, and icons of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance painting</a>; of the two, the <i>Birth</i> is better known than the <i>Primavera</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As depictions of subjects from <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">classical mythology</a> on a very large scale they were virtually unprecedented in Western art since <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, as was the size and prominence of a nude female figure in the <i>Birth</i>. It used to be thought that they were both commissioned by the same member of the Medici family, but this is now uncertain. </p><p>They have been endlessly analysed by <a href="/wiki/Art_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Art historian">art historians</a>, with the main themes being: the emulation of ancient painters and the context of wedding celebrations (generally agreed), the influence of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Neo-Platonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Neo-Platonism">Renaissance Neo-Platonism</a> (somewhat controversial), and the identity of the commissioners (not agreed). Most art historians agree, however, that the <i>Birth</i> does not require complex analysis to decode its meaning, in the way that the <i>Primavera</i> probably does. While there are subtleties in the painting, its main meaning is a straightforward, if individual, treatment of a traditional scene from <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, and its appeal is sensory and very accessible, hence its enormous popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_and_subject">Description and subject</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_Venus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description and subject"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Hora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Hora.jpg/220px-The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Hora.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Hora.jpg/330px-The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Hora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Hora.jpg/440px-The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Hora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12250" data-file-height="15891" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Hora of Spring</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the centre, the goddess Venus (newly born in fully grown state, in accordance with tradition) stands <a href="/wiki/Nude_(art)" title="Nude (art)">nude</a> in a giant <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallop</a> shell. The size of the shell is purely imaginary, and is also found in classical depictions of the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the left the <a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_deities" title="List of wind deities">wind god</a> <a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a> blows at her, with the wind shown by lines radiating from his mouth. He is in the air, and carries a young female, who is also blowing, but less forcefully. Both have wings. <a href="/wiki/Vasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasari">Vasari</a> was probably correct in identifying her as "<a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a>", personification of a lighter breeze.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their joint efforts are blowing Venus towards the shore, and blowing the hair and clothes of the other figures to the right.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the right a female figure who may be floating slightly above the ground holds out a rich cloak or dress to cover Venus when she reaches the shore, as she is about to do. She is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a> or Hours, Greek minor goddesses of the seasons and of other divisions of time, and attendants of Venus. The floral decoration of her dress suggests she is the Hora of Spring.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She stands in a <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Contrapposto" title="Contrapposto">contrapposto</a></i></span> pose, similarly to Venus as she seems relaxed and joyful that Venus has arrived. </p><p>Alternative identifications for the two secondary female figures involve those also found in the <i>Primavera</i>; the nymph held by Zephyr may be <a href="/wiki/Chloris_(nymph)" title="Chloris (nymph)">Chloris</a>, a flower nymph he married in some versions of her story, and the figure on land may be <a href="/wiki/Flora_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (deity)">Flora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flora is generally the Roman equivalent of the Greek Chloris; in the <i><a href="/wiki/Primavera_(Botticelli)" title="Primavera (Botticelli)">Primavera</a></i>, Chloris is transformed into the figure of Flora next to her, following <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is hard to see that such a transformation is envisaged here. However, the roses blown along with the two flying figures would be appropriate for Chloris. </p><p>The subject is not strictly the "Birth of Venus", a title given to the painting only in the nineteenth century (though given as the subject by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a>), but the next scene in her story, where she arrives on land, blown by the wind. The land probably represents either <a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Cythera</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, both Mediterranean islands regarded by the Greeks as territories of Venus.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical">Technical</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_Venus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The painting is large, but slightly smaller than the <i>Primavera</i>, and where that is a <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel painting</a>, this is on the cheaper support of canvas. Canvas was increasing in popularity, perhaps especially for secular paintings for country villas, which were decorated more simply, cheaply and cheerfully than those for city <i>palazzi</i>, being designed for pleasure more than ostentatious entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The painting is on two pieces of canvas, sewn together before starting, with a <a href="/wiki/Gesso" title="Gesso">gesso</a> ground tinted blue. There are differences to Botticelli's usual technique, working on panel supports, such as the lack of a green first layer under the flesh areas. There are a number of <i><a href="/wiki/Pentimenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentimenti">pentimenti</a></i> revealed by modern scientific testing. The Hora originally had "low classical sandals", and the collar on the mantle she holds out is an afterthought. The hair of Venus and the flying couple was changed. There is heavy use of gold as a pigment for highlights, on hair, wings, textiles, the shell and the landscape. This was all apparently applied after the painting was framed. It was finished with a "cool gray varnish", probably using egg yolk.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StClair_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StClair-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in the <i>Primavera</i>, the green pigment – used for the wings of Zephyr, Zephyr's companion, and the leaves of the orange trees on the land – has darkened considerably with exposure to light over time, somewhat distorting the intended balance of colours. Parts of some leaves at the top right corner, normally covered by the frame, have been less affected.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blues of the sea and sky have also lost their brightness.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_Venus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Venus.jpg/220px-The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="585" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Venus.jpg/330px-The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Venus.jpg/440px-The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6650" data-file-height="17691" /></a><figcaption>Venus</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the pose of Venus is classical in some respects, and borrows the position of the hands from the <a href="/wiki/Venus_Pudica" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus Pudica">Venus Pudica</a> type in Greco-Roman sculptures (see section below), the overall treatment of the figure, standing off-centre with a curved body of long flowing lines, is in many respects from <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic art</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Kenneth Clark</a> wrote: "Her differences from antique form are not physiological, but rhythmic and structural. Her whole body follows the curve of a Gothic ivory. It is entirely without that quality so much prized in classical art, known as aplomb; that is to say, the weight of the body is not distributed evenly either side of a central plumb line. .... She is not standing but floating. ... Her shoulders, for example, instead of forming a sort of <a href="/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave">architrave</a> to her torso, as in the antique nude, run down into her arms in the same unbroken stream of movement as her floating hair."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Venus' body is anatomically improbable, with elongated neck and torso. Her pose is impossible: although she stands in a classical <i><a href="/wiki/Contrapposto" title="Contrapposto">contrapposto</a></i> stance, her weight is shifted too far over the left leg for the pose to be held. The proportions and poses of the winds to the left do not quite make sense, and none of the figures cast shadows.<sup id="cite_ref-smarth_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painting depicts the world of the imagination rather than being very concerned with realistic depiction.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ignoring the size and positioning of the wings and limbs of the flying pair on the left, which bother some other critics, Kenneth Clark calls them: </p> <blockquote><p>...perhaps the most beautiful example of ecstatic movement in the whole of painting. ... the suspension of our reason is achieved by the intricate rhythms of the drapery which sweep and flow irresistibly around the nude figures. Their bodies, by an endless intricacy of embrace, sustain the current of movement, which finally flickers down their legs and is dispersed like an electric charge.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Botticelli's art was never fully committed to naturalism; in comparison to his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Domenico Ghirlandaio</a>, Botticelli seldom gave weight and volume to his figures and rarely used a deep perspectival space.<sup id="cite_ref-smarth_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botticelli never painted landscape backgrounds with great detail or realism, but this is especially the case here. The laurel trees and the grass below them are green with gold highlights, most of the waves regular patterns, and the landscape seems out of scale with the figures.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clumps of <a href="/wiki/Typha" title="Typha">bulrushes</a> in the left foreground are out of place here, as they come from a freshwater species.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating_and_history">Dating and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_Venus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dating and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has long been suggested that Botticelli was commissioned to paint the work by the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> family of Florence, perhaps by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_di_Pierfrancesco_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici">Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici</a> (1463–1503) a major patron of Botticelli, under the influence of his cousin <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a>, "il Magnifico". This was first suggested by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Horne" title="Herbert Horne">Herbert Horne</a> in his monograph of 1908, the first major modern work on Botticelli, and long followed by most writers, but more recently has been widely doubted, though it is still accepted by some. Various interpretations of the painting rely on this origin for its meaning. Although relations were perhaps always rather tense between the <i>Magnifico</i> and his young cousins and wards, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco and his brother <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_il_Popolano" title="Giovanni il Popolano">Giovanni di Pierfrancesco de' Medici</a>, it may have been politic to commission a work that glorified the older Lorenzo, as some interpretations have it. There may be a deliberate ambiguity as to which Lorenzo was intended to be evoked. In later years hostility between the two branches of the family became overt. </p><p>Horne believed that the painting was commissioned soon after the purchase in 1477 of the <a href="/wiki/Villa_di_Castello" title="Villa di Castello">Villa di Castello</a>, a country house outside Florence, by Lorenzo and Giovanni, to decorate their new house, which they were rebuilding. This was the year after their father died at the age of 46, leaving the young boys wards of their cousin Lorenzo il Magnifico, of the senior branch of the <a href="/wiki/Medici_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici family">Medici family</a> and <i>de facto</i> ruler of Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no record of the original commission, and the painting is first mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Vasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasari">Vasari</a>, who saw it, together with the <i>Primavera</i>, at Castello, some time before the first edition of his <i>Lives</i> in 1550, probably by 1530–40. In 1550 Vasari was himself painting in the villa, but he very possibly visited it before that. But in 1975 it emerged that, unlike the <i>Primavera</i>, the <i>Birth</i> is not in the inventory, apparently complete, made in 1499 of the works of art belonging to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco's branch of the family. <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lightbown" title="Ronald Lightbown">Ronald Lightbown</a> concludes that it only came to be owned by the Medici after that. The inventory was only published in 1975, and made many previous assumptions invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horne dated the work at some point after the purchase of the villa in 1477 and before Botticelli's departure for Rome to join the painting of the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> in 1481. Recent scholars prefer a date of around 1484–86 on grounds of the work's place in the development of Botticelli's style. The <i>Primavera</i> is now usually dated earlier, after Botticelli's return from Rome in 1482 and perhaps around the time of Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco's wedding in July 1482,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by some still before Botticelli's departure.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whenever the two paintings were united at Castello, they have remained together ever since. They stayed in Castello until 1815, when they were transferred to the Uffizi. For some years until 1919 they were kept in the <a href="/wiki/Galleria_dell%27Accademia" title="Galleria dell'Accademia">Galleria dell'Accademia</a>, another government museum in Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_Venus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 270px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Birth_of_Venus_(detail)_-_WGA2772.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Birth_of_Venus_%28detail%29_-_WGA2772.jpg/210px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Birth_of_Venus_%28detail%29_-_WGA2772.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Birth_of_Venus_%28detail%29_-_WGA2772.jpg/315px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Birth_of_Venus_%28detail%29_-_WGA2772.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Birth_of_Venus_%28detail%29_-_WGA2772.jpg/420px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Birth_of_Venus_%28detail%29_-_WGA2772.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="743" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/Botticelli.html">Smarthistory – Botticelli's <i>Birth of Venus</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-smarth_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although there are ancient and modern texts that are relevant, no single text provides the precise imagery of the painting, which has led scholars to propose many sources and interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many art historians who specialize in the Italian Renaissance have found <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonic">Neoplatonic</a> interpretations, of which two different versions have been articulated by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wind" title="Edgar Wind">Edgar Wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gombrich" title="Ernst Gombrich">Ernst Gombrich</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be the key to understanding the painting. Botticelli represented the Neoplatonic idea of <a href="/wiki/Divine_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine love">divine love</a> in the form of a nude Venus.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> – and so for the members of the Florentine <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy_(Florence)" title="Platonic Academy (Florence)">Platonic Academy</a> – Venus had two aspects: she was an earthly goddess who aroused humans to physical love or she was a heavenly goddess who inspired intellectual love in them. Plato further argued that contemplation of physical beauty allowed the mind to better understand spiritual beauty. So, looking at Venus, the most beautiful of goddesses, might at first raise a physical response in viewers which then lifted their minds towards the godly.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Neoplatonic reading of Botticelli's <i>Birth of Venus</i> suggests that 15th-century viewers would have looked at the painting and felt their minds lifted to the realm of divine love. </p><p>The composition, with a central nude figure, and one to the side with an arm raised above the head of the first, and winged beings in attendance, would have reminded its Renaissance viewers of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Christ">Baptism of Christ</a>, marking the start of his ministry on earth. In a similar way, the scene shows here marks the start of Venus's ministry of love, whether in a simple sense, or the expanded meaning of Renaissance Neoplatonism.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, questions have arisen about Neoplatonism as the dominant intellectual system of late 15th-century Florence,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scholars have indicated that there might be other ways to interpret Botticelli's mythological paintings. In particular, both <i><a href="/wiki/Primavera_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primavera (painting)">Primavera</a></i> and <i>Birth of Venus</i> have been seen as wedding paintings that suggest appropriate behaviors for brides and grooms.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">laurel trees</a> at right and laurel wreath worn by the Hora are punning references to the name "Lorenzo", though it is uncertain whether <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_il_Magnifico" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo il Magnifico">Lorenzo il Magnifico</a>, the effective ruler of Florence, or his young cousin <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_di_Pierfrancesco_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici">Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco</a> is meant. In the same way the flowers in the air around Zephyr and on the textiles worn and carried by the Hora evoke the name of Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_sources">Literary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_Venus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphrodite_Anadyomene_from_Pompeii_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aphrodite_Anadyomene_from_Pompeii_cropped.jpg/220px-Aphrodite_Anadyomene_from_Pompeii_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aphrodite_Anadyomene_from_Pompeii_cropped.jpg/330px-Aphrodite_Anadyomene_from_Pompeii_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aphrodite_Anadyomene_from_Pompeii_cropped.jpg/440px-Aphrodite_Anadyomene_from_Pompeii_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Roman fresco from the "House of Venus" in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, 1st century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The closest precedent for the scene is generally agreed to be in one of the early ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a>, published in Florence in 1488 by the Greek refugee <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Chalkokondyles" title="Demetrios Chalkokondyles">Demetrios Chalkokondyles</a>: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Of august gold-wreathed and beautiful</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> I shall sing to whose domain</dd> <dd>belong the battlements of all sea-loved</dd> <dd>Cyprus where, blown by the moist breath</dd> <dd>of Zephyros, she was carried over the</dd> <dd>waves of the resounding sea on soft foam.</dd> <dd>The gold-filleted Horae happily welcomed</dd> <dd>her and clothed her with heavenly raiment.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>This poem was probably already known to Botticelli's Florentine contemporary, and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_di_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo di Medici">Lorenzo di Medici</a>'s court poet, <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Poliziano" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelo Poliziano">Angelo Poliziano</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of <i>The Birth of Venus</i> is similar to a description of a <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> of the event in Poliziano's poem the <i>Stanze per la giostra</i>, commemorating a Medici <a href="/wiki/Joust" class="mw-redirect" title="Joust">joust</a> in 1475, which may also have influenced Botticelli, although there are many differences. For example, Poliziano talks of multiple Horae and zephyrs.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older writers, following Horne, posited that "his patron Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco asked him to paint a subject illustrating the lines",<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that remains a possibility, though one difficult to maintain so confidently today. Another poem by Politian speaks of Zephyr causing flowers to bloom, and spreading their scent over the land, which probably explains the roses he blows along with him in the painting.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_art">Ancient art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_Venus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Et%C3%A0_imperiale,_cammeo_con_afrodite_anadyomene,_in_pasta_vitrea_trasparente_-_Copia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Et%C3%A0_imperiale%2C_cammeo_con_afrodite_anadyomene%2C_in_pasta_vitrea_trasparente_-_Copia.jpg/220px-Et%C3%A0_imperiale%2C_cammeo_con_afrodite_anadyomene%2C_in_pasta_vitrea_trasparente_-_Copia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Et%C3%A0_imperiale%2C_cammeo_con_afrodite_anadyomene%2C_in_pasta_vitrea_trasparente_-_Copia.jpg/330px-Et%C3%A0_imperiale%2C_cammeo_con_afrodite_anadyomene%2C_in_pasta_vitrea_trasparente_-_Copia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Et%C3%A0_imperiale%2C_cammeo_con_afrodite_anadyomene%2C_in_pasta_vitrea_trasparente_-_Copia.jpg/440px-Et%C3%A0_imperiale%2C_cammeo_con_afrodite_anadyomene%2C_in_pasta_vitrea_trasparente_-_Copia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>Roman glass cameo <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Anadyomene" title="Venus Anadyomene">Venus Anadyomene</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Having a large standing female nude as the central focus was unprecedented in post-classical Western painting, and certainly drew on the classical sculptures which were coming to light in this period, especially in Rome, where Botticelli had spent 1481–82 working on the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pose of Botticelli's <i>Venus</i> follows the <a href="/wiki/Venus_Pudica" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus Pudica">Venus Pudica</a> ("Venus of Modesty") type from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, where the hands are held to cover the breasts and groin; in classical art this is not associated with the new-born <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Anadyomene" title="Venus Anadyomene">Venus Anadyomene</a></i>. What became a famous example of this type is the <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_de%27_Medici" title="Venus de' Medici">Venus de' Medici</a></i>, a marble sculpture that was in a Medici collection in Rome by 1559, which Botticelli may have had opportunity to study (the date it was found is unclear).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The painter and the humanist scholars who probably advised him would have recalled that <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> had mentioned a lost masterpiece of the celebrated ancient Greek painter, <a href="/wiki/Apelles" title="Apelles">Apelles</a>, representing <i>Venus Anadyomene</i> (<i>Venus Rising from the Sea</i>). According to Pliny, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> offered his mistress, <a href="/wiki/Campaspe" title="Campaspe">Campaspe</a>, as the model for the nude Venus and later, realizing that Apelles had fallen in love with the girl, gave her to the artist in a gesture of extreme magnanimity. Pliny went on to note that Apelles' painting of Pankaspe as Venus was later "dedicated by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in the shrine of his father <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>." Pliny also stated that "the lower part of the painting was damaged, and it was impossible to find anyone who could restore it. ... This picture decayed from age and rottenness, and <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> ... substituted for it another painting by the hand of Dorotheus".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pliny also noted a second painting by Apelles of Venus "superior even to his earlier one," that had been begun by the artist but left unfinished. The Roman images in various media showing the new-born Venus in a giant shell may well be crude derivative versions of these paintings. Botticelli could not have seen the frescos unearthed later in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, but may well have seen small versions of the motif in <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> or <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">engraved gems</a>. The "House of Venus" in Pompeii has a life-size fresco of Venus lying in the shell, also seen in other works; in most other images she stands with her hands on her hair, wringing the water from it, with or without a shell. </p><p>The two-dimensionality of this painting may be a deliberate attempt to evoke the style of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Pottery" title="Ancient Greek art">ancient Greek vase painting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art#Wall-painting" title="Etruscan art">walls of Etruscan tombs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the only types of ancient painting known to Botticelli. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitoline_Venus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capitoline Venus, derived from Aphrodite of Cnidus"><img alt="Capitoline Venus, derived from Aphrodite of Cnidus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Capitoline_Venus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/119px-Capitoline_Venus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Capitoline_Venus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/179px-Capitoline_Venus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Capitoline_Venus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/239px-Capitoline_Venus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Venus" title="Capitoline Venus">Capitoline Venus</a></i>, derived from <i><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_of_Cnidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphrodite of Cnidus">Aphrodite of Cnidus</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_de_Medici.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus de' Medici"><img alt="Venus de' Medici" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Venus_de_Medici.png/71px-Venus_de_Medici.png" decoding="async" width="71" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Venus_de_Medici.png/107px-Venus_de_Medici.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Venus_de_Medici.png/142px-Venus_de_Medici.png 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="4568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_de%27_Medici" title="Venus de' Medici">Venus de' Medici</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anadyomenes_pushkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greco-Roman Venus Anadyomene"><img alt="Greco-Roman Venus Anadyomene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Anadyomenes_pushkin.jpg/101px-Anadyomenes_pushkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Anadyomenes_pushkin.jpg/152px-Anadyomenes_pushkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Anadyomenes_pushkin.jpg/203px-Anadyomenes_pushkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greco-Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Anadyomene" title="Venus Anadyomene">Venus Anadyomene</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_Loves_Art_-_Morlanwelz_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Royal_de_Mariemont_-_Statuette_de_V%C3%A9nus_sortant_de_l%27onde_(4).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Greco-Roman bronze statuette"><img alt="Greco-Roman bronze statuette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Wiki_Loves_Art_-_Morlanwelz_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Royal_de_Mariemont_-_Statuette_de_V%C3%A9nus_sortant_de_l%27onde_%284%29.JPG/126px-Wiki_Loves_Art_-_Morlanwelz_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Royal_de_Mariemont_-_Statuette_de_V%C3%A9nus_sortant_de_l%27onde_%284%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="126" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Wiki_Loves_Art_-_Morlanwelz_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Royal_de_Mariemont_-_Statuette_de_V%C3%A9nus_sortant_de_l%27onde_%284%29.JPG/190px-Wiki_Loves_Art_-_Morlanwelz_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Royal_de_Mariemont_-_Statuette_de_V%C3%A9nus_sortant_de_l%27onde_%284%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Wiki_Loves_Art_-_Morlanwelz_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Royal_de_Mariemont_-_Statuette_de_V%C3%A9nus_sortant_de_l%27onde_%284%29.JPG/253px-Wiki_Loves_Art_-_Morlanwelz_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Royal_de_Mariemont_-_Statuette_de_V%C3%A9nus_sortant_de_l%27onde_%284%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greco-Roman bronze statuette</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphrodite_Anadyomene_Louvre_CA2288.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greek terracotta, from Pontus"><img alt="Greek terracotta, from Pontus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aphrodite_Anadyomene_Louvre_CA2288.jpg/133px-Aphrodite_Anadyomene_Louvre_CA2288.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aphrodite_Anadyomene_Louvre_CA2288.jpg/200px-Aphrodite_Anadyomene_Louvre_CA2288.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aphrodite_Anadyomene_Louvre_CA2288.jpg/267px-Aphrodite_Anadyomene_Louvre_CA2288.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="2240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greek terracotta, from <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charles_R._Mack's_interpretation"><span id="Charles_R._Mack.27s_interpretation"></span>Charles R. Mack's interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_Venus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Charles R. Mack's interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Zephyr_and_Chloris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Zephyr_and_Chloris.jpg/220px-The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Zephyr_and_Chloris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Zephyr_and_Chloris.jpg/330px-The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Zephyr_and_Chloris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Zephyr_and_Chloris.jpg/440px-The_Birth_of_Venus_detail_-_Zephyr_and_Chloris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13225" data-file-height="14193" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyr</a> and his companion</figcaption></figure> <p>Another interpretation of the <i>Birth of Venus</i> is provided by art historian and author, Charles R. Mack.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation takes much that is generally agreed, but Mack goes on to explain the painting as an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> extolling the virtues of <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has not been adopted by Renaissance art historians in general,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it remains problematic, since it depends on the painting being commissioned by the Medici, yet the work is not documented in Medici hands until well into the following century. </p><p>Mack sees the scene as inspired by both the Homeric Hymn and the ancient paintings. But something more than a rediscovered Homeric hymn was likely in the mind of the Medici family member who commissioned this painting from Botticelli. Once again, Botticelli, in his version of the Birth of Venus, might be seen as completing the task begun by his ancient predecessor Apelles, even surpassing him. Giving added support to this interpretation of Botticelli as a born-again Apelles is the fact that that very claim was voiced in 1488 by Ugolino Verino in a poem entitled "On Giving Praise to the History of Florence."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Botticelli might well have been celebrated as a revivified Apelles, his <i>Birth of Venus</i> also testified to the special nature of Florence's chief citizen, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a>. Although it now seems that the painting was executed for another member of the Medici family, it likely was intended to celebrate and flatter its head, Lorenzo de' Medici. Tradition associates the image of Venus in Botticelli's painting with the famous beauty <a href="/wiki/Simonetta_Cattaneo_Vespucci" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonetta Cattaneo Vespucci">Simonetta Cattaneo Vespucci</a>, of whom popular legend claims both Lorenzo and his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_de%27_Medici" title="Giuliano de' Medici">Giuliano</a>, were great admirers. Simonetta was possibly born in the <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Ligurian</a> seaside town of <a href="/wiki/Porto_Venere" title="Porto Venere">Portovenere</a> ('the port of Venus'). Thus, in Botticelli's interpretation, Pankaspe (the ancient living prototype of Simonetta), the mistress of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (the Laurentian predecessor), becomes the lovely model for the lost <i>Venus</i> executed by the famous Greek painter <a href="/wiki/Apelles" title="Apelles">Apelles</a> (reborn through the recreative talents of Botticelli), which ended up in Rome, installed by Emperor Augustus in the temple dedicated to Florence's supposed founder <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. </p><p>In the case of Botticelli's <i>Birth of Venus</i>, the suggested references to Lorenzo, supported by other internal indicators such as the stand of laurel bushes at the right, would have been just the sort of thing erudite Florentine humanists would have appreciated. Accordingly, by overt implication, Lorenzo becomes the new Alexander the Great with an implied link to both Augustus, the first Roman emperor, and even to Florence's legendary founder, Caesar himself. Lorenzo, furthermore, is not only magnificent but, as was Alexander in Pliny's story, also magnanimous, as well. Ultimately, these readings of the <i>Birth of Venus</i> flatter not only the Medici and Botticelli but all of Florence, home to the worthy successors to some of the greatest figures of antiquity, both in governance and in the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These essentially pagan readings of Botticelli's <i>Birth of Venus</i> should not exclude a more purely Christian one, which may be derived from the Neoplatonic reading of the painting indicated above. Viewed from a religious standpoint, the nudity of Venus suggests that of Eve before the Fall as well as the pure love of Paradise. Once landed, the goddess of love will don the earthly garb of mortal sin, an act that will lead to the New Eve – the Madonna whose purity is represented by the nude Venus. Once draped in earthly garments she becomes a personification of the Christian Church which offers a spiritual transport back to the pure love of eternal salvation. In this case the scallop shell upon which this image of Venus/Eve/Madonna/Church stands may be seen in its traditionally symbolic pilgrimage context. Furthermore, the broad expanse of sea serves as a reminder of the Virgin Mary's title <i>stella maris</i>, alluding both to the Madonna's name (Maria/maris) and to the heavenly body (Venus/stella). The sea brings forth Venus just as the Virgin gives birth to the ultimate symbol of love, Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Botticelli_021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sandro_Botticelli_021.jpg/220px-Sandro_Botticelli_021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sandro_Botticelli_021.jpg/330px-Sandro_Botticelli_021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sandro_Botticelli_021.jpg/440px-Sandro_Botticelli_021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2009" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Calumny_of_Apelles_(Botticelli)" title="Calumny of Apelles (Botticelli)"><i>Calumny of Apelles</i></a>, 1494–95, with "Truth" at left. <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, Florence.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rather than choosing one of the many interpretations offered for Botticelli's depiction of the <i>Birth (Arrival?) of Venus</i> it might be better to view it from a variety of perspectives. This layered approach—mythological, political, religious—was intended.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivative_versions">Derivative versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_Venus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Derivative versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botticelli_-_Venus_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie,_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Botticelli_-_Venus_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie%2C_Berlin.jpg/170px-Botticelli_-_Venus_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie%2C_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Botticelli_-_Venus_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie%2C_Berlin.jpg/255px-Botticelli_-_Venus_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie%2C_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Botticelli_-_Venus_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie%2C_Berlin.jpg/340px-Botticelli_-_Venus_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie%2C_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Berlin <i>Venus</i>, workshop of Botticelli. <a href="/wiki/Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie,_Berlin" title="Gemäldegalerie, Berlin">Gemäldegalerie, Berlin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Botticelli, or more likely his workshop, repeated the figure of Venus in another painting of about 1490. This life-sized work depicts a similar figure and pose, partially clad in a light blouse, and contrasted against a plain dark background. It is in the <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Sabauda" title="Galleria Sabauda">Galleria Sabauda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shea_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is another such workshop <i>Venus</i> in Berlin, and very likely others were destroyed in the "<a href="/wiki/Bonfire_of_the_Vanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfire of the Vanities">Bonfire of the Vanities</a>". Examples seem to have been exported to France and Germany, probably influencing <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> More than a decade later, Botticelli adapted the figure of Venus for a nude personification of "Truth" in his <a href="/wiki/Calumny_of_Apelles_(Botticelli)" title="Calumny of Apelles (Botticelli)"><i>Calumny of Apelles</i></a>. Here one hand is raised, pointing to heaven for justification, and the figure's gaze also looks upwards; the whole effect is very different.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titian_(Tiziano_Vecellio)_-_Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea_(%27Venus_Anadyomene%27)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Venus Rising from the Sea" by Titian c. 1520-25"><img alt="Venus Anadyomene Rising from the Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Titian_%28Tiziano_Vecellio%29_-_Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea_%28%27Venus_Anadyomene%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/90px-Titian_%28Tiziano_Vecellio%29_-_Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea_%28%27Venus_Anadyomene%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Titian_%28Tiziano_Vecellio%29_-_Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea_%28%27Venus_Anadyomene%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/135px-Titian_%28Tiziano_Vecellio%29_-_Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea_%28%27Venus_Anadyomene%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Titian_%28Tiziano_Vecellio%29_-_Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea_%28%27Venus_Anadyomene%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/181px-Titian_%28Tiziano_Vecellio%29_-_Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea_%28%27Venus_Anadyomene%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3014" data-file-height="4001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Venus Rising from the Sea" by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> c. 1520-25</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Moreau_-_Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus sortant de l'Onde, Gustave Moreau, 1866"><img alt="Venus sortant de l'Onde, Gustave Moreau, 1866" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gustave_Moreau_-_Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/97px-Gustave_Moreau_-_Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gustave_Moreau_-_Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/145px-Gustave_Moreau_-_Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gustave_Moreau_-_Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/194px-Gustave_Moreau_-_Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3640" data-file-height="4501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Venus sortant de l'Onde</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moreau" title="Gustave Moreau">Gustave Moreau</a>, 1866</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea,_by_James_McNeill_Whistler,_c._1866-1870,_oil_on_canvas_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC04815.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus Rising from the Sea by James McNeill Whistler, c. 1866-1870"><img alt="Venus Rising from the Sea by James McNeill Whistler, c. 1866-1870" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea%2C_by_James_McNeill_Whistler%2C_c._1866-1870%2C_oil_on_canvas_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC04815.jpg/99px-Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea%2C_by_James_McNeill_Whistler%2C_c._1866-1870%2C_oil_on_canvas_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC04815.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea%2C_by_James_McNeill_Whistler%2C_c._1866-1870%2C_oil_on_canvas_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC04815.jpg/149px-Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea%2C_by_James_McNeill_Whistler%2C_c._1866-1870%2C_oil_on_canvas_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC04815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea%2C_by_James_McNeill_Whistler%2C_c._1866-1870%2C_oil_on_canvas_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC04815.jpg/198px-Venus_Rising_from_the_Sea%2C_by_James_McNeill_Whistler%2C_c._1866-1870%2C_oil_on_canvas_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC04815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="3830" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Venus Rising from the Sea by <a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a>, c. 1866-1870</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Birth_of_Venus_-_Charles_Haslewood_Shannon_-_ABDAG003859.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Birth of Venus by Charles Haslewood Shannon, 1923"><img alt="The Birth of Venus by Charles Haslewood Shannon, 1923" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Birth_of_Venus_-_Charles_Haslewood_Shannon_-_ABDAG003859.jpg/120px-The_Birth_of_Venus_-_Charles_Haslewood_Shannon_-_ABDAG003859.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Birth_of_Venus_-_Charles_Haslewood_Shannon_-_ABDAG003859.jpg/180px-The_Birth_of_Venus_-_Charles_Haslewood_Shannon_-_ABDAG003859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Birth_of_Venus_-_Charles_Haslewood_Shannon_-_ABDAG003859.jpg/240px-The_Birth_of_Venus_-_Charles_Haslewood_Shannon_-_ABDAG003859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Birth of Venus</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Haslewood_Shannon" title="Charles Haslewood Shannon">Charles Haslewood Shannon</a>, 1923</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_in_popular_culture">References in popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_Venus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Parts of the painting are used for the background of the cover artwork for the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a> album, <i><a href="/wiki/Artpop" title="Artpop">Artpop</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>The music video for the album's lead single, "<a href="/wiki/Applause_(Lady_Gaga_song)" title="Applause (Lady Gaga song)">Applause</a>", also features a reference to the painting, depicting the singer in a blonde wig, wearing nothing but shells.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_2018_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain_2018-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music video also contains nods to various other famous works of art, including the <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> painting <i><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Diptych" title="Marilyn Diptych">Marilyn Diptych</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>A stylised detail of the painting, with the portion of the Venus's face, was used by Adobe in the splash screen image for their Illustrator software from its initial version in 1986, until 2003<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The painting is recreated in one scene from the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a> film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Baron_Munchausen" title="The Adventures of Baron Munchausen">The Adventures of Baron Munchausen</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_2018_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain_2018-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The painting is used as the background for the cover artwork for the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Cecile_Believe" title="Cecile Believe">Cecile Believe</a> album, <i>Made in Heaven</i>.</li> <li>The painting is referenced in the title and cover artwork for <a href="/wiki/Venus_on_the_Half-Shell" title="Venus on the Half-Shell">Venus on the Half-Shell</a>, a science fiction novel by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> reproduced the image in his series Details of Renaissance paintings (Sandro Botticelli, Birth of Venus, 1482) Portfolio (F & S II.316–319). The portfolio comprises four screenprints in editions of 70, plus proofs, each signed and numbered.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_Venus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Sandro_Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="List of works by Sandro Botticelli">List of works by Sandro Botticelli</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/100_Great_Paintings" title="100 Great Paintings">100 Great Paintings</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_Venus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ettlingers, 134; Legouix, 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ettlingers, 135–136; Lightbown, 160–162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For classical examples, see below. Scallops were familiar Italian seafood, but their shells are never more than a few inches wide. The main European species eaten are <i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_maximus" title="Pecten maximus">Pecten maximus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_jacobaeus" title="Pecten jacobaeus">Pecten jacobaeus</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. No Mediterranean shell is anything like this large, although various tropical <a href="/wiki/Giant_clam" title="Giant clam">giant clam</a> species may reach half this width or more, with a rather different shape.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightbown, 153–156; 159; Wind, 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightbown, 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightbown, 156–159; Wind, 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dempsey uses these identifications. Legouix, 21 argues for the traditional one for the female held by Zephyr.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wind, 115–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightbown, 159–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightbown, 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightbown, 153, 162–163, 163 quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StClair-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StClair_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSt._Clair2016" class="citation book cs1">St. Clair, Kassia (2016). <i>The Secret Lives of Colour</i>. London: John Murray. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473630819" title="Special:BookSources/9781473630819"><bdi>9781473630819</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936144129">936144129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Lives+of+Colour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936144129&rft.isbn=9781473630819&rft.aulast=St.+Clair&rft.aufirst=Kassia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Birth+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightbown, 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hemsoll, 2:50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, 97–98, 98 quoted; Ettlingers, 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smarth-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smarth_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smarth_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smarth_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/Botticelli.html">"Botticelli's Birth of Venus"</a>. Smarthistory at Khan Academy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Botticelli%27s+Birth+of+Venus&rft.pub=Smarthistory+at+Khan+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmarthistory.khanacademy.org%2FBotticelli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Birth+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hemsoll, 18:15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clerk, 281–282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ettlingers, 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightbown, 323, note 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightbown, 120–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightbown, 122 (<i>Primavera</i> in the 1499 inventory), 152. In addition, the writer on art known as the "<a href="/wiki/Anonimo_Gaddiano" title="Anonimo Gaddiano">Anonimo Gaddiano</a>", from around 1540, speaks of "several" very fine Botticellis at Castello, which may confirm the <i>Birth</i> was there.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightbown, 122, 153; Hartt, 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dempsey, Legouix, 115, 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Legouix, 115–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among many interpretations start with: <a href="/wiki/Aby_Warburg" title="Aby Warburg">Aby Warburg</a>, <i>The Renewal of Pagan Antiquity,</i> trans. David Britt, Los Angeles, 1999, 405–431; <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gombrich" title="Ernst Gombrich">Ernst H. Gombrich</a>, "Botticelli's Mythologies: A Study in the Neoplatonic Symbolism of his circle," <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes,</i> 8 (1945) 7–60; Wind, Chapter VIII; Lightbown, 152–163; Frank Zollner, <i>Botticelli: Images of Love and Spring,</i> Munich, 1998, 82–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dempsey, saying Wind is "the most important and complete Neo-Platonic interpretation of Botticelli’s mythological paintings".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wind, Chapter VIII (Chapter VII on the <i>Primavera</i>); <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Stokstad" title="Marilyn Stokstad">Stokstad, Marilyn</a> <i>Art History</i>, Pearson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Symposium,</i> 180–181, 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hemsoll, 12:00; Hartt, 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Hankins, "The Myth of the Platonic Academy of Florence," <i>Renaissance Quarterly,</i> 44 (1991) 429–475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lilian Zirpolo, "Botticelli's <i>Primavera:</i> a Lesson for the Bride," <i>Woman's Art Journal,</i> 12/2 1991; Jane C. Long, "Botticelli's <i>Birth of Venus</i> as Wedding Painting," <i>Aurora,</i> 9 (2008) 1–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More clearly in the Latin Florentia ("flowering") than in the Italian Firenze. This was a Roman imperial rename, the city having originally been Fluentia, for its two rivers. Hemsoll, 13:40; Hartt, 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, 2005, 85–86; Lightbown, 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightbown, 159–160; <i>Stanze de Messer Angelo Poliziano cominciate per la giostra del magnifico Giuliano di Pietro de Medici,</i> I 99, 101, trans. David L. Quint, University Park, Pennsylvania, 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, 97 quoted; see also Ettlingers, 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hemsoll, 7:40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, 92, 96–97; Lightbown, 160, "the first surviving celebration of the beauty of the female nude represented for its own perfection rather than with erotic or moral or religious overtones."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, 76–81; Dempsey</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <i>Natural History</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attalus.org/translate/pliny_hn35a.html#86">xxxv.86–87, 91</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, 2005, 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/mack-charles-r-1940">"Mack, Charles R. 1940–"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Mack%2C+Charles+R.+1940%E2%80%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Farts%2Feducational-magazines%2Fmack-charles-r-1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Birth+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack (2005), 85–87 and also Mack (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Frank Zöllner, <i>Sandro Botticelli,</i> Munich, 2005; David Wilkins, <i>A History of Italian Renaissance Art,</i> Upper Saddle River, 2011, neither of whom follow Mack's interpretation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, 2005, 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, 2005, 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack (2002), 225–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack (2002), 207, 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shea-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shea_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea2017" class="citation web cs1">Shea, Andrea (April 14, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbur.org/artery/2017/04/14/venus-mfa-botticelli">"What 'Venus', Now At The MFA, Can Teach Us About Renaissance Painter Sandro Botticelli"</a>. <i>The ARTery</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+ARTery&rft.atitle=What+%27Venus%27%2C+Now+At+The+MFA%2C+Can+Teach+Us+About+Renaissance+Painter+Sandro+Botticelli&rft.date=2017-04-14&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbur.org%2Fartery%2F2017%2F04%2F14%2Fvenus-mfa-botticelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Birth+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.org/exhibitions/botticelli-and-the-search-for-the-divine">"Botticelli and the Search for the Divine"</a>. <i>Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</i>. 19 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Fine+Arts%2C+Boston&rft.atitle=Botticelli+and+the+Search+for+the+Divine&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.org%2Fexhibitions%2Fbotticelli-and-the-search-for-the-divine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Birth+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, 101–102; Lightbown, 313–315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, 99–100; Ettlingers, 145–146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVena2013" class="citation news cs1">Vena, Jocelyn (October 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010051155/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1715169/lady-gaga-artpop-cover.jhtml">"Lady Gaga Unveils ARTPOP Cover: See It Here! – Music, Celebrity, Artist News"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andipa+Editions&rft.atitle=Andy+Warhol+Birth+of+Venus+For+Sale+%28F+%26+S+II.316%E2%80%93319%29+Abour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandipaeditions.com%2Fandy-warhol-details-of-renaissance-paintings-sandro-botticelli-birth-of-venus-1482%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Birth+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_Venus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Clark, Kenneth</a>, <i>The Nude, A Study in Ideal Form</i>, orig. 1949, various edns, page refs from Pelican edn of 1960</li> <li>Dempsey, Charles, "Botticelli, Sandro", <a href="/wiki/Grove_Art_Online" title="Grove Art Online">Grove Art Online</a>, Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 15 May. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T010385">subscription required</a>.</li> <li>"Ettlingers": <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ettlinger" title="Leopold Ettlinger">Leopold Ettlinger</a> with Helen S. Ettlinger, <i>Botticelli</i>, 1976, Thames and Hudson (World of Art), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500201536" title="Special:BookSources/0500201536">0500201536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hartt" title="Frederick Hartt">Hartt, Frederick</a>, <i>History of Italian Renaissance Art</i>, (2nd edn.)1987, Thames & Hudson (US Harry N Abrams), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500235104" title="Special:BookSources/0500235104">0500235104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsoll,_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemsoll, David">Hemsoll, David</a>, <i>The Birth of Venus</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-pzFEZwmDBc">University of Birmingham, 18 min introductory lecture</a>, refs to mm:ss</li> <li>Legouix, Susan, <i>Botticelli</i>, 115–118, 2004 (revd edn), Chaucer Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1904449212" title="Special:BookSources/1904449212">1904449212</a></li> <li>Lightbown, Ronald, <i>Sandro Botticelli: Life and Work</i>, 1989, Thames and Hudson</li> <li>Mack, Charles R. (2002),"Botticelli's Venus: Antique Allusions and Medicean Propaganda," <i>Explorations in Renaissance Culture</i>, 28, 1 (Winter), 2002, 1–31.</li> <li>Mack, Charles R. (2005), <i>Looking at the Renaissance: Essays toward a Contextual Appreciation</i>, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wind" title="Edgar Wind">Wind, Edgar</a>, <i>Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance</i>, 1967 edn., Peregrine Books</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_Venus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Sandro_Botticelli" title="Template:Sandro Botticelli"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sandro_Botticelli" title="Template talk:Sandro Botticelli"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sandro_Botticelli" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sandro Botticelli"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sandro_Botticelli" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Sandro_Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="List of works by Sandro Botticelli">List of works</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fortitude_(Botticelli)" title="Fortitude (Botticelli)">Fortitude</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primavera_(Botticelli)" title="Primavera (Botticelli)">Primavera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pallas_and_the_Centaur" title="Pallas and the Centaur">Pallas and the Centaur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_Mars_(Botticelli)" title="Venus and Mars (Botticelli)">Venus and Mars</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Birth of Venus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calumny_of_Apelles_(Botticelli)" title="Calumny of Apelles (Botticelli)">Calumny of Apelles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy_Illustrated_by_Botticelli" title="Divine Comedy Illustrated by Botticelli">Illustrations to the <i>Divine Comedy</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Nastagio_Degli_Onesti,_part_one" title="The Story of Nastagio Degli Onesti, part one">The Story of Nastagio Degli Onesti, part one</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_the_Three_Graces_Presenting_Gifts_to_a_Young_Woman" title="Venus and the Three Graces Presenting Gifts to a Young Woman">Venus and the Three Graces Presenting Gifts to a Young Woman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Young_Man_Being_Introduced_to_the_Seven_Liberal_Arts" title="A Young Man Being Introduced to the Seven Liberal Arts">A Young Man Being Introduced to the Seven Liberal Arts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Virginia_(Botticelli)" title="The Story of Virginia (Botticelli)">The Story of Virginia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Lucretia_(Botticelli)" title="The Story of Lucretia (Botticelli)">The Story of Lucretia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Botticelli_083.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sandro_Botticelli_083.jpg/110px-Sandro_Botticelli_083.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sandro_Botticelli_083.jpg/165px-Sandro_Botticelli_083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sandro_Botticelli_083.jpg/220px-Sandro_Botticelli_083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="2264" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio_Altarpiece_(Botticelli)" title="Sant'Ambrogio Altarpiece (Botticelli)">Sant'Ambrogio Altarpiece</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_the_Body_of_Holofernes" title="The Discovery of the Body of Holofernes">The Discovery of the Body of Holofernes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Judith_to_Bethulia" title="The Return of Judith to Bethulia">The Return of Judith to Bethulia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Botticelli,_1475)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Botticelli, 1475)">Adoration of the Magi</a></i> (Florence)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sebastian_(Botticelli)" title="Saint Sebastian (Botticelli)">Saint Sebastian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Esther" title="Life of Esther">Life of Esther</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine_in_His_Study_(Botticelli,_Ognissanti)" title="Saint Augustine in His Study (Botticelli, Ognissanti)">Saint Augustine in His Study</a></i> (Florence: Ognissanti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>: <a href="/wiki/Temptations_of_Christ_(Botticelli)" title="Temptations of Christ (Botticelli)"><i>Temptations of Christ</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Youth_of_Moses" title="Youth of Moses">Youth of Moses</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Punishment_of_the_Sons_of_Korah" title="Punishment of the Sons of Korah">Punishment of the Sons of Korah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cestello_Annunciation" title="Cestello Annunciation">Cestello Annunciation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamentation_over_the_Dead_Christ_(Botticelli,_Munich)" title="Lamentation over the Dead Christ (Botticelli, Munich)">Lamentation over the Dead Christ</a></i> (Munich)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine_in_His_Study_(Botticelli,_Uffizi)" title="Saint Augustine in His Study (Botticelli, Uffizi)">Saint Augustine in His Study</a></i> (Florence: Uffizi)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pala_delle_Convertite" title="Pala delle Convertite">Pala delle Convertite</a></i> (Trinity)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamentation_over_the_Dead_Christ_(Botticelli,_Milan)" title="Lamentation over the Dead Christ (Botticelli, Milan)">Lamentation over the Dead Christ</a></i> (Milan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Communion_of_Saint_Jerome_(Botticelli)" title="The Last Communion of Saint Jerome (Botticelli)">The Last Communion of Saint Jerome</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mystical_Nativity" title="The Mystical Nativity">The Mystical Nativity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Crucifixion" title="Mystic Crucifixion">Mystic Crucifixion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scenes_from_the_Life_of_Saint_Zenobius" title="Scenes from the Life of Saint Zenobius">Scenes from the Life of Saint Zenobius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_of_Sorrows_(Botticelli)" title="The Man of Sorrows (Botticelli)">The Man of Sorrows</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madonnas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_with_an_Angel_(Botticelli,_Florence)" title="Virgin and Child with an Angel (Botticelli, Florence)">Virgin and Child with an Angel</a></i> (Florence)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_della_Loggia_(Botticelli)" title="Madonna della Loggia (Botticelli)">Madonna della Loggia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_(Botticelli,_Avignon)" title="Madonna and Child (Botticelli, Avignon)">Madonna and Child</a></i> (Avignon)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_delle_Grazie_(Botticelli)" title="Madonna delle Grazie (Botticelli)"> Madonna delle Grazie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_in_Glory_with_Seraphim_(Botticelli)" title="Madonna in Glory with Seraphim (Botticelli)">Madonna in Glory with Seraphim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Rose_Garden_(Botticelli)" title="Madonna of the Rose Garden (Botticelli)">Madonna of the Rose Garden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_with_Two_Angels_(Botticelli,_Naples)" title="Virgin and Child with Two Angels (Botticelli, Naples)">Virgin and Child with Two Angels</a></i> (Naples)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_with_Two_Angels_(Botticelli,_Strasbourg)" title="Virgin and Child with Two Angels (Botticelli, Strasbourg)">Virgin and Child with Two Angels</a></i> (Strasbourg)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_with_an_Angel_(Botticelli,_Boston)" title="Virgin and Child with an Angel (Botticelli, Boston)">Virgin and Child with an Angel</a></i> (Boston)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bardi_Madonna" title="Bardi Madonna">Bardi Madonna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Magnificat" title="Madonna of the Magnificat">Madonna of the Magnificat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Book" title="Madonna of the Book">Madonna of the Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Pomegranate" title="Madonna of the Pomegranate">Madonna of the Pomegranate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_Adoring_the_Child_with_Five_Angels_(Botticelli)" title="Madonna Adoring the Child with Five Angels (Botticelli)">Madonna Adoring the Child with Five Angels</a></i></li> <li>Annunciation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_(Botticelli,_Glasgow)" title="Annunciation (Botticelli, Glasgow)">Glascow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_(Botticelli,_New_York)" title="Annunciation (Botticelli, New York)">New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_with_the_Infant_St._John_the_Baptist_(Botticelli)" title="Virgin and Child with the Infant St. John the Baptist (Botticelli)">Virgin and Child with the Infant St. John the Baptist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_with_the_Young_Saint_John_the_Baptist" title="Virgin and Child with the Young Saint John the Baptist">Virgin and Child with the Young Saint John the Baptist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_del_Padiglione_(Botticelli)" title="Madonna del Padiglione (Botticelli)">Madonna del Padiglione</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Lady_Known_as_Smeralda_Brandini" title="Portrait of a Lady Known as Smeralda Brandini">Portrait of Smeralda Brandini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_(Botticelli,_London)" title="Portrait of a Young Man (Botticelli, London)">Young Man</a></i> (London)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Man_with_a_Medal_of_Cosimo_the_Elder" title="Portrait of a Man with a Medal of Cosimo the Elder">Portrait of a Man with a Medal of Cosimo the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Giuliano_de%27_Medici_(Botticelli,_Berlin)" title="Portrait of Giuliano de' Medici (Botticelli, Berlin)">Portrait of Giuliano de' Medici</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_(Botticelli,_Washington)" title="Portrait of a Young Man (Botticelli, Washington)">Young Man</a></i> (Washington, D.C.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_(Botticelli,_Frankfurt)" title="Portrait of a Young Woman (Botticelli, Frankfurt)">Young Woman</a></i> (Frankfurt)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_(Botticelli,_Pitti_Palace)" title="Portrait of a Young Man (Botticelli, Pitti Palace)">Young Man</a></i> (Florence)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_holding_a_Roundel" title="Portrait of a Young Man holding a Roundel">Portrait of a Young Man holding a Roundel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botticelli_Inferno" title="Botticelli Inferno"><i>Botticelli Inferno</i> (2016 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botticelli_(crater)" title="Botticelli (crater)">Botticelli (crater)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151047#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151047#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151047#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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