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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Contraindications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Side effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Side effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mood_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mood_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Mood changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mood_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Long-term effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blood_clots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_clots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Blood clots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_clots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone_density" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_density"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Bone density </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_density-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HIV_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 HIV risk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breastfeeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breastfeeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Breastfeeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breastfeeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Overdose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Interactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Pharmacology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pharmacology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmacodynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Pharmacodynamics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Progestogenic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progestogenic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Progestogenic activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progestogenic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antigonadotropic_and_anticorticotropic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antigonadotropic_and_anticorticotropic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Antigonadotropic and anticorticotropic effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antigonadotropic_and_anticorticotropic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Androgenic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Androgenic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Androgenic activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Androgenic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glucocorticoid_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glucocorticoid_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Glucocorticoid activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glucocorticoid_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steroidogenesis_inhibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steroidogenesis_inhibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.5 Steroidogenesis inhibition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steroidogenesis_inhibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GABAA_receptor_allosteric_modulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GABAA_receptor_allosteric_modulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.6 GABAA receptor allosteric modulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GABAA_receptor_allosteric_modulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appetite_stimulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appetite_stimulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.7 Appetite stimulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appetite_stimulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.8 Other activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Pharmacokinetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Absorption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Metabolism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4 Elimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Level–effect_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Level–effect_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.5 Level–effect relationships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Level–effect_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time–concentration_curves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time–concentration_curves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.6 Time–concentration curves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time–concentration_curves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generic_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generic_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Generic names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generic_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brand_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brand_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Brand names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brand_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Availability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outside_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.1 Outside the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Veterinary use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" > 16 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="أسيتات ميدروكسي بروجستيرون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسيتات ميدروكسي بروجستيرون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-acetato_de_medroxiprogesterona" title="17-acetato de medroxiprogesterona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="17-acetato de medroxiprogesterona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مدروکسی پروژسترون استات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدروکسی پروژسترون استات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A9tate_de_m%C3%A9droxyprogest%C3%A9rone" title="Acétate de médroxyprogestérone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acétate de médroxyprogestérone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetato_de_medroxiproxesterona" title="Acetato de medroxiproxesterona – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acetato de medroxiproxesterona" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medroksiprogesteron_asetat" title="Medroksiprogesteron asetat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Medroksiprogesteron asetat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medroksiprogesteron_asetat" title="Medroksiprogesteron asetat – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Medroksiprogesteron asetat" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="メドロキシプロゲステロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メドロキシプロゲステロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F" title="ମେଡ୍ରକ୍ସିପ୍ରୋଜେସ୍ଟେରନ ଆସେଟେଟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମେଡ୍ରକ୍ସିପ୍ରୋଜେସ୍ଟେରନ ଆସେଟେଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مێدرۆکسی پرۆجێسترۆن ئاستەیت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێدرۆکسی پرۆجێسترۆن ئاستەیت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medroksiprogesteron_acetat" title="Medroksiprogesteron acetat – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Medroksiprogesteron acetat" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medroksiprogesteron_acetat" title="Medroksiprogesteron acetat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Medroksiprogesteron acetat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medroksiprogesteroniasetaatti" title="Medroksiprogesteroniasetaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Medroksiprogesteroniasetaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%95" title="เมดร็อกซีโพรเจสเทอโรนอะซีเทต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมดร็อกซีโพรเจสเทอโรนอะซีเทต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medroksiprogesteron_asetat" title="Medroksiprogesteron asetat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Medroksiprogesteron asetat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Injectable form of birth control</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a>, a natural and bioidentical progestogen.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Medroxyprogesterone_acetate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate.svg/250px-Medroxyprogesterone_acetate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate.svg/375px-Medroxyprogesterone_acetate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate.svg/500px-Medroxyprogesterone_acetate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="356" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_molecule_ball.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_molecule_ball.png/235px-Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_molecule_ball.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_molecule_ball.png/353px-Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_molecule_ball.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_molecule_ball.png/470px-Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_molecule_ball.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/mɛˌdrɒksiproʊˈdʒɛstəroʊn ˈæsɪteɪt/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">me-DROKS-ee-proh-JES-tər-ohn ASS-i-tayt</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-2-1">[1]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Depo-Provera, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">MPA; DMPA; Methylhydroxyprogesterone acetate; Methylacetoxyprogesterone; MAP; Methypregnone; Metipregnone; 6α-Methyl-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate; 6α-Methyl-17α-acetoxyprogesterone; 6α-Methyl-17α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione acetate; NSC-26386</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/medroxyprogesterone-acetate.html">Monograph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a604039.html">a604039</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: D</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous injection</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)" title="Progestogen (medication)">Progestogen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">Progestin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Progestogen_ester" title="Progestogen ester">Progestogen ester</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropin" title="Antigonadotropin">Antigonadotropin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steroidal_antiandrogen" title="Steroidal antiandrogen">Steroidal antiandrogen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G03" title="ATC code G03">G03AC06</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=G03AC06">WHO</a>) <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G03" title="ATC code G03">G03DA02</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=G03DA02">WHO</a>), <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L02" title="ATC code L02">L02AB02</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=L02AB02">WHO</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug"> ℞-only</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning">WARNING</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings-2">[2]</a>Rx-only</li> <li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">By mouth: ~100%<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19434889-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">88% (to <a href="/wiki/Serum_albumin" title="Serum albumin">albumin</a>)<a href="#cite_note-pmid19434889-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydroxylation" title="Hydroxylation">hydroxylation</a> (<a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>), <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conjugation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugation (biochemistry)">conjugation</a>)<a href="#cite_note-ProveraLabel-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26291834-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination half-life</a></th><td class="infobox-data">By mouth: 12–33 hours<a href="#cite_note-ProveraLabel-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a> <abbr title="Intramuscular injection">IM</abbr> (<a href="/wiki/Aqueous_suspension" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous suspension"><abbr title="aqueous suspension">aq. susp.</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip aqueous suspension): ~50 days<a href="#cite_note-DepoProveraLabel-7">[7]</a> <abbr title="Subcutaneous injection">SC</abbr> (<abbr title="aqueous suspension">aq. susp.</abbr>): ~40 days<a href="#cite_note-DepoSubQProveraLabel-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">Urine</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Conjugation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugation (biochemistry)">conjugates</a>)<a href="#cite_note-ProveraLabel-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">[(6S,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17R)-17-acetyl-6,10,13-trimethyl-3-oxo-2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl] acetate</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=71-58-9">71-58-9</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6279">6279</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=2879">2879</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00603">DB00603</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.6043.html">6043</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/C2QI4IOI2G">C2QI4IOI2G</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C08150">C08150</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:6716">CHEBI:6716</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL717">ChEMBL717</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID0025527">DTXSID0025527</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823834#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.689">100.000.689</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823834#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C24H34O4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">386.532 g·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C%5BC%40H%5D1C%5BC%40%40H%5D2%5BC%40H%5D%28CC%5BC%40%5D3%28%5BC%40H%5D2CC%5BC%40%40%5D3%28C%28%3DO%29C%29OC%28%3DO%29C%29C%29%5BC%40%40%5D4%28C1%3DCC%28%3DO%29CC4%29C">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">207 to 209 °C (405 to 408 °F)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">C[C@H]1C[C@@H]2[C@H](CC[C@]3([C@H]2CC[C@@]3(C(=O)C)OC(=O)C)C)[C@@]4(C1=CC(=O)CC4)C</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=InChI=1S/C24H34O4/c1-14-12-18-19(22(4)9-6-17(27)13-21(14)22)7-10-23(5)20(18)8-11-24(23,15(2)25)28-16(3)26/h13-14,18-20H,6-12H2,1-5H3/t14-,18+,19-,20-,22+,23-,24-/m0/s1</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:PSGAAPLEWMOORI-PEINSRQWSA-N</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=307255781&page2=Medroxyprogesterone+acetate">(verify)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), also known as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) in <a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">injectable</a> form and sold under the brand name Depo-Provera among others, is a <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal medication">hormonal medication</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">progestin</a> type.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a> It is used as a method of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> and as a part of <a href="/wiki/Menopausal_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal hormone therapy">menopausal hormone therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a> It is also used to treat <a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abnormal_uterine_bleeding" title="Abnormal uterine bleeding">abnormal uterine bleeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a>, and certain types of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-10">[10]</a> The medication is available both alone and in combination with an <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martindale-12">[12]</a> It is taken <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">by mouth</a>, used <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">under the tongue</a>, or by <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">injection into a muscle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">fat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-10">[10]</a> Common <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> include <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual disturbance">menstrual disturbances</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">absence of periods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-10">[10]</a> More serious side effects include <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">bone loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clot">blood clots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reactions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liver_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver problems">liver problems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-10">[10]</a> Use is not recommended during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> as it may <a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">harm the baby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-10">[10]</a> MPA is an <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic compound">artificial</a> <a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)" title="Progestogen (medication)">progestogen</a>, and as such <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">activates</a> the <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">progesterone receptor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">biological target</a> of <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a> It also has <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgenic</a> activity and weak <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoid</a> activity. Due to its progestogenic activity, MPA decreases the body's release of <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropins</a> and can suppress <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormone</a> levels.<a href="#cite_note-Genazzani1993-13">[13]</a> It works as a form of birth control by preventing <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-10">[10]</a> MPA was discovered in 1956 and was introduced for medical use in the United States in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts2013-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sneader2005-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-10">[10]</a> It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO21st-16">[16]</a> MPA is the most widely used progestin in menopausal hormone therapy and in <a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestogen-only birth control">progestogen-only birth control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meikle1999-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Organization)Organization2002-18">[18]</a> DMPA is approved for use as a form of long-acting birth control in more than 100 countries.<a href="#cite_note-BagadePawar2014c-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunasheela2011-20">[20]</a> In 2021, it was the 238th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> The most common use of MPA is in the form of DMPA as a long-acting <a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_injectable_contraceptive" title="Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive">progestogen-only injectable contraceptive</a> to prevent pregnancy in women. It is an extremely effective <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">contraceptive</a> when used with relatively high doses to prevent <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>. MPA is also used in combination with an estrogen in <a href="/wiki/Menopausal_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal hormone therapy">menopausal hormone therapy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Postmenopause" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmenopause">postmenopausal</a> women to treat and prevent <a href="/wiki/Menopausal_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal symptoms">menopausal symptoms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal atrophy">vaginal atrophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a> It is used in menopausal hormone therapy specifically to prevent <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_hyperplasia" title="Endometrial hyperplasia">endometrial hyperplasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">cancer</a> that would otherwise be induced by prolonged unopposed estrogen therapy in women with intact <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uteruses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22895916-23">[23]</a> In addition to contraception and menopausal hormone therapy, MPA is used in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Gynecological_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecological disorder">gynecological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_disorder" title="Menstrual disorder">menstrual disorders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">dysmenorrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">amenorrhea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Medline-24">[24]</a> Along with other progestins, MPA was developed to allow for oral progestogen therapy, as <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a> (the progestogen hormone made by the human body) could not be taken orally for many decades before the process of <a href="/wiki/Micronization" title="Micronization">micronization</a> was developed and became feasible in terms of <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_manufacturing" title="Pharmaceutical manufacturing">pharmaceutical manufacturing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Panay2010-25">[25]</a> DMPA reduces <a href="/wiki/Sex_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex drive">sex drive</a> in men and is used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration">chemical castration</a> to control <a href="/wiki/Sexual_deviance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual deviance">inappropriate or unwanted sexual behavior</a> in those with <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilias</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">hypersexuality</a>, including in convicted <a href="/wiki/Sex_offender" title="Sex offender">sex offenders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16575429-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salon2000-27">[27]</a> DMPA has also been used to treat <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">benign prostatic hyperplasia</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative</a> <a href="/wiki/Orexigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexigenic">appetite stimulant</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> patients, and at high doses (800 mg per day) to treat certain <a href="/wiki/Hormone-dependent_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormone-dependent cancer">hormone-dependent cancers</a> including <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal cancer">renal cancer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs@FDA-Depo-Provera-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyler-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid390798-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2974757-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1534051-32">[32]</a> MPA has also been prescribed in <a href="/wiki/Feminizing_hormone_therapy" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">feminizing hormone therapy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Transgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender women">transgender women</a> due to its <a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)" title="Progestogen (medication)">progestogenic</a> and functional <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">antiandrogenic</a> effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16286768-33">[33]</a> It has been used to delay puberty in children with <a href="/wiki/Precocious_puberty" title="Precocious puberty">precocious puberty</a> but is not satisfactory for this purpose as it is not able to completely suppress puberty.<a href="#cite_note-SachdevaDutta2012-34">[34]</a> DMPA at high doses has been reported to be definitively effective in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">hirsutism</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-Hammerstein1990-35">[35]</a> Though not used as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, MPA has been found to reduce the frequency of <a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">seizures</a> and does not interact with <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">antiepileptic</a> medications. MPA does not interfere with <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">blood clotting</a> and appears to improve blood parameters for women with <a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle cell anemia">sickle cell anemia</a>. Similarly, MPA does not appear to affect <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, and may improve <a href="/wiki/Primary_biliary_cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary biliary cirrhosis">primary biliary cirrhosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">chronic active hepatitis</a>. Women taking MPA may experience <a href="/wiki/Metrorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrorrhagia">spotting</a> shortly after starting the medication but is not usually serious enough to require medical intervention. With longer use <a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">amenorrhea</a> (absence of <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>) can occur as can <a href="/wiki/Irregular_menstruation" title="Irregular menstruation">irregular menstruation</a> which is a major source of dissatisfaction, though both can result in improvements with <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron deficiency (medicine)">iron deficiency</a> and risk of <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">pelvic inflammatory disease</a> and often do not result in discontinuation of the medication.<a href="#cite_note-Meyler-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_control">Birth control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth control">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lavender">Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Prikpil.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Prikpil.JPG/250px-Prikpil.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Prikpil.JPG/375px-Prikpil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Prikpil.JPG/500px-Prikpil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:lavender">Background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Hormonal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First use</th><td class="infobox-data">1969<a href="#cite_note-Nadakavukaren2011-36">[36]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Depo-Provera, Depo-SubQ Provera 104, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/depo-provera.html">depo-provera</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:lavender">Failure rates (first year)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perfect use</th><td class="infobox-data">0.2%<a href="#cite_note-Trussell_2011-37">[37]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Typical use</th><td class="infobox-data">6%<a href="#cite_note-Trussell_2011-37">[37]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:lavender">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration effect</th><td class="infobox-data">3 months (12–14 weeks)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reversibility</th><td class="infobox-data">3–18 months</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">User reminders</th><td class="infobox-data">Maximum interval is just under 3 months</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Clinic review</th><td class="infobox-data">12 weeks</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:lavender">Advantages and disadvantages</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">STI</a> protection</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period disadvantages</th><td class="infobox-data">Especially in first injection may be frequent spotting</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period advantages</th><td class="infobox-data">Usually no periods from 2nd injection</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Benefits</th><td class="infobox-data">Especially good if poor pill compliance. Reduced endometrial cancer risk.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Risks</th><td class="infobox-data">Reduced bone density, which may reverse after discontinuation</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:lavender">Medical notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #eee; font-size:x-small">For those intending to start family, suggest switch 6 months prior to alternative method (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Progestogen_only_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestogen only pill">POP</a>) allowing more reliable return fertility.</td></tr></tbody></table> DMPA, under brand names such as Depo-Provera and Depo-SubQ Provera 104, is used in <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal birth control">hormonal birth control</a> as a long-lasting progestogen-only injectable contraceptive to prevent pregnancy in women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18470526-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-westhoff-39">[39]</a> It is given by <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous injection</a> and forms a long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Depot_injection" title="Depot injection">depot</a>, from which it is slowly released over a period of several months. It takes one week to take effect if given after the first five days of the period cycle, and is effective immediately if given during the first five days of the period cycle. Estimates of first-year failure rates are about 0.3%.<a href="#cite_note-trussell_2004a-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Effectiveness">edit</a>]</div> Trussell's estimated perfect use first-year failure rate for DMPA as the average of failure rates in seven clinical trials at 0.3%.<a href="#cite_note-trussell_2004a-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-trussell_2004b-41">[41]</a> It was considered perfect use because the clinical trials measured efficacy during actual use of DMPA defined as being no longer than 14 or 15 weeks after an injection (i.e., no more than 1 or 2 weeks late for a next injection). Prior to 2004, Trussell's typical use failure rate for DMPA was the same as his perfect use failure rate: 0.3%.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <ul><li>DMPA estimated typical use first-year failure rate = 0.3% in: <ul><li>Contraceptive Technology, 16th revised edition (1994)<a href="#cite_note-trussell_1994-43">[43]</a></li> <li>Contraceptive Technology, 17th revised edition (1998)<a href="#cite_note-trussell_1998-44">[44]</a> <ul><li>Adopted in 1998 by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> for its current Uniform Contraceptive Labeling guidance<a href="#cite_note-fda_guidance-45">[45]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> In 2004, using the 1995 NSFG failure rate, Trussell increased (by 10 times) his typical use failure rate for DMPA from 0.3% to 3%.<a href="#cite_note-trussell_2004a-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-trussell_2004b-41">[41]</a> <ul><li>DMPA estimated typical use first-year failure rate = 3% in: <ul><li>Contraceptive Technology, 18th revised edition (2004)<a href="#cite_note-trussell_2004a-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Contraceptive Technology, 19th revised edition (2007)<a href="#cite_note-trussell_2007-46">[46]</a></li></ul></li></ul> Trussell did not use 1995 NSFG failure rates as typical use failure rates for the other two then newly available long-acting contraceptives, the <a href="/wiki/Norplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Norplant">Norplant</a> implant (2.3%) and the ParaGard copper T 380A <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">IUD</a> (3.7%), which were (as with DMPA) an order of magnitude higher than in clinical trials. Since Norplant and ParaGard allow no scope for user error, their much higher 1995 NSFG failure rates were attributed by Trussell to contraceptive overreporting at the time of a conception leading to a live birth.<a href="#cite_note-trussell_2004a-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-trussell_1999-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-trussell_2004b-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advantages">Advantages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advantages">edit</a>]</div> DMPA has a number of advantages and benefits:<a href="#cite_note-hatcher-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-speroff-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-westhoff-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-mishell-50">[50]</a> <ul><li>Highly effective at preventing pregnancy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Injected every 12 weeks. The only continuing action is to book subsequent follow-up injections every twelve weeks, and to monitor side effects to ensure that they do not require medical attention.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>No <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogen</a>. No increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Minimal <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">drug interactions</a> (compared to other <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraceptives" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal contraceptives">hormonal contraceptives</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Decreased risk of <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a>. DMPA reduces the risk of endometrial cancer by 80%.<a href="#cite_note-Kaunitz-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrJFP_Bigrigg1999-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO_DMPA_EC-53">[53]</a> The reduced risk of endometrial cancer in DMPA users is thought to be due to both the direct anti-proliferative effect of progestogen on the endometrium and the indirect reduction of estrogen levels by suppression of ovarian follicular development.<a href="#cite_note-Santen-54">[54]</a></li> <li>Decreased risk of <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron deficiency anemia">iron deficiency anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic pregnancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bartz_2011-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li>Decreased symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</a>.</li> <li>Decreased incidence of <a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">primary dysmenorrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mittelschmerz" title="Mittelschmerz">ovulation pain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cyst" title="Ovarian cyst">functional ovarian cysts</a>.</li> <li>Decreased incidence of <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a> in women with <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>. Additionally, unlike most other hormonal contraceptives, DMPA's contraceptive effectiveness is not affected by <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_induction_and_inhibition" title="Enzyme induction and inhibition">enzyme-inducing</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiepileptic_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiepileptic drugs">antiepileptic drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-obrien-57">[57]</a></li> <li>Decreased incidence and severity of <a href="/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle-cell disease">sickle cell crises</a> in women with sickle-cell disease.<a href="#cite_note-westhoff-39">[39]</a></li></ul> The United Kingdom Department of Health has actively promoted <a href="/wiki/Long_Acting_Reversible_Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Acting Reversible Contraceptive">Long Acting Reversible Contraceptive</a> use since 2008, particularly for young people;<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> following on from the October 2005 <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Clinical_Excellence" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence">National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence</a> guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Giving advice on these methods of contraception has been included in the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Quality_and_Outcomes_Framework" title="Quality and Outcomes Framework">Quality and Outcomes Framework</a> "good practice" for primary care.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison">Comparison</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison">edit</a>]</div> Proponents of <a href="/wiki/Bioidentical_hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy">bioidentical hormone therapy</a> believe that progesterone offers fewer side effects and improved quality of life compared to MPA.<a href="#cite_note-Holtorf2009-61">[61]</a> The evidence for this view has been questioned; MPA is better absorbed when taken by mouth, with a much longer <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a> leading to more stable blood levels<a href="#cite_note-Cirigliano-62">[62]</a> though it may lead to greater breast tenderness and more <a href="/wiki/Metrorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrorrhagia">sporadic vaginal bleeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holtorf2009-61">[61]</a> The two compounds do not differentiate in their ability to suppress <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_hyperplasia" title="Endometrial hyperplasia">endometrial hyperplasia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Holtorf2009-61">[61]</a> nor does either increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The two medications have not been adequately compared in direct tests to clear conclusions about safety and superiority.<a href="#cite_note-Panay2010-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Available_forms">Available forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Available forms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens/medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate">Conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol/medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Estradiol/medroxyprogesterone acetate">Estradiol/medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_cypionate/medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate">Estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></div> MPA is available alone in the form of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a> <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">tablets</a>, as a 150 mg/mL (1 mL) or 400 mg/mL (2.5 mL) <a href="/wiki/Microcrystalline" title="Microcrystalline">microcrystalline</a> <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_suspension" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous suspension">aqueous suspension</a> for <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a>, and as a 104 mg (0.65 mL of 160 mg/mL) microcrystalline aqueous suspension for <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous injection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs@FDA-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-HospitalEngorn2014-65">[65]</a> It has also been marketed in the form of 100, 200, 250, 400, and 500 mg oral tablets; 500 and 1,000 mg oral suspensions; and as a 50 mg/mL microcrystalline aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection.<a href="#cite_note-Tiziani2013-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leidenberger2013-67">[67]</a> A 100 mg/mL microcrystalline aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection was previously available as well.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs@FDA-64">[64]</a> In addition to single-drug formulations, MPA is available in the form of oral tablets in combination with <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">conjugated estrogens</a> (CEEs), <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_valerate" title="Estradiol valerate">estradiol valerate</a> for use in menopausal hormone therapy, and is available in combination with <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_cypionate" title="Estradiol cypionate">estradiol cypionate</a> in a microcrystalline aqueous suspension as a <a href="/wiki/Combined_injectable_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined injectable contraceptive">combined injectable contraceptive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martindale-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs@FDA-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-BagadePawar2014c-19">[19]</a> Depo-Provera is the brand name for a 150 mg microcrystalline aqueous suspension of DMPA that is administered by intramuscular injection. The shot must be injected into thigh, buttock, or deltoid muscle four times a year (every 11 to 13 weeks), and provides pregnancy protection instantaneously after the first injection.<a href="#cite_note-Depo_Provera:_The_Birth_Control_Shot-68">[68]</a> Depo-subQ Provera 104 is a variation of the original intramuscular DMPA that is instead a 104 mg microcrystalline dose in aqueous suspension administered by subcutaneous injection. It contains 69% of the MPA found in the original intramuscular DMPA formulation. It can be injected using a smaller injection needle inserting the medication just below the skin, instead of into the muscle, in either the abdomen or thigh. This subcutaneous injection claims to reduce the side effects of DMPA while still maintaining all the same benefits of the original intramuscular DMPA. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contraindications">edit</a>]</div> MPA is not usually recommended because of unacceptable health risk or because it is not indicated in the following cases:<a href="#cite_note-who_mec-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-ffprhc_mec-70">[70]</a> Conditions where the theoretical or proven risks usually outweigh the advantages of using DMPA: <ul><li>Multiple risk factors for <a href="/wiki/Arterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial">arterial</a> <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li>Current <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary embolus">pulmonary embolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migraine_headache" class="mw-redirect" title="Migraine headache">Migraine headache</a> with <a href="/wiki/Aura_(symptom)" title="Aura (symptom)">aura</a> while using DMPA</li> <li>Before evaluation of unexplained <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_bleeding" title="Vaginal bleeding">vaginal bleeding</a> suspected of being a serious condition</li> <li>A history of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> and no evidence of current disease for five years</li> <li>Active <a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">liver disease</a>: (acute <a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">viral hepatitis</a>, severe decompensated <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_Adenoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic Adenoma">benign</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">malignant</a> <a href="/wiki/Liver_tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver tumour">liver tumours</a>)</li> <li>Conditions of concern for <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrogen deficiency">estrogen deficiency</a> and reduced <a href="/wiki/High_density_lipoprotein" class="mw-redirect" title="High density lipoprotein">HDL</a> levels theoretically increasing cardiovascular risk: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">Hypertension</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">vascular disease</a></li> <li>Current and history of <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic heart disease">ischemic heart disease</a></li> <li>History of <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a> for over 20 years or with <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy" title="Diabetic nephropathy">nephropathy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy" title="Diabetic retinopathy">retinopathy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Diabetic_neuropathy" title="Diabetic neuropathy">neuropathy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">vascular disease</a></li></ul></li></ul> Conditions which represent an unacceptable health risk if DMPA is used: <ul><li>Current or recent <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> (a hormonally sensitive tumour)</li></ul> Conditions where use is not indicated and should not be initiated: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> MPA is not recommended for use prior to <a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">menarche</a> or before or during recovery from <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merck-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Side effects">edit</a>]</div> In women, the most common <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a> of MPA are acne, changes in menstrual flow, drowsiness, and can cause <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a> if taken by pregnant women. Other common side effects include <a href="/wiki/Mastodynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastodynia">breast tenderness</a>, increased facial hair, decreased scalp hair, difficulty falling or remaining asleep, stomach pain, and weight loss or gain.<a href="#cite_note-Medline-24">[24]</a> Lowered <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a> has been reported as a side effect of MPA in women.<a href="#cite_note-King2012-72">[72]</a> DMPA can affect menstrual bleeding. After a year of use, 55% of women experience <a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">amenorrhea</a> (missed periods); after two years, the rate rises to 68%. In the first months of use "irregular or unpredictable bleeding or spotting, or, rarely, heavy or continuous bleeding" was reported.<a href="#cite_note-depo_us_patient_info-73">[73]</a> MPA does not appear to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency" title="Vitamin B12 deficiency">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid720068-74">[74]</a> Data on weight gain with DMPA likewise are inconsistent.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson2014-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aronson2015-76">[76]</a> At high doses for the treatment of breast cancer, MPA can cause weight gain and can worsen <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a> (particularly of the face). Adverse effects peak at five weeks, and are reduced with lower doses. Less frequent effects may include <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a> (though it is not clear if this is truly a risk, it cannot be ruled out), <a href="/wiki/Dysuria" title="Dysuria">painful urination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>. When used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Androgen_deprivation_therapy" title="Androgen deprivation therapy">androgen deprivation therapy</a> in men, more frequent complaints include reduced <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impotence" class="mw-redirect" title="Impotence">impotence</a>, reduced <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculate</a> volume, and within three days, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration">chemical castration</a>. At extremely high doses (used to treat cancer, not for contraception) MPA may cause <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal suppression</a> and may interfere with carbohydrate metabolism, but does not cause <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyler-29">[29]</a> When used as a form of injected birth control, there is a delayed return of <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>. The average return to fertility is 9 to 10 months after the last injection, taking longer for overweight or obese women. By 18 months after the last injection, fertility is the same as that in former users of other contraceptive methods.<a href="#cite_note-hatcher-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-speroff-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetuses</a> exposed to progestogens have demonstrated higher rates of genital abnormalities, low birth weight, and increased <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic pregnancy</a> particularly when MPA is used as an injected form of long-term birth control. A study of accidental pregnancies among poor women in Thailand found that infants who had been exposed to DMPA during pregnancy had a higher risk of low birth weight and an 80% greater-than-usual chance of dying in the first year of life.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mood_changes">Mood changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mood changes">edit</a>]</div> There have been concerns about a possible risk of <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a> changes with progestins like MPA, and this has led to reluctance of some clinicians and women to use them.<a href="#cite_note-Lobo2007-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10338269-79">[79]</a> However, contrary to widely-held beliefs, most research suggests that progestins do not cause adverse psychological effects such as depression or <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lobo2007-78">[78]</a> A 2018 systematic review of the relationship between progestin-based contraception and depression included three large studies of DMPA and reported no association between DMPA and depression.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29496297-80">[80]</a> According to a 2003 review of DMPA, the majority of published clinical studies indicate that DMPA is not associated with depression, and the overall data support the notion that the medication does not significantly affect mood.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12954518-81">[81]</a> In the largest study to have assessed the relationship between MPA and depression to date, in which over 3,900 women were treated with DMPA for up to 7 years, the incidence of depression was infrequent at 1.5% and the discontinuation rate due to depression was 0.5%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29496297-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18470526-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9649914-82">[82]</a> This study did not include baseline data on depression,<a href="#cite_note-pmid9649914-82">[82]</a> and due to the incidence of depression in the study, the FDA required package labeling for DMPA stating that women with depression should be observed carefully and that DMPA should be discontinued if depression recurs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29496297-80">[80]</a> A subsequent study of 495 women treated with DMPA over the course of 1 year found that the mean depression score slightly decreased in the whole group of continuing users from 7.4 to 6.7 (by 9.5%) and decreased in the quintile of that group with the highest depression scores at baseline from 15.4 to 9.5 (by 38%).<a href="#cite_note-pmid9649914-82">[82]</a> Based on the results of this study and others, a consensus began emerging that DMPA does not in fact increase the risk of depression nor worsen the severity of pre-existing depression.<a href="#cite_note-Aronson2015-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9649914-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18470526-38">[38]</a> Similarly to the case of DMPA for hormonal contraception, the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS), a study of 2,763 postmenopausal women treated with 0.625 mg/day oral CEEs plus 2.5 mg/day oral MPA or placebo for 36 months as a method of <a href="/wiki/Menopausal_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal hormone therapy">menopausal hormone therapy</a>, found no change in depressive symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-FinkPfaff2011-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ryden2009-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11829697-85">[85]</a> However, some small studies have reported that progestins like MPA might counteract beneficial effects of estrogens against depression.<a href="#cite_note-Lobo2007-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15358281-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term_effects">Long-term effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Long-term effects">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a> investigated the use of a combination of oral CEEs and MPA compared to placebo. The study was prematurely terminated when previously unexpected risks were discovered, specifically the finding that though the all-cause mortality was not affected by the hormone therapy, the benefits of menopausal hormone therapy (reduced risk of <a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">hip fracture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a> and all other causes of death) were offset by increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary disease">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> When combined with CEEs, MPA has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">thrombus</a> in the eye. In combination with estrogens in general, MPA may increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, with a stronger association when used by <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">postmenopausal</a> women also taking CEEs. It was because of these unexpected interactions that the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a> study was ended early due to the extra risks of <a href="/wiki/Menopausal_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal hormone therapy">menopausal hormone therapy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> resulting in a dramatic decrease in both new and renewal prescriptions for hormone therapy.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Long-term studies of users of DMPA have found slight or no increased overall risk of breast cancer. However, the study population did show a slightly increased risk of breast cancer in recent users (DMPA use in the last four years) under age 35, similar to that seen with the use of <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">combined oral contraceptive pills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-depo_us_patient_info-73">[73]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: small; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"> <caption class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Results_of_the_Women%27s_Health_Initiative_menopausal_hormone_therapy_randomized_controlled_trials" title="Template:Results of the Women's Health Initiative menopausal hormone therapy randomized controlled trials"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Results_of_the_Women%27s_Health_Initiative_menopausal_hormone_therapy_randomized_controlled_trials" title="Template talk:Results of the Women's Health Initiative menopausal hormone therapy randomized controlled trials"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Results_of_the_Women%27s_Health_Initiative_menopausal_hormone_therapy_randomized_controlled_trials" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Results of the Women's Health Initiative menopausal hormone therapy randomized controlled trials"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) menopausal hormone therapy randomized controlled trials </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Clinical outcome </th> <th rowspan="2">Hypothesized effect on risk </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)" title="Progestogen (medication)">progestogen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens"><abbr title="conjugated estrogens">CEs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip conjugated estrogens 0.625 mg/day p.o. + <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><abbr title="medroxyprogesterone acetate">MPA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip medroxyprogesterone acetate 2.5 mg/day p.o.) (n = 16,608, with uterus, 5.2–5.6 years follow up) </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogen</a> alone (<a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens"><abbr title="Conjugated estrogens">CEs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Conjugated estrogens 0.625 mg/day p.o.) (n = 10,739, no uterus, 6.8–7.1 years follow up) </th></tr> <tr> <th width="100px"><a href="/wiki/Hazard_ratio" title="Hazard ratio"><abbr title="Hazard ratio">HR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Hazard ratio </th> <th width="100px">95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval"><abbr title="Confidence interval">CI</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Confidence interval </th> <th width="100px"><a href="/wiki/Attributable_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributable risk"><abbr title="Attributable risk">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Attributable risk </th> <th width="100px"><a href="/wiki/Hazard_ratio" title="Hazard ratio"><abbr title="Hazard ratio">HR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Hazard ratio </th> <th width="100px">95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval"><abbr title="Confidence interval">CI</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Confidence interval </th> <th width="100px"><a href="/wiki/Attributable_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributable risk"><abbr title="Attributable risk">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Attributable risk </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">Coronary heart disease</a> </td> <td>Decreased </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.24 </td> <td>1.00–1.54 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+6 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.95 </td> <td>0.79–1.15 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−3 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a> </td> <td>Decreased </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.31 </td> <td>1.02–1.68 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+8 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.37 </td> <td>1.09–1.73 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+12 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a> </td> <td>Increased </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">2.13 </td> <td>1.45–3.11 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+10 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.37 </td> <td>0.90–2.07 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+4 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous thromboembolism">Venous thromboembolism</a> </td> <td>Increased </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">2.06 </td> <td>1.57–2.70 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+18 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.32 </td> <td>0.99–1.75 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+8 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a> </td> <td>Increased </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.24 </td> <td>1.02–1.50 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+8 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.80 </td> <td>0.62–1.04 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−6 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">Colorectal cancer</a> </td> <td>Decreased </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.56 </td> <td>0.38–0.81 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−7 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.08 </td> <td>0.75–1.55 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+1 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">Endometrial cancer</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.81 </td> <td>0.48–1.36 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−1 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">Hip fractures</a> </td> <td>Decreased </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.67 </td> <td>0.47–0.96 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−5 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.65 </td> <td>0.45–0.94 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−7 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Total <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">fractures</a> </td> <td>Decreased </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.76 </td> <td>0.69–0.83 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−47 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.71 </td> <td>0.64–0.80 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−53 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Total <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a> </td> <td>Decreased </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.98 </td> <td>0.82–1.18 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−1 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.04 </td> <td>0.91–1.12 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+3 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Global index </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.15 </td> <td>1.03–1.28 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+19 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.01 </td> <td>1.09–1.12 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+2 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.79 </td> <td>0.67–0.93 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.88 </td> <td>0.77–1.01 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_disease" title="Gallbladder disease">Gallbladder disease</a> </td> <td>Increased </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.59 </td> <td>1.28–1.97 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.67 </td> <td>1.35–2.06 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stress_incontinence" title="Stress incontinence">Stress incontinence</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.87 </td> <td>1.61–2.18 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">2.15 </td> <td>1.77–2.82 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Urge_incontinence" class="mw-redirect" title="Urge incontinence">Urge incontinence</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.15 </td> <td>0.99–1.34 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.32 </td> <td>1.10–1.58 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease" title="Peripheral artery disease">Peripheral artery disease</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.89 </td> <td>0.63–1.25 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.32 </td> <td>0.99–1.77 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Probable <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> </td> <td>Decreased </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">2.05 </td> <td>1.21–3.48 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.49 </td> <td>0.83–2.66 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Abbreviations: CEs = <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">conjugated estrogens</a>. MPA = <a class="mw-selflink selflink">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>. p.o. = <a href="/wiki/Per_oral" class="mw-redirect" title="Per oral">per oral</a>. HR = <a href="/wiki/Hazard_ratio" title="Hazard ratio">hazard ratio</a>. AR = <a href="/wiki/Attributable_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributable risk">attributable risk</a>. PYs = <a href="/wiki/Person%E2%80%93years" class="mw-redirect" title="Person–years">person–years</a>. CI = <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence interval</a>. Notes: <a href="/wiki/Sample_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample size">Sample sizes</a> (n) include <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> recipients, which were about half of patients. "Global index" is defined for each woman as the time to earliest diagnosis for <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a> (estrogen plus progestogen group only), <a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">hip fractures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> from other causes. Sources: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blood_clots">Blood clots</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Blood clots">edit</a>]</div> DMPA has been associated in multiple studies with a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous thromboembolism">venous thromboembolism</a> (VTE) when used as a form of progestogen-only birth control in premenopausal women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30008249-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21559819-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-ManthaKarp2012-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30741807-93">[93]</a> The increase in incidence of VTE ranges from 2.2-fold to 3.6-fold.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30008249-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21559819-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-ManthaKarp2012-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30741807-93">[93]</a> Elevated risk of VTE with DMPA is unexpected, as DMPA has little or no effect on <a href="/wiki/Coagulation_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulation factor">coagulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibrinolytic_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrinolytic factor">fibrinolytic factors</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Van_Hylckama_VliegMiddeldorp2011-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-BenagianoPrimiero1983-95">[95]</a> and progestogens by themselves normally do not increase the risk of thrombosis.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21559819-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-ManthaKarp2012-92">[92]</a> It has been argued that the higher incidence with DMPA has reflected preferential prescription of DMPA to women considered to be at an increased risk of VTE.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21559819-91">[91]</a> Alternatively, it is possible that MPA may be an exception among progestins in terms of VTE risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30669160-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29570359-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21538049-98">[98]</a> A 2018 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> reported that MPA was associated with a 2.8-fold higher risk of VTE than other progestins.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29570359-97">[97]</a> It is possible that the <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoid</a> activity of MPA may increase the risk of VTE.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2011-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21538049-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bone_density">Bone density</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bone density">edit</a>]</div> DMPA may cause reduced <a href="/wiki/Bone_density" title="Bone density">bone density</a> in premenopausal women and in men when used without an estrogen, particularly at high doses, though this appears to be reversible to a normal level even after years of use. On 17 November 2004, the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> put a <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning">black box warning</a> on the label, indicating that there were potential adverse effects of loss of bone mineral density.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA2004-Warning-101">[101]</a> While it causes temporary <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">bone loss</a>, most women fully regain their bone density after discontinuing use.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson2014-75">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) recommends that the use not be restricted.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2005-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Contraception2006-Curtis-103">[103]</a> The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists notes that the potential adverse effects on BMD be balanced against the known negative effects of unintended pregnancy using other birth control methods or no method, particularly among adolescents. Three studies have suggested that bone loss is reversible after the discontinuation of DMPA.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scholes2002-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scholes2005-106">[106]</a> Other studies have suggested that the effect of DMPA use on postmenopausal bone density is minimal,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> perhaps because DMPA users experience less bone loss at menopause.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Use after peak bone mass is associated with increased bone turnover but no decrease in bone mineral density.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The FDA recommends that DMPA not be used for longer than two years, unless there is no viable alternative method of contraception, due to concerns over bone loss.<a href="#cite_note-FDA2004-Warning-101">[101]</a> However, a 2008 Committee Opinion from the <a href="/wiki/American_Congress_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynecologists" class="mw-redirect" title="American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists">American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists</a> (ACOG) advises healthcare providers that concerns about bone mineral density loss should neither prevent the prescription of or continuation of DMPA beyond two years of use.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18757687-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HIV_risk">HIV risk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: HIV risk">edit</a>]</div> There is uncertainty regarding the risk of HIV acquisition among DMPA users; some observational studies suggest an increased risk of HIV acquisition among women using DMPA, while others do not.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The World Health Organization issued statements in February 2012 and July 2014 saying the data did not warrant changing their recommendation of no restriction – Medical Eligibility for Contraception (MEC) category 1 – on the use of DMPA in women at high risk for HIV.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Two meta-analyses of observational studies in sub-Saharan Africa were published in January 2015.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> They found a 1.4- to 1.5-fold increase risk of HIV acquisition for DMPA users relative to no hormonal contraceptive use.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In January 2015, the Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists issued a statement reaffirming that there is no reason to advise against use of DMPA in the United Kingdom even for women at 'high risk' of HIV infection.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk of HIV infection in DMPA users published in fall of 2015 stated that "the epidemiological and biological evidence now make a compelling case that DMPA adds significantly to the risk of male-to-female HIV transmission."<a href="#cite_note-pmid26710371-118">[118]</a> In 2019, a randomized controlled trial found no significant association between DMPA use and HIV.<a href="#cite_note-ECHO2019-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Breastfeeding">edit</a>]</div> MPA may be used by <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a> mothers. Heavy bleeding is possible if given in the immediate <a href="/wiki/Postpartum" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpartum">postpartum</a> time and is best delayed until six weeks after birth. It may be used within five days if not breast feeding. While a study showed "no significant difference in birth weights or incidence of birth defects" and "no significant alternation of immunity to infectious disease caused by breast milk containing DMPA", a subgroup of babies whose mothers started DMPA at two days postpartum had a 75% higher incidence of doctor visits for infectious diseases during their first year of life.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> A larger study with longer follow-up concluded that "use of DMPA during pregnancy or breastfeeding does not adversely affect the long-term growth and development of children". This study also noted that "children with DMPA exposure during pregnancy and lactation had an increased risk of suboptimal growth in height," but that "after adjustment for socioeconomic factors by multiple logistic regression, there was no increased risk of impaired growth among the DMPA-exposed children." The study also noted that effects of DMPA exposure on puberty require further study, as so few children over the age of 10 were observed.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdose">Overdose</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Overdose">edit</a>]</div> MPA has been studied at "massive" dosages of up to 5,000 mg per day orally and 2,000 mg per day via intramuscular injection, without major <a href="/wiki/Tolerability" title="Tolerability">tolerability</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drug_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug safety">safety</a> issues described.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1390312-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid350387-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9452274-124">[124]</a> Overdose is not described in the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) product labels for injected MPA (Depo-Provera or Depo-SubQ Provera 104).<a href="#cite_note-DepoProveraLabel-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-DepoSubQProveraLabel-8">[8]</a> In the FDA product label for oral MPA (Provera), it is stated that overdose of an estrogen and progestin may cause <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast_tenderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast tenderness">breast tenderness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drowsiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drowsiness">drowsiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_bleeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal bleeding">withdrawal bleeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ProveraLabel-6">[6]</a> According to the label, treatment of overdose should consist of discontinuation of MPA therapy and symptomatic care.<a href="#cite_note-ProveraLabel-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Interactions">edit</a>]</div> MPA increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">thrombus</a> when used in combination with CEEs to treat <a href="/wiki/Menopausal_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal symptoms">menopausal symptoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merck-71">[71]</a> When used as a contraceptive, MPA does not generally <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">interact</a> with other medications. The combination of MPA with <a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">aminoglutethimide</a> to treat <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastases</a> from breast cancer has been associated with an increase in <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyler-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a> may decrease the effectiveness of MPA as a contraceptive due to acceleration of its <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merck-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pharmacodynamics">edit</a>]</div> MPA acts as an <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">progesterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">glucocorticoid receptors</a> (PR, AR, and GR, respectively),<a href="#cite_note-pmid19434889-5">[5]</a> activating these receptors with <a href="/wiki/EC50" title="EC50">EC50</a> values of approximately 0.01 nM, 1 nM, and 10 nM, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Organization2004-125">[125]</a> It has negligible <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinity</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">estrogen receptor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19434889-5">[5]</a> The medication has relatively high affinity for the <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor">mineralocorticoid receptor</a>, but in spite of this, it has no <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">mineralocorticoid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimineralocorticoid">antimineralocorticoid</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_activity" title="Intrinsic activity">intrinsic activities</a> of MPA in activating the PR and the AR have been reported to be at least equivalent to those of progesterone and <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT), respectively, indicating that it is a <a href="/wiki/Full_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Full agonist">full agonist</a> of these receptors.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10077001-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10509795-127">[127]</a> <table class="wikitable center sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:475px; text-align:left; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:none;"> <caption class="nowrap">Relative affinities (%) of MPA and related steroids </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Progestogen</div></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor"><abbr title="Progesterone receptor">PR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Progesterone receptor</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="Estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen receptor</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="Glucocorticoid receptor">GR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Glucocorticoid receptor</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="Mineralocorticoid receptor">MR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Mineralocorticoid receptor </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a></td> <td>50</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>10</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></td> <td>67</td> <td>5</td> <td>0</td> <td>8</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></td> <td>90</td> <td>6</td> <td>0</td> <td>6</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medroxyprogesterone acetate</td> <td>115</td> <td>5</td> <td>0</td> <td>29</td> <td>160 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></td> <td>65</td> <td>5</td> <td>0</td> <td>30</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="6" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Notes: Values are percentages (%). Reference <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a> (100%) were <a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">promegestone</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor"><abbr title="progesterone receptor">PR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip progesterone receptor, <a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">metribolone</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip androgen receptor, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip estrogen receptor, <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="glucocorticoid receptor">GR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip glucocorticoid receptor, and <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="mineralocorticoid receptor">MR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip mineralocorticoid receptor. Sources:<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Progestogenic_activity">Progestogenic activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Progestogenic activity">edit</a>]</div> MPA is a potent <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">progesterone receptor</a> with similar <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_activity" title="Intrinsic activity">efficacy</a> relative to <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16784762-128">[128]</a> While both MPA and its deacetylated analogue <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone" title="Medroxyprogesterone">medroxyprogesterone</a> bind to and agonize the PR, MPA has approximately 100-fold higher <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_constant" title="Dissociation constant">binding affinity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transactivation" title="Transactivation">transactivation</a> potency in comparison.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16784762-128">[128]</a> As such, unlike MPA, medroxyprogesterone is not used clinically, though it has seen some use in <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-129">[129]</a> The oral dosage of MPA required to inhibit <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> (i.e., the effective contraceptive dosage) is 10 mg/day, whereas 5 mg/day was not sufficient to inhibit ovulation in all women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid6233840-130">[130]</a> In accordance, the dosage of MPA used in oral contraceptives in the past was 10 mg per tablet.<a href="#cite_note-Blum2013-131">[131]</a> For comparison to MPA, the dosage of <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a> required to inhibit ovulation is 300 mg/day, whereas that of the <a href="/wiki/19-nortestosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="19-nortestosterone">19-nortestosterone</a> derivatives <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a> is only 0.4 to 0.5 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-SchindlerCampagnoli2003-132">[132]</a> The mechanism of action of progestogen-only contraceptives like DMPA depends on the progestogen activity and dose. High-dose progestogen-only contraceptives, such as DMPA, inhibit <a href="/wiki/Follicular_phase" title="Follicular phase">follicular development</a> and prevent <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> as their primary mechanism of action.<a href="#cite_note-glasier-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-loose-134">[134]</a> The progestogen decreases the pulse frequency of <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">gonadotropin-releasing hormone</a> (GnRH) release by the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, which decreases the release of <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH) and <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH) by the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">anterior pituitary</a>. Decreased levels of FSH inhibit follicular development, preventing an increase in <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a> levels. Progestogen <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> and the lack of <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">positive feedback</a> on LH release prevent a LH surge. Inhibition of follicular development and the absence of a LH surge prevent ovulation.<a href="#cite_note-hatcher-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-speroff-49">[49]</a> A secondary mechanism of action of all progestogen-containing contraceptives is inhibition of <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">sperm</a> penetration by changes in the <a href="/wiki/Cervical_mucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical mucus">cervical mucus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rivera-135">[135]</a> Inhibition of ovarian function during DMPA use causes the <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</a> to become thin and atrophic. These changes in the endometrium could, theoretically, prevent implantation. However, because DMPA is highly effective in inhibiting ovulation and sperm penetration, the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">fertilization</a> is negligible. No available data support prevention of implantation as a mechanism of action of DMPA.<a href="#cite_note-rivera-135">[135]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:left; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:none;"> <caption class="nowrap">MPA and related steroids at the progesterone receptor </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Compound</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Binding_affinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Binding affinity"><abbr title="Inhibitory constant">Ki</abbr></a> (nM)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Half-maximal_effective_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-maximal effective concentration"><abbr title="Half-maximal effective concentration">EC50</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Half-maximal effective concentration (nM)a</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Half-maximal_effective_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-maximal effective concentration"><abbr title="Half-maximal effective concentration">EC50</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Half-maximal effective concentration (nM)b </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a></td> <td>4.3</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone" title="Medroxyprogesterone">Medroxyprogesterone</a></td> <td>241</td> <td>47</td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medroxyprogesterone acetate</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.15 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="4" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Footnotes: a = Coactivator recruitment. b = Reporter cell line. Sources:<a href="#cite_note-pmid16784762-128">[128]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable center sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:650px; text-align:left; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:none;"> <caption class="nowrap">Oral potencies of MPA and related steroids </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Progestogen</th> <th><abbr title="Ovulation-inhibiting dosage">OID</abbr> (mg/day)</th> <th><abbr title="Endometrial transformation dosage">TFD</abbr> (mg/cycle)</th> <th><abbr title="Endometrial transformation dosage">TFD</abbr> (mg/day)</th> <th><abbr title="Oral dosage in commercial contraceptive preparations">ODP</abbr> (mg/day)</th> <th><abbr title="Estimated comparable dosage">ECD</abbr> (mg/day) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a></td> <td>300</td> <td>4200</td> <td>200–300</td> <td>–</td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></td> <td>1.7</td> <td>20–30</td> <td>10</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>5–10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></td> <td>1.0</td> <td>20</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medroxyprogesterone acetate</td> <td>10</td> <td>50</td> <td>5–10</td> <td>?</td> <td>5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>50</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>5.0 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="6" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Abbreviations: OID = <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>-inhibiting dosage (without additional estrogen). TFD = <a href="/wiki/Decidualization" title="Decidualization">endometrial transformation</a> dosage. ODP = oral dosage in commercial contraceptive preparations. ECD = estimated comparable dosage. Sources:<a href="#cite_note-SchindlerCampagnoli2003-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2011-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FritzSperoff2012-136">[136]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright" style="font-size:small;"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: 105%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parenteral_potencies_and_durations_of_progestogens" title="Template:Parenteral potencies and durations of progestogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parenteral_potencies_and_durations_of_progestogens" title="Template talk:Parenteral potencies and durations of progestogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parenteral_potencies_and_durations_of_progestogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parenteral potencies and durations of progestogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Parenteral potencies and durations of progestogens<a href="#cite_note-156">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[b]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Compound </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Form </th> <th scope="col" colspan="3">Dose for specific uses (mg)<a href="#cite_note-158">[c]</a> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2"><abbr title="Duration of action">DOA</abbr><a href="#cite_note-159">[d]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Endometrial transformation dose">TFD</abbr><a href="#cite_note-160">[e]</a> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive dose">POICD</abbr><a href="#cite_note-161">[f]</a> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Combined injectable contraceptive dose">CICD</abbr><a href="#cite_note-162">[g]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Algestone_acetophenide" title="Algestone acetophenide">Algestone acetophenide</a></td> <td>Oil soln.</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>75–150</td> <td>14–32 d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">Gestonorone caproate</a></td> <td>Oil soln.</td> <td>25–50</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>8–13 d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone acetate">Hydroxyprogest. acetate</a><a href="#cite_note-mark-163">[h]</a></td> <td>Aq. susp.</td> <td>350</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>9–16 d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">Hydroxyprogest. caproate</a></td> <td>Oil soln.</td> <td>250–500<a href="#cite_note-div-164">[i]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>250–500</td> <td>5–21 d </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medroxyprog. acetate</td> <td>Aq. susp.</td> <td>50–100</td> <td>150</td> <td>25</td> <td>14–50+ d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></td> <td>Aq. susp.</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>25</td> <td>>14 d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">Norethisterone enanthate</a></td> <td>Oil soln.</td> <td>100–200</td> <td>200</td> <td>50</td> <td>11–52 d </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a></td> <td>Oil soln.</td> <td>200<a href="#cite_note-div-164">[i]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>2–6 d </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aq. soln.</td> <td>?</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1–2 d </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aq. susp.</td> <td>50–200</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>7–14 d </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="7" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Notes and sources:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Sources: <a href="#cite_note-KnörrBeller2013-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-KnörrKnörr-Gärtner2013y-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Labhart2012-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-HorskyPresl1981-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ufer1969-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pschyrembel1968r-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferin1972-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-HenzlEdwards1999u-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brotherton1976-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8013220-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8013216-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goebelsmann1986-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-BeckerDüsterberg1980-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-MoltzHaase2008-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-WrightBurgess2012-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChuLi1986-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-RunnebaumRabe2012-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArtiniGenazzani2001-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-KingBrucker2013-155">[155]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> All given by <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous injection</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Progesterone production during the <a href="/wiki/Luteal_phase" title="Luteal phase">luteal phase</a> is ~25 (15–50) mg/day. The <a href="/wiki/Ovulation-inhibiting_dose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovulation-inhibiting dose"><abbr title="ovulation-inhibiting dose">OID</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ovulation-inhibiting dose of OHPC is 250 to 500 mg/month. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Duration of action in days. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Usually given for 14 days. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Usually dosed every two to three months. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Usually dosed once monthly. </li> <li id="cite_note-mark-163"><a href="#cite_ref-mark_163-0">^</a> Never marketed or approved by this route. </li> <li id="cite_note-div-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-div_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-div_164-1">b</a> In divided doses (2 × 125 or 250 mg for <abbr title="hydroxyprogesterone caproate">OHPC</abbr>, 10 × 20 mg for <abbr title="progesterone">P4</abbr>). </li> </ol></div></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antigonadotropic_and_anticorticotropic_effects">Antigonadotropic and anticorticotropic effects</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Antigonadotropic and anticorticotropic effects">edit</a>]</div> MPA suppresses the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal</a> (HPA) and <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal</a> (HPG) <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary axis">axes</a> at sufficient dosages, resulting decreased levels of <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">adrenocorticotropic hormone</a> (ACTH), and <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a>, as well as levels of <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> (SHBG).<a href="#cite_note-Genazzani1993-13">[13]</a> There is evidence that the suppressive effects of MPA on the HPG axis are mediated by activation of both the PR and the AR in the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2525057-165">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12641635-166">[157]</a> Due to its effects on androgen levels, MPA can produce strong functional <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">antiandrogenic</a> effects, and is used in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Androgen-dependent_condition" title="Androgen-dependent condition">androgen-dependent conditions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Precocious_puberty" title="Precocious puberty">precocious puberty</a> in boys and <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">hypersexuality</a> in men.<a href="#cite_note-SalehGrudzinskas2009-167">[158]</a> In addition, since the medication suppresses estrogen levels as well, MPA can produce strong functional <a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">antiestrogenic</a> effects similarly, and has been used to treat <a href="/wiki/Estrogen-dependent_condition" title="Estrogen-dependent condition">estrogen-dependent conditions</a> such as precocious puberty in girls and <a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</a> in women. Due to low estrogen levels, the use of MPA without an estrogen poses a risk of decreased <a href="/wiki/Bone_mineral_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone mineral density">bone mineral density</a> and other symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrogen deficiency">estrogen deficiency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2008-168">[159]</a> Oral MPA has been found to suppress testosterone levels in men by about 30% (from 831 ng/dL to 585 ng/dL) at a dosage of 20 mg/day, by about 45–75% (average 60%; to 150–400 ng/dL) at a dosage of 60 mg/day,<a href="#cite_note-Lothstein1996-169">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-APA1999-170">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8891323-171">[162]</a> and by about 70–75% (from 832 to 862 ng/dL to 214 to 251 ng/dL) at a dosage of 100 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-pmid6449127-172">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid5066846-173">[164]</a> Dosages of oral MPA of 2.5 to 30 mg/day in combination with estrogens have been used to help suppress testosterone levels in transgender women.<a href="#cite_note-AsschemanGooren1993-174">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25692882-175">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17986639-176">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deutsch2016-177">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-DahlFeldman2015-178">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29756046-179">[170]</a> One study of injectable MPA in men with <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">benign prostatic hyperplasia</a> reported that a single 150 mg dose suppressed testosterone levels into the defined male castrate range (<58 ng/dL) within 7 days and that castration levels of testosterone were maintained for 3 months.<a href="#cite_note-pmid-180">[171]</a> Very high doses of intramuscular MPA of 150 to 500 mg per week (but up to 900 mg per week) have similarly been reported to suppress testosterone levels to less than 100 ng/dL.<a href="#cite_note-Lothstein1996-169">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-MeyerWalker1985-181">[172]</a> The typical initial dose of intramuscular MPA for testosterone suppression in men with paraphilias is 400 or 500 mg per week.<a href="#cite_note-Lothstein1996-169">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Androgenic_activity">Androgenic activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Androgenic activity">edit</a>]</div> MPA is a potent full agonist of the AR. Its activation of the AR may play an important and major role in its antigonadotropic effects and in its beneficial effects against <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2525057-165">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10819508-182">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16166329-183">[174]</a> However, although MPA may produce androgenic side effects such as <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">hirsutism</a> in some women,.<a href="#cite_note-ReesHope2005-184">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aronson2009-185">[176]</a> In fact, likely due to its suppressive actions on androgen levels, it has been reported that MPA is generally highly effective in improving pre-existing symptoms of hirsutism in women with the condition.<a href="#cite_note-pmid590535-186">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1200527-187">[178]</a> However, MPA has been seen to cause androgenic effects in children with precocious puberty.<a href="#cite_note-pmid4332067-188">[179]</a> The reason for the general lack of <a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">virilizing</a> effects with MPA, despite it binding to and activating the AR with high affinity and this action potentially playing an important role in many of its physiological and therapeutic effects, is not entirely clear. However, MPA has been found to interact with the AR differently compared to other agonists of the receptor such as <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT).<a href="#cite_note-pmid10077001-126">[126]</a> The result of this difference appears to be that MPA binds to the AR with a similar affinity and intrinsic activity to that of DHT, but requires about 100-fold higher concentrations for a comparable induction of <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">gene transcription</a>, while at the same time not antagonizing the transcriptional activity of normal androgens like DHT at any concentration.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10077001-126">[126]</a> Thus, this may explain the low propensity of MPA for producing androgenic side effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10077001-126">[126]</a> MPA shows weak androgenic effects on <a href="/wiki/Liver_protein_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver protein synthesis">liver protein synthesis</a>, similarly to other weakly androgenic progestins like <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/19-nortestosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="19-nortestosterone">19-nortestosterone</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical derivative">derivatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26291834-9">[9]</a> While it does not antagonize estrogen-induced increases in levels of <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> and <a href="/wiki/HDL_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="HDL cholesterol">HDL cholesterol</a>, DMPA every other week may decrease levels of HDL cholesterol.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a> In addition, MPA has been found to suppress <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> (SHBG) production by the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26291834-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Luciano1992-189">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10914617-190">[181]</a> At a dosage of 10 mg/day oral MPA, it has been found to decrease circulating SHBG levels by 14–18% in women taking 4 mg/day oral <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_valerate" title="Estradiol valerate">estradiol valerate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26291834-9">[9]</a> Conversely, in a study that combined 2.5 mg/day oral MPA with various oral estrogens, no influence of MPA on estrogen-induced increases in SHBG levels was discerned.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10914617-190">[181]</a> In another, higher-dose study, SHBG levels were lower by 59% in a group of women treated with 50 mg/day oral MPA alone relative to an untreated control group of women.<a href="#cite_note-Luciano1992-189">[180]</a> In massive-dose studies of oral or injectable MPA (e.g., 500–1,000 mg/day), the medication decreased SHBG levels by about 80%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2362454-191">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2141886-192">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2968646-193">[184]</a> Unlike the related steroids <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, MPA is not an <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a> of the AR and does not have direct <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">antiandrogenic</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a> As such, although MPA is sometimes described as an <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">antiandrogen</a>, it is not a "true" antiandrogen (i.e., AR antagonist).<a href="#cite_note-APA1999-170">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glucocorticoid_activity">Glucocorticoid activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Glucocorticoid activity">edit</a>]</div> As an agonist of the GR, MPA has <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoid</a> activity, and as a result can cause symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndrome" title="Cushing's syndrome">Cushing's syndrome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-194">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steroid_diabetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid diabetes">steroid diabetes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency" title="Adrenal insufficiency">adrenal insufficiency</a> at sufficiently high doses.<a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a> It has been suggested that the glucocorticoid activity of MPA may contribute to bone loss.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12181616-196">[187]</a> The glucocorticoid activity of MPA may also result in an <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">upregulation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thrombin_receptor" title="Thrombin receptor">thrombin receptor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessel</a> walls, which may contribute to <a href="/wiki/Procoagulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Procoagulation">procoagulant</a> effects of MPA and risk of <a href="/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous thromboembolism">venous thromboembolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a> The relative glucocorticoid activity of MPA is among the highest of the clinically used progestins.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="width:475px; text-align:left; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:none;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glucocorticoid_activity_of_selected_steroids_in_vitro" title="Template:Glucocorticoid activity of selected steroids in vitro"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glucocorticoid_activity_of_selected_steroids_in_vitro" title="Template talk:Glucocorticoid activity of selected steroids in vitro"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glucocorticoid_activity_of_selected_steroids_in_vitro" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glucocorticoid activity of selected steroids in vitro"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Glucocorticoid activity of selected steroids in vitro </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Steroid</th> <th>Class</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thrombin_receptor" title="Thrombin receptor"><abbr title="Thrombin receptor">TR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Thrombin receptor (<a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation"><abbr title="Upregulation">↑</abbr></a>)a</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="glucocorticoid receptor">GR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip glucocorticoid receptor (%)b </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></td> <td>Corticosteroid</td> <td>++</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a></td> <td>Estrogen</td> <td>–</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>+</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>+</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>–</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medroxyprogesterone acetate</td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>+</td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>–</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">Norgestimate</a></td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>–</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a></td> <td>Progestogen</td> <td>+</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="4" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Footnotes: a = <a href="/wiki/Thrombin_receptor" title="Thrombin receptor">Thrombin receptor</a> (TR) <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">upregulation</a> (↑) in <a href="/wiki/Vascular_smooth_muscle_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular smooth muscle cell">vascular smooth muscle cells</a> (VSMCs). b = <a href="/wiki/Relative_binding_affinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative binding affinity"><abbr title="Relative binding affinity">RBA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Relative binding affinity (%) for the <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">glucocorticoid receptor</a> (GR). Strength: – = No effect. + = Pronounced effect. ++ = Strong effect. Sources: <a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947u-197">[188]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steroidogenesis_inhibition">Steroidogenesis inhibition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Steroidogenesis inhibition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis_inhibitor" title="Steroidogenesis inhibitor">Steroidogenesis inhibitor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurosteroidogenesis_inhibitor" title="Neurosteroidogenesis inhibitor">Neurosteroidogenesis inhibitor</a></div> MPA has been found to act as a <a href="/wiki/Competitive_inhibition" title="Competitive inhibition">competitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibitor</a> of rat <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase</a> (3α-HSD).<a href="#cite_note-pmid6213817-198">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2933398-199">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15181090-200">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18291663-201">[192]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> is essential for the <a href="/wiki/Biotransformation" title="Biotransformation">transformation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deoxycorticosterone" title="Deoxycorticosterone">deoxycorticosterone</a>, and DHT into inhibitory <a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">neurosteroids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">allopregnanolone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone"><abbr title="tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">THDOC</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, and <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-androstanediol" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-androstanediol">3α-androstanediol</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11750861-202">[193]</a> MPA has been described as very potent in its inhibition of rat 3α-HSD, with an <a href="/wiki/IC50" title="IC50">IC50</a> of 0.2 μM and a Ki (in rat <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicular</a> <a href="/wiki/Homogenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogenate">homogenates</a>) of 0.42 μM.<a href="#cite_note-pmid6213817-198">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2933398-199">[190]</a> However, inhibition of 3α-HSD by MPA does not appear to have been confirmed using human proteins yet, and the concentrations required with rat proteins are far above typical human therapeutic concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-pmid6213817-198">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2933398-199">[190]</a> MPA has been identified as a competitive inhibitor of human <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase</a> <a href="/wiki/HSD3B2" title="HSD3B2">II</a> (3β-HSD II).<a href="#cite_note-pmid10372718-203">[194]</a> This enzyme is essential for the <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">sex steroids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10372718-203">[194]</a> The Ki of MPA for inhibition of 3β-HSD II is 3.0 μM, and this concentration is reportedly near the circulating levels of the medication that are achieved by very high therapeutic dosages of MPA of 5 to 20 mg/kg/day (dosages of 300 to 1,200 mg/day for a 60 kg (132 lb) person).<a href="#cite_note-pmid10372718-203">[194]</a> Aside from 3β-HSD II, other human <a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroidogenesis">steroidogenic</a> enzymes, including <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme" title="Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme">cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme</a> (P450scc/CYP11A1) and <a href="/wiki/CYP17A1" title="CYP17A1">17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase</a> (CYP17A1), were not found to be inhibited by MPA.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10372718-203">[194]</a> MPA has been found to be effective in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-independent_precocious_puberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty">gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">postmenopausal</a> women at high dosages, and inhibition of 3β-HSD II could be responsible for its effectiveness in these conditions.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10372718-203">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GABAA_receptor_allosteric_modulation">GABAA receptor allosteric modulation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: GABAA receptor allosteric modulation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a>, via transformation into <a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">neurosteroids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-dihydroprogesterone" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-dihydroprogesterone">5α-dihydroprogesterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-dihydroprogesterone" class="mw-redirect" title="5β-dihydroprogesterone">5β-dihydroprogesterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">allopregnanolone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">pregnanolone</a> (catalyzed by the enzymes <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-reductase">5α-</a> and <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="5β-reductase">5β-reductase</a> and 3α- and 3β-HSD), is a <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulator">positive allosteric modulator</a> of the <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABAA receptor</a>, and is associated with a variety of effects mediated by this property including <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mood_changes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood changes">mood changes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiolysis">anxiolysis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive/memory_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive/memory impairment">cognitive/memory impairment</a>, as well as effectiveness as an <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a> in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Catamenial_epilepsy" title="Catamenial epilepsy">catamenial epilepsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11750861-202">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14644065-204">[195]</a> It has also been found to produce <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a> via this action in animals when administered at sufficiently high dosages.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14644065-204">[195]</a> MPA was found to significantly reduce <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizure</a> incidence when added to existing anticonvulsant regimens in 11 of 14 women with uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, and has also been reported to induce anesthesia in animals, raising the possibility that it might modulate the GABAA receptor similarly to progesterone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8516376-205">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weizman2008-206">[197]</a> MPA shares some of the same <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic routes</a> of progesterone and, analogously, can be transformed into metabolites such as 5α-dihydro-MPA (DHMPA) and 3α,5α-tetrahydro-MPA (THMPA).<a href="#cite_note-pmid8516376-205">[196]</a> However, unlike the reduced metabolites of progesterone, DHMPA and THMPA have been found not to modulate the GABAA receptor.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8516376-205">[196]</a> Conversely, unlike progesterone, MPA itself actually modulates the GABAA receptor, although notably not at the neurosteroid binding site.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8516376-205">[196]</a> However, rather than act as a potentiator of the receptor, MPA appears to act as a <a href="/wiki/Negative_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative allosteric modulator">negative allosteric modulator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8516376-205">[196]</a> Whereas the reduced metabolites of progesterone enhance binding of the <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a> <a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">flunitrazepam</a> to the GABAA receptor <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>, MPA can partially inhibit the binding of flunitrazepam by up to 40% with half-maximal inhibition at 1 μM.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8516376-205">[196]</a> However, the concentrations of MPA required for inhibition are high relative to therapeutic concentrations, and hence, this action is probably of little or no clinical relevance.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8516376-205">[196]</a> The lack of potentiation of the GABAA receptor by MPA or its metabolites is surprising in consideration of the apparent anticonvulsant and anesthetic effects of MPA described above, and they remain unexplained.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8516376-205">[196]</a> Clinical studies using massive dosages of up to 5,000 mg/day oral MPA and 2,000 mg/day intramuscular MPA for 30 days in women with advanced breast cancer have reported "no relevant side effects", which suggests that MPA has no meaningful direct action on the GABAA receptor in humans even at extremely high dosages.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1390312-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appetite_stimulation">Appetite stimulation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Appetite stimulation">edit</a>]</div> Although MPA and the closely related medication <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a> are effective <a href="/wiki/Appetite_stimulant" title="Appetite stimulant">appetite stimulants</a> at very high dosages,<a href="#cite_note-HofbauerAnker2005-207">[198]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of action</a> of their beneficial effects on <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a> is not entirely clear. However, <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokine</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Anabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic">anabolic</a>-related mechanisms are all thought to possibly be involved, and a number of downstream changes have been implicated, including stimulation of the release of <a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y" title="Neuropeptide Y">neuropeptide Y</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, modulation of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">calcium channels</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ventromedial_hypothalamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventromedial hypothalamus">ventromedial hypothalamus</a>, and inhibition of the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Proinflammatory_cytokine" class="mw-redirect" title="Proinflammatory cytokine">proinflammatory cytokines</a> including <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-1_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-1 alpha">IL-1α</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-1_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-1 beta">IL-1β</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL-6</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor-alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor-alpha">TNF-α</a>, actions that have all been linked to an increase in appetite.<a href="#cite_note-DoyleHanks2005-208">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_activity">Other activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other activity">edit</a>]</div> MPA weakly stimulates the <a href="/wiki/Cell_proliferation" title="Cell proliferation">proliferation</a> of <a href="/wiki/MCF-7" title="MCF-7">MCF-7</a> <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>, an action that is independent of the classical PRs and is instead mediated via the <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor_membrane_component-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Progesterone receptor membrane component-1">progesterone receptor membrane component-1</a> (PGRMC1).<a href="#cite_note-pmid23758160-209">[200]</a> Certain other progestins are also active in this assay, whereas <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a> acts neutrally.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23758160-209">[200]</a> It is unclear if these findings may explain the different risks of breast cancer observed with progesterone, <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">dydrogesterone</a>, and other progestins such as medroxyprogesterone acetate and <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31512725-210">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absorption">Absorption</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Absorption">edit</a>]</div> Surprisingly few studies have been conducted on the <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetics</a> of MPA at postmenopausal replacement dosages.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24291402-211">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> of MPA with <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral administration</a> is approximately 100%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a> A single oral dose of 10 mg MPA has been found to result in peak MPA levels of 1.2 to 5.2 ng/mL within 2 hours of administration using <a href="/wiki/Radioimmunoassay" title="Radioimmunoassay">radioimmunoassay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24291402-211">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-VictorJohansson1976-212">[203]</a> Following this, levels of MPA decreased to 0.09 to 0.35 ng/mL 12 hours post-administration.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24291402-211">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-VictorJohansson1976-212">[203]</a> In another study, peak levels of MPA were 3.4 to 4.4 ng/mL within 1 to 4 hours of administration of 10 mg oral MPA using radioimmunoassay.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24291402-211">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-HiroiStanczyk1975-213">[204]</a> Subsequently, MPA levels fell to 0.3 to 0.6 ng/mL 24 hours after administration.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24291402-211">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-HiroiStanczyk1975-213">[204]</a> In a third study, MPA levels were 4.2 to 4.4 ng/mL after an oral dose of 5 mg MPA and 6.0 ng/mL after an oral dose of 10 mg MPA, both using radioimmunoassay as well.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24291402-211">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-SvenssonJohnson1994-214">[205]</a> Treatment of postmenopausal women with 2.5 or 5 mg/day MPA in combination with estradiol valerate for two weeks has been found to rapidly increase circulating MPA levels, with <a href="/wiki/Steady_state_(pharmacokinetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steady state (pharmacokinetics)">steady-state</a> concentrations achieved after three days and peak concentrations occurring 1.5 to 2 hours after ingestion.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-JärvinenKainulainen2004-215">[206]</a> With 2.5 mg/day MPA, levels of the medication were 0.3 ng/mL (0.8 nmol/L) in women under 60 years of age and 0.45 ng/mL (1.2 nmol/L) in women 65 years of age or over, and with 5 mg/day MPA, levels were 0.6 ng/mL (1.6 nmol/L) in women under 60 years of age and in women 65 years of age or over.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-JärvinenKainulainen2004-215">[206]</a> Hence, <a href="/wiki/Area-under-curve_(pharmacokinetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Area-under-curve (pharmacokinetics)">area-under-curve</a> levels of the medication were 1.6 to 1.8 times higher in those who were 65 years of age or older relative to those who were 60 years of age or younger.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26291834-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-JärvinenKainulainen2004-215">[206]</a> As such, levels of MPA have been found to vary with age, and MPA may have an increased risk of side effects in elderly postmenopausal women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26291834-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-JärvinenKainulainen2004-215">[206]</a> This study assessed MPA levels using <a href="/wiki/Liquid-chromatography%E2%80%93tandem_mass_spectrometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid-chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry">liquid-chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry</a> (LC–MS/MS), a more accurate method of blood determinations.<a href="#cite_note-JärvinenKainulainen2004-215">[206]</a> Oral MPA tablets can be administered <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingually</a> instead of orally.<a href="#cite_note-PDR-MPA-216">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1101759-217">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31127826-218">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rectal_administration" title="Rectal administration">Rectal administration</a> of MPA has also been studied.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1884566-219">[210]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramuscular administration">intramuscular administration</a> of 150 mg <a href="/wiki/Microcrystalline" title="Microcrystalline">microcrystalline</a> MPA in <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_suspension" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous suspension">aqueous suspension</a>, the medication is detectable in the circulation within 30 minutes, serum concentrations vary but generally plateau at 1.0 ng/mL (2.6 nmol/L) for 3 months.<a href="#cite_note-Mishell-220">[211]</a> Following this, there is a gradual decline in MPA levels, and the medication can be detected in the circulation for as long as 6 to 9 months post-injection.<a href="#cite_note-Mishell-220">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Particle_size" title="Particle size">particle size</a> of MPA crystals significantly influences its rate of absorption into the body from the local tissue <a href="/wiki/Depot_injection" title="Depot injection">depot</a> when used as a microcrystalline aqueous suspension via intramuscular injection.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8013220d-221">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1958567-222">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-GabelnickHall1987-223">[214]</a> Smaller crystals dissolve faster and are absorbed more rapidly, resulting in a shorter duration of action.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8013220d-221">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1958567-222">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-GabelnickHall1987-223">[214]</a> Particle sizes can differ between different formulations of MPA, potentially influencing clinical efficacy and tolerability.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8013220d-221">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1958567-222">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-GabelnickHall1987-223">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-AntalDick1989-224">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution">Distribution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">plasma protein binding</a> of MPA is 88%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26291834-9">[9]</a> It is weakly bound to <a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">albumin</a> and is not bound to <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid-binding_globulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroid-binding globulin">corticosteroid-binding globulin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26291834-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Metabolism">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a> of MPA via oral administration has been reported as both 11.6 to 16.6 hours<a href="#cite_note-ProveraLabel-6">[6]</a> and 33 hours,<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a> whereas the elimination half-lives with <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous injection</a> of microcrystalline MPA in aqueous suspension are 50 and 40 days, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-DepoProveraLabel-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-DepoSubQProveraLabel-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> of MPA is mainly via <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylation" title="Hydroxylation">hydroxylation</a>, including at positions C6β, C21, C2β, and C1β, mediated primarily via <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>, but 3- and 5-dihydro and 3,5-tetrahydro <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> of MPA are also formed.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26291834-9">[9]</a> Deacetylation of MPA and its metabolites (into, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone" title="Medroxyprogesterone">medroxyprogesterone</a>) has been observed to occur in non-human primate research to a substantial extent as well (30 to 70%).<a href="#cite_note-pmid1271819-225">[216]</a> MPA and/or its metabolites are also metabolized via <a href="/wiki/Conjugation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugation (biochemistry)">conjugation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merck-71">[71]</a> The C6α <a href="/wiki/Methyl_group" title="Methyl group">methyl</a> and C17α <a href="/wiki/Acetoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetoxy">acetoxy</a> <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">groups</a> of MPA make it more resistant to metabolism and allow for greater bioavailability than oral <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26291834-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elimination">Elimination</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Elimination">edit</a>]</div> MPA is <a href="/wiki/Elimination_(pharmacology)" title="Elimination (pharmacology)">eliminated</a> 20 to 50% in <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> and 5 to 10% in <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> following <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous administration">intravenous administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jr.Lawrence2015-226">[217]</a> Less than 3% of a dose is <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excreted</a> in <a href="/wiki/Conjugation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugation (biochemistry)">unconjugated</a> form.<a href="#cite_note-Jr.Lawrence2015-226">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Level–effect_relationships">Level–effect relationships</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Level–effect relationships">edit</a>]</div> With intramuscular administration, the high levels of MPA in the blood inhibit <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> for several months, with an accompanying decrease in serum progesterone to below 0.4 ng/mL.<a href="#cite_note-Mishell-220">[211]</a> Ovulation resumes when once blood levels of MPA fall below 0.1 ng/mL.<a href="#cite_note-Mishell-220">[211]</a> Serum estradiol remains at approximately 50 pg/mL for approximately four months post-injection (with a range of 10–92 pg/mL after several years of use), rising once MPA levels fall below 0.5 ng/mL.<a href="#cite_note-Mishell-220">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">Hot flashes</a> are rare while MPA is found at significant blood levels in the body, and the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vaginal</a> <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">lining</a> remains moist and creased. The <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</a> undergoes <a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophy</a>, with small, straight glands and a <a href="/wiki/Stroma_(animal_tissue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroma (animal tissue)">stroma</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Decidualization" title="Decidualization">decidualized</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cervical_mucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical mucus">Cervical mucus</a> remains <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscous</a>. Because of its steady blood levels over the long term and multiple effects that prevent <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>, MPA is a very effective means of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mishell-220">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Time–concentration_curves">Time–concentration curves</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Time–concentration curves">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-center" style=""font-size:small;""><div class="title"><div>Hormone levels with medroxyprogesterone acetate</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Levels_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_with_2.5_or_5_mg_per_day_oral_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_postmenopausal_women.png" class="mw-file-description" title="MPA levels with 2.5 or 5 mg/day oral MPA in combination with 1 or 2 mg/day estradiol valerate (Indivina) in postmenopausal women[206]"><img alt="MPA levels with 2.5 or 5 mg/day oral MPA in combination with 1 or 2 mg/day estradiol valerate (Indivina) in postmenopausal women[206]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Levels_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_with_2.5_or_5_mg_per_day_oral_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_postmenopausal_women.png/300px-Levels_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_with_2.5_or_5_mg_per_day_oral_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_postmenopausal_women.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Levels_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_with_2.5_or_5_mg_per_day_oral_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_postmenopausal_women.png/450px-Levels_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_with_2.5_or_5_mg_per_day_oral_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_postmenopausal_women.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Levels_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_with_2.5_or_5_mg_per_day_oral_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_postmenopausal_women.png/600px-Levels_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_with_2.5_or_5_mg_per_day_oral_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_postmenopausal_women.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1087" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">MPA levels with 2.5 or 5 mg/day <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a> MPA in combination with 1 or 2 mg/day <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_valerate" title="Estradiol valerate">estradiol valerate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indivina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indivina">Indivina</a>) in postmenopausal women<a href="#cite_note-JärvinenKainulainen2004-215">[206]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_after_a_single_150_mg_intramuscular_injection_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png" class="mw-file-description" title="MPA levels after a single 150 mg intramuscular injection of MPA (Depo-Provera) in aqueous suspension in women[218][219]"><img alt="MPA levels after a single 150 mg intramuscular injection of MPA (Depo-Provera) in aqueous suspension in women[218][219]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_after_a_single_150_mg_intramuscular_injection_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png/300px-Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_after_a_single_150_mg_intramuscular_injection_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_after_a_single_150_mg_intramuscular_injection_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png/450px-Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_after_a_single_150_mg_intramuscular_injection_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_after_a_single_150_mg_intramuscular_injection_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png/600px-Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_after_a_single_150_mg_intramuscular_injection_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="1098" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">MPA levels after a single 150 mg <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a> of MPA (Depo-Provera) in <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_suspension" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous suspension">aqueous suspension</a> in women<a href="#cite_note-Goebelsmann1986e-227">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid833262-228">[219]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_after_a_single_intramuscular_injection_of_different_doses_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png" class="mw-file-description" title="MPA levels after a single 25 to 150 mg intramuscular injection of MPA (Depo-Provera) in aqueous suspension in women[218][220]"><img alt="MPA levels after a single 25 to 150 mg intramuscular injection of MPA (Depo-Provera) in aqueous suspension in women[218][220]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_after_a_single_intramuscular_injection_of_different_doses_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png/300px-Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_after_a_single_intramuscular_injection_of_different_doses_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_after_a_single_intramuscular_injection_of_different_doses_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png/450px-Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_after_a_single_intramuscular_injection_of_different_doses_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_after_a_single_intramuscular_injection_of_different_doses_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png/600px-Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_after_a_single_intramuscular_injection_of_different_doses_of_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1094" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">MPA levels after a single 25 to 150 mg <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a> of MPA (Depo-Provera) in <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_suspension" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous suspension">aqueous suspension</a> in women<a href="#cite_note-Goebelsmann1986e-227">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid6451351-229">[220]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_with_a_subcutaneous_injection_of_104_mg_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png" class="mw-file-description" title="MPA levels after a single 104 mg subcutaneous injection of MPA (Depo-SubQ Provera) in aqueous suspension in women[8]"><img alt="MPA levels after a single 104 mg subcutaneous injection of MPA (Depo-SubQ Provera) in aqueous suspension in women[8]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_with_a_subcutaneous_injection_of_104_mg_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png/300px-Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_with_a_subcutaneous_injection_of_104_mg_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_with_a_subcutaneous_injection_of_104_mg_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png/450px-Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_with_a_subcutaneous_injection_of_104_mg_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_with_a_subcutaneous_injection_of_104_mg_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png/600px-Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_levels_with_a_subcutaneous_injection_of_104_mg_medroxyprogesterone_acetate_in_women.png 2x" data-file-width="1685" data-file-height="1097" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">MPA levels after a single 104 mg <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous injection</a> of MPA (Depo-SubQ Provera) in <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_suspension" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous suspension">aqueous suspension</a> in women<a href="#cite_note-DepoSubQProveraLabel-8">[8]</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_progestogens" title="List of progestogens">List of progestogens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progestogen_ester" title="Progestogen ester">Progestogen ester</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_progestogen_esters" title="List of progestogen esters">List of progestogen esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steroidal_antiandrogen" title="Steroidal antiandrogen">Steroidal antiandrogen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_steroidal_antiandrogens" title="List of steroidal antiandrogens">List of steroidal antiandrogens</a></div> MPA is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic compound">synthetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pregnane" title="Pregnane">pregnane</a> <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroid</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical derivative">derivative</a> of <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-hydroxyprogesterone" class="mw-redirect" title="17α-hydroxyprogesterone">17α-hydroxyprogesterone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-230">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-129">[129]</a> Specifically, it is the 17α-<a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">acetate</a> <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> of <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone" title="Medroxyprogesterone">medroxyprogesterone</a> or the 6α-<a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylated</a> <a href="/wiki/Analog_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog (chemistry)">analogue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone acetate">hydroxyprogesterone acetate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-230">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-129">[129]</a> MPA is known chemically as 6α-methyl-17α-acetoxyprogesterone or as 6α-methyl-17α-acetoxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, and its generic name is a contraction of 6α-methyl-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate.<a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-230">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-129">[129]</a> MPA is closely related to other 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives such as <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>, as well as to <a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">medrogestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">nomegestrol acetate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-230">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/9%CE%B1-Fluoromedroxyprogesterone_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="9α-Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate">9α-fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate</a> (FMPA), the C9α <a href="/wiki/Fluoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoro">fluoro</a> analogue of MPA and an <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis_inhibitor" title="Angiogenesis inhibitor">angiogenesis inhibitor</a> with two orders of magnitude greater potency in comparison to MPA, was investigated for the potential treatment of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a> but was never marketed.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19158035-231">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-FMPA-232">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> MPA was independently discovered in 1956 by <a href="/wiki/Syntex" title="Syntex">Syntex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Upjohn" title="Upjohn">Upjohn Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts2013-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sneader2005-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FR1295307-233">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-US3377364-234">[225]</a> It was first introduced on 18 June 1959 by Upjohn in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> under the brand name Provera (2.5, 5, and 10 mg tablets) for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">amenorrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metrorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrorrhagia">metrorrhagia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Recurrent_miscarriage" title="Recurrent miscarriage">recurrent miscarriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Green1987-235">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23617013-236">[227]</a> An intramuscular formulation of MPA, now known as DMPA (400 mg/mL MPA), was also introduced, under the brand name brand name Depo-Provera, in 1960 in the U.S. for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renal_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal cancer">renal cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs@FDA-Depo-Provera-28">[28]</a> MPA in combination with <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a> was introduced in 1964 by Upjohn in the U.S. under the brand name Provest (10 mg MPA and 50 μg ethinylestradiol tablets) as an <a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral contraceptive">oral contraceptive</a>, but this formulation was discontinued in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-Gelijns1991-237">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-Publishing2013-238">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blum2013-131">[131]</a> This formulation was marketed by Upjohn outside of the U.S. under the brand names Provestral and Provestrol, while Cyclo-Farlutal (or Ciclofarlutal) and Nogest-S<a href="#cite_note-239">[230]</a> were formulations available outside of the U.S. with a different dosage (5 mg MPA and 50 or 75 μg ethinylestradiol tablets).<a href="#cite_note-Lee1966-240">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[232]</a> Following its development in the late 1950s, DMPA was first assessed in clinical trials for use as an injectable contraceptive in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-Li2009-242">[233]</a> Upjohn sought <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration"><abbr title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Food and Drug Administration approval of intramuscular DMPA as a long-acting contraceptive under the brand name Depo-Provera (150 mg/mL MPA) in 1967, but the application was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-Levitt2015-243">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Women1998-244">[235]</a> However, this formulation was successfully introduced in countries outside of the United States for the first time in 1969, and was available in over 90 countries worldwide by 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Nadakavukaren2011-36">[36]</a> Upjohn attempted to gain FDA approval of DMPA as a contraceptive again in 1978, and yet again in 1983, but both applications failed similarly to the 1967 application.<a href="#cite_note-Levitt2015-243">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Women1998-244">[235]</a> However, in 1992, the medication was finally approved by the FDA, under the brand name Depo-Provera, for use in contraception.<a href="#cite_note-Levitt2015-243">[234]</a> A subcutaneous formulation of DMPA was introduced in the United States as a contraceptive under the brand name Depo-SubQ Provera 104 (104 mg/0.65 mL MPA) in December 2004, and subsequently was also approved for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</a>-related pelvic pain.<a href="#cite_note-ShoupeJr.2015-245">[236]</a> MPA has also been marketed widely throughout the world under numerous other brand names such as Farlutal, Perlutex, and Gestapuran, among others.<a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generic_names">Generic names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Generic names">edit</a>]</div> Medroxyprogesterone acetate is the <a href="/wiki/Generic_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic term">generic name</a> of the drug and its <a href="/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="International Nonproprietary Name"><abbr title="International Nonproprietary Name">INN</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip INN, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Adopted_Name" title="United States Adopted Name"><abbr title="United States Adopted Name">USAN</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip United States Adopted Name, <a href="/wiki/British_Approved_Name" title="British Approved Name"><abbr title="British Approved Name">BAN</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip BANM, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Accepted_Name" title="Japanese Accepted Name"><abbr title="Japanese Accepted Name">JAN</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Japanese Accepted Name, while medrossiprogesterone is the <a href="/wiki/Denominazione_Comune_Italiana" title="Denominazione Comune Italiana"><abbr title="Denominazione Comune Italiana">DCIT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana and médroxyprogestérone the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nomination_Commune_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Dénomination Commune Française"><abbr title="Dénomination Commune Française">DCF</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dénomination Commune Française of its free alcohol form.<a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-230">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martindale-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-MortonHall1999-246">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a> It is also known as 6α-methyl-17α-acetoxyprogesterone (MAP) or 6α-methyl-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate.<a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-230">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martindale-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brand_names">Brand names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Brand names">edit</a>]</div> MPA is marketed under a large number of brand names throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martindale-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-129">[129]</a> Its most major brand names are Provera as oral tablets and Depo-Provera as an <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_suspension" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous suspension">aqueous suspension</a> for intramuscular injection.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martindale-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-129">[129]</a> A formulation of MPA as an aqueous suspension for subcutaneous injection is also available in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> under the brand name Depo-SubQ Provera 104.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martindale-12">[12]</a> Other brand names of MPA formulated alone include Farlutal and Sayana for clinical use and Depo-Promone, Perlutex, Promone-E, and Veramix for veterinary use.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martindale-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-129">[129]</a> In addition to single-drug formulations, MPA is marketed in combination with the estrogens CEEs, estradiol, and estradiol valerate.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martindale-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-129">[129]</a> Brand names of MPA in combination with CEEs as oral tablets in different countries include Prempro, Premphase, Premique, Premia, and Premelle.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martindale-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-129">[129]</a> Brand names of MPA in combination with estradiol as oral tablets include Indivina and Tridestra.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martindale-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Availability">Availability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Availability">edit</a>]</div> Oral MPA and DMPA are widely available throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a> Oral MPA is available both alone and in combination with the estrogens CEEs, estradiol, and estradiol valerate.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a> DMPA is registered for use as a form of birth control in more than 100 countries worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-BagadePawar2014c-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunasheela2011-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a> The combination of injected MPA and estradiol cypionate is approved for use as a form of birth control in 18 countries.<a href="#cite_note-BagadePawar2014c-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_progestogens_available_in_the_United_States" title="List of progestogens available in the United States">List of progestogens available in the United States</a></div> As of November 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit">[update]</a>, MPA is available in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the following formulations:<a href="#cite_note-Drugs@FDA-64">[64]</a> <ul><li>Oral pills: Amen, Curretab, Cycrin, Provera – 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg</li> <li>Aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection: Depo-Provera – 150 mg/mL (for contraception), 400 mg/mL (for cancer)</li> <li>Aqueous suspension for subcutaneous injection: Depo-SubQ Provera 104 – 104 mg/0.65 mL (for contraception)</li></ul> It is also available in combination with an estrogen in the following formulations: <ul><li>Oral pills: CEEs and MPA (Prempro, Prempro (Premarin, Cycrin), Premphase (Premarin, Cycrin 14/14), Premphase 14/14, Prempro/Premphase) – 0.3 mg / 1.5 mg; 0.45 mg / 1.5 mg; 0.625 mg / 2.5 mg; 0.625 mg / 5 mg</li></ul> While the following formulations have been discontinued: <ul><li>Oral pills: ethinylestradiol and MPA (Provest) – 50 μg / 10 mg</li> <li>Aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection: estradiol cypionate and MPA (Lunelle) – 5 mg / 25 mg (for contraception)</li></ul> The state of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> permits <a href="/wiki/Sex_offender" title="Sex offender">sex offenders</a> to be given MPA.<a href="#cite_note-247">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generation">Generation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Generation">edit</a>]</div> Progestins in birth control pills are sometimes grouped by generation.<a href="#cite_note-UnzeitigLunsen2000-248">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-HumansOrganization2007-249">[240]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/19-nortestosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="19-nortestosterone">19-nortestosterone</a> progestins are consistently grouped into generations, the <a href="/wiki/Pregnane" title="Pregnane">pregnane</a> progestins that are or have been used in birth control pills are typically omitted from such classifications or are grouped simply as "miscellaneous" or "pregnanes".<a href="#cite_note-UnzeitigLunsen2000-248">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-HumansOrganization2007-249">[240]</a> In any case, based on its date of introduction in such formulations of 1964, MPA could be considered a "first-generation" progestin.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon2007-250">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Controversy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outside_the_United_States">Outside the United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Outside the United States">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In 1994, when DMPA was approved in India, India's Economic and Political Weekly reported that "The FDA finally licensed the drug in 1990 in response to concerns about the population explosion in the third world and the reluctance of third world governments to license a drug not licensed in its originating country."<a href="#cite_note-251">[242]</a> Some scientists and women's groups in India continue to oppose DMPA.<a href="#cite_note-252">[243]</a> In 2016, India introduced DMPA depo-medroxyprogesterone IM preparation in the public health system.<a href="#cite_note-253">[244]</a></li> <li>The Canadian Coalition on Depo-Provera, a coalition of women's health professional and advocacy groups, opposed the approval of DMPA in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-254">[245]</a> Since the approval of DMPA in Canada in 1997, a $700 million <a href="/wiki/Class-action_lawsuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Class-action lawsuit">class-action lawsuit</a> has been filed against Pfizer by users of DMPA who developed <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>. In response, Pfizer argued that it had met its obligation to disclose and discuss the risks of DMPA with the Canadian medical community.<a href="#cite_note-255">[246]</a></li> <li>Clinical trials for this medication regarding women in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> were controversial with regard to human rights abuses and <a href="/wiki/Medical_Experimentation_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Experimentation in Africa">Medical Experimentation in Africa</a>.</li> <li>A controversy erupted in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> when the government was accused of giving DMPA to Ethiopian immigrants without their consent. Some women claimed they were told it was a vaccination. The Israeli government denied the accusations but instructed the four health maintenance organizations to stop administering DMPA injections to women "if there is the slightest doubt that they have not understood the implications of the treatment".<a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_2">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> There was a long, controversial history regarding the approval of DMPA by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>. The original manufacturer, <a href="/wiki/Upjohn" title="Upjohn">Upjohn</a>, applied repeatedly for approval. FDA advisory committees unanimously recommended approval in 1973, 1975 and 1992, as did the FDA's professional medical staff, but the FDA repeatedly denied approval. Ultimately, on 29 October 1992, the FDA approved DMPA for birth control, which had by then been used by over 30 million women since 1969 and was approved and being used by nearly 9 million women in more than 90 countries, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leary1992-257">[248]</a> Points in the controversy included: <ul><li>Animal testing for <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenicity">carcinogenicity</a> – DMPA caused breast cancer tumors in dogs. Critics of the study claimed that dogs are more sensitive to artificial progesterone, and that the doses were too high to extrapolate to humans. The FDA pointed out that all substances carcinogenic to humans are carcinogenic to animals as well, and that if a substance is not carcinogenic it does not register as a carcinogen at high doses. Levels of DMPA which caused malignant mammary tumors in dogs were equivalent to 25 times the amount of the normal <a href="/wiki/Luteal_phase" title="Luteal phase">luteal phase</a> progesterone level for dogs. This is lower than the pregnancy level of progesterone for dogs, and is species-specific.<a href="#cite_note-258">[249]</a> DMPA caused endometrial cancer in monkeys – 2 of 12 monkeys tested, the first ever recorded cases of endometrial cancer in <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_monkeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhesus monkeys">rhesus monkeys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MM_Goodman1985-259">[250]</a> However, subsequent studies have shown that in humans, DMPA reduces the risk of endometrial cancer by approximately 80%.<a href="#cite_note-Kaunitz-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrJFP_Bigrigg1999-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO_DMPA_EC-53">[53]</a> Speaking in comparative terms regarding animal studies of carcinogenicity for medications, a member of the FDA's Bureau of Drugs testified at an agency DMPA hearing, "...Animal data for this drug is more worrisome than any other drug we know of that is to be given to well people."</li> <li>Cervical cancer in Upjohn/NCI studies. Cervical cancer was found to be increased as high as 9-fold in the first human studies recorded by the manufacturer and the <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[251]</a> However, numerous larger subsequent studies have shown that DMPA use does not increase the risk of cervical cancer.<a href="#cite_note-261">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[256]</a></li> <li>Coercion and lack of informed consent. Testing or use of DMPA was focused almost exclusively on women in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> and poor women in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-albion-266">[257]</a> raising serious questions about coercion and lack of informed consent, particularly for the illiterate<a href="#cite_note-267">[258]</a> and for mentally disabled people, who in some reported cases were given DMPA long-term for reasons of "menstrual hygiene", although they were not sexually active.<a href="#cite_note-268">[259]</a></li> <li>Atlanta/Grady Study – Upjohn studied the effect of DMPA for 11 years in Atlanta, mostly on black women who were receiving public assistance, but did not file any of the required follow-up reports with the FDA. Investigators who eventually visited noted that the studies were disorganized. "They found that data collection was questionable, consent forms and protocol were absent; that those women whose consent had been obtained at all were not told of possible side effects. Women whose known medical conditions indicated that use of DMPA would endanger their health were given the shot. Several of the women in the study died; some of cancer, but some for other reasons, such as suicide due to depression. Over half the 13,000 women in the study were <a href="/wiki/Lost_to_follow-up" title="Lost to follow-up">lost to followup</a> due to sloppy record keeping." Consequently, no data from this study was usable.<a href="#cite_note-albion-266">[257]</a></li> <li>WHO Review – In 1992, the WHO presented a review of DMPA in four developing countries to the FDA. The <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Health_Network" title="National Women's Health Network">National Women's Health Network</a> and other women's organizations testified at the hearing that the WHO was not objective, as the WHO had already distributed DMPA in developing countries. DMPA was approved for use in United States on the basis of the WHO review of previously submitted evidence from countries such as Thailand, evidence which the FDA had deemed insufficient and too poorly designed for assessment of cancer risk at a prior hearing.</li> <li>The Alan Guttmacher Institute has speculated that United States approval of DMPA may increase its availability and acceptability in developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-albion-266">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[260]</a></li> <li>In 1995, several women's health groups asked the FDA to put a moratorium on DMPA, and to institute standardized informed consent forms.<a href="#cite_note-270">[261]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> DMPA was studied by <a href="/wiki/Upjohn" title="Upjohn">Upjohn</a> for use as a <a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_injectable_contraceptive" title="Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive">progestogen-only injectable contraceptive</a> in women at a dose of 50 mg once a month but produced poor cycle control and was not marketed for this use at this dosage.<a href="#cite_note-pmid865726-271">[262]</a> A combination of DMPA and <a href="/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate" title="Polyestradiol phosphate">polyestradiol phosphate</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogen</a> and long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrug</a> of <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a>, was studied in women as a <a href="/wiki/Combined_injectable_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined injectable contraceptive">combined injectable contraceptive</a> for use by <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a> once every three months.<a href="#cite_note-GoldzieherFotherby1994-272">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid5925038-273">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beckman1967-274">[265]</a> High-dose oral and intramuscular MPA monotherapy has been studied in the treatment of prostate cancer but was found to be inferior to monotherapy with <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">diethylstilbestrol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PiotrowskiGreenberg2016-275">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11842755-276">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9088277-277">[268]</a> High-dose oral MPA has been studied in combination with diethylstilbestrol and CEEs as an addition to <a href="/wiki/High-dose_estrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dose estrogen">high-dose estrogen</a> therapy for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> in men, but was not found to provide better effectiveness than diethylstilbestrol alone.<a href="#cite_note-DenisGriffiths1999-278">[269]</a> DMPA has been studied for use as a potential <a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">male hormonal contraceptive</a> in combination with the <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">nandrolone</a> (19-nortestosterone) in men.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20933120-279">[270]</a> However, it was never approved for this indication.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20933120-279">[270]</a> MPA was investigated by InKine Pharmaceutical, Salix Pharmaceuticals, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> as a potential <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatory</a> medication for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Autoimmune hemolytic anemia">autoimmune hemolytic anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_thrombocytopenic_purpura" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura">idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a>, but did not complete clinical development and was never approved for these indications.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-MPA-AI-280">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15102587-281">[272]</a> It was formulated as an oral medication at very high dosages, and was thought to inhibit the signaling of <a href="/wiki/Proinflammatory_cytokine" class="mw-redirect" title="Proinflammatory cytokine">proinflammatory cytokines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">interleukin 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">tumor necrosis factor alpha</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of action</a> that was said to be similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-MPA-AI-280">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15102587-281">[272]</a> The formulation of MPA had the tentative brand names Colirest and Hematrol for these indications.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-MPA-AI-280">[271]</a> MPA has been found to be effective in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">manic</a> symptoms in women with <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SaxenaScaini2017-282">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veterinary_use">Veterinary use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Veterinary use">edit</a>]</div> MPA has been used to reduce <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spraying_(animal_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spraying (animal behavior)">spraying</a> in male cats.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12701517-283">[274]</a> It may be particularly useful for controlling such behaviors in <a href="/wiki/Neutering" title="Neutering">neutered</a> male cats.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12701517-283">[274]</a> The medication can be administered in cats as an injection once per month.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12701517-283">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medroxyprogesterone_acetate&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens/medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate">Conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol/medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Estradiol/medroxyprogesterone acetate">Estradiol/medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_cypionate/medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate">Estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate/medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Polyestradiol phosphate/medroxyprogesterone acetate">Polyestradiol phosphate/medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a 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Waveland Press. pp. 63–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4786-0976-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4786-0976-6"><bdi>978-1-4786-0976-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Global+Environment%3A+A+Health+Perspective%2C+Seventh+Edition&rft.pages=63-&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2011-02-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4786-0976-6&rft.aulast=Nadakavukaren&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNXkbAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trussell_2011-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trussell_2011_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trussell_2011_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrussell2011" class="citation book cs1">Trussell J (2011). "Contraceptive efficacy". In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.). Contraceptive technology (20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 779–863. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59708-004-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59708-004-0"><bdi>978-1-59708-004-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/781956734">781956734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contraceptive+efficacy&rft.btitle=Contraceptive+technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=779-863&rft.edition=20th+revised&rft.pub=Ardent+Media&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F781956734&rft.isbn=978-1-59708-004-0&rft.aulast=Trussell&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> Table 26–1 = <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf">Table 3–2 Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception, and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United States.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215224018/http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf">Archived</a> 15 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18470526-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18470526_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18470526_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18470526_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakryMerhiScaliseMahmoud2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bakry S, Merhi ZO, Scalise TJ, Mahmoud MS, Fadiel A, Naftolin F (July 2008). "Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate: an update". Arch. Gynecol. 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September 1991. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.2910490207">10.1002/ijc.2910490207</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1831802">1831802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221776781">221776781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=Depot-medroxyprogesterone+acetate+%28DMPA%29+and+risk+of+endometrial+cancer.+The+WHO+Collaborative+Study+of+Neoplasia+and+Steroid+Contraceptives&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=186-90&rft.date=1991-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221776781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1831802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fijc.2910490207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santen-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Santen_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanten2004" class="citation book cs1">Santen RJ (2004). 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Retrieved 19 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+GMS+Contract+Quality+and+Outcome+Framework+-+Implementation+Dataset+and+Business+Rules&rft.atitle=Sexual+Health+Ruleset&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcc.nhs.uk%2Fuploads%2FQOF%2FBusiness%2520Rules%2520v14%2Fsexual_health_ruleset_r4_v14_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> Summarized at * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cks.library.nhs.uk/contraception/management/goals_and_outcome_measures/qof_indicators">"Contraception - Management QOF indicators"</a>. NHS Clinical Knowledge Summaries. NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. 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Postgraduate Medicine. 121 (1): 73–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3810%2Fpgm.2009.01.1949">10.3810/pgm.2009.01.1949</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19179815">19179815</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2060730">2060730</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobmehrpharmacies.com/images/_content/bio-identical/The%20Bioidentical%20Hormone%20Debate-%20Ken%20Holtorf%20MD.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postgraduate+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+bioidentical+hormone+debate%3A+are+bioidentical+hormones+%28estradiol%2C+estriol%2C+and+progesterone%29+safer+or+more+efficacious+than+commonly+used+synthetic+versions+in+hormone+replacement+therapy%3F&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-85&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2060730%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19179815&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3810%2Fpgm.2009.01.1949&rft.aulast=Holtorf&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobmehrpharmacies.com%2Fimages%2F_content%2Fbio-identical%2FThe%2520Bioidentical%2520Hormone%2520Debate-%2520Ken%2520Holtorf%2520MD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cirigliano-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Cirigliano_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCirigliano2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cirigliano M (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106204000/http://www.solaltech.com/doctors/3/Bioidentical%20Hormone%20Therapy--%20Cirigliano.pdf">"Bioidentical hormone therapy: a review of the evidence"</a> (PDF). 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Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 846–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-11246-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-11246-8"><bdi>978-0-323-11246-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harriet+Lane+Handbook+E-Book&rft.pages=846-&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-323-11246-8&rft.aulast=Engorn&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Flerlage%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6cSLAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tiziani2013-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Tiziani2013_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiziani2013" class="citation book cs1">Tiziani AP (1 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpzQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA989">Havard's Nursing Guide to Drugs</a>. 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Springer-Verlag. pp. 528–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-08110-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-08110-5"><bdi>978-3-662-08110-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klinische+Endokrinologie+f%C3%BCr+Frauen%C3%A4rzte&rft.pages=528-&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.isbn=978-3-662-08110-5&rft.aulast=Leidenberger&rft.aufirst=FA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYTiuBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Depo_Provera:_The_Birth_Control_Shot-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Depo_Provera:_The_Birth_Control_Shot_68-0">^</a> Stacey, Dawn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contraception.about.com/od/prescriptionoptions/a/depoprovera.htm">Depo Provera: The Birth Control Shot</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010212054/http://contraception.about.com/od/prescriptionoptions/a/depoprovera.htm">Archived</a> 10 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 13 October 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-who_mec-69"><a href="#cite_ref-who_mec_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/mec/pocs.html">"Progestogen-only contraceptives"</a>. 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Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 45–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-5559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-5559-2"><bdi>978-1-4614-5559-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105200514/https://books.google.com/books?id=D1fOTC6CP3kC&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neurosteroids+and+the+Nervous+System&rft.pages=45-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-11-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-5559-2&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD1fOTC6CP3kC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-depo_us_patient_info-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-depo_us_patient_info_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-depo_us_patient_info_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfizer2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a> (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206044043/http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/ppi_depo_provera_contraceptive.pdf">"Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection, US patient labeling"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/ppi_depo_provera_contraceptive.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Depo-Provera+Contraceptive+Injection%2C+US+patient+labeling&rft.date=2004-10&rft.au=Pfizer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pfizer.com%2Fpfizer%2Fdownload%2Fppi_depo_provera_contraceptive.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid720068-74"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid720068_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmatayakulSivasomboonThanangkul1978" class="citation journal cs1">Amatayakul K, Sivasomboon B, Thanangkul O (September 1978). "Vitamin and trace mineral metabolism in medroxyprogesterone acetate users". Contraception. 18 (3): 253–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0010-7824%2878%2980019-5">10.1016/s0010-7824(78)80019-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/720068">720068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Vitamin+and+trace+mineral+metabolism+in+medroxyprogesterone+acetate+users&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=253-69&rft.date=1978-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0010-7824%2878%2980019-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F720068&rft.aulast=Amatayakul&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Sivasomboon%2C+B&rft.au=Thanangkul%2C+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson2014-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson2014_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson2014_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson AL (2014). "DMPA: battered and bruised but still needed and used in the USA". Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 5 (6): 673–686. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1586%2Feog.10.60">10.1586/eog.10.60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1747-4108">1747-4108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Review+of+Obstetrics+%26+Gynecology&rft.atitle=DMPA%3A+battered+and+bruised+but+still+needed+and+used+in+the+USA&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=673-686&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1586%2Feog.10.60&rft.issn=1747-4108&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=AL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aronson2015-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aronson2015_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aronson2015_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronson2015" class="citation book cs1">Aronson JK (15 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NOKoBAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA836">Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions</a>. Elsevier Science. pp. 2–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53716-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53716-4"><bdi>978-0-444-53716-4</bdi></a>. <q>Perhaps surprisingly, a consensus seems to be emerging that depot medroxyprogesterone acetate implants do not in fact result in an increase in the incidence of depression or in the severity of pre-existing depression, even after 1 or 2 years, nor do they cause significant weight gain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meyler%27s+Side+Effects+of+Drugs%3A+The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Adverse+Drug+Reactions+and+Interactions&rft.pages=2-&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53716-4&rft.aulast=Aronson&rft.aufirst=JK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNOKoBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Exposure to DMPA in pregnancy may cause low birth weight". Progress in Human Reproduction Research (23): 2–3. 1992. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12286194">12286194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Human+Reproduction+Research&rft.atitle=Exposure+to+DMPA+in+pregnancy+may+cause+low+birth+weight&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=2-3&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12286194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lobo2007-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lobo2007_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobo2007_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobo2007_78-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobo2007" class="citation book cs1">Lobo RA (5 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gywV9hkcyOMC&pg=PA211">Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman: Basic and Clinical Aspects</a>. Elsevier. pp. 211–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055309-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055309-2"><bdi>978-0-08-055309-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatment+of+the+Postmenopausal+Woman%3A+Basic+and+Clinical+Aspects&rft.pages=211-&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2007-06-05&rft.isbn=978-0-08-055309-2&rft.aulast=Lobo&rft.aufirst=RA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgywV9hkcyOMC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10338269-79"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10338269_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunitz1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kaunitz AM (1999). "Long-acting hormonal contraception: assessing impact on bone density, weight, and mood". Int J Fertil Womens Med. 44 (2): 110–7. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10338269">10338269</a>. <q>Despite the efficacy and increasing acceptability of these long-term methods, some clinicians and women are reluctant to use them because of concerns regarding reduction in bone density with DMPA, and depressive symptoms and body weight issues with both injectables and implants. Recent multicenter experience showed no increase in depressive symptoms after 1 year's DMPA use and 2 years' Norplant use, even among users with the highest mean depressive symptom scores pre-therapy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Fertil+Womens+Med&rft.atitle=Long-acting+hormonal+contraception%3A+assessing+impact+on+bone+density%2C+weight%2C+and+mood&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110-7&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10338269&rft.aulast=Kaunitz&rft.aufirst=AM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29496297-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29496297_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29496297_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29496297_80-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorlyGurSchaffir2018" class="citation journal cs1">Worly BL, Gur TL, Schaffir J (February 2018). "The relationship between progestin hormonal contraception and depression: a systematic review". Contraception. 97 (6): 478–489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2018.01.010">10.1016/j.contraception.2018.01.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29496297">29496297</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3644828">3644828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+progestin+hormonal+contraception+and+depression%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=478-489&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3644828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29496297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2018.01.010&rft.aulast=Worly&rft.aufirst=BL&rft.au=Gur%2C+TL&rft.au=Schaffir%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12954518-81"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12954518_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesthoff2003" class="citation journal cs1">Westhoff C (August 2003). "Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate injection (Depo-Provera): a highly effective contraceptive option with proven long-term safety". Contraception. 68 (2): 75–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0010-7824%2803%2900136-7">10.1016/s0010-7824(03)00136-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12954518">12954518</a>. <q>Another common patient tolerability concern reported with hormonal contraception is the effect on mood [95]. The majority of published reports indicate that DMPA does not cause depressive symptoms. In a large, 1-year, clinical trial of DMPA in 3857 US women, fewer than 2% of users reported depression [15]. Other reports in various settings, including a private practice [96], adolescent clinics [97,98], a psychiatric hospital [99] and inner-city family-planning clinics [100,101], have not found an adverse effect of DMPA on depression. [...] Using a variety of objective indices for depressive symptoms, the overall data for both OCs and DMPA are supportive that these agents have no significant effect on mood. Although history of mood symptoms prior to OC use may predispose a subgroup of women to negative mood changes, the data for DMPA suggest that even women who have depressive symptoms prior to treatment can tolerate therapy with no exacerbation of these symptoms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Depot-medroxyprogesterone+acetate+injection+%28Depo-Provera%29%3A+a+highly+effective+contraceptive+option+with+proven+long-term+safety&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-87&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0010-7824%2803%2900136-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12954518&rft.aulast=Westhoff&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9649914-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid9649914_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid9649914_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid9649914_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid9649914_82-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesthoffTrumanKalmussCushman1998" class="citation journal cs1">Westhoff C, Truman C, Kalmuss D, Cushman L, Davidson A, Rulin M, Heartwell S (April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0010-7824%2898%2900024-9">"Depressive symptoms and Depo-Provera"</a>. Contraception. 57 (4): 237–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0010-7824%2898%2900024-9">10.1016/s0010-7824(98)00024-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9649914">9649914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Depressive+symptoms+and+Depo-Provera&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=237-40&rft.date=1998-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0010-7824%2898%2900024-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9649914&rft.aulast=Westhoff&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Truman%2C+C&rft.au=Kalmuss%2C+D&rft.au=Cushman%2C+L&rft.au=Davidson%2C+A&rft.au=Rulin%2C+M&rft.au=Heartwell%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs0010-7824%252898%252900024-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FinkPfaff2011-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FinkPfaff2011_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkPfaffLevine2011" class="citation book cs1">Fink G, Pfaff DW, Levine J (31 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Disx7IryLxUC&pg=PA564">Handbook of Neuroendocrinology</a>. Academic Press. pp. 564–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-378554-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-378554-1"><bdi>978-0-12-378554-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Neuroendocrinology&rft.pages=564-&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2011-08-31&rft.isbn=978-0-12-378554-1&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Pfaff%2C+DW&rft.au=Levine%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDisx7IryLxUC%26pg%3DPA564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryden2009-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Ryden2009_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyden2009" class="citation book cs1">Ryden J (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nxct2LPHIsEC&pg=PA379">Practical Gynecology: A Guide for the Primary Care Physician</a>. ACP Press. pp. 379–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934465-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934465-05-9"><bdi>978-1-934465-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Gynecology%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Primary+Care+Physician&rft.pages=379-&rft.pub=ACP+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-934465-05-9&rft.aulast=Ryden&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNxct2LPHIsEC%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11829697-85"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11829697_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHlatkyBoothroydVittinghoffSharp2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hlatky MA, Boothroyd D, Vittinghoff E, Sharp P, Whooley MA (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.287.5.591">"Quality-of-life and depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women after receiving hormone therapy: results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) trial"</a>. 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January 2000. pp. 638–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88763-075-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88763-075-1"><bdi>978-3-88763-075-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619010022/http://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA638">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Index+Nominum+2000%3A+International+Drug+Directory&rft.pages=638-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000-01&rft.isbn=978-3-88763-075-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5GpcTQD_L2oC%26pg%3DPA638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6233840-130"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid6233840_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikströmGreenJohansson1984" class="citation journal cs1">Wikström A, Green B, Johansson ED (1984). 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Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 309–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-8195-9_11">10.1007/978-94-009-8195-9_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8195-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8195-9"><bdi>978-94-009-8195-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hormonal+Treatment+of+Disorders+of+the+Menstrual+Cycle&rft.btitle=Ovarian+Function+and+its+Disorders%3A+Diagnosis+and+Therapy&rft.pages=309-332&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-8195-9_11&rft.isbn=978-94-009-8195-9&rft.aulast=Horsk%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Presl%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7IrpCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ufer1969-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Ufer1969_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUfer1969" class="citation book cs1">Ufer J (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8VsAAAAMAAJ">The Principles and Practice of Hormone Therapy in Gynaecology and Obstetrics</a>. de Gruyter. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110006148" title="Special:BookSources/9783110006148"><bdi>9783110006148</bdi></a>. <q>17α-Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is a depot progestogen which is entirely free of side actions. The dose required to induce secretory changes in primed endometrium is about 250 mg. per menstrual cycle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+and+Practice+of+Hormone+Therapy+in+Gynaecology+and+Obstetrics&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9783110006148&rft.aulast=Ufer&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG8VsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pschyrembel1968r-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Pschyrembel1968r_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPschyrembel1968" class="citation book cs1">Pschyrembel W (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vVaTnHDFzZ0C&pg=PA598">Praktische Gynäkologie: für Studierende und Ärzte</a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 598, 601. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-150424-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-150424-7"><bdi>978-3-11-150424-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praktische+Gyn%C3%A4kologie%3A+f%C3%BCr+Studierende+und+%C3%84rzte&rft.pages=598%2C+601&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-3-11-150424-7&rft.aulast=Pschyrembel&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvVaTnHDFzZ0C%26pg%3DPA598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferin1972-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferin1972_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerin1972" class="citation book cs1">Ferin J (September 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv5sAAAAMAAJ">"Effects, Duration of Action and Metabolism in Man"</a>. 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Pergamon Press. pp. 13–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080168128" title="Special:BookSources/978-0080168128"><bdi>978-0080168128</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/278011135">278011135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Effects%2C+Duration+of+Action+and+Metabolism+in+Man&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+of+the+Endocrine+System+and+Related+Drugs%3A+Progesterone%2C+Progestational+Drugs+and+Antifertility+Agents&rft.pages=13-24&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1972-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F278011135&rft.isbn=978-0080168128&rft.aulast=Ferin&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNv5sAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HenzlEdwards1999u-144"><a href="#cite_ref-HenzlEdwards1999u_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenzlEdwards1999" class="citation book cs1">Henzl MR, Edwards JA (10 November 1999). "Pharmacology of Progestins: 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Derivatives and Progestins of the First and Second Generation". In Sitruk-Ware R, Mishell DR (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vGJJHsJASekC">Progestins and Antiprogestins in Clinical Practice</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 101–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8291-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8291-7"><bdi>978-0-8247-8291-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+Progestins%3A+17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone+Derivatives+and+Progestins+of+the+First+and+Second+Generation&rft.btitle=Progestins+and+Antiprogestins+in+Clinical+Practice&rft.pages=101-132&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999-11-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-8291-7&rft.aulast=Henzl&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Edwards%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvGJJHsJASekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brotherton1976-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Brotherton1976_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrotherton1976" class="citation book cs1">Brotherton J (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zt5sAAAAMAAJ">Sex Hormone Pharmacology</a>. Academic Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-137250-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-137250-7"><bdi>978-0-12-137250-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Hormone+Pharmacology&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-12-137250-7&rft.aulast=Brotherton&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzt5sAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8013220-146"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8013220_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSang1994" class="citation journal cs1">Sang GW (April 1994). "Pharmacodynamic effects of once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 361–385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-7824%2894%2990033-7">10.1016/0010-7824(94)90033-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8013220">8013220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Pharmacodynamic+effects+of+once-a-month+combined+injectable+contraceptives&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=361-385&rft.date=1994-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0010-7824%2894%2990033-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8013220&rft.aulast=Sang&rft.aufirst=GW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8013216-147"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8013216_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToppozada1994" class="citation journal cs1">Toppozada MK (April 1994). 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In Gregoire AT, Blye RP (eds.). Contraceptive Steroids: Pharmacology and Safety. 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"[Bioavailability of cyproterone acetate after oral and intramuscular application in men (author's transl)]" [Bioavailability of Cyproterone Acetate after Oral and Intramuscular Application in Men]. Urologia Internationalis. 35 (6): 381–385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000280353">10.1159/000280353</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6452729">6452729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urologia+Internationalis&rft.atitle=%5BBioavailability+of+cyproterone+acetate+after+oral+and+intramuscular+application+in+men+%28author%27s+transl%29%5D&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=381-385&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000280353&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6452729&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=D%C3%BCsterberg%2C+B&rft.au=Klosterhalfen%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoltzHaase2008-150"><a href="#cite_ref-MoltzHaase2008_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoltzHaaseSchwartzHammerstein1983" class="citation journal cs1">Moltz L, Haase F, Schwartz U, Hammerstein J (May 1983). 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Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde. 43 (5): 281–287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2008-1036893">10.1055/s-2008-1036893</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6223851">6223851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geburtshilfe+und+Frauenheilkunde&rft.atitle=%5BTreatment+of+virilized+women+with+intramuscular+administration+of+cyproterone+acetate%5D&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=281-287&rft.date=1983-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-2008-1036893&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6223851&rft.aulast=Moltz&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Haase%2C+F&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+U&rft.au=Hammerstein%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WrightBurgess2012-151"><a href="#cite_ref-WrightBurgess2012_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightBurgess2012" class="citation book cs1">Wright JC, Burgess DJ (29 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=36nkGjEGEToC&pg=PA114">Long Acting Injections and Implants</a>. 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The meantime of peak plasma MA level was 3rd day, there was a linear relationship between log of plasma MA concentration and time (day) after administration in all subjects, elimination phase half-life t1/2β = 14.35 ± 9.1 days.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chinese+Journal+of+Clinical+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetics+of+megestrol+acetate+in+women+receiving+IM+injection+of+estradiol-megestrol+long-acting+injectable+contraceptive&rft.date=1986-04&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=YH&rft.au=Li%2C+Q&rft.au=Zhao%2C+ZF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-GLYZ198604003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RunnebaumRabe2012-153"><a href="#cite_ref-RunnebaumRabe2012_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunnebaumRabeKiesel2012" class="citation book cs1">Runnebaum BC, Rabe T, Kiesel L (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LtT6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA429">Female Contraception: Update and Trends</a>. 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Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 104, 107, 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6854-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6854-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-6854-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuroactive+Steroids+in+Brain+Function%2C+Behavior+and+Neuropsychiatric+Disorders%3A+Novel+Strategies+for+Research+and+Treatment&rft.pages=104%2C+107%2C+112&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6854-6&rft.aulast=Weizman&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuABKkFdPjhkC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HofbauerAnker2005-207"><a href="#cite_ref-HofbauerAnker2005_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofbauerAnkerInuiNicholson2005" class="citation book cs1">Hofbauer KG, Anker SD, Inui A, Nicholson JR (22 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I6cf05LaCakC&pg=PA292">Pharmacotherapy of Cachexia</a>. CRC Press. pp. 292–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4895-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4895-7"><bdi>978-1-4200-4895-7</bdi></a>. <q>Medroxyprogesterone [acetate] has similarly been shown to increase appetite and food intake with stabilization of body weight at a dose of 1000 mg (500 mg twice daily).13 Although the drug may be used at 500 to 4000 mg daily, side effects increase above oral doses of 1000 mg daily.16</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacotherapy+of+Cachexia&rft.pages=292-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-4895-7&rft.aulast=Hofbauer&rft.aufirst=KG&rft.au=Anker%2C+SD&rft.au=Inui%2C+A&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI6cf05LaCakC%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoyleHanks2005-208"><a href="#cite_ref-DoyleHanks2005_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyleHanksCherny2005" class="citation book cs1">Doyle D, Hanks G, Cherny NI (3 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1n93PGjL0IMC&pg=PA553">Oxford Textbook Of Palliative Medicine</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 553. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856698-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856698-4"><bdi>978-0-19-856698-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618070049/http://books.google.com/books?id=1n93PGjL0IMC&pg=PA553">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Textbook+Of+Palliative+Medicine&rft.pages=553&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-02-03&rft.isbn=978-0-19-856698-4&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Hanks%2C+G&rft.au=Cherny%2C+NI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1n93PGjL0IMC%26pg%3DPA553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23758160-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23758160_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23758160_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeubauerMaZhouYu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Neubauer H, Ma Q, Zhou J, Yu Q, Ruan X, Seeger H, Fehm T, Mueck AO (October 2013). 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Contraception. 22 (5): 527–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-7824%2880%2990105-5">10.1016/0010-7824(80)90105-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6451351">6451351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetic+study+of+different+doses+of+Depo+Provera&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=527-36&rft.date=1980-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0010-7824%2880%2990105-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6451351&rft.aulast=Fotherby&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Koetsawang%2C+S&rft.au=Mathrubutham%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elks2014-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elks2014_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elks2014_230-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elks2014_230-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elks2014_230-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elks2014_230-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elks2014_230-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElks2014" class="citation book cs1">Elks J (14 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA187">The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies</a>. Springer. p. 657. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-2085-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-2085-3"><bdi>978-1-4757-2085-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105200514/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA187">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Drugs%3A+Chemical+Data%3A+Chemical+Data%2C+Structures+and+Bibliographies&rft.pages=657&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4757-2085-3&rft.aulast=Elks&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0vXTBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19158035-231"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19158035_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdemuyiwaMiller2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ademuyiwa FO, Miller KD (December 2008). 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"Odyssey of Depo-Provera: Contraceptives, Carcinogenic Drugs, and Risk-Management Analyses". Food Drug Cosmetic Law Journal (42). Chicago: 567–587. <q>Depo-Provera is a drug, manufactured by The Upjohn Co., whose active ingredient is medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). FDA first approved the drug in 1959 to treat amenorrhea,5 irregular uterine bleeding, and threatened and habitual abortion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Drug+Cosmetic+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Odyssey+of+Depo-Provera%3A+Contraceptives%2C+Carcinogenic+Drugs%2C+and+Risk-Management+Analyses&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=567-587&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23617013-236"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23617013_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmannJeromeLindegrenPotter2013" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann KE, Jerome RN, Lindegren ML, Potter SA, Shields TC, Surawicz TS, Andrews JC (2013). "Labeled Indications for Drugs Included in Review". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK132498/">Primary Care Management of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding</a>. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23617013">23617013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Labeled+Indications+for+Drugs+Included+in+Review&rft.btitle=Primary+Care+Management+of+Abnormal+Uterine+Bleeding&rft.pub=Agency+for+Healthcare+Research+and+Quality+%28US%29&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23617013&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=KE&rft.au=Jerome%2C+RN&rft.au=Lindegren%2C+ML&rft.au=Potter%2C+SA&rft.au=Shields%2C+TC&rft.au=Surawicz%2C+TS&rft.au=Andrews%2C+JC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK132498%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gelijns1991-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Gelijns1991_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelijns1991" class="citation book cs1">Gelijns A (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MZkrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA167">Innovation in Clinical Practice: The Dynamics of Medical Technology Development</a>. National Academies. pp. 167–. NAP:13513.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innovation+in+Clinical+Practice%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Medical+Technology+Development&rft.pages=167-&rft.pub=National+Academies&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Gelijns&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMZkrAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Publishing2013-238"><a href="#cite_ref-Publishing2013_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Andrew_Publishing2013" class="citation book cs1">William Andrew Publishing (22 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA1501">Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia</a>. Elsevier. pp. 1501–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8155-1856-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8155-1856-3"><bdi>978-0-8155-1856-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmaceutical+Manufacturing+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1501-&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft.isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3&rft.au=William+Andrew+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_J2ti4EkYpkC%26pg%3DPA1501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolbe1976" class="citation book cs1">Kolbe HK (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaap426.pdf">Population/fertility control thesaurus</a> (PDF). Population Information Program, Science Communication Division, Dept. of Medical and Public Affairs, George Washington University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009213403/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaap426.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population%2Ffertility+control+thesaurus&rft.pub=Population+Information+Program%2C+Science+Communication+Division%2C+Dept.+of+Medical+and+Public+Affairs%2C+George+Washington+University&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Kolbe&rft.aufirst=HK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2Fpnaap426.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee1966-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Lee1966_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolivar_De_Lee1966" class="citation book cs1">Bolivar De Lee J (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBU-AQAAIAAJ">The ... Year Book of Obstetrics and Gynecology</a>. Year Book Publishers. p. 339. <q>One of these is medroxyprogesterone acetate, which is sold in the United States by Upjohn as Provest, and is obtainable abroad as Provestral, Provestrol, Cyclo-Farlutal, and the more frankly suggestive Nogest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+...+Year+Book+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Year+Book+Publishers&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Bolivar+De+Lee&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhBU-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFínkelstein1966" class="citation book cs1">Fínkelstein M (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hg5rAAAAMAAJ">Research on Steroids</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29840-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29840-4"><bdi>978-1-316-29840-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Women+and+International+Law%3A+Deliberate+Interactions%2C+Movements+and+Actions&rft.pages=230-231&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-04-30&rft.isbn=978-1-316-29840-4&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=JI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DemwaCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedroxyprogesterone+acetate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women1998-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Women1998_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women1998_244-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ItQcAQAAMAAJ">Documentation on Women's Concerns</a>. 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title="Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Template talk:Progestogens and antiprogestogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)" title="Progestogen (medication)">Progestogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiprogestogen" title="Antiprogestogen">antiprogestogens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)" title="Progestogen (medication)">Progestogens</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">progestins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="PRTooltip_Progesterone_receptor_agonists" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor"><abbr title="Progesterone receptor">PR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Progesterone receptor <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestrone" title="Quingestrone">Quingestrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Retroprogesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">Dydrogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trengestone" title="Trengestone">Trengestone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (and closely related) derivatives: 17α-Hydroxylated: <a href="/wiki/Acetomepregenol" title="Acetomepregenol">Acetomepregenol (mepregenol diacetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algestone_acetophenide" title="Algestone acetophenide">Algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagestone_acetate" title="Anagestone acetate">Anagestone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormethenmadinone_acetate" title="Chlormethenmadinone acetate">Chlormethenmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugestone_acetate" title="Flugestone acetate">Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumedroxone_acetate" title="Flumedroxone acetate">Flumedroxone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone acetate">Hydroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">Hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate">Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melengestrol_acetate" title="Melengestrol acetate">Melengestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methenmadinone_acetate" title="Methenmadinone acetate">Methenmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagestrone_acetate" title="Pentagestrone acetate">Pentagestrone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proligestone" title="Proligestone">Proligestone</a>; 17α-Methylated: <a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a>; Others: <a href="/wiki/Haloprogesterone" title="Haloprogesterone">Haloprogesterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Norprogesterone derivatives: 17α-Hydroxylated: <a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">Gestonorone caproate (gestronol hexanoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestomet" title="Norgestomet">Norgestomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesterone_acetate" title="Segesterone acetate">Segesterone acetate (nestorone, elcometrine)</a>; 17α-Methylated: <a href="/wiki/Demegestone" title="Demegestone">Demegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Testosterone derivatives: Estranes: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethisterone" title="Dimethisterone">Dimethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Nortestosterone derivatives: Estranes: <a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">Allylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altrenogest" title="Altrenogest">Altrenogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone (norethindrone)</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">Norethisterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">Norethisterone enanthate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">Noretynodrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesterone" title="Norgesterone">Norgesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">Norgestrienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">Quingestanol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a>; Gonanes: <a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norelgestromin" title="Norelgestromin">Norelgestromin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">Norgestimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Spirolactone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Anabolic%E2%80%93androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic–androgenic steroid">Anabolic–androgenic steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">nandrolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandrolone ester">esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trenbolone" title="Trenbolone">trenbolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Trenbolone ester">esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">ethylestrenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">norethandrolone</a>, others)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antiprogestogen" title="Antiprogestogen">Antiprogestogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Selective_progesterone_receptor_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective progesterone receptor modulators"><abbr title="Selective progesterone receptor modulators">SPRMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telapristone" title="Telapristone">Telapristone</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate" title="Ulipristal acetate">Ulipristal acetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor"><abbr title="Progesterone receptor">PR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Progesterone receptor <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglepristone" title="Aglepristone">Aglepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators">Progesterone receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens">Androgens and antiandrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens">Estrogens and antiestrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_steroidal_progestogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of steroidal progestogens">List of progestogens</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Appetite_stimulants_(A15)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Appetite_stimulants" title="Template:Appetite stimulants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Appetite_stimulants" title="Template talk:Appetite stimulants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Appetite_stimulants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Appetite stimulants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Appetite_stimulants_(A15)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Appetite_stimulant" title="Appetite stimulant">Appetite stimulants</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A15" title="ATC code A15">A15</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exogeny" title="Exogeny">Exogenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Dronabinol/Tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">Nabilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">Nandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">Omega-3 fatty acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentoxifylline" title="Pentoxifylline">Pentoxifylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">Prednisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endogeny_(biology)" title="Endogeny (biology)">Endogenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH/Corticotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiponectin" title="Adiponectin">Adiponectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide" title="Agouti-related peptide">Agouti-related peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol/Hydrocortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone">Melanin-concentrating hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y" title="Neuropeptide Y">Neuropeptide Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin" title="Orexin">Orexin/Hypocretin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Birth_control_methods" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birth_control_methods" title="Template:Birth control methods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birth_control_methods" title="Template talk:Birth control methods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birth_control_methods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birth control methods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Birth_control_methods" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a> methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_birth_control_methods" title="Comparison of birth control methods">Comparison of birth control methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Preventing sexually-transmitted infections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control#Approval" title="Birth control">Over-the-counter oral contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_formulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral contraceptive formulations">Oral contraceptive formulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Long-acting_reversible_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-acting reversible contraception">Long-acting reversible contraception</a> (LARC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine device</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hormonal_IUD" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal IUD">Hormonal IUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_IUD" title="Copper IUD">Copper IUD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_implant" title="Contraceptive implant">Contraceptive implant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nexplanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexplanon">Etonogestrel implant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_implant" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonorgestrel implant">Levonorgestrel implant</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">Sterilization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tubal_ligation" title="Tubal ligation">Tubal ligation</a> (female)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">Vasectomy</a> (male)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception#Combined" title="Hormonal contraception">Combined estrogen–progestogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">Oral pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_cycle_combined_hormonal_contraceptive" title="Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive">Extended cycle Pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_patch" title="Contraceptive patch">Contraceptive patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_injectable_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined injectable contraceptive">Monthly injections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel" title="Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel">Vaginal ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_contraception" title="Progestogen-only contraception">Progestogen-only</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_injectable_contraceptive" title="Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive">Multi-month injections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_pill" title="Progestogen-only pill">Progestogen-only pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_vaginal_ring" title="Progesterone vaginal ring">Vaginal ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">SERMs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ormeloxifene" title="Ormeloxifene">Ormeloxifene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barrier_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier contraception">Barrier Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">External condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_condom" title="Female condom">Internal condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cap" title="Cervical cap">Cervical cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(birth_control)" title="Diaphragm (birth control)">Diaphragm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_sponge" title="Contraceptive sponge">Contraceptive sponge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Contraception">Emergency Contraception</a> (Post-intercourse)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_IUD#Emergency_contraception" title="Copper IUD">Copper IUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate" title="Ulipristal acetate">Ulipristal acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel#Emergency_birth_control" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone#Other" title="Mifepristone">Low-dose mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzpe_regimen" title="Yuzpe regimen">Yuzpe regimen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spermicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermicides">Spermicides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid/citric_acid/potassium_bitartrate" title="Lactic acid/citric acid/potassium bitartrate">Vaginal pH modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonoxynol-9" title="Nonoxynol-9">Nonoxynol-9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavioral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Including <a href="/wiki/Penile-vaginal_intercourse" title="Penile-vaginal intercourse">vaginal intercourse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactational_amenorrhea#Use_as_birth_control" title="Lactational amenorrhea">Breastfeeding method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar-based_contraceptive_methods" title="Calendar-based contraceptive methods">Calendar (rhythm) methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coitus_interruptus" title="Coitus interruptus">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Avoiding <a href="/wiki/Penile-vaginal_intercourse" title="Penile-vaginal intercourse">vaginal intercourse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Abstinence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive#Research_into_new_methods" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptives in development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharmacodynamics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#ccccff"><div id="Pharmacodynamics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Androgen_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Androgen_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">Androgen receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/4-Androstenediol" title="4-Androstenediol">4-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="4-Dehydroepiandrosterone">4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxytestosterone" title="4-Hydroxytestosterone">4-Hydroxytestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4,17%CE%B1-Dimethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenedione" title="5-Androstenedione">5-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketotestosterone" title="11-Ketotestosterone">11-Ketotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione">11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenosterone" title="Adrenosterone">Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">Androstenediol (5-androstenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_3%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 3β-acetate">Androstenediol 3β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_17%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 17β-acetate">Androstenediol 17β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_diacetate" title="Androstenediol diacetate">Androstenediol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_dipropionate" title="Androstenediol dipropionate">Androstenediol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">Androstenedione (4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atamestane" title="Atamestane">Atamestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone" title="Boldenone">Boldenone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone_undecylenate" title="Boldenone undecylenate">Boldenone undecylenate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldione" title="Boldione">Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol" title="Clostebol">Clostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_acetate" title="Clostebol acetate">Clostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_caproate" title="Clostebol caproate">Clostebol caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_propionate" title="Clostebol propionate">Clostebol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone" title="Cloxotestosterone">Cloxotestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone_acetate" title="Cloxotestosterone acetate">Cloxotestosterone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exemestane" title="Exemestane">Exemestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formestane" title="Formestane">Formestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plomestane" title="Plomestane">Plomestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinbolone" title="Quinbolone">Quinbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silandrone" title="Silandrone">Silandrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">Testosterone</a># (<a href="/wiki/Testosterone/dutasteride" title="Testosterone/dutasteride">+dutasteride</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Testosterone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytestosterone_phloretin_phosphate" title="Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate">Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/1-Androstenediol" title="1-Androstenediol">1-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androstenedione" title="1-Androstenedione">1-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androsterone" title="1-Androsterone">1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Testosterone" title="1-Testosterone">1-Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androst-2-en-17-one" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androst-2-en-17-one">5α-Androst-2-en-17-one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketodihydrotestosterone" title="11-Ketodihydrotestosterone">11-Ketodihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine" title="Bolazine">Bolazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine_capronate" title="Bolazine capronate">Bolazine capronate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">Dihydroethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofluoxymesterone" title="Dihydrofluoxymesterone">Dihydrofluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydromethylandrostenediol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydromethylandrostenediol (page does not exist)">Dihydromethylandrostenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">androstanolone, stanolone</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Dihydrotestosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Dihydrotestosterone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone" title="Drostanolone">Drostanolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone_propionate" title="Drostanolone propionate">Drostanolone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiandrosterone" title="Epiandrosterone">Epiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesabolone" title="Mesabolone">Mesabolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone" title="Mesterolone">Mesterolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone_cipionate" title="Mesterolone cipionate">Mesterolone cipionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldiazinol" title="Methyldiazinol">Methyldiazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime" title="Nisterime">Nisterime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime_acetate" title="Nisterime acetate">Nisterime acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostanozol" title="Prostanozol">Prostanozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone" title="Stenbolone">Stenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone_acetate" title="Stenbolone acetate">Stenbolone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testifenon" title="Testifenon">Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione" title="7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione">7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone_dodecylcarbonate" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenediol" title="19-Nor-5-androstenediol">19-Nor-5-androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenedione" title="19-Nor-5-androstenedione">19-Nor-5-androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone" title="19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone">19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol" title="Bolandiol">Bolandiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandione" title="Bolandione">Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolmantalate" title="Bolmantalate">Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienedione" title="Dienedione">Dienedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienolone" title="Dienolone">Dienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone" title="Dimethandrolone">Dimethandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_buciclate" title="Dimethandrolone buciclate">Dimethandrolone buciclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_dodecylcarbonate" title="Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate">Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_undecanoate" title="Dimethandrolone undecanoate">Dimethandrolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LS-1727" title="LS-1727">LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxydienone" title="Methoxydienone">Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">Nandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Nandrolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol" title="Norclostebol">Norclostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol_acetate" title="Norclostebol acetate">Norclostebol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone" title="Oxabolone">Oxabolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone_cipionate" title="Oxabolone cipionate">Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone" title="Trenbolone">Trenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate" title="Trenbolone acetate">Trenbolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_enanthate" title="Trenbolone enanthate">Trenbolone enanthate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_hexahydrobenzylcarbonate" title="Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate">Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_undecanoate" title="Trenbolone undecanoate">Trenbolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trendione" title="Trendione">Trendione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone" title="Trestolone">Trestolone (MENT)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_acetate" title="Trestolone acetate">Trestolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_enanthate" title="Trestolone enanthate">Trestolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronandrolone">5α-Dihydronandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%CE%B1-Dihydrotrestolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5α-Dihydrotrestolone (page does not exist)">5α-Dihydrotrestolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Norandrosterone" title="19-Norandrosterone">19-Norandrosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolasterone" title="Bolasterone">Bolasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusterone" title="Calusterone">Calusterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol" title="Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol">Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone" title="Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone">Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloromethylandrostenediol" title="Chloromethylandrostenediol">Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enestebol" title="Enestebol">Enestebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyltestosterone" title="Ethyltestosterone">Ethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formebolone" title="Formebolone">Formebolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxystenozole" title="Hydroxystenozole">Hydroxystenozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">Metandienone (methandrostenolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol" title="Methandriol">Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_bisenanthoyl_acetate" title="Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate">Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_diacetate" title="Methandriol diacetate">Methandriol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_dipropionate" title="Methandriol dipropionate">Methandriol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_propionate" title="Methandriol propionate">Methandriol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylclostebol" title="Methylclostebol">Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens/methyltestosterone" title="Esterified estrogens/methyltestosterone">+esterified estrogens</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone_3-hexyl_ether" title="Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether">Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymesterone" title="Oxymesterone">Oxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmesterol" title="Penmesterol">Penmesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiomesterone" title="Tiomesterone">Tiomesterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androisoxazole" title="Androisoxazole">Androisoxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxymethyltestosterone" title="Desoxymethyltestosterone">Desoxymethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furazabol" title="Furazabol">Furazabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebolazine" title="Mebolazine">Mebolazine (dimethazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestanolone" title="Mestanolone">Mestanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone" title="Metenolone">Metenolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_acetate" title="Metenolone acetate">Metenolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_enanthate" title="Metenolone enanthate">Metenolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methasterone" title="Methasterone">Methasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl-1-testosterone" title="Methyl-1-testosterone">Methyl-1-testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylepitiostanol" title="Methylepitiostanol">Methylepitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylstenbolone" title="Methylstenbolone">Methylstenbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetholone" title="Oxymetholone">Oxymetholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">Stanozolol</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolenol" title="Bolenol">Bolenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyldienolone" title="Dimethyldienolone">Dimethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltrienolone" title="Dimethyltrienolone">Dimethyltrienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyldienolone" title="Ethyldienolone">Ethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">Ethylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldienolone" title="Methyldienolone">Methyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhydroxynandrolone" title="Methylhydroxynandrolone">Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">Metribolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibolerone" title="Mibolerone">Mibolerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norboletone" title="Norboletone">Norboletone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propetandrol" title="Propetandrol">Propetandrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-2309" title="RU-2309">RU-2309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrogestrinone" title="Tetrahydrogestrinone">Tetrahydrogestrinone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronorethandrolone">5α-Dihydronorethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronormethandrone" title="5α-Dihydronormethandrone">5α-Dihydronormethandrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Vinyltestosterone" title="Vinyltestosterone">Vinyltestosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylandrostenediol" title="Ethinylandrostenediol">Ethinylandrostenediol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethandrostate" title="Ethandrostate">Ethandrostate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B1-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B2-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroethisterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroethisterone">Dihydroethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/%CE%944-Tibolone" title="Δ4-Tibolone">Δ4-Tibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol" title="Etynodiol">Etynodiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonorgestrel ester">Levonorgestrel esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_butanoate" title="Levonorgestrel butanoate">levonorgestrel butanoate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol_phenylpropionate" title="Lynestrenol phenylpropionate">Lynestrenol phenylpropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Norethisterone ester">Norethisterone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">Norgestrienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol" title="Quingestanol">Quingestanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">Quingestanol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel" title="5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel">5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethisterone" title="5α-Dihydronorethisterone">5α-Dihydronorethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="6α-Methylprogesterone">6α-Methylprogesterone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others/unsorted: <a href="/wiki/3-Keto-5%CE%B1-abiraterone" title="3-Keto-5α-abiraterone">3-Keto-5α-abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androstane" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androstane">5α-Androstane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternariol" title="Alternariol">Alternariol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl-4AS-1" title="Cl-4AS-1">Cl-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupanol" title="Drupanol">Drupanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZM-182345" title="ZM-182345">ZM-182345</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective androgen receptor modulator"><abbr title="Selective androgen receptor modulator">SARMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective androgen receptor modulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=198RL26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="198RL26 (page does not exist)">198RL26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACP-105" title="ACP-105">ACP-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-262,536" title="AC-262,536">AC-262,536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetothiolutamide" title="Acetothiolutamide">Acetothiolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetoxolutamide" title="Acetoxolutamide">Acetoxolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarine" title="Andarine">Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-564,929" title="BMS-564,929">BMS-564,929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DTIB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DTIB (page does not exist)">DTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enobosarm" title="Enobosarm">Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FTBU-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FTBU-1 (page does not exist)">FTBU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLPG-0492" title="GLPG-0492">GLPG-0492</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK2881078" title="GSK2881078">GSK2881078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK-4336A" title="GSK-4336A">GSK-4336A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-8698&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-8698 (page does not exist)">GSK-8698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG121071" title="LG121071">LG121071 (LGD-121071)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2226" title="LGD-2226">LGD-2226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2941" title="LGD-2941">LGD-2941 (LGD-122941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-3303" title="LGD-3303">LGD-3303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-4033" class="mw-redirect" title="LGD-4033">LGD-4033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY305" title="LY305">LY305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-26146900" title="JNJ-26146900">JNJ-26146900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-28330835" title="JNJ-28330835">JNJ-28330835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-37654032" title="JNJ-37654032">JNJ-37654032</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPK-88004" title="OPK-88004">OPK-88004 (LY-2452473, TT-701)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORM-11984&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORM-11984 (page does not exist)">ORM-11984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-06260414" title="PF-06260414">PF-06260414</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">R-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-59063" title="RU-59063">RU-59063</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">S-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-23_(drug)" title="S-23 (drug)">S-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-40503" title="S-40503">S-40503</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-101479&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-101479 (page does not exist)">S-101479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosilasarm" title="Vosilasarm">Vosilasarm</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-9017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-9017 (page does not exist)">EM-9017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK-0773" title="MK-0773">MK-0773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFM-4AS-1" title="TFM-4AS-1">TFM-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YK-11" title="YK-11">YK-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thioprogesterone" title="7α-Thioprogesterone">7α-Thioprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiospironolactone" title="7α-Thiospironolactone">7α-Thiospironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiomethylspironolactone" title="7α-Thiomethylspironolactone">7α-Thiomethylspironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11α-Hydroxyprogesterone">11α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15%CE%B2-Hydroxycyproterone_acetate" title="15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate">15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiraterone">Abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyltestosterone" title="Allyltestosterone">Allyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorterone" title="Benorterone">Benorterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOMT" title="BOMT">BOMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenoic_acid" title="Canrenoic acid">Canrenoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clascoterone" title="Clascoterone">Clascoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clometerone" title="Clometerone">Clometerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone" title="Cyproterone">Cyproterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delanterone" title="Delanterone">Delanterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicirenone" title="Dicirenone">Dicirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU-41165" title="DU-41165">DU-41165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edogestrone" title="Edogestrone">Edogestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-4350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-4350 (page does not exist)">EM-4350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM-5854" title="EM-5854">EM-5854</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-5855&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-5855 (page does not exist)">EM-5855</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-6537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-6537 (page does not exist)">EM-6537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitestosterone" title="Epitestosterone">Epitestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeterone" title="Galeterone">Galeterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludaterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludaterone (page does not exist)">Ludaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mespirenone" title="Mespirenone">Mespirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metogest" title="Metogest">Metogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexrenone" title="Mexrenone">Mexrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordinone" title="Nordinone">Nordinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone" title="Osaterone">Osaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Potassium canrenoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorenone" title="Prorenone">Prorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosterolone" title="Rosterolone">Rosterolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-15328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-15328 (page does not exist)">RU-15328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-5233" title="SC-5233">SC-5233 (spirolactone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirorenone" title="Spirorenone">Spirorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxasone" title="Spiroxasone">Spiroxasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topterone" title="Topterone">Topterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethyltrienolone" title="Trimethyltrienolone">Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanoterone" title="Zanoterone">Zanoterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/5N-Bicalutamide" title="5N-Bicalutamide">5N-Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AA560" title="AA560">AA560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarlide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarlide (page does not exist)">Antarlides</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabilin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabilin (page does not exist)">Arabilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">Apalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atraric_acid" title="Atraric acid">Atraric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-3514&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-3514 (page does not exist)">AZD-3514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakuchiol" title="Bakuchiol">Bakuchiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavdegalutamide" title="Bavdegalutamide">Bavdegalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY-1024767&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY-1024767 (page does not exist)">BAY-1024767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol" title="Bisphenol">Bisphenols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A_diglycidyl_ether" title="Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether">BADGE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisphenol_F_diglycidyl_ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (page does not exist)">BFDGE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_F" title="Bisphenol F">bisphenol F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_S" title="Bisphenol S">bisphenol S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-501949&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-501949 (page does not exist)">BMS-501949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-570511&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-570511 (page does not exist)">BMS-570511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-641988" title="BMS-641988">BMS-641988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CH5137291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CH5137291 (page does not exist)">CH5137291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">Cimetidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cioteronel" title="Cioteronel">Cioteronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanonilutamide" title="Cyanonilutamide">Cyanonilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darolutamide" title="Darolutamide">Darolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> (via metabolite <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene">p,p’-DDE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIMP_(antiandrogen)" title="DIMP (antiandrogen)">DIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosulfan" title="Endosulfan">Endosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">Enzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPI-001" title="EPI-001">EPI-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenarimol" title="Fenarimol">Fenarimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyflutamide" title="Hydroxyflutamide">Hydroxyflutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone" title="Inocoterone">Inocoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone_acetate" title="Inocoterone acetate">Inocoterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketodarolutamide" title="Ketodarolutamide">Ketodarolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-105 (page does not exist)">LG-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG-120907" title="LG-120907">LG-120907</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGD-1331&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGD-1331 (page does not exist)">LGD-1331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linuron" title="Linuron">Linuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masofaniten" title="Masofaniten">Masofaniten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methiocarb" title="Methiocarb">Methiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide (page does not exist)">N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylapalutamide" title="N-Desmethylapalutamide">N-Desmethylapalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylenzalutamide" title="N-Desmethylenzalutamide">N-Desmethylenzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONC1-13B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONC1-13B (page does not exist)">ONC1-13B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentomone" title="Pentomone">Pentomone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-998425&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-998425 (page does not exist)">PF-998425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenothrin" title="Phenothrin">Phenothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochloraz" title="Prochloraz">Prochloraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procymidone" title="Procymidone">Procymidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxalutamide" title="Proxalutamide">Proxalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrilutamide" title="Pyrilutamide">Pyrilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten" title="Ralaniten">Ralaniten (EPI-002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten_acetate" title="Ralaniten acetate">Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-162" title="RD-162">RD-162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezvilutamide" title="Rezvilutamide">Rezvilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_2-7239&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 2-7239 (page does not exist)">Ro 2-7239</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_5-2537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 5-2537 (page does not exist)">Ro 5-2537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-22930" title="RU-22930">RU-22930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-56187" title="RU-56187">RU-56187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-57073" title="RU-57073">RU-57073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58642" title="RU-58642">RU-58642</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58841" title="RU-58841">RU-58841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">Topilutamide (fluridil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinclozolin" title="Vinclozolin">Vinclozolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-580&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-580 (page does not exist)">YM-580</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-92088&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-92088 (page does not exist)">YM-92088</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-175735&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-175735 (page does not exist)">YM-175735</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">Cations</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">L-α-Amino acids</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">L-arginine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-lysine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithine" title="Ornithine">L-ornithine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin"><abbr title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">SHBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens">Androgens and antiandrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators">Estrogen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators">Progesterone receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens_and_anabolic_steroids" title="List of androgens and anabolic steroids">List of androgens and anabolic steroids</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Glucocorticoid receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Glucocorticoid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glucocorticoid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">Glucocorticoid receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="Glucocorticoid receptor">GR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Glucocorticoid receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cortisol-like and related (16-unsubstituted): <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrocorticosterone">3α,5α-Tetrahydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrocorticosterone" title="5α-Dihydrocorticosterone">5α-Dihydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9%CE%B1-Fluorocortisone" title="9α-Fluorocortisone">9α-Fluorocortisone (alfluorone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Dehydrocorticosterone" title="11-Dehydrocorticosterone">11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Dehydrocorticosterone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Dehydrocorticosterone acetate (page does not exist)">11-Dehydrocorticosterone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone (desoxycortone, deoxycortone, desoxycorticosterone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Desoxycortone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Desoxycortone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol" title="11-Deoxycortisol">11-Deoxycortisol (cortodoxone, cortexolone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortifen" title="Cortifen">Cortifen (cortiphen, kortifen)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortodoxone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortodoxone acetate (page does not exist)">Cortodoxone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Deoxycortisol" title="21-Deoxycortisol">21-Deoxycortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%947-Prednisolone" title="Δ7-Prednisolone">Δ7-Prednisolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%947-Prednisolone_21-acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Δ7-Prednisolone 21-acetate (page does not exist)">Δ7-Prednisolone 21-acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amebucort" title="Amebucort">Amebucort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroprednisone" title="Chloroprednisone">Chloroprednisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloroprednisone_acetate" title="Chloroprednisone acetate">Chloroprednisone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloprednol" title="Cloprednol">Cloprednol</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloprednol_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloprednol acetate (page does not exist)">Cloprednol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corticosterone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corticosterone acetate (page does not exist)">Corticosterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corticosterone_benzoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corticosterone benzoate (page does not exist)">Corticosterone benzoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">hydrocortisone</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodrocortisone" title="Benzodrocortisone">Benzodrocortisone (hydrocortisone benzoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocortamate" title="Hydrocortamate">Hydrocortamate (hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Hydrocortisone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Hydrocortisone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone_acetate" title="Cortisone acetate">Cortisone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprodone" title="Deprodone">Deprodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deprodone_propionate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deprodone propionate (page does not exist)">Deprodone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorisone" title="Dichlorisone">Dichlorisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dichlorisone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dichlorisone acetate (page does not exist)">Dichlorisone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dichlorisone_diacetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dichlorisone diacetate (page does not exist)">Dichlorisone diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difluprednate" title="Difluprednate">Difluprednate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endrisone" title="Endrisone">Endrisone (endrysone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiprednol" title="Etiprednol">Etiprednol</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiprednol_dicloacetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etiprednol dicloacetate (page does not exist)">Etiprednol dicloacetate (etiprednol dichloroacetate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludrocortisone" title="Fludrocortisone">Fludrocortisone (fludrocortone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fludrocortisone_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fludrocortisone acetate">Fludrocortisone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorometholone" title="Fluorometholone">Fluorometholone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorometholone_acetate" title="Fluorometholone acetate">Fluorometholone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluperolone" title="Fluperolone">Fluperolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluperolone_acetate" title="Fluperolone acetate">Fluperolone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluprednisolone" title="Fluprednisolone">Fluprednisolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Fluprednisolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Fluprednisolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halopredone" title="Halopredone">Halopredone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halopredone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halopredone acetate (page does not exist)">Halopredone acetate (halopredone diacetate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflupredone" title="Isoflupredone">Isoflupredone (9α-fluoroprednisolone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoflupredone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoflupredone acetate (page does not exist)">Isoflupredone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loteprednol" title="Loteprednol">Loteprednol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazipredone" title="Mazipredone">Mazipredone (depersolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrysone" title="Medrysone">Medrysone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylprednisolone" title="Methylprednisolone">Methylprednisolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Methylprednisolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Methylprednisolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebediolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Prebediolone">Prebediolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prebediolone_acetate" title="Prebediolone acetate">Prebediolone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolone" title="Prednisolone">Prednisolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prednazate" title="Prednazate">Prednazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednazoline" title="Prednazoline">Prednazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednicarbate" title="Prednicarbate">Prednicarbate (prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednimustine" title="Prednimustine">Prednimustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolamate" title="Prednisolamate">Prednisolamate (prednisolone diethylaminoacetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Prednisolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Prednisolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">Prednisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Prednisone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Prednisone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_acetate" title="Pregnenolone acetate">Pregnenolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_succinate" title="Pregnenolone succinate">Pregnenolone succinate (pregnenolone hemisuccinate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resocortol" title="Resocortol">Resocortol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipredane" title="Tipredane">Tipredane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tixocortol" title="Tixocortol">Tixocortol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butixocort" title="Butixocort">Butixocort (tixocortol butyrate)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butixocort_propionate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butixocort propionate (page does not exist)">Butixocort propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tixocortol_pivalate" title="Tixocortol pivalate">Tixocortol pivalate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Methasones and related (16-substituted): <a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Methyl-11-oxoprednisolone" title="16α-Methyl-11-oxoprednisolone">16α-Methyl-11-oxoprednisolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alclometasone" title="Alclometasone">Alclometasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alclometasone_dipropionate" title="Alclometasone dipropionate">Alclometasone dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelometasone" title="Amelometasone">Amelometasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beclometasone" title="Beclometasone">Beclometasone (beclomethasone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Beclometasone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Beclometasone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamethasone" title="Betamethasone">Betamethasone (betametasone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Betamethasone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Betamethasone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortobenzolone" title="Cortobenzolone">Cortobenzolone (betamethasone salicylate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclometasone" title="Ciclometasone">Ciclometasone (ciclomethasone, cyclomethasone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobetasol" title="Clobetasol">Clobetasol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clobetasol_propionate" title="Clobetasol propionate">Clobetasol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobetasone" title="Clobetasone">Clobetasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clobetasone_butyrate" title="Clobetasone butyrate">Clobetasone butyrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocortolone" title="Clocortolone">Clocortolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Clocortolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Clocortolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloticasone" title="Cloticasone">Cloticasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloticasone_propionate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloticasone propionate (page does not exist)">Cloticasone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormetasone" title="Cormetasone">Cormetasone (cormethasone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cormetasone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cormetasone acetate (page does not exist)">Cormetasone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descinolone" title="Descinolone">Descinolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoximetasone" title="Desoximetasone">Desoximetasone (desoxymethasone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone (dexametasone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Dexamethasone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Dexamethasone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflorasone" title="Diflorasone">Diflorasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diflorasone_diacetate" title="Diflorasone diacetate">Diflorasone diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflucortolone" title="Diflucortolone">Diflucortolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diflucortolone_pivalate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diflucortolone pivalate (page does not exist)">Diflucortolone pivalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflucortolone_valerate" title="Diflucortolone valerate">Diflucortolone valerate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimesone" title="Dimesone">Dimesone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimesone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimesone acetate (page does not exist)">Dimesone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxibetasol" title="Doxibetasol">Doxibetasol (doxybetasol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluclorolone" title="Fluclorolone">Fluclorolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumetasone" title="Flumetasone">Flumetasone (flumethasone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flumetasone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flumetasone acetate (page does not exist)">Flumetasone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumetasone_pivalate" title="Flumetasone pivalate">Flumetasone pivalate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocinolone" title="Fluocinolone">Fluocinolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocortin" title="Fluocortin">Fluocortin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluocortin_butyl" title="Fluocortin butyl">Fluocortin butyl (fluocortin butylate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocortolone" title="Fluocortolone">Fluocortolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Fluocortolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Fluocortolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluprednidene" title="Fluprednidene">Fluprednidene (fluprednylidene)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluprednidene_acetate" title="Fluprednidene acetate">Fluprednidene acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fluticasone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluticasone_furoate" title="Fluticasone furoate">Fluticasone furoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluticasone_propionate" title="Fluticasone propionate">Fluticasone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halocortolone" title="Halocortolone">Halocortolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halometasone" title="Halometasone">Halometasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icometasone" title="Icometasone">Icometasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icometasone_enbutate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icometasone enbutate (page does not exist)">Icometasone enbutate (icometasone butyrate acetate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprednidene" title="Isoprednidene">Isoprednidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locicortolone" title="Locicortolone">Locicortolone (locicortone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locicortolone_dicibate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locicortolone dicibate (page does not exist)">Locicortolone dicibate (locicortone dicibate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclorisone" title="Meclorisone">Meclorisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meclorisone_dibutyrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meclorisone dibutyrate (page does not exist)">Meclorisone dibutyrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprednisone" title="Meprednisone">Meprednisone (methylprednisone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meprednisone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meprednisone acetate (page does not exist)">Meprednisone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meprednisone_hydrogen_succinate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meprednisone hydrogen succinate (page does not exist)">Meprednisone hydrogen succinate (methylprednisone hemisuccinate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone" title="Mometasone">Mometasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone_furoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mometasone furoate">Mometasone furoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramethasone" title="Paramethasone">Paramethasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramethasone_acetate" title="Paramethasone acetate">Paramethasone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramethasone_disodium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramethasone disodium phosphate (page does not exist)">Paramethasone disodium phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramethasone_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramethasone phosphate (page does not exist)">Paramethasone phosphate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednylidene" title="Prednylidene">Prednylidene</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prednylidene_diethylaminoacetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate (page does not exist)">Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimexolone" title="Rimexolone">Rimexolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticabesone" title="Ticabesone">Ticabesone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ticabesone_propionate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ticabesone propionate (page does not exist)">Ticabesone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timobesone" title="Timobesone">Timobesone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timobesone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timobesone acetate (page does not exist)">Timobesone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone" title="Triamcinolone">Triamcinolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone_diacetate" title="Triamcinolone diacetate">Triamcinolone diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulobetasol" title="Ulobetasol">Ulobetasol (halobetasol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulobetasol_propionate" title="Ulobetasol propionate">Ulobetasol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamorolone" title="Vamorolone">Vamorolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Cyclic ketals (16,17-cyclized): <a href="/wiki/Acrocinonide" title="Acrocinonide">Acrocinonide (triamcinolone acroleinide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amcinafal" title="Amcinafal">Amcinafal (triamcinolone pentanonide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amcinafide" title="Amcinafide">Amcinafide (triamcinolone acetophenide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amcinonide" title="Amcinonide">Amcinonide (triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budesonide" title="Budesonide">Budesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclesonide" title="Ciclesonide">Ciclesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicortonide" title="Cicortonide">Cicortonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflazacort" title="Deflazacort">Deflazacort (azacort)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descinolone_acetonide" title="Descinolone acetonide">Descinolone acetonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desonide" title="Desonide">Desonide (hydroxyprednisolone acetonide)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desonide_disodium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desonide disodium phosphate (page does not exist)">Desonide disodium phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desonide_pivalate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desonide pivalate (page does not exist)">Desonide pivalate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexbudesonide" title="Dexbudesonide">Dexbudesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drocinonide" title="Drocinonide">Drocinonide</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drocinonide_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drocinonide phosphate (page does not exist)">Drocinonide phosphate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluazacort" title="Fluazacort">Fluazacort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluclorolone_acetonide" title="Fluclorolone acetonide">Fluclorolone acetonide (flucloronide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludroxycortide" title="Fludroxycortide">Fludroxycortide (flurandrenolone, flurandrenolide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumoxonide" title="Flumoxonide">Flumoxonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunisolide" title="Flunisolide">Flunisolide</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flunisolide_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flunisolide acetate (page does not exist)">Flunisolide acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocinolone_acetonide" title="Fluocinolone acetonide">Fluocinolone acetonide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciprocinonide" title="Ciprocinonide">Ciprocinonide (fluocinolone acetonide cyclopropylcarboxylate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocinonide" title="Fluocinonide">Fluocinonide (fluocinolide, fluocinolone acetonide acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procinonide" title="Procinonide">Procinonide (fluocinolone acetonide propionate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formocortal" title="Formocortal">Formocortal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcinonide" title="Halcinonide">Halcinonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itrocinonide" title="Itrocinonide">Itrocinonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rofleponide" title="Rofleponide">Rofleponide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rofleponide_palmitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Rofleponide palmitate">Rofleponide palmitate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tralonide" title="Tralonide">Tralonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone_acetonide" title="Triamcinolone acetonide">Triamcinolone acetonide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flupamesone" title="Flupamesone">Flupamesone (triamcinolone acetonide metembonate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Triamcinolone_acetonide_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Triamcinolone acetonide esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone_aminobenzal_benzamidoisobutyrate" title="Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate">Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate (TBI-PAB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclonide" title="Triclonide">Triclonide</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others/atypical (other expanded steroid ring systems, homosteroids, and non-pregnane steroids): <a href="/wiki/Cortisuzol" title="Cortisuzol">Cortisuzol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortivazol" title="Cortivazol">Cortivazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoprednate" title="Domoprednate">Domoprednate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naflocort" title="Naflocort">Naflocort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicocortonide" title="Nicocortonide">Nicocortonide</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicocortonide_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicocortonide acetate (page does not exist)">Nicocortonide acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivacortol" title="Nivacortol">Nivacortol (nivazol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxisopred" title="Oxisopred">Oxisopred</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-26988&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-26988 (page does not exist)">RU-26988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-28362" title="RU-28362">RU-28362</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Non-corticosteroids with some glucocorticoid activity: <a href="/wiki/15%CE%B2-Hydroxycyproterone_acetate" title="15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate">15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromoketoprogesterone" title="Bromoketoprogesterone">Bromoketoprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone" title="Cyproterone">Cyproterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU-41165" title="DU-41165">DU-41165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugestone" title="Flugestone">Flugestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugestone_acetate" title="Flugestone acetate">Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoromedroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate">Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">Metribolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestomet" title="Norgestomet">Norgestomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-2309" title="RU-2309">RU-2309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestrone" title="Quingestrone">Quingestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesterone_acetate" title="Segesterone acetate">Segesterone acetate (nestorone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrogestrinone" title="Tetrahydrogestrinone">Tetrahydrogestrinone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal glucocorticoids: <a href="/wiki/AZD-5423" title="AZD-5423">AZD-5423</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-9027&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-9027 (page does not exist)">GSK-9027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Mixed (<a href="/wiki/Selective_glucocorticoid_receptor_agonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists"><abbr title="Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists">SEGRMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagrocorat" title="Dagrocorat">Dagrocorat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosdagrocorat" title="Fosdagrocorat">Fosdagrocorat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapracorat" title="Mapracorat">Mapracorat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antiglucocorticoid" title="Antiglucocorticoid">Antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7α-Hydroxy-DHEA">7α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="17α-Methylprogesterone">17α-Methylprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglepristone" title="Aglepristone">Aglepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoprisnil" title="Asoprisnil">Asoprisnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoprisnil_ecamate" title="Asoprisnil ecamate">Asoprisnil ecamate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C108297&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C108297 (page does not exist)">C108297</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C113176&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C113176 (page does not exist)">C113176</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CORT-108297&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CORT-108297 (page does not exist)">CORT-108297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazucorilant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dazucorilant (page does not exist)">Dazucorilant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exicorilant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exicorilant (page does not exist)">Exicorilant (CORT-125281)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilopristone" title="Lilopristone">Lilopristone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LLY-2707&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LLY-2707 (page does not exist)">LLY-2707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapristone" title="Metapristone">Metapristone (RU-42633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miconazole" title="Miconazole">Miconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone (RU-486)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miricorilant" title="Miricorilant">Miricorilant (CORT-118335)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onapristone" title="Onapristone">Onapristone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-34116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-34116 (page does not exist)">ORG-34116</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-34517&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-34517 (page does not exist)">ORG-34517 (SCH-900636)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Org_34850&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Org 34850 (page does not exist)">ORG-34850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_16%CE%B1-carbonitrile" title="Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile">Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relacorilant" title="Relacorilant">Relacorilant (CORT-125134)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI_3021%E2%80%93012" class="mw-redirect" title="RTI 3021–012">RTI 3021–012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RTI_3021%E2%80%93022&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RTI 3021–022 (page does not exist)">RTI 3021–022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telapristone" title="Telapristone">Telapristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toripristone" title="Toripristone">Toripristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate" title="Ulipristal acetate">Ulipristal acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zavacorilant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zavacorilant (page does not exist)">Zavacorilant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Antisense oligonucleotides: <a href="/wiki/IONIS-GCCRRx" title="IONIS-GCCRRx">IONIS-GCCRRx (ISIS-426115)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Glucocorticoids_and_antiglucocorticoids" title="Template:Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids">Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mineralocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators">Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroids" title="List of corticosteroids">List of corticosteroids</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Progesterone_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Progesterone receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Progesterone receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Progesterone_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">Progesterone receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor"><abbr title="Progesterone receptor">PR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Progesterone receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="3β-Dihydroprogesterone">3β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="6α-Methylprogesterone">6α-Methylprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9%CE%B1-Bromo-11-ketoprogesterone" class="mw-redirect" title="9α-Bromo-11-ketoprogesterone">9α-Bromo-11-ketoprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Dehydroprogesterone" title="11-Dehydroprogesterone">11-Dehydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="16α-Hydroxyprogesterone">16α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17%CE%B1-Methyl-11-deoxycorticosterone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17α-Methyl-11-deoxycorticosterone acetate (page does not exist)">17α-Methyl-11-deoxycorticosterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="20α-Dihydroprogesterone">20α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="20β-Dihydroprogesterone">20β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimepregnen" title="Dimepregnen">Dimepregnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosgenin" title="Diosgenin">Diosgenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P1-185" title="P1-185">P1-185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_3-acetyl_enol_ether" title="Progesterone 3-acetyl enol ether">Progesterone 3-acetyl enol ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestrone" title="Quingestrone">Quingestrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Retroprogesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/20%CE%B1-Dihydrodydrogesterone" title="20α-Dihydrodydrogesterone">20α-Dihydrodydrogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B1-Dihydrotrengestone" title="20α-Dihydrotrengestone">20α-Dihydrotrengestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU-41164" title="DU-41164">DU-41164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU-41165" title="DU-41165">DU-41165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">Dydrogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroprogesterone" title="Retroprogesterone">Retroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_6-3129" title="Ro 6-3129">Ro 6-3129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trengestone" title="Trengestone">Trengestone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Substituted progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B1-Methyl-17%CE%B1-bromoprogesterone" title="6α-Methyl-17α-bromoprogesterone">6α-Methyl-17α-bromoprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15%CE%B2-Hydroxycyproterone_acetate" title="15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate">15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Methylene-17%CE%B1-hydroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="16-Methylene-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate">16-Methylene-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Bromoprogesterone" title="17α-Bromoprogesterone">17α-Bromoprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (hydroxyprogesterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="17α-Methylprogesterone">17α-Methylprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetomepregenol" title="Acetomepregenol">Acetomepregenol (mepregenol diacetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algestone" title="Algestone">Algestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algestone_acetonide" title="Algestone acetonide">Algestone acetonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algestone_acetophenide" title="Algestone acetophenide">Algestone acetophenide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagestone" title="Anagestone">Anagestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagestone_acetate" title="Anagestone acetate">Anagestone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromethenmadinone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bromethenmadinone (page does not exist)">Bromethenmadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromethenmadinone_acetate" title="Bromethenmadinone acetate">Bromethenmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butagest" title="Butagest">Butagest (buterol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone" title="Chlormadinone">Chlormadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_caproate" title="Chlormadinone caproate">Chlormadinone caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlormethenmadinone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlormethenmadinone (page does not exist)">Chlormethenmadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormethenmadinone_acetate" title="Chlormethenmadinone acetate">Chlormethenmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cismadinone" title="Cismadinone">Cismadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cismadinone_acetate" title="Cismadinone acetate">Cismadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clogestone" title="Clogestone">Clogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clogestone_acetate" title="Clogestone acetate">Clogestone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomegestone" title="Clomegestone">Clomegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomegestone_acetate" title="Clomegestone acetate">Clomegestone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymegesolate" title="Cymegesolate">Cymegesolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone" title="Delmadinone">Delmadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edogestrone" title="Edogestrone">Edogestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugestone" title="Flugestone">Flugestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugestone_acetate" title="Flugestone acetate">Flugestone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorometholone" title="Fluorometholone">Fluorometholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorometholone_acetate" title="Fluorometholone acetate">Fluorometholone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumedroxone" title="Flumedroxone">Flumedroxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumedroxone_acetate" title="Flumedroxone acetate">Flumedroxone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoromedroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate">Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestaclone" title="Gestaclone">Gestaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gestobutanoyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gestobutanoyl (page does not exist)">Gestobutanoyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloprogesterone" title="Haloprogesterone">Haloprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromadinone" title="Hydromadinone">Hydromadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromadinone_acetate" title="Hydromadinone acetate">Hydromadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone acetate">Hydroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate">Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate (hydroxyprogesterone enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate_benzilic_acid_hydrazone" title="Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate benzilic acid hydrazone">Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate benzilic acid hydrazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecigestone" title="Mecigestone">Mecigestone (pentarane B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone" title="Medroxyprogesterone">Medroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Medroxyprogesterone caproate">Medroxyprogesterone caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol" title="Megestrol">Megestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_caproate" title="Megestrol caproate">Megestrol caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melengestrol" title="Melengestrol">Melengestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melengestrol_acetate" title="Melengestrol acetate">Melengestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methenmadinone" title="Methenmadinone">Methenmadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methenmadinone_acetate" title="Methenmadinone acetate">Methenmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methenmadinone_caproate" title="Methenmadinone caproate">Methenmadinone caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone" title="Mometasone">Mometasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone_furoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mometasone furoate">Mometasone furoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone" title="Osaterone">Osaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagestrone" title="Pentagestrone">Pentagestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagestrone_acetate" title="Pentagestrone acetate">Pentagestrone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarane_A" title="Pentarane A">Pentarane A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proligestone" title="Proligestone">Proligestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone_acetonide" title="Triamcinolone acetonide">Triamcinolone acetonide</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Norprogesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Methyl-19-norprogesterone" title="17α-Methyl-19-norprogesterone">17α-Methyl-19-norprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methylsegesterone_acetate" title="18-Methylsegesterone acetate">18-Methylsegesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Norprogesterone" title="19-Norprogesterone">19-Norprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadinone" title="Amadinone">Amadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadinone_acetate" title="Amadinone acetate">Amadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demegestone" title="Demegestone">Demegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoro_ethyl_norprogesterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoro ethyl norprogesterone (page does not exist)">Fluoro ethyl norprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoro_furanyl_norprogesterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoro furanyl norprogesterone (page does not exist)">Fluoro furanyl norprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestadienol" title="Gestadienol">Gestadienol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestadienol_acetate" title="Gestadienol acetate">Gestadienol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_acetate" title="Gestonorone acetate">Gestonorone acetate (gestronol acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">Gestonorone caproate (gestronol hexanoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestronol" title="Gestronol">Gestronol (gestonorone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol" title="Nomegestrol">Nomegestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestomet" title="Norgestomet">Norgestomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-2058" title="ORG-2058">ORG-2058</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxogestone" title="Oxogestone">Oxogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxogestone_phenpropionate" title="Oxogestone phenpropionate">Oxogestone phenpropionate (xinogestone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesterone" title="Segesterone">Segesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorone" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorone">Segesterone acetate (nestorone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Testosterone derivatives: Progestins: <a href="/wiki/6,6-Difluoronorethisterone" title="6,6-Difluoronorethisterone">6,6-Difluoronorethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6,6-Difluoronorethisterone_acetate" title="6,6-Difluoronorethisterone acetate">6,6-Difluoronorethisterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Allyl-19-nortestosterone" title="17α-Allyl-19-nortestosterone">17α-Allyl-19-nortestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">Allylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altrenogest" title="Altrenogest">Altrenogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroethynylnorgestrel" title="Chloroethynylnorgestrel">Chloroethynylnorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cingestol" title="Cingestol">Cingestol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylandrostenediol" title="Ethinylandrostenediol">Ethinylandrostenediol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethandrostate" title="Ethandrostate">Ethandrostate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynerone" title="Ethynerone">Ethynerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol" title="Etynodiol">Etynodiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonorgestrel ester">Levonorgestrel esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_butanoate" title="Levonorgestrel butanoate">levonorgestrel butanoate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol_phenylpropionate" title="Lynestrenol phenylpropionate">Lynestrenol phenylpropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metynodiol" title="Metynodiol">Metynodiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metynodiol_diacetate" title="Metynodiol diacetate">Metynodiol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norelgestromin" title="Norelgestromin">Norelgestromin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone (norethindrone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Norethisterone ester">Norethisterone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">Noretynodrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesterone" title="Norgesterone">Norgesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">Norgestimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">Norgestrienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol" title="Quingestanol">Quingestanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">Quingestanol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigestol" title="Tigestol">Tigestol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosagestin" title="Tosagestin">Tosagestin</a>; Anabolic–androgenic steroids: <a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone_dodecylcarbonate" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenediol" title="19-Nor-5-androstenediol">19-Nor-5-androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenedione" title="19-Nor-5-androstenedione">19-Nor-5-androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone" title="19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone">19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol" title="Bolandiol">Bolandiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandione" title="Bolandione">Bolandione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethisterone" title="Dimethisterone">Dimethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienedione" title="Dienedione">Dienedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienolone" title="Dienolone">Dienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone" title="Dimethandrolone">Dimethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_buciclate" title="Dimethandrolone buciclate">Dimethandrolone buciclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_dodecylcarbonate" title="Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate">Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_undecanoate" title="Dimethandrolone undecanoate">Dimethandrolone undecanoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyldienolone" title="Dimethyldienolone">Dimethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltrienolone" title="Dimethyltrienolone">Dimethyltrienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyldienolone" title="Ethyldienolone">Ethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">Ethylestrenol (ethylnandrol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldienolone" title="Methyldienolone">Methyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">Metribolone (R-1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxydienone" title="Methoxydienone">Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibolerone" title="Mibolerone">Mibolerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">Nandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandrolone ester">Nandrolone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_decanoate" title="Nandrolone decanoate">nandrolone decanoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_phenylpropionate" title="Nandrolone phenylpropionate">nandrolone phenylpropionate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethandrolone, normethisterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-2309" title="RU-2309">RU-2309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrogestrinone" title="Tetrahydrogestrinone">Tetrahydrogestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone" title="Trenbolone">Trenbolone (trienolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Trenbolone ester">Trenbolone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate" title="Trenbolone acetate">trenbolone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_enanthate" title="Trenbolone enanthate">trenbolone enanthate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trendione" title="Trendione">Trendione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone" title="Trestolone">Trestolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_acetate" title="Trestolone acetate">Trestolone acetate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Spirolactone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Canrenoic_acid" title="Canrenoic acid">Canrenoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mespirenone" title="Mespirenone">Mespirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Potassium canrenoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorenone" title="Prorenone">Prorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-5233" title="SC-5233">SC-5233 (spirolactone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-8109" title="SC-8109">SC-8109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirorenone" title="Spirorenone">Spirorenone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/3,8-Dihydrodiligustilide" title="3,8-Dihydrodiligustilide">3,8-Dihydrodiligustilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG-2527" title="LG-2527">LG-2527</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-100128&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-100128 (page does not exist)">LG-100128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riligustilide" title="Riligustilide">Riligustilide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RWJ-26819&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RWJ-26819 (page does not exist)">RWJ-26819</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RWJ-49853&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RWJ-49853 (page does not exist)">RWJ-49853</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RWJ-60130&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RWJ-60130 (page does not exist)">RWJ-60130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanaproget" title="Tanaproget">Tanaproget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZM-182345" title="ZM-182345">ZM-182345</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Unknown: <a href="/wiki/ORG-47241" title="ORG-47241">ORG-47241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-201745" title="ORG-201745">ORG-201745</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Mixed (<a href="/wiki/Selective_progesterone_receptor_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective progesterone receptor modulators"><abbr title="Selective progesterone receptor modulators">SPRMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/Dihydroethisterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroethisterone">Dihydroethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel" title="5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel">5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethisterone" title="5α-Dihydronorethisterone">5α-Dihydronorethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoprisnil" title="Asoprisnil">Asoprisnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoprisnil_ecamate" title="Asoprisnil ecamate">Asoprisnil ecamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J1042&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J1042 (page does not exist)">J1042</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-120838&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-120838 (page does not exist)">LG-120838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapristone" title="Metapristone">Metapristone (RU-42633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone (RU-486)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORF-9371&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORF-9371 (page does not exist)">ORF-9371</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORF-9326" class="mw-redirect" title="ORF-9326">ORF-9326</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-31710&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-31710 (page does not exist)">ORG-31710</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-33628&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-33628 (page does not exist)">ORG-33628</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RMI-12936&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RMI-12936 (page does not exist)">RMI-12936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telapristone" title="Telapristone">Telapristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate" title="Ulipristal acetate">Ulipristal acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilaprisan" title="Vilaprisan">Vilaprisan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZK-137316&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZK-137316 (page does not exist)">ZK-137316</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferol" title="Kaempferol">Kaempferol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-120920&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-120920 (page does not exist)">LG-120920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PRA-910&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PRA-910 (page does not exist)">PRA-910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syringic_acid" title="Syringic acid">Syringic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/Aglepristone" title="Aglepristone">Aglepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilopristone" title="Lilopristone">Lilopristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonaprisan" title="Lonaprisan">Lonaprisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onapristone" title="Onapristone">Onapristone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-31710&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-31710 (page does not exist)">ORG-31710</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-31806&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-31806 (page does not exist)">ORG-31806</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-33628&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-33628 (page does not exist)">ORG-33628</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RTI_3021%E2%80%93022&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RTI 3021–022 (page does not exist)">RTI 3021–022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toripristone" title="Toripristone">Toripristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanoterone" title="Zanoterone">Zanoterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/Darolutamide" title="Darolutamide">Darolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-001447&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-001447 (page does not exist)">LG-001447</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-100127&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-100127 (page does not exist)">LG-100127</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-100128&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-100128 (page does not exist)">LG-100128</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-120830&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-120830 (page does not exist)">LG-120830</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-121046&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-121046 (page does not exist)">LG-121046</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZM-150271&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZM-150271 (page does not exist)">ZM-150271</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZM-172406&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZM-172406 (page does not exist)">ZM-172406</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Membrane_progesterone_receptor" title="Membrane progesterone receptor"><abbr title="Membrane progesterone receptor">mPR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Membrane progesterone receptor (<a href="/wiki/Progestin_and_adipoQ_receptor" title="Progestin and adipoQ receptor"><abbr title="Progestin and adipoQ receptor">PAQR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Progestin and adipoQ receptor)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5β-Dihydroprogesterone">5β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycortisone (21-hydroxyprogesterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol" title="11-Deoxycortisol">11-Deoxycortisol (17α,21-dihydroxyprogesterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens">Progestogens and antiprogestogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators">Androgen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators">Estrogen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_steroidal_progestogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of steroidal progestogens">List of progestogens</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output 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