Stehiometrija - Wikipedia

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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definicija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definicija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definicija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definicija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pretvaranje_grama_u_molove" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pretvaranje_grama_u_molove"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pretvaranje grama u molove</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pretvaranje_grama_u_molove-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molarna_proporcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molarna_proporcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Molarna proporcija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molarna_proporcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Određivanje_iznosa_proizvoda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Određivanje_iznosa_proizvoda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Određivanje iznosa proizvoda</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Određivanje_iznosa_proizvoda-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Određivanje iznosa proizvoda</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Određivanje_iznosa_proizvoda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ostali_primjeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ostali_primjeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ostali primjeri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ostali_primjeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stehiometrijski_omjer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stehiometrijski_omjer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stehiometrijski omjer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stehiometrijski_omjer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ograničavajući_reagens_i_postotak_prinosa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ograničavajući_reagens_i_postotak_prinosa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ograničavajući reagens i postotak prinosa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ograničavajući_reagens_i_postotak_prinosa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Različite_stehiometrije_u_konkurencijskim_reakcijama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Različite_stehiometrije_u_konkurencijskim_reakcijama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Različite stehiometrije u konkurencijskim reakcijama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Različite_stehiometrije_u_konkurencijskim_reakcijama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stehiometrijski_koeficijent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stehiometrijski_koeficijent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Stehiometrijski koeficijent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stehiometrijski_koeficijent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stehiometrijski_matriks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stehiometrijski_matriks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Stehiometrijski matriks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stehiometrijski_matriks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stehiometrija_plinova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stehiometrija_plinova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Stehiometrija plinova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stehiometrija_plinova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uobičajeni_stehiometrijski_odnos_zrak-gorivo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uobičajeni_stehiometrijski_odnos_zrak-gorivo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Uobičajeni stehiometrijski odnos zrak-gorivo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uobičajeni_stehiometrijski_odnos_zrak-gorivo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Također_pogledajte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Također_pogledajte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Također pogledajte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Također_pogledajte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjski_linkovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Vanjski linkovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uključi/isključi sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stehiometrija</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 54 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoigiometrie" title="Stoigiometrie – afrikans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stoigiometrie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A4_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="تكافؤ ترابط العناصر – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكافؤ ترابط العناصر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estequiometr%C3%ADa" title="Estequiometría – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estequiometría" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Стэхіяметрыя – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стэхіяметрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стехиометрия – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стехиометрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estequiometria" title="Estequiometria – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estequiometria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stechiometrie" title="Stechiometrie – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stechiometrie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8kiometri" title="Støkiometri – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Støkiometri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B6chiometrie" title="Stöchiometrie – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stöchiometrie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Στοιχειομετρία – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στοιχειομετρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Stoichiometry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stekiometrio" title="Stekiometrio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stekiometrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estequiometr%C3%ADa" title="Estequiometría – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estequiometría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B6hhiomeetria" title="Stöhhiomeetria – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stöhhiomeetria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estekiometria" title="Estekiometria – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estekiometria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="استوکیومتری – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استوکیومتری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoikiometria" title="Stoikiometria – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stoikiometria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie" title="Stœchiométrie – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stœchiométrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3caim%C3%A9adracht" title="Stócaiméadracht – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stócaiméadracht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="סטויכיומטריה – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטויכיומטריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="रससमीकरणमिति – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रससमीकरणमिति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stehiometrija" title="Stehiometrija – hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stehiometrija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estekyometri" title="Estekyometri – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Estekyometri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szt%C3%B6chiometria" title="Sztöchiometria – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sztöchiometria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ստեխիոմետրիա – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստեխիոմետրիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoikiometri" title="Stoikiometri – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stoikiometri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stechiometria" title="Stechiometria – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stechiometria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E9%87%8F%E8%AB%96" title="化学量論 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学量論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стехиометрия – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стехиометрия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EB%9F%89%EB%A1%A0" title="화학량론 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학량론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стехиометрия – kirgiški" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Стехиометрия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stehiometrija" title="Stehiometrija – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stehiometrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="സ്റ്റോയ്ക്യോമെട്രി – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്റ്റോയ്ക്യോമെട്രി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Стехиометр – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Стехиометр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoikiometri" title="Stoikiometri – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stoikiometri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometrie" title="Stoichiometrie – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stoichiometrie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8kiometri" title="Støkiometri – norveški (Bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Støkiometri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški (Bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stechiometria" title="Stechiometria – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stechiometria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سٹوئیکیومیٹری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سٹوئیکیومیٹری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estequiometria" title="Estequiometria – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estequiometria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoechiometrie" title="Stoechiometrie – rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stoechiometrie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стехиометрия – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стехиометрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stehiometrija" title="Stehiometrija – srpskohrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stehiometrija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpskohrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stoichiometry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stehiometrija" title="Stehiometrija – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stehiometrija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stekiometria" title="Stekiometria – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stekiometria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Стехиометрија – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стехиометрија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B6kiometri" title="Stökiometri – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stökiometri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80" title="స్టాయికియోమెట్రీ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్టాయికియోమెట్రీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokiyometri" title="Stokiyometri – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stokiyometri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Стехіометрія – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стехіометрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="عنصر پیمائی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عنصر پیمائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F" title="化学计量 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化学计量" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E6%95%B8" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg/400px-Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg/600px-Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg/800px-Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Reakcija sagorijevanja <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Stehiometrija</b> je stanje i način izračunavanja relativne količine <a href="/wiki/Reagens" title="Reagens">reagensa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Proizvod_(hemija)" title="Proizvod (hemija)">proizvoda</a> u <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_reakcija" title="Hemijska reakcija">hemijskim reakcijama</a>. </p><p>Stehiometrija je utemeljena na <a href="/wiki/Zakon_odr%C5%BEanja_mase" title="Zakon održanja mase">zakonu održanja mase</a>, gdje je ukupna masa reagenasa jednaka ukupnoj masi proizvoda. To znači da se odnosi između količine reagenasa i proizvoda obično ponašaju kao odnosi pozitivnih cijelih brojeva. To istovremeno govori da ako su poznati iznosi odvojenih reagenasa, onda se može izračunati i iznos proizvoda. Saglasno tome, ako je poznata količina jednog reagensa i količina proizvoda, empirijski se može odrediti jedan od reagenasa, a zatim se može izračunati i iznos drugih reagenasa.<sup id="cite_ref-<"Simpson"_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-<"Simpson"-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-<“Campbell“_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-<“Campbell“-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-<"Alberts"_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-<"Alberts"-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Volet-Volet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volet-Volet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ovi odnosi se mogu prikazati uravnoteženom jednačinom: </p> <dl><dt><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CH<sub>4</sub></span> + 2 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">O<sub>2</sub></span> → <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CO<sub>2</sub></span> + 2 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">H<sub>2</sub>O</span>.</dt></dl> <p>Ovdje jedna molekula <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metana</a> reagira sa dvije molekule plinovitog <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a>, pa nastaju jedna molekula <a href="/wiki/Ugljik-dioksid" title="Ugljik-dioksid">ugljik-dioksida</a> i dvije molekule <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vode</a>. Stehiometrija mjeri ove količinske odnose, a koristi se za određivanje količine proizvoda/reagenasa koji su proizvodeni/potrebni u datoj reakciji. Opisani količinski odnosi među supstancama u hemijskoj reakciji poznati su kao <i>reakcijska stehiometrija</i>. U gornjem primjeru, reakcijska stehiometrija mjeri odnos između <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metana</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a> koji u međusobnoj reakciji stvaraju <a href="/wiki/Ugljik-dioksid" title="Ugljik-dioksid">ugljik-dioksid</a> i vodu. </p><p>Zbog poznatog odnosa molske i <a href="/wiki/Atomska_masa" title="Atomska masa">atomske težine</a>, dobijeni stehiometrijski koeficijenti mogu se koristiti za određivanje težine u reakciji koja je opisana u uravnoteženoj jednačini. To se zove <i>kompozicijska stehiometrija</i>. </p><p><i>Plinska stehiometrija</i> bavi se reakcijama koje uključuju plinove, a na osnovu poznate temperature, <a href="/wiki/Pritisak" title="Pritisak">pritiska</a> i zapremine može se pretpostaviti da li je dati uzorak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idealan_plin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idealan plin (stranica ne postoji)">idealan plin</a>. Za plinove, odnos volumena je idealno isti kao i onaj po <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o_idealanom_plinu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakon o idealanom plinu (stranica ne postoji)">zakonu o idealnom plinu</a>, ali se odnos mase jedne reakcije mora izračunati iz <a href="/wiki/Molekulska_masa" title="Molekulska masa">molekulskih masa</a> reagenasa i proizvoda. U praksi, zbog postojanja <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopa</a>, koriste se <a href="/wiki/Molarna_masa" title="Molarna masa">molarne mase</a>, umjesto da se izračunava odnos masa. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologija">Etimologija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak "Etimologija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Izraz <i>stehiometrija</i> je prvi put koristio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeremias_Benjamin_Richter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremias Benjamin Richter (stranica ne postoji)">Jeremias Benjamin Richter</a> <a href="/wiki/1792" class="mw-redirect" title="1792">1792</a>. godine, kada je objavljen prvi tom njegove knjige pod nazivom <i>Stehiometrija ili umjetnost mjerenja hemijskih elemenata </i> (<i>Stoichiometry or the Art of Measuring the Chemical Elements</i>). Naziv je izveden iz <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčkih</a> riječi στοιχεῖον - <i>stoicheion</i> = element + μέτρον – <i>metron</i> = mjera. U patrističkom grčkom, riječ <i>stoichiometria</i> je koristio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrijarh_Nikefor_I_Carigradski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrijarh Nikefor I Carigradski (stranica ne postoji)">patrijarh Nikefor I Carigradski</a> kada se odnosio na broj linijskih tačaka <a href="/wiki/Biblija" title="Biblija">kanonskog</a> <a href="/wiki/Novi_Zavjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Novi Zavjet">Novog zavjeta</a> i nekih od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apokrif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apokrif (stranica ne postoji)">Apokrifa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definicija">Definicija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak "Definicija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Definicija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Stehiometrijska količina</b> ili <b>stehiometrijske odnos</b> <a href="/wiki/Reagens" title="Reagens">reagenasa</a> je njihova najpovoljnija količina ili odnos, a pod pretpostavkom da je reakcija kompletna, potebno je znati da: </p> <ol><li>svi reagensi se troše;</li> <li>nema nedostatka reagenasa;</li> <li>ne postoji višak reagensa.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Stehiometrija počiva na osnovnim zakonima koji pomažu bolje razumijevanje odnosa u reakcijama kao što su: <a href="/wiki/Zakon_odr%C5%BEanja_mase" title="Zakon održanja mase">zakon održanja mase</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_odre%C4%91enih_proporcija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakon određenih proporcija (stranica ne postoji)">zakon određenih proporcija</a> (odnosno, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_stalnog_sastava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakon stalnog sastava (stranica ne postoji)">zakon stalnog sastava</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_vi%C5%A1e_proporcija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakon više proporcija (stranica ne postoji)">zakon više proporcija</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_recipro%C4%8Dnih_proporcija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakon recipročnih proporcija (stranica ne postoji)">zakon recipročnih proporcija</a>. U principu, u hemijskim reakcijama se sjedinjuju određeni omjeri hemikalija. Hemijske reakcije ne mogu ni stvoriti ni uništiti tvar, niti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearna_transmutacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuklearna transmutacija (stranica ne postoji)">transmutirati</a> jedan hemijski element u drugi, a iznos svakog elementa mora biti isti u cijelokupnoj reakciji. Naprimjer, broj atoma određenog elementa X na reaktantskoj strani mora biti jednak broju atoma tog elementa na strani proizvoda, bez obzira da li su ili ne svi od tih atoma zapravo uključeni u reakciju. </p><p>Hemijske reakcije, kao makroskopske jedinice operacija, sastoje se od veoma velikiog broja <a href="/wiki/Elementarna_reakcija" title="Elementarna reakcija">elementarnih reakcija</a>, gdje jedna molekula reaguje s drugom molekulom. Kada molekula (ili njena polovina) reaguje, nastaje završni skup atoma u proizvodu, a odnos između reagenasa u potpunoj reakciji je u integriranom odnosu. Reakcija može trošiti više od jedne molekule, a <b>stehiometrijski broj</b> se objašnjava kao pozitivan broj za proizvode (zbirno) i negativan za potrošene reagense.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Različiti elementi imaju različite <a href="/wiki/Atomska_masa" title="Atomska masa">atomske mase</a>, a kao zbirovi pojedinačnih atoma, molekule imaju određenu <a href="/wiki/Molarna_masa" title="Molarna masa">molarnu masu</a>, koja je mjerena jedinicom mola (6,02   ×  10<sup>23</sup> pojedinačne molekule, a naziva se <a href="/wiki/Avogadrova_konstanta" title="Avogadrova konstanta">Avogadrova konstanta</a>). Po definiciji, ugljik-12 ima molarnu masu od 12 g/mol. Tako se izračunava stehiometrija mase, gdje je broj molekula potrebnih za svaki reagens izražen u molovima i pomnožen sa molarnom masom svakog reagensa po molu reakcije. Odnosi masa mogu se izračunati dijeljenjem svakog od njih i ukupnom masom cijele reakcije. Elementi u svom prirodnom stanju su smjese <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopa</a> s različitom masom, čime se pokazuje da <a href="/wiki/Atomska_masa" title="Atomska masa">atomske mase</a>, a time i molarne mase nisu baš cijeli brojevi. Naprimjer, umjesto tačne proporcije 14:3, dobije se 17,04   kg <a href="/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak">amonijaka</a> 14,01   kg <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušika</a> i 3  ×  1,01   kg <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodika</a>, jer prirodni dušik sadrži male količine dušika-15 , a prirodni vodik sadrži vodik-2 (<a href="/wiki/Deuterij" title="Deuterij">deuterij</a>). </p><p><b>Stehiometrijski reagens</b> je onaj reagens koji se troši u reakciji, za razliku od <a href="/wiki/Kataliza" title="Kataliza">katalitskog reagensa</a>, koji se u ukupnoj reakciji ne troši, jer reaguje u jednom koraku, a zatim se i obnavlja u još jednom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pretvaranje_grama_u_molove">Pretvaranje grama u molove</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak "Pretvaranje grama u molove"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Pretvaranje grama u molove"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stehiometrija se ne koristi samo za uravnotežavanje hemijske jednačine, nego i u pretvaranju <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grama</a> supstsance u molove ili grama u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mililitar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mililitar (stranica ne postoji)">mililitre</a>. Naprimjer, da bi se pronašao iznos <a href="/wiki/So" title="So">NaCl</a> (natrij hlorida) u 2,00 g supstance, treba učiniti slijedeće: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {2,00{\mbox{ g NaCl}}}{58,44{\mbox{ g NaCl mol}}^{-1}}}=0,034\ {\text{mol}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>00</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g NaCl</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>58</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>44</mn> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g NaCl mol</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>034</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>mol</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {2,00{\mbox{ g NaCl}}}{58,44{\mbox{ g NaCl mol}}^{-1}}}=0,034\ {\text{mol}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/19bf2fcb26ca5b8d2256e1bfdb2658ce9c9dd244" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:33.841ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {2,00{\mbox{ g NaCl}}}{58,44{\mbox{ g NaCl mol}}^{-1}}}=0,034\ {\text{mol}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>U gornjem primjeru, kada je napisan u djelimičnom obliku, grami čine umnožavajući pojam, koji je jednak veličini 1 (g/g   =  1) sa rezultirajućim iznosom u molovima (jedinici koja je potrebna), kao što je prikazano u sljedećoj jednačini: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {2,00{\mbox{ g NaCl}}}{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol NaCl}}}{58,44{\mbox{ g NaCl}}}}\right)=0,034\ {\text{mol}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>00</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g NaCl</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol NaCl</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>58</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>44</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g NaCl</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>034</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>mol</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {2,00{\mbox{ g NaCl}}}{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol NaCl}}}{58,44{\mbox{ g NaCl}}}}\right)=0,034\ {\text{mol}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b7c38e16725f6efb77c8f4d980a102a974df9543" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:47.323ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {2,00{\mbox{ g NaCl}}}{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol NaCl}}}{58,44{\mbox{ g NaCl}}}}\right)=0,034\ {\text{mol}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molarna_proporcija">Molarna proporcija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak "Molarna proporcija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Molarna proporcija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stehiometrija se često koristi za uravnotežavanje hemijske jednačine (stehiometrijska reakcija). Naprimjer, dvije <a href="/wiki/Diatomska_molekula" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomska molekula">diatomske molekule</a> plina, <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodika</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a>, mogu se sjediniti pri čemu se dobije tečna voda, u <a href="/wiki/Egzotermna_reakcija" title="Egzotermna reakcija">egzotermnoj reakciji</a>, a prema slijedećoj jednačini: </p> <dl><dd>2 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">H<sub>2</sub></span> + <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">O<sub>2</sub></span> → 2 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">H<sub>2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>Stehiometrijska reakcija u gornjoj jednačini opisuje da je omjer vodika, kisika i molekule vode 2:1:2. </p><p>Molarni odnos omogućava pretvaranje između molova jedne supstance u molove drugog. Naprimjer, u reakciji: </p> <dl><dd>2 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CH<sub>3</sub>OH</span> + 3 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">O<sub>2</sub></span> → 2 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CO<sub>2</sub></span> + 4 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">H<sub>2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>Količina vode koja se proizvodi potrošnjom 0,27 mola <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CH<sub>3</sub>OH</span>, dobija se primjenom molskog odnosa između <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CH<sub>3</sub>OH</span> i <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">H<sub>2</sub>O</span> od 2 do 4. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {0,27{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {CH_{3}OH} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {4{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} }{2{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {CH_{3}OH} }}\right)=0,54\ {\text{mol }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>27</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>54</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>mol </mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {0,27{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {CH_{3}OH} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {4{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} }{2{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {CH_{3}OH} }}\right)=0,54\ {\text{mol }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/79425897d51778601d72fd62df71df5da27c80c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:57.583ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {0,27{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {CH_{3}OH} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {4{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} }{2{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {CH_{3}OH} }}\right)=0,54\ {\text{mol }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Naziv stehiometrija se također često koristi za <a href="/wiki/Mol_(jedinica)" title="Mol (jedinica)">molarne</a> proporcije elemenata u stehiometrijskom jedinjenju (<i>kompozicijska stehiometrija</i>). Naprimjer, stehiometrija <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodika</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a> u H<sub>2</sub>O je 2:1. U stehiometrijskom jedinjenju, molarne proporcije su cijeli brojevi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Određivanje_iznosa_proizvoda"><span id="Odre.C4.91ivanje_iznosa_proizvoda"></span>Određivanje iznosa proizvoda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak "Određivanje iznosa proizvoda"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Određivanje iznosa proizvoda"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stehiometrija se također može upotrijebiti za pronalaženje količine proizvoda reakcija. Ako se komad čvrstog <a href="/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar">bakra</a> (Cu) doda u vodeni rastvor <a href="/wiki/Srebro-nitrat" title="Srebro-nitrat">srebro-nitrata</a> (AgNO<sub>3</sub>), u reakciji jednostrukog premještanje, stvaraju se vodeni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakar(II)-nitrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakar(II)-nitrat (stranica ne postoji)">bakar(II)-nitrat</a> (Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) i čvrsto <a href="/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro">srebro</a> (Ag). Koliko se dobije srebra, ako se 16,00 grama Cu doda u rastvor, za pojavu viška srebrenog nitrata? U traženju odgovora se primjenjuju slijedeći koraci: </p> <ol><li>Napisati i uravnotežiti jednačinu;</li> <li>Izraziti masu u molima: pretvaranjem grama Cu u molove Cu;</li> <li>Naći molni odnos: pretvaranjem molova Cu u molove proizvedenog Ag;</li> <li>Odrediti molove u masi: pretvaranjem molova Ag u grame proizvedenog Ag.</li></ol> <p>Potpuno uravnotežena jednačina je: </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Cu</span> + 2 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">AgNO<sub>3</sub></span> → <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></span> + 2 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Ag</span></dd></dl> <p>U koraku masa -mol, masa bakra (16,00 g) se pretvara u molove bakra dijeljenjem mase bakra njegovom molekulskom masom: 63,55 g/mol. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {16,00{\mbox{ g Cu}}}{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol Cu}}}{63,55{\mbox{ g Cu}}}}\right)=0,2518\ {\text{mol Cu}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>16</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>00</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g Cu</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol Cu</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>63</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>55</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g Cu</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2518</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>mol Cu</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {16,00{\mbox{ g Cu}}}{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol Cu}}}{63,55{\mbox{ g Cu}}}}\right)=0,2518\ {\text{mol Cu}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a2be0e3efc6144f7049c53d1b9dac68fbccc5f0e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:48.68ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {16,00{\mbox{ g Cu}}}{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol Cu}}}{63,55{\mbox{ g Cu}}}}\right)=0,2518\ {\text{mol Cu}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Zatim se, preko iznosa Cu u molovima (0,2518), traži molski odnos. To se izražava kao koeficijent u balansiranoj reakciji: Cu i Ag su u odnosu 1:2. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {0,2518{\mbox{ mol Cu}}}{1}}\right)\left({\frac {2{\mbox{ mol Ag}}}{1{\mbox{ mol Cu}}}}\right)=0,5036\ {\text{mol Ag}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2518</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol Cu</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol Ag</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol Cu</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>5036</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>mol Ag</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {0,2518{\mbox{ mol Cu}}}{1}}\right)\left({\frac {2{\mbox{ mol Ag}}}{1{\mbox{ mol Cu}}}}\right)=0,5036\ {\text{mol Ag}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2b1a292480bdbb6d40c90c3502c1eaca15ddd264" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:50.421ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {0,2518{\mbox{ mol Cu}}}{1}}\right)\left({\frac {2{\mbox{ mol Ag}}}{1{\mbox{ mol Cu}}}}\right)=0,5036\ {\text{mol Ag}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Sada, kada je poznata količina proizvedenog Ag = 0,5036 mol, ovaj iznos se pretvara u grame proizvedenog Ag i dolazi se do konačnog odgovora: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {0,5036{\mbox{ mol Ag}}}{1}}\right)\left({\frac {107,87{\mbox{ g Ag}}}{1{\mbox{ mol Ag}}}}\right)=54,32\ {\text{g Ag}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>5036</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol Ag</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>107</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>87</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g Ag</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol Ag</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>54</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>32</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>g Ag</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {0,5036{\mbox{ mol Ag}}}{1}}\right)\left({\frac {107,87{\mbox{ g Ag}}}{1{\mbox{ mol Ag}}}}\right)=54,32\ {\text{g Ag}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ac6d4e6e72c4a2240421f985404d45d0fa0330ce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:49.647ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {0,5036{\mbox{ mol Ag}}}{1}}\right)\left({\frac {107,87{\mbox{ g Ag}}}{1{\mbox{ mol Ag}}}}\right)=54,32\ {\text{g Ag}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Ovaj skup proračuna može se dalje sažeti u jednostruki korak: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {Ag} }=\left({\frac {16,00{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {Cu} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {Cu} }{63,55{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {Cu} }}\right)\left({\frac {2{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {Ag} }{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {Cu} }}\right)\left({\frac {107,87{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {Ag} }{1{\mbox{ mol Ag}}}}\right)=54,32{\mbox{ g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>16</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>00</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>63</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>55</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>107</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>87</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol Ag</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>54</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>32</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {Ag} }=\left({\frac {16,00{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {Cu} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {Cu} }{63,55{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {Cu} }}\right)\left({\frac {2{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {Ag} }{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {Cu} }}\right)\left({\frac {107,87{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {Ag} }{1{\mbox{ mol Ag}}}}\right)=54,32{\mbox{ g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fea3d0c0bab4f916ba91d94d614e80af64fc1fda" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:79.213ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {Ag} }=\left({\frac {16,00{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {Cu} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {Cu} }{63,55{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {Cu} }}\right)\left({\frac {2{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {Ag} }{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {Cu} }}\right)\left({\frac {107,87{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {Ag} }{1{\mbox{ mol Ag}}}}\right)=54,32{\mbox{ g}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ostali_primjeri">Ostali primjeri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak "Ostali primjeri"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Ostali primjeri"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Z <a href="/wiki/Propan" title="Propan">propansku</a> (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>) reakciju sa <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">plinovitim kisikom</a> (O<sub>2</sub>), uravnotežena <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_jedna%C4%8Dina" title="Hemijska jednačina">hemijska jednačina</a> je: </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub></span> + 5 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">O<sub>2</sub></span> → 3 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CO<sub>2</sub></span> + 4 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">H<sub>2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>Masa vode se dobije ako 120 g <a href="/wiki/Propan" title="Propan">propana</a> (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>) izgori u višku kisika, tj. tada: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {H_{2}O} }=\left({\frac {120,0{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {C_{3}H_{8}} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {C_{3}H_{8}} }{44,09{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {C_{3}H_{8}} }}\right)\left({\frac {4{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} }{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {C_{3}H_{8}} }}\right)\left({\frac {18,02{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} }{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} }}\right)=196{\mbox{ g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>120</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>44</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>09</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>18</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>02</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>196</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {H_{2}O} }=\left({\frac {120,0{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {C_{3}H_{8}} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {C_{3}H_{8}} }{44,09{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {C_{3}H_{8}} }}\right)\left({\frac {4{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} }{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {C_{3}H_{8}} }}\right)\left({\frac {18,02{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} }{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} }}\right)=196{\mbox{ g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef7536333c1e30cf5a599dcc38751b387311d659" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:86.519ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {H_{2}O} }=\left({\frac {120,0{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {C_{3}H_{8}} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {C_{3}H_{8}} }{44,09{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {C_{3}H_{8}} }}\right)\left({\frac {4{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} }{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {C_{3}H_{8}} }}\right)\left({\frac {18,02{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} }{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} }}\right)=196{\mbox{ g}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stehiometrijski_omjer">Stehiometrijski omjer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak "Stehiometrijski omjer"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Stehiometrijski omjer"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stehiometrija se koristi i za pronalaženje pravog iznosu jednog <a href="/wiki/Reagens" title="Reagens">reagensa</a> da "potpuno" reaguje s drugim reagensom u <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_reakcija" title="Hemijska reakcija">hemijskoj reakciji</a>, tj. stehiometrijske količine ćiji ostaci reagenasa će se potrošiti kada se reakcija odvije. Jedan primjer je prikazan ispod, koristeći reakciju stvaranja legure <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij">aluminij</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span> + 2 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Al</span> → <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span> + 2 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Fe</span></dd></dl> <p>Ova jednačina pokazuje da će 1 mol <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDeljezo(III)-oksid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Željezo(III)-oksid (stranica ne postoji)">željezo(III)-oksida</a></span> i 2 mola <a href="/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij">aluminija</a> proizvesti 1 mol <a href="/wiki/Aluminij-oksid" title="Aluminij-oksid">aluminij-oksida</a> i 2 mola <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željeza</a>. Tako, za kompletnu reakciju 85,0 g <span class="nowrap">željezo(III)-oksida</span> (0,532 mol), potrebno 28,7 g (1,06 mol) aluminija. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {Al} }=\left({\frac {85,0{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {Fe_{2}O_{3}} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {Fe_{2}O_{3}} }{159,7{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {Fe_{2}O_{3}} }}\right)\left({\frac {2{\mbox{ mol Al}}}{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {Fe_{2}O_{3}} }}\right)\left({\frac {26,98{\mbox{ g Al}}}{1{\mbox{ mol Al}}}}\right)=28,7{\mbox{ g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>85</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>159</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol Al</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>26</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>98</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g Al</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol Al</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>28</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {Al} }=\left({\frac {85,0{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {Fe_{2}O_{3}} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {Fe_{2}O_{3}} }{159,7{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {Fe_{2}O_{3}} }}\right)\left({\frac {2{\mbox{ mol Al}}}{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {Fe_{2}O_{3}} }}\right)\left({\frac {26,98{\mbox{ g Al}}}{1{\mbox{ mol Al}}}}\right)=28,7{\mbox{ g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f220ef31995944ef97793db9ad4464fd5d458894" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:85.334ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {Al} }=\left({\frac {85,0{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {Fe_{2}O_{3}} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {Fe_{2}O_{3}} }{159,7{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {Fe_{2}O_{3}} }}\right)\left({\frac {2{\mbox{ mol Al}}}{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {Fe_{2}O_{3}} }}\right)\left({\frac {26,98{\mbox{ g Al}}}{1{\mbox{ mol Al}}}}\right)=28,7{\mbox{ g}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ograničavajući_reagens_i_postotak_prinosa"><span id="Ograni.C4.8Davaju.C4.87i_reagens_i_postotak_prinosa"></span>Ograničavajući reagens i postotak prinosa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak "Ograničavajući reagens i postotak prinosa"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Ograničavajući reagens i postotak prinosa"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ograničavajući reagens je onaj reagens koji ograničava količinu proizvoda koji može nastati, ako se dati reagens potpuno potroši, što postaje prepreka nastavku reakcije. Višak reagens je onaj koji je preostao nakon što je reakcija zaustavljena zbog ograničenja iscrpljenog reagensa. </p><p>Pretpostavimo jednačinu prženja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olovo_(II)-sulfid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olovo (II)-sulfid (stranica ne postoji)">olovo-(II) sulfida</a> (PBS) u kisiku (O<sub>2</sub>) za proizvodnju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olovo(II)-oksid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olovo(II)-oksid (stranica ne postoji)">olovo(II)-oksida</a> (PbO) i <a href="/wiki/Sumpor-dioksid" title="Sumpor-dioksid">sumpor-dioksida</a> (SO<sub>2</sub>): </p> <dl><dd>2 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">PbS</span> + 3 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">O<sub>2</sub></span> → 2 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">PbO</span> + 2 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">SO<sub>2</sub></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Za određivanje teorijskog prinosa olovo(II) oksida, ako se 200,0 g olovo(II) sulfida i 200,0 g kisika zagrijava u otvorenom spremniku služi obrazac: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {PbO} }=\left({\frac {200,0{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {PbS} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbS} }{239,27{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {PbS} }}\right)\left({\frac {2{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbO} }{2{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbS} }}\right)\left({\frac {223,2{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {PbO} }{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbO} }}\right)=186,6{\mbox{ g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>200</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>239</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>27</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>223</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>186</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {PbO} }=\left({\frac {200,0{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {PbS} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbS} }{239,27{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {PbS} }}\right)\left({\frac {2{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbO} }{2{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbS} }}\right)\left({\frac {223,2{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {PbO} }{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbO} }}\right)=186,6{\mbox{ g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/595cb495da4f99da323492597f00a2d572c9bb0e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:86.355ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {PbO} }=\left({\frac {200,0{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {PbS} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbS} }{239,27{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {PbS} }}\right)\left({\frac {2{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbO} }{2{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbS} }}\right)\left({\frac {223,2{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {PbO} }{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbO} }}\right)=186,6{\mbox{ g}}}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {PbO} }=\left({\frac {200,0{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {O_{2}} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {O_{2}} }{32,00{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {O_{2}} }}\right)\left({\frac {2{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbO} }{3{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {O_{2}} }}\right)\left({\frac {223,2{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {PbO} }{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbO} }}\right)=930,0{\mbox{ g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>200</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>32</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>00</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>223</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mol </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>930</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {PbO} }=\left({\frac {200,0{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {O_{2}} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {O_{2}} }{32,00{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {O_{2}} }}\right)\left({\frac {2{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbO} }{3{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {O_{2}} }}\right)\left({\frac {223,2{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {PbO} }{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbO} }}\right)=930,0{\mbox{ g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5d73713cef87d092b07664e1b3e684d2b339ce6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:82.582ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {PbO} }=\left({\frac {200,0{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {O_{2}} }{1}}\right)\left({\frac {1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {O_{2}} }{32,00{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {O_{2}} }}\right)\left({\frac {2{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbO} }{3{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {O_{2}} }}\right)\left({\frac {223,2{\mbox{ g }}\mathrm {PbO} }{1{\mbox{ mol }}\mathrm {PbO} }}\right)=930,0{\mbox{ g}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Zato što se proizvode manji iznosi PbO za 200,0 g PbS, jasno je da je PbS ograničavajući reagens. U stvarnosti, dati prinos nije isti kao onaj koji je izračunat stehiometrijski, a postotak se tada izražava sljedećom jednačinom: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{Postotak prinosa}}={\frac {\mbox{Dobijeni prinos}}{\mbox{Teorijski prinos}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Postotak prinosa</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Dobijeni prinos</mtext> </mstyle> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Teorijski prinos</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{Postotak prinosa}}={\frac {\mbox{Dobijeni prinos}}{\mbox{Teorijski prinos}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fda8e2e88dc45c06be27ad30618acf1b4c0d009b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:36.66ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{Postotak prinosa}}={\frac {\mbox{Dobijeni prinos}}{\mbox{Teorijski prinos}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Ako se dobije 170,0 g olovo(II) oksida, postotak prinosa se izračunava na sljedeći način: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{Postotak prinosa}}={\frac {\mbox{170,0 g PbO}}{\mbox{186,6 g PbO}}}=91,12\%}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Postotak prinosa</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>170,0 g PbO</mtext> </mstyle> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>186,6 g PbO</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>91</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>12</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{Postotak prinosa}}={\frac {\mbox{170,0 g PbO}}{\mbox{186,6 g PbO}}}=91,12\%}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4154e3470c72a7976773a8adf8a23b3e4dcb2f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:43.945ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{Postotak prinosa}}={\frac {\mbox{170,0 g PbO}}{\mbox{186,6 g PbO}}}=91,12\%}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Različite_stehiometrije_u_konkurencijskim_reakcijama"><span id="Razli.C4.8Dite_stehiometrije_u_konkurencijskim_reakcijama"></span>Različite stehiometrije u konkurencijskim reakcijama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak "Različite stehiometrije u konkurencijskim reakcijama"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Različite stehiometrije u konkurencijskim reakcijama"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Od polaznog materijala, često je moguće dobiti više od jedne reakcije. Reakcije se mogu razlikovati u svojoj stehiometriji. Naprimjer, <a href="/wiki/Metilacija" title="Metilacija">metilacija</a> <a href="/wiki/Benzen" title="Benzen">benzena</a> (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>), putem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedel%E2%80%93Craftova_reakcija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedel–Craftova reakcija (stranica ne postoji)">Friedel–Craftove reakcije</a>, a upotrebom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminij-hlorid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminij-hlorid (stranica ne postoji)">AlCl<sub>3</sub></a> kao <a href="/wiki/Katalizator" title="Katalizator">katalizatora</a>, može nastati jednostruko metilizirani (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>), dvostruko metilizirani (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> ili visoko metilizirani (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6−<i>n</i></sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub><i>n</i></sub>) proizvodi, kako je prikazano u slijedećem primjeru: </p> <dl><dd>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> + CH<sub>3</sub>Cl → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> + HCl</dd> <dd>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> + 2 CH<sub>3</sub>Cl → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 2 HCl</dd> <dd>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> + <i>n</i> CH<sub>3</sub>Cl → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6−<i>n</i></sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub><i>n</i></sub> + <i>n</i> HCl</dd></dl> <p>U ovom primjeru, reakcija se odvija pod kontrolom u dijelu relativnih koncentracija reagenasa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stehiometrijski_koeficijent">Stehiometrijski koeficijent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak "Stehiometrijski koeficijent"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Stehiometrijski koeficijent"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U laičkom smislu, <i>stehiometrijski koeficijent</i> (ili <i>stehiometrijski broj</i> u <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> nomenklaturi) bilo koje komponente je broj molekula koje sudjeluju u reakciji kako je napisano. </p><p>Naprimjer, u reakciji CH<sub>4</sub> + 2 O<sub>2</sub> → CO<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O}}, stehiometrijski koeficijent CH<sub>4</sub> je -1, a stehiometrijske koeficijent O<sub>2</sub> je -2, za CO<sub>2</sub> bilo bi +1 i za H<sub>2</sub>O to je +2.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tehnički preciznije rečeno, stehiometrijski koeficijent u <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_reakcija" title="Hemijska reakcija">hemijskoj reakciji</a> sistema <i><b>i</b></i>-te komponente se objašnjava kako slijedi. Naprimjer, u reakciji <span class="nowrap">CH<sub>4</sub> + 2 O<sub>2</sub> → CO<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O</span>, stehiometrijski koeficijent CH<sub>4</sub> je −1, a za O<sub>2</sub> je −2, za CO<sub>2</sub> bit će +1 i za H<sub>2</sub>O je +2:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{i}={\frac {\Delta N_{i}}{\Delta \xi }}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>ξ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{i}={\frac {\Delta N_{i}}{\Delta \xi }}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/64062b4edd78064ba6b6464a0e28b8ea7474df4e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:10.872ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{i}={\frac {\Delta N_{i}}{\Delta \xi }}\,}"></span> ili </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta N_{i}=\nu _{i}\Delta \xi \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>ξ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta N_{i}=\nu _{i}\Delta \xi \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/67a3625ca0ac3b0c2974eeb4c7f389a4eb25a012" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.001ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta N_{i}=\nu _{i}\Delta \xi \,}"></span>,</dd></dl> <p>gdje </p> <ul><li><i>N<sub>i</sub></i> = broj <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekula</a> <i>i</i>, a</li> <li><i>ξ</i> = progres varijable ili <b>proširenje reakcije</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stehiometrijski_matriks">Stehiometrijski matriks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak "Stehiometrijski matriks"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Stehiometrijski matriks"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U složenim reakcijama, stehiometrija je često predstavljena u mnogo kompaktnijem obliku zvanom stehiometrijski matriks ili <a href="/wiki/Matrica_(matematika)" title="Matrica (matematika)">matrica</a>, koji se označava simbolom <b>N</b>. </p><p>Ako reakcijska mreža ima <i>n</i> pojdinačnih reakcija i <i>m</i> uključenih vrsta molekula, tada stehiometrijski matriks može imati odgovarajući <i>m</i> redova i <i>n</i> kolona. </p><p>Naprimjer, podrazumijevajući donji sistem prikazanih reakcija, slijedi: </p> <dl><dd>S<sub>1</sub> → S<sub>2</sub></dd> <dd>5 S<sub>3</sub> + S<sub>2</sub> → 4 S<sub>3</sub> + 2 S<sub>2</sub></dd> <dd>S<sub>3</sub> → S<sub>4</sub></dd> <dd>S<sub>4</sub> → S<sub>5</sub></dd></dl> <p>Ovaj sistem se sastoji od četiri reakcije i pet različitih vrsta molekula. Stehiometrijska matrica za ovaj sistem se može pisati kao: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} ={\begin{bmatrix}-1&0&0&0\\1&1&0&0\\0&-1&-1&0\\0&0&1&-1\\0&0&0&1\\\end{bmatrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} ={\begin{bmatrix}-1&0&0&0\\1&1&0&0\\0&-1&-1&0\\0&0&1&-1\\0&0&0&1\\\end{bmatrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fa55fcd89837b018d7349dbece93ca9ed0348e2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.338ex; width:27.892ex; height:15.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} ={\begin{bmatrix}-1&0&0&0\\1&1&0&0\\0&-1&-1&0\\0&0&1&-1\\0&0&0&1\\\end{bmatrix}}}"></span>, </p><p>gdje redovi odgovaraju S<sub>1</sub>, S<sub>2</sub>, S<sub>3</sub>, S<sub>4</sub>, odnosno S<sub>5</sub>. Proces pretvaranja reakcijske sheme u stehiometrijski matriks može biti sa gubicima transformacija. Naprimjer, stehiometrija u drugoj reakciji se može pojednostaviti kada je uključena u matricu. To znači da nije uvijek moguć oporavak prvobitne reakcijske sheme iz stehiometrijske matrice. Stehiometrijski matriks je često kombiniran sa stopom vektora <b>v</b> i vektorom vrste molekula <b>S</b>, a za stvaranje kompaktne jednačine, koja opisuje stopu promjena molekulskih vrsta: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\mathbf {S} }{dt}}=\mathbf {N} \cdot \mathbf {v} .}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d\mathbf {S} }{dt}}=\mathbf {N} \cdot \mathbf {v} .}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/73b47fb5a2e0071150a7f8a68a409fe3bfcc4d58" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:12.464ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\mathbf {S} }{dt}}=\mathbf {N} \cdot \mathbf {v} .}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stehiometrija_plinova">Stehiometrija plinova</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odlomak "Stehiometrija plinova"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Stehiometrija plinova"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Plinska stehiometrija</i> je količinski odnos između reagenasa i proizvoda u <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_reakcija" title="Hemijska reakcija">hemijskim reakcijama</a> onih reagenasa koji proizvode <a href="/wiki/Plin" title="Plin">plinove</a>. Plinska stehiometrija se primjenjuje kada se proizvedeni plinovi nakupe toliko da postanu <a href="/wiki/Idealni_plin" title="Idealni plin">idealni</a>, a temperatura, pritisak i zapremina sasvim poznati. U ovim proračunima se primjenjuje zakon idealnog plina. Često, ali ne uvijek, u stehiometrijskim proračunima se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standardna_temperatura_i_pritisak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standardna temperatura i pritisak (stranica ne postoji)">standardna temperatura i pritisak</a> (STP) uzimaju kao 0 °C i 1 bar. </p><p>Proračuni plinske stehiometrije se primjenjuju i za nepoznatu <a href="/wiki/Volumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Volumen">zapreminu</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masu</a> plinovitih proizvoda ili reagenasa. Naprimjer, ako se želi izračunati zapremina plinovitih NO<sub>2</sub> proizvoda sagorijevanja, putem reakcije: </p> <dl><dd>4 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">NH<sub>3</sub></span>(g) + 7 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">O<sub>2</sub></span>(g) → 4 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">NO<sub>2</sub></span>(g) + 6 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">H<sub>2</sub>O</span>(l),</dd></dl> <p>mogu se izvesti slijedeći proračuni: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 100\,\mathrm {g\,NH_{3}} \cdot {\frac {1\,\mathrm {mol\,NH_{3}} }{17,034\,\mathrm {g\,NH_{3}} }}=5,871\,\mathrm {mol\,NH_{3}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>100</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>17</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>034</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>871</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 100\,\mathrm {g\,NH_{3}} \cdot {\frac {1\,\mathrm {mol\,NH_{3}} }{17,034\,\mathrm {g\,NH_{3}} }}=5,871\,\mathrm {mol\,NH_{3}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/42eecadab842ad0f339c1f8330a0469eae446a36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:43.645ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 100\,\mathrm {g\,NH_{3}} \cdot {\frac {1\,\mathrm {mol\,NH_{3}} }{17,034\,\mathrm {g\,NH_{3}} }}=5,871\,\mathrm {mol\,NH_{3}} }"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>U gornjoj reakciji sagorijevanja molarni odnos NH<sub>3</sub> prema NO<sub>2</sub> je 1:1, uz nastanak 5,871 mola NO<sub>2</sub>. Tada se za određivanje zapremine može primijeniti zakon idealnog plina na 0 °C (273,15 K) i pritisku od 1 atmosfere, upotrebom <a href="/wiki/Plinska_konstanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinska konstanta">donje plinske konstante</a> <i>R</i> = 0,08206 L·atm·K<sup>−1</sup>·mol<sup>−1</sup> : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}PV&=nRT\\V&={\frac {nRT}{P}}\\&={\frac {5,871\cdot 0,08206\cdot 273,15}{1}}\\&=131,597\,\mathrm {L\,NO_{2}} \end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>P</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>V</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mi>P</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>5</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>871</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>08206</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>273</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>15</mn> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>131</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>597</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}PV&=nRT\\V&={\frac {nRT}{P}}\\&={\frac {5,871\cdot 0,08206\cdot 273,15}{1}}\\&=131,597\,\mathrm {L\,NO_{2}} \end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dcb3382f35fa45267373b64a3fbc2298341efa82" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.838ex; width:32.116ex; height:16.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}PV&=nRT\\V&={\frac {nRT}{P}}\\&={\frac {5,871\cdot 0,08206\cdot 273,15}{1}}\\&=131,597\,\mathrm {L\,NO_{2}} \end{aligned}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Plinska stehiometrija često uključuje poznavanje <a href="/wiki/Molarna_masa" title="Molarna masa">molske mase</a> plina date <a href="/wiki/Gustina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustina">gustine</a>. Da bi se dobili odnosi između gustine i molarne mase idealnog plina, preuređuje se obrazac idealnog plina: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>m</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f63465553e3f944d6ef79f90f992a02cf29c7f38" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:7.177ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}}"></span>    i    <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n={\frac {m}{M}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>m</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n={\frac {m}{M}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a24b521a5398f08280966f24dcead66c0b93a625" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.772ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n={\frac {m}{M}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>i tako: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {MP}{R\,T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {MP}{R\,T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e62ee5f79d039ac692af594f32973ce37d7b23f5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:9.324ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {MP}{R\,T}}}"></span>,</dd></dl> <p>gdje: </p> <ul><li><i>P</i> = apsolutni pinski <a href="/wiki/Pritisak" title="Pritisak">pritisak</a>;</li> <li><i>V</i> = <a href="/wiki/Zapremina" title="Zapremina">zapremina</a> plina</li> <li><i>n</i> = iznos (u <a href="/wiki/Mol_(jedinica)" title="Mol (jedinica)">molovima</a>);</li> <li><i>R</i> = univerzalna konstanta idealnog plina;</li> <li><i>T</i> = apsolutna <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> plina;</li> <li><i>ρ</i> = gustina plina na <i>T</i> i <i>P</i>;</li> <li><i>m</i> = masa plina;</li> <li><i>M</i> = molska masa plina.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uobičajeni_stehiometrijski_odnos_zrak-gorivo"><span id="Uobi.C4.8Dajeni_stehiometrijski_odnos_zrak-gorivo"></span>Uobičajeni stehiometrijski odnos zrak-gorivo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odlomak "Uobičajeni stehiometrijski odnos zrak-gorivo"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Uobičajeni stehiometrijski odnos zrak-gorivo"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U reakciji <a href="/wiki/Sagorijevanje" title="Sagorijevanje">sagorijevanja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisik</a> reaguje s <a href="/wiki/Gorivo" title="Gorivo">gorivom</a>, a tačka na kojoj se troši baš sav kisik i svo gorivo se definira kao <b>stehiometrijska tačka</b>. Sa više kisika (nadstehiometrijsko sagorijevanje), nešto od toga ostaje neodreagirano. Isto tako, ako je sagorijevanje nepotpuno, zbog nedostatka kisika, gorivo i dalje ostaje van reakcije. (Nereaktivno gorivo može ostati zbog sporog sagorijevanja ili nedovoljnog miješanje goriva i kisika – što nije zbog stehiometrije). Različita ugljikovodikova goriva imaju različite sadržaje ugljika, vodika i drugih elemenata, zbog čega je i njihova stehiometrija promjenljiva, kako slijedi. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Gorivo" title="Gorivo">Gorivo</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Odnos mase</b><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Odnos zapremine</b> <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Postotak mase goriva</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin">Benzin</a> </td> <td>14,7 : 1 </td> <td>— </td> <td>6,8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prirodni_plin" title="Prirodni plin">Prirodni plin</a> </td> <td>17,2 : 1 </td> <td>9,7  : 1 </td> <td>5,8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Propan" title="Propan">Propan</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Te%C4%8Dni_propan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tečni propan (stranica ne postoji)">LP</a>) </td> <td>15,67 : 1 </td> <td>23,9 : 1 </td> <td>6,45% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">Etanol</a> </td> <td>9 : 1 </td> <td>— </td> <td>11,1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metanol" title="Metanol">Metanol</a> </td> <td>6,47 : 1 </td> <td>— </td> <td>15,6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Butanol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Butanol (stranica ne postoji)"><i>n</i>-Butanol</a> </td> <td>11,2 : 1 </td> <td>— </td> <td>8,2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">Vodik</a> </td> <td>34,3 : 1 </td> <td>2,39 : 1 </td> <td>2,9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dizel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dizel">Dizel</a> </td> <td>14,5 : 1 </td> <td>— </td> <td>6,8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">Metan</a> </td> <td>17,19 : 1 </td> <td>9,52 : 1 </td> <td>5,5% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin">Benzinski</a> motori mogu raditi sa stehiometrijskim odnosom zrak-gorivo, jer benzin je vrlo nestabilan i lahko se miješa (prskanjem sa sprejom ili karburacijom) sa zrakom, prije paljenja. <a href="/wiki/Dizel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dizel">Dizelski</a> motori, za razliku od toga, rade sporije i s više dostupnog zraka od zahtjeva jednostavnih stehiometrija. Dizel gorivo je manje nestabilno i uspješno sagorijeva jer se ubrizgava, ostavljajući manje vremena za isparavanje i miješanje. Zato se u stehiometrijskom odnosu stvara čađ (crni dim). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Također_pogledajte"><span id="Tako.C4.91er_pogledajte"></span>Također pogledajte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odlomak "Također pogledajte"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Također pogledajte"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molekularna_geometrija" title="Molekularna geometrija">Geometrija molekule</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odlomak "Reference"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Reference"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-<"Simpson"-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-<"Simpson"_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3303350">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2011" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Michael G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC"><i>Plant Systematics</i></a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-08-051404-9" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-08-051404-9"><bdi>0-08-051404-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 12. 2. 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Systematics&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=0-08-051404-9&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIa2eIPVksMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AStehiometrija" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_ref%3Dharv" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: ref=harv">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-<“Campbell“-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-<“Campbell“_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell_N._A.2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell N. A.; et al. (2008). <i>Biology. 8th Ed</i>. Person International Edition, San Francisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-321-53616-7" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-321-53616-7"><bdi>978-0-321-53616-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology.+8th+Ed.&rft.pub=Person+International+Edition%2C+San+Francisco&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-321-53616-7&rft.au=Campbell+N.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AStehiometrija" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Eksplicitna upotreba et al. u: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-<"Alberts"-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-<"Alberts"_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFAlberts_B.2002" class="citation book cs1">Alberts B.; et al. (2002). <i>Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th Ed</i>. Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-8153-4072-9" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-8153-4072-9"><bdi>0-8153-4072-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell%2C+4th+Ed.&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8153-4072-9&rft.au=Alberts+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AStehiometrija" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Eksplicitna upotreba et al. u: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volet-Volet-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volet-Volet_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFVoet_D.,_Voet_J._G." class="citation book cs1">Voet D., Voet J. G. <i>Biochemistry, 3rd Ed.[publisher= Wiley</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-471-19350-0" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-471-19350-0"><bdi>978-0-471-19350-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry%2C+3rd+Ed.%5Bpublisher%3D+Wiley&rft.isbn=978-0-471-19350-0&rft.au=Voet+D.%2C+Voet+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AStehiometrija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>What’s in a Name? Amount of Substance, Chemical Amount, and Stoichiometric Amount</i> Carmen J. Giunta Journal of Chemical Education 2016 93 (4), 583-586 <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jchemed.5b00690">10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00690</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/S06025-plain.html">"stoichiometric number,"</a>. <i>iupac.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iupac.org&rft.atitle=stoichiometric+number%2C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldbook.iupac.org%2FS06025-plain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AStehiometrija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org">http://goldbook.iupac.org</a> (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-9678550-9-8" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-9678550-9-8">0-9678550-9-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook">10.1351/goldbook</a>. Entry: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/S06025.html">"stoichiometric number"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prigogine & Defay, p. 18; Prigogine, pp. 4–7; Guggenheim, p. 37 & 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John B. Heywood: "Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals page 915", 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">North American Mfg. Co.: "North American Combustion Handbook", 1952</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjski_linkovi">Vanjski linkovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odlomak "Vanjski linkovi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Vanjski linkovi"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206060439/http://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/sme/ther305-web/Combust1.PDF">Engine Combustion primer</a> from the University of Plymouth</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemcollective.org/tutorials.php">Free Stoichiometry Tutorials</a> from Carnegie Mellon's ChemCollective</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry-in-excel.jimdo.com/">Stoichiometry Add-In for Microsoft Excel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511073820/http://chemistry-in-excel.jimdo.com/">Arhivirano</a> 11. 5. 2011. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for calculation of molecular weights, reaction coëfficients and stoichiometry.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thermobook.net/stoichiometry/">Reaction Stoichiometry Calculator</a> a comprehensive free online reaction stoichiometry calculator.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinesciencetools.com/tools/stoichiometrycalculator">Stoichiometry Calculator</a> a unit conversion calculator for individual compound stoichiometry.</li></ul></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Preuzeto iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&oldid=3504299">https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stehiometrija&oldid=3504299</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Stehiometrija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Stehiometrija (stranica ne postoji)">Stehiometrija</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:In%C5%BEenjerstvo_hemijskih_reakcija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Inženjerstvo hemijskih reakcija (stranica ne postoji)">Inženjerstvo hemijskih reakcija</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Sakrivene kategorije: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_ref%3Dharv" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: ref=harv">CS1 održavanje: ref=harv</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke:_eksplicitna_upotreba_et_al." title="Kategorija:CS1 greške: eksplicitna upotreba et al.">CS1 greške: eksplicitna upotreba et al.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Kategorija:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena na datum 15 april 2023 u 14:14.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">slobodnom licencom Autorstvo-Dijeliti pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primijeniti i dodatni uvjeti. 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Stehiometrija - Wikipedia