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href="../thulium/physics.html">Thulium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../tin/physics.html">Tin</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../titanium/physics.html">Titanium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../tungsten/physics.html">Tungsten</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../uranium/physics.html">Uranium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../vanadium/physics.html">Vanadium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../xenon/physics.html">Xenon</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../ytterbium/physics.html">Ytterbium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../yttrium/physics.html">Yttrium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../zinc/physics.html">Zinc</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../zirconium/physics.html">Zirconium</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-open pure-menu-horizontal centre" role="navigation" style="background: #000 url(../_media/elements/discharge/Th.png) repeat-y center; background-size:contain;"> <span><a class="pure-menu-heading" href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/"><img height="30" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements logo"></a> <a class="white" href="./">Thorium - <sub>90</sub>Th</a>  <audio id="myAudio_f"> <source src="../_media/elements/snds_f/Th.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. </audio> <button class="pure-button f_button" style=" display: inline;" type="button" onclick="audf_play_pause()"> 🔊  </button> <script> function audf_play_pause() { var myAudiof = document.getElementById("myAudio_f"); if (myAudiof.paused) { myAudiof.play(); } else { myAudiof.pause(); }} </script></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main">  <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <a href="#" class="pure-menu-link pure-menu-heading">▸▸</a> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇬🇧 Thorium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇺🇦 Торій</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇨🇳 釷</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇳🇱 Thorium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇫🇷 Thorium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇩🇪 Thorium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇱 תוריום</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇹 Torio</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇯🇵 トリウム</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇵🇹 Tório</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇪🇸 Torio</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇸🇪 Torium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇷🇺 Торий</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="google_navbar_positioning"> <form action="https://www.google.com" id="cse-search-box"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-9334432533380510:6223510783"> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8"> <input type="text" name="q" size="28"> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search"> </div> </form> <script> </script> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <h1 class="f">Thorium - <sub><small>90</small></sub>Th: physical properties</h1> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <ul class="pure-menu-list z_menu"> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a href="../thorium/" class="pure-menu-link">▸▸ Th Essentials</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../thorium/physics.html">Physical properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../thorium/atoms.html">Electron shell data</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../thorium/atom_sizes.html">Atom sizes</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../thorium/electronegativity.html">Electronegativity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../thorium/isotopes.html" >Isotopes and NMR</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../thorium/crystal_structure.html">Crystal structure</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../thorium/thermochemistry.html">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../thorium/history.html">History</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../thorium/uses.html">Uses</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../thorium/geology.html">Geology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../thorium/biology.html">Biology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../thorium/compounds.html">Binary compounds</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../thorium/compound_properties.html" >Compound properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../thorium/chemistry.html">Element reactions</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../thorium/contents.html">List all Th properties</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="f">Density properties</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/density/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity for density of elemental solids"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/density.png" alt="density of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" />Density of solid</a>: 11724 kg m<sup>‑3</sup></li> <li><a href="../periodicity/molar_volume/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity for molar volumes of the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/molar_volume.png" alt="molar volume of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" />Molar volume</a>: 19.80 cm<sup>3</sup></li> </ul> <h2 class="f">Elastic properties</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/youngs_modulus/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity of the Young's modulus for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/youngs_modulus.png" alt="Young's modulus of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" />Young's modulus</a>: 79 GPa</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/rigidity_modulus/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity of the rigidity modulus for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/rigidity_modulus.png" alt="Rigidity modulus of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" />Rigidity modulus</a>: 31 GPa</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/bulk_modulus/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity of bulk modulus for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/bulk_modulus.png" alt="bulk modulus of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" />Bulk modulus</a>: 54 GPa</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/poissons_ratio/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity of the Poisson ratio for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/poissons_ratio.png" alt="Poisson's ratio of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" />Poisson's ratio</a>: 0.27 (no units)</li> </ul> <h2 class="f">Hardnesses</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/hardness_mineral/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity of mineral hardness for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/hardness_mineral.png" alt="mineral hardness of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" />Mineral hardness</a>: 3.0 (no units)</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/hardness_brinell/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity of Brinell hardness for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/hardness_brinell.png" alt="Brinell hardness of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" />Brinell hardness</a>: 400 MN m<sup>-2</sup></li> <li><a href="../periodicity/hardness_vickers/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity of Vickers hardness for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/hardness_vickers.png" alt="Vickers hardness of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" />Vickers hardness</a>: 350 MN m<sup>-2</sup></li> </ul> <div><figure><img class="pure-img" src="../_media/periodicity/tables/periodic_table_heatscape_white/density_heat_w.png" alt="Heatscape representing the density of the elements" /><figcaption>Heatscape picture representing the density of the periodic table elements.</figcaption></figure></div> <div><figure><img class="pure-img" src="../_media/periodicity/tables/periodic_table_heatscape_white/molar_volume_heat_w.png" alt="Heatscape representing the molar volume of the elements" /><figcaption>Heatscape representing the molar volume of the periodic table elements.</figcaption></figure></div> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9334432533380510" data-ad-slot="4479092381" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div> <h2 class="f">Electrical properties</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/elec_resist/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity of electrical resistivity for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/elec_resist.png" alt="electrical resistivity of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table">Electrical resistivity</a>: 15 × 10<sup>‑8</sup> Ω m; or mΩ cm</li> </ul> <h2 class="f">Heat and conduction</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/thermal_conduct/" title="show definition and view pictures showing periodicity of thermal conductivity in the periodic table"><img alt="Thermal conductivity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/thermal_conduct.png" />Thermal conductivity</a>: 54 W m<sup>‑1</sup> K<sup>‑1</sup></li> <li><a href="../periodicity/coeff_thermal_exp/" title="show definition and view pictures showing periodicity of the coefficient of linear expansion in the periodic table"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/coeff_thermal_exp.png" alt="coefficient of linear expansion of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" />Coefficient of linear thermal expansion</a>: 11.0 × 10<sup>‑6</sup> K<sup>‑1</sup></li> </ul> <h2 class="f">Optical properties</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/reflectivity/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity of reflectivity for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/reflectivity.png" alt="reflectivity of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table">Reflectivity</a>: (no data) %</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/refractive_index/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity of refractive index for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/refractive_index.png" alt="refractive index of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table">Refractive index</a>: (no data) (no units)</li> </ul> <h2 class="f">Acoustic properties</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/velocity_sound/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity for velocity of sound in the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/velocity_sound.png" alt="velocity of sound of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table">Velocity of sound</a>: 2490 m s<sup>‑1</sup></li> </ul> </main> <div id="footer"> <footer> <div class="footer"> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Key properties</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/eneg_pauling/">Electronegativity </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/melting_point/">Melting point</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/density/">Density </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/molar_volume/">Molar 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