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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Application support</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Application_support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Application support subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Application_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software_and_row_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_and_row_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Software and row limits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_and_row_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84" title="قيم مفصولة بفواصل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قيم مفصولة بفواصل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV" title="CSV – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="CSV" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV" title="CSV – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="CSV" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV_(Dateiformat)" title="CSV (Dateiformat) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="CSV (Dateiformat)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valores_separados_por_comas" title="Valores separados por comas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Valores separados por comas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV" title="CSV – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="CSV" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV" title="CSV – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="CSV" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="مقادیر جداشده با ویرگول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقادیر جداشده با ویرگول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comma-separated values" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV_(%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC_%ED%98%95%EC%8B%9D)" title="CSV (파일 형식) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="CSV (파일 형식)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_Separated_Values" title="Comma Separated Values – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Comma Separated Values" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comma-separated values" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV" title="CSV – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="CSV" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/.csv_(Dateiformat)" title=".csv (Dateiformat) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title=".csv (Dateiformat)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV" title="CSV – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="CSV" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommagescheiden_bestand" title="Kommagescheiden bestand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kommagescheiden bestand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-Separated_Values" title="Comma-Separated Values – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Comma-Separated Values" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV" title="CSV – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="CSV" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV_(format_pliku)" title="CSV (format pliku) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="CSV (format pliku)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comma-separated values" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV" title="CSV – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="CSV" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Comma-separated values" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Comma-separated values" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV" title="CSV – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="CSV" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Comma-separated values" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="அணித்தரவுக்கோப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அணித்தரவுக்கோப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="Comma-separated values" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV" title="CSV – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="CSV" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Comma-separated values" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%97%E5%8F%B7%E5%88%86%E9%9A%94%E5%80%BC" title="逗号分隔值 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="逗号分隔值" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">File format used to store data</div><p><b>Comma-separated values</b> (<b>CSV</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">text file</a> format that uses <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">commas</a> to separate values, and <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">newlines</a> to separate records. A CSV file stores <a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">tabular</a> data (numbers and text) in <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a>, where each line of the file typically represents one data <a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">record</a>. Each record consists of the same number of <a href="/wiki/Field_(computer_science)" title="Field (computer science)">fields</a>, and these are separated by commas in the CSV file. If the field delimiter itself may appear within a field, fields can be surrounded with quotation marks.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CSV file format is one type of <a href="/wiki/Delimiter-separated_values" title="Delimiter-separated values">delimiter-separated file format</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delimiters frequently used include the comma, <a href="/wiki/Tab-separated_values" title="Tab-separated values">tab</a>, space, and semicolon. Delimiter-separated files are often given a ".csv" <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">extension</a> even when the field separator is not a comma. Many applications or libraries that consume or produce CSV files have options to specify an alternative delimiter.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of adherence to the CSV standard RFC 4180 necessitates the support for a variety of CSV formats in data input software. Despite this drawback, CSV remains widespread in data applications and is widely supported by a variety of software, including common spreadsheet applications such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benefits cited in favor of CSV include human readability and the simplicity of the format.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom: 0.15em;">Comma-separated values</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CsvDelimited001.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/CsvDelimited001.svg/128px-CsvDelimited001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/CsvDelimited001.svg/192px-CsvDelimited001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/CsvDelimited001.svg/256px-CsvDelimited001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_CSV_file.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Example_CSV_file.png/300px-Example_CSV_file.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Example_CSV_file.png/450px-Example_CSV_file.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Example_CSV_file.png/600px-Example_CSV_file.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="608" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A simple CSV file listing three people and the companies they work for</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.csv</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><code>text/csv</code><sup id="cite_ref-rfc4180_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc4180-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">public.comma-separated-values-text<sup id="cite_ref-appleuti_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleuti-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">UTI conformation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="/wiki/Delimiter-separated_values" title="Delimiter-separated values">public.delimited-values-text</a><sup id="cite_ref-appleuti_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleuti-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">multi-platform, serial data streams</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Container_format" title="Container format">Container for</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> information organized as field separated lists</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">RFC 4180</td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CSV is a common <a href="/wiki/Data_exchange" title="Data exchange">data exchange</a> format that is widely supported by consumer, business, and scientific applications. Among its most common uses is moving tabular data<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between programs that natively operate on incompatible (often <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary format">proprietary</a> or undocumented) formats.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc4180_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc4180-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a user may need to transfer information from a database program that stores data in a proprietary format, to a <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a> that uses a completely different format. Most <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database programs</a> can export data as CSV. Most spreadsheet programs can read CSV data, allowing CSV to be used as an intermediate format when transferring data from a database to a spreadsheet. </p><p>CSV is also used for storing data. Common data science tools such as <a href="/wiki/Pandas_(software)" title="Pandas (software)">Pandas</a> include the option to export data to CSV for long-term storage.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benefits of CSV for data storage include the simplicity of CSV makes parsing and creating CSV files easy to implement and fast compared to other data formats, human readability making editing or fixing data simpler,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and high compressibility leading to smaller data files.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, CSV does not support more complex data relations and makes no distinction between null and empty values, and in applications where these features are needed other formats are preferred. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specification">Specification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Specification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4180">4180</a> proposes a <a href="/wiki/Specification_(technical_standard)" title="Specification (technical standard)">specification</a> for the CSV format; however, actual practice often does not follow the RFC and the term "CSV" might refer to any file that:<sup id="cite_ref-rfc4180_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc4180-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>is <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a> using a character encoding such as <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> character encodings (e.g. <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>), <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a>,</li> <li>consists of records (typically one record per line),</li> <li>with the records divided into <a href="/wiki/Field_(computer_science)" title="Field (computer science)">fields</a> separated by <a href="/wiki/Delimiter" title="Delimiter">delimiters</a> (typically a single reserved character such as comma, semicolon, or tab; sometimes the delimiter may include optional spaces),</li> <li>where every record has the same sequence of fields.</li></ol> <p>Within these general constraints, many variations are in use. Therefore, without additional information (such as whether RFC 4180 is honored), a file claimed simply to be in "CSV" format is not fully specified. As a result, some applications supporting CSV files have text import wizards that allow users to preview the first few lines of the file and then specify the delimiter character(s), quoting rules, and field trimming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comma-separated values is a data format that predates <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> by more than a decade: the <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> (level H extended) compiler under <a href="/wiki/OS/360" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/360">OS/360</a> supported CSV in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> List-directed ("free form") input/output was defined in <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN_77" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN 77">FORTRAN 77</a>, approved in 1978. List-directed input used commas or spaces for delimiters, so unquoted character strings could not contain commas or spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "comma-separated value" and the "CSV" abbreviation were in use by 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manual for the <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Computer_Corporation" title="Osborne Computer Corporation">Osborne</a> Executive computer, which bundled the <a href="/wiki/SuperCalc" title="SuperCalc">SuperCalc</a> spreadsheet, documents the CSV quoting convention that allows strings to contain embedded commas, but the manual does not specify a convention for embedding quotation marks within quoted strings.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comma-separated value lists are easier to type (for example into <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched cards</a>) than fixed-column-aligned data, and they were less prone to producing incorrect results if a value was punched one column off from its intended location. </p><p>Comma separated files are used for the interchange of database information between machines of two different architectures. The plain-text character of CSV files largely avoids incompatibilities such as <a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">byte-order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Word_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Word size">word size</a>. The files are largely human-readable, so it is easier to deal with them in the absence of perfect documentation or communication.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main standardization initiative—transforming "<i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> fuzzy definition" into a more precise and <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> one—was in 2005, with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4180">4180</a>, defining CSV as a <a href="/wiki/MIME_content_type" class="mw-redirect" title="MIME content type">MIME Content Type</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in 2013, some of RFC 4180's deficiencies were tackled by a W3C recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> published <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7111">7111</a> describing the application of <a href="/wiki/URI_fragment" title="URI fragment">URI fragments</a> to CSV documents. RFC 7111 specifies how row, column, and cell ranges can be selected from a CSV document using position indexes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a>, in an attempt to enhance CSV with <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">formal semantics</a>, publicized the first <i>drafts of recommendations</i> for CSV metadata standards, which began as <i>recommendations</i> in December of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_functionality">General functionality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: General functionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CSV formats are best used to represent sets or sequences of records in which each record has an identical list of fields. This corresponds to a single <a href="/wiki/Relation_(database)" title="Relation (database)">relation</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a>, or to data (though not calculations) in a typical spreadsheet. </p><p>The format dates back to the early days of business computing and is widely used to pass data between computers with different internal word sizes, data formatting needs, and so forth. For this reason, CSV files are common on all computer platforms. </p><p>CSV is a <a href="/wiki/Delimiter-separated_values" title="Delimiter-separated values">delimited</a> text file that uses a <a href="/wiki/Comma_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma (punctuation)">comma</a> to separate values (many implementations of CSV import/export tools allow other separators to be used; for example, the use of a "Sep=^" row as the first row in the *.csv file will cause <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> to open the file expecting <a href="/wiki/Caret_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (punctuation)">caret</a> "^" to be the separator instead of comma ","). Simple CSV implementations may prohibit field values that contain a comma or other special characters such as newlines. More sophisticated CSV implementations permit them, often by requiring " (<a href="/wiki/Double_quote" class="mw-redirect" title="Double quote">double quote</a>) characters around values that contain reserved characters (such as commas, double quotes, or less commonly, newlines). Embedded double quote characters may then be represented by a pair of consecutive double quotes,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by prefixing a double quote with an <a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">escape character</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">backslash</a> (for example in <a href="/wiki/Sybase" title="Sybase">Sybase</a> Central). </p><p>CSV formats are not limited to a particular <a href="/wiki/Character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Character set">character set</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc4180_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc4180-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They work just as well with <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> character sets (such as <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> or <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a>) as with ASCII (although particular programs that support CSV may have their own limitations). CSV files normally will even survive naïve translation from one character set to another (unlike nearly all proprietary data formats). CSV does not, however, provide any way to indicate what character set is in use, so that must be communicated separately, or determined at the receiving end (if possible). </p><p>Databases that include multiple <a href="/wiki/Relation_(database)" title="Relation (database)">relations</a> cannot be exported as a single CSV file<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Similarly, CSV cannot naturally represent <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented">object-oriented</a> data. This is because every CSV record is expected to have the same structure. CSV is therefore rarely appropriate for <a href="/wiki/Documents" class="mw-redirect" title="Documents">documents</a> created with <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, or other markup or word-processing technologies. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Statistical_database" title="Statistical database">Statistical databases</a> in various fields often have a generally relation-like structure, but with some repeatable groups of fields. For example, health databases such as the <a href="/wiki/Demographic_and_Health_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic and Health Survey">Demographic and Health Survey</a> typically repeat some questions for each child of a given parent (perhaps up to a fixed maximum number of children). <a href="/wiki/Statistical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical analysis">Statistical analysis</a> systems often include utilities that can "rotate" such data; for example, a "parent" record that includes information about five children can be split into five separate records, each containing (a) the information on one child, and (b) a copy of all the non-child-specific information. CSV can represent either the "vertical" or "horizontal" form of such data. </p><p>In a relational database, similar issues are readily handled by creating a separate relation for each such group, and connecting "child" records to the related "parent" records using a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_key" title="Foreign key">foreign key</a> (such as an ID number or name for the parent). In markup languages such as XML, such groups are typically enclosed within a parent element and repeated as necessary (for example, multiple <code><child></code> nodes within a single <code><parent></code> node). With CSV there is no widely accepted single-file solution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "CSV" indicates the use of the comma to separate data fields. Nevertheless, the term "CSV" is widely used to refer to a large family of formats that differ in many ways. Some implementations allow or require single or double quotation marks around some or all fields; and some reserve the first record as a header containing a list of field names. The character set being used is undefined: some applications require a Unicode <a href="/wiki/Byte_order_mark" title="Byte order mark">byte order mark</a> (BOM) to enforce Unicode interpretation (sometimes even a UTF-8 BOM).<sup id="cite_ref-rfc4180_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc4180-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Files that use the tab character instead of comma can be more precisely referred to as "TSV" for tab-separated values. </p><p>Other implementation differences include the handling of more commonplace field separators (such as space or semicolon) and newline characters inside text fields. One more subtlety is the interpretation of a blank line: it can equally be the result of writing a record of zero fields, or a record of one field of zero length; thus decoding it is ambiguous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RFC_4180_and_MIME_standards">RFC 4180 and MIME standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: RFC 4180 and MIME standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2005 technical standard RFC 4180 formalizes the CSV file format and defines the <a href="/wiki/MIME_type" class="mw-redirect" title="MIME type">MIME type</a> "text/csv" for the handling of text-based fields. However, the interpretation of the text of each field is still application-specific. Files that follow the RFC 4180 standard can simplify CSV exchange and should be widely portable. Among its requirements: </p> <ul><li>MS-DOS-style lines that end with (CR/LF) characters (optional for the last line).</li> <li>An optional header record (there is no sure way to detect whether it is present, so care is required when importing).</li> <li>Each record <i>should</i> contain the same number of comma-separated fields.</li> <li>Any field <i>may</i> be quoted (with double quotes).</li> <li>Fields containing a line-break, double-quote or commas <i>should</i> be quoted. (If they are not, the file will likely be impossible to process correctly.)</li> <li><i>If</i> double-quotes are used to enclose fields, then a double-quote in a field <i>must</i> be represented by two double-quote characters.</li></ul> <p>The format can be processed by most programs that claim to read CSV files. The exceptions are <i>(a)</i> programs may not support line-breaks within quoted fields, <i>(b)</i> programs may confuse the optional header with data or interpret the first data line as an optional header, and <i>(c)</i> double-quotes in a field may not be parsed correctly automatically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OKF_frictionless_tabular_data_package">OKF frictionless tabular data package</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: OKF frictionless tabular data package"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011 <a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a> (OKF) and various partners created a data protocols working group, which later evolved into the Frictionless Data initiative. One of the main formats they released was the Tabular Data Package. Tabular Data package was heavily based on CSV, using it as the main data transport format and adding basic type and schema metadata (CSV lacks any type information to distinguish the string "1" from the number 1).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Frictionless Data Initiative has also provided a standard CSV Dialect Description Format for describing different dialects of CSV, for example specifying the field separator or quoting rules.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="W3C_tabular_data_standard">W3C tabular data standard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: W3C tabular data standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013 the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> "CSV on the Web" working group began to specify technologies providing higher interoperability for web applications using CSV or similar formats.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The working group completed its work in February 2016 and is officially closed in March 2016 with the release of a set of documents and W3C recommendations<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for modeling "Tabular Data",<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and enhancing CSV with <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">semantics</a>. </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Well-formed" class="mw-disambig" title="Well-formed">well-formedness</a> of CSV data can readily checked, testing validity and canonical form is less well developed, relative to more precise data formats, such as <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> and <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>, which offer richer types and rules-based validation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_rules">Basic rules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Basic rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many informal documents exist that describe "CSV" formats. <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> RFC 4180 (summarized above) defines the format for the "text/csv" <a href="/wiki/MIME_type" class="mw-redirect" title="MIME type">MIME type</a> registered with the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a>. </p><p>Rules typical of these and other "CSV" specifications and implementations are as follows: </p> <div><ul><li>CSV is a <a href="/wiki/Delimited" class="mw-redirect" title="Delimited">delimited</a> data format that has <a href="/wiki/Field_(computer_science)" title="Field (computer science)">fields/columns</a> separated by the <a href="/wiki/Comma_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma (punctuation)">comma</a> <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">character</a> and <a href="/wiki/Row_(database)" title="Row (database)">records/rows</a> terminated by newlines.</li><li>A CSV file does not require a specific <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byte_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Byte order">byte order</a>, or line terminator format (some software do not support all line-end variations).</li><li>A record ends at a line terminator. However, line terminators can be embedded as data within fields, so software must recognize quoted line-separators (see below) in order to correctly assemble an entire record from perhaps multiple lines.</li><li>All records should have the same number of fields, in the same order.</li><li>Data within fields is interpreted as a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">characters</a>, not as a sequence of bits or bytes (see RFC 2046, section 4.1). For example, the numeric quantity 65535 may be represented as the 5 ASCII characters "65535" (or perhaps other forms such as "0xFFFF", "000065535.000E+00", etc.); but not as a sequence of 2 bytes intended to be treated as a single binary integer rather than as two characters (e.g. the numbers 11264–11519 have a comma as their high order byte: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-perl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">ord</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">','</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">256</span><span class="o">..</span><span class="nb">ord</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">','</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">256</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">255</span></code>). If this "plain text" convention is not followed, then the CSV file no longer contains sufficient information to interpret it correctly, the CSV file will not likely survive transmission across differing computer architectures, and will not conform to the <i>text/csv</i> MIME type.</li><li>Adjacent fields must be separated by a single comma. However, "CSV" formats vary greatly in this choice of separator character. In particular, in <a href="/wiki/Locale_(computer_software)" title="Locale (computer software)">locales</a> where the comma is used as a decimal separator, a semicolon, <a href="/wiki/Tab_key" title="Tab key">tab character</a>, or other character is used instead. <pre>1997,Ford,E350</pre></li><li>Any field <i>may</i> be <i>quoted</i> (that is, enclosed within double-quote characters), while some fields <i>must</i> be quoted, as specified in the following rules and examples: <pre>"1997","Ford","E350"</pre></li><li>Fields with embedded commas or double-quote characters must be quoted. <pre>1997,Ford,E350,"Super, luxurious truck"</pre></li><li>Each of the embedded double-quote characters must be represented by a pair of double-quote characters. <pre>1997,Ford,E350,"Super, ""luxurious"" truck"</pre></li><li>Fields with embedded line breaks must be quoted (however, many CSV implementations do not support embedded line breaks). <pre>1997,Ford,E350,"Go get one now they are going fast" </pre></li><li>In some CSV implementations<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2017)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, leading and trailing spaces and tabs are trimmed (ignored). Such trimming is forbidden by RFC 4180, which states "Spaces are considered part of a field and should not be ignored." <pre>1997, Ford, E350 not same as 1997,Ford,E350 </pre></li><li>According to RFC 4180, spaces outside quotes in a field are not allowed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>; however, the RFC also says that "Spaces are considered part of a field and should not be ignored." and "Implementers should 'be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others' (RFC 793, section 2.10) when processing CSV files." <pre>1997, "Ford" ,E350</pre></li><li>In CSV implementations that do trim leading or trailing spaces, fields with such spaces as meaningful data must be quoted. <pre>1997,Ford,E350," Super luxurious truck "</pre></li><li>Double quote processing need only apply if the field starts with a double quote. Note, however, that double quotes are not allowed in unquoted fields according to RFC 4180. <pre>Los Angeles,34°03′N,118°15′W New York City,40°42′46″N,74°00′21″W Paris,48°51′24″N,2°21′03″E </pre></li><li>The first record may be a "header", which contains column names in each of the fields (there is no reliable way to tell whether a file does this or not; however, it is uncommon to use characters other than letters, digits, and underscores in such column names). <pre>Year,Make,Model 1997,Ford,E350 2000,Mercury,Cougar </pre></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Make</th> <th>Model</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Price </th></tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td>Ford</td> <td>E350</td> <td>ac, abs, moon</td> <td>3000.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>Chevy</td> <td>Venture "Extended Edition"</td> <td></td> <td>4900.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>Chevy</td> <td>Venture "Extended Edition, Very Large"</td> <td></td> <td>5000.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td>Jeep</td> <td>Grand Cherokee</td> <td>MUST SELL!<br />air, moon roof, loaded</td> <td>4799.00 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The above table of data may be represented in CSV format as follows: </p> <pre>Year,Make,Model,Description,Price 1997,Ford,E350,"ac, abs, moon",3000.00 1999,Chevy,"Venture ""Extended Edition""","",4900.00 1999,Chevy,"Venture ""Extended Edition, Very Large""","",5000.00 1996,Jeep,Grand Cherokee,"MUST SELL! air, moon roof, loaded",4799.00 </pre> <p>Example of a USA/UK CSV file (where the decimal separator is a period/full stop and the value separator is a comma): </p> <pre>Year,Make,Model,Length 1997,Ford,E350,2.35 2000,Mercury,Cougar,2.38 </pre> <p>Example of an analogous European CSV/<a href="/wiki/Delimiter-separated_values" title="Delimiter-separated values">DSV</a> file (where the decimal separator is a comma and the value separator is a semicolon): </p> <pre>Year;Make;Model;Length 1997;Ford;E350;2,35 2000;Mercury;Cougar;2,38 </pre> <p>The latter format is not RFC 4180 compliant.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compliance could be achieved by the use of a comma instead of a semicolon as a separator and by quoting all numbers that have a decimal mark. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_support">Application support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Application support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some applications use CSV as a <a href="/wiki/Data_exchange" title="Data exchange">data interchange format</a> to enhance its <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a>, exporting and importing CSV. Others use CSV as an <i>internal format</i>. </p><p>As a data interchange format: the CSV file format is supported by almost all spreadsheets and database management systems, </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheets</a> including Apple <a href="/wiki/Numbers_(spreadsheet)" title="Numbers (spreadsheet)">Numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice_Calc" title="LibreOffice Calc">LibreOffice Calc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apache_OpenOffice" title="Apache OpenOffice">Apache OpenOffice</a> Calc. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a> also supports a dialect of CSV with restrictions in comparison to other spreadsheet software (e.g., as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Excel still cannot export CSV files in the commonly used UTF-8 character encoding, and separator is not enforced to be the comma). <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice_Calc" title="LibreOffice Calc">LibreOffice Calc</a> CSV importer is actually a more generic delimited text importer, supporting multiple separators at the same time as well as field trimming.</li> <li>Various <a href="/wiki/Relational_databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational databases">Relational databases</a> support saving query results to a CSV file. <a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> provides the <code>COPY</code> command, which allows for both saving and loading data to and from a file. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-postgres mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">COPY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">articles</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'/home/wikipedia/file.csv'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FORMAT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">csv</span><span class="p">)</span></code> saves the content of a table <code>articles</code> to a file called <code>/home/wikipedia/file.csv</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Many utility programs on <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-style systems (such as <a href="/wiki/Cut_(Unix)" title="Cut (Unix)">cut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paste_(Unix)" title="Paste (Unix)">paste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Join_(Unix)" title="Join (Unix)">join</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sort_(Unix)" title="Sort (Unix)">sort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniq" title="Uniq">uniq</a>, <a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">awk</a>) can split files on a comma delimiter, and can therefore process simple CSV files. However, this method does not correctly handle commas or new lines within quoted strings, hence it is better to use tools like csvkit or Miller.</li></ul> <p>As (main or optional) internal representation. Can be <a href="/wiki/Native_and_foreign_format" title="Native and foreign format">native or foreign</a>, but differ from interchange format ("export/import only") because it is not necessary to create a copy in another format: </p> <ul><li>Some <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheets</a> including <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice_Calc" title="LibreOffice Calc">LibreOffice Calc</a> offers this option, without enforcing user to adopt another format.</li> <li>Some relational databases, when using standard SQL, offer <i>foreign-data wrapper</i> (FDW). For example, PostgreSQL offers the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-postgres mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FOREIGN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span></code><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-postgres mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">EXTENSION</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">file_fdw</span></code><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commands to configure any variant of CSV.</li> <li>Databases like <a href="/wiki/Apache_Hive" title="Apache Hive">Apache Hive</a> offer the option to express CSV or <a href="/wiki/Gzip" title="Gzip">.csv.gz</a> as an internal table format.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">emacs</a> editor can operate on CSV files using csv-nav mode.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>CSV format is supported by libraries available for many <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>. Most provide some way to specify the field delimiter, <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">decimal separator</a>, character encoding, quoting conventions, date format, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_and_row_limits">Software and row limits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Software and row limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Programs that work with CSV may have limits on the maximum number of rows CSV files can have. Below is a list of common software and its limitations:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Microsoft Excel: 1,048,576 row limit;</li> <li>Microsoft PowerShell, no row or cell limit. (Memory Limited)</li> <li>Apple Numbers: 1,000,000 row limit;</li> <li>Google Sheets: 5,000,000 cell limit (the product of columns and rows);</li> <li>OpenOffice and LibreOffice: 1,048,576 row limit;</li> <li>Sourcetable:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no row limit. (Spreadsheet-database hybrid);</li> <li>Text Editors (such as <a href="/wiki/WordPad" title="WordPad">WordPad</a>, <a href="/wiki/TextEdit" title="TextEdit">TextEdit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a>, etc.): no row or cell limit;</li> <li>Databases (COPY command and FDW): no row or cell limit.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tab-separated_values" title="Tab-separated values">Tab-separated values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_data-serialization_formats" title="Comparison of data-serialization formats">Comparison of data-serialization formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delimiter-separated_values" title="Delimiter-separated values">Delimiter-separated values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delimiter_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Delimiter collision">Delimiter collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-file_database" title="Flat-file database">Flat-file database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Data_Format" title="Simple Data Format">Simple Data Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitute_character" title="Substitute character">Substitute character</a>, <a href="/wiki/Null_character" title="Null character">Null character</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Punctuation#Block" title="General Punctuation">invisible comma U+2063</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creativyst.com/Doc/Articles/CSV/CSV01.shtml">"CSV Comma Separated Value File Format - How To - Creativyst - Explored,Designed,Delivered.(sm)"</a>. <i>Creativyst Software</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401084212/http://www.creativyst.com/Doc/Articles/CSV/CSV01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comma-Separated-Value+Format+File+Structure&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbitsavers_osborneexeutiveRef1983_16634758%2F3F00186-00_ExecutiveRef_1983%23page%2Fn143%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2F%2522comma-separated%2Bvalue%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma-separated+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000323.shtml">"CSV, Comma Separated Values (RFC 4180)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSV%2C+Comma+Separated+Values+%28RFC+4180%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalpreservation.gov%2Fformats%2Ffdd%2Ffdd000323.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma-separated+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4180"><i>RFC 4180: Common Format and MIME Type for Comma-Separated Values (CSV) Files</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC4180">10.17487/RFC4180</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4180">4180</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFC+4180%3A+Common+Format+and+MIME+Type+for+Comma-Separated+Values+%28CSV%29+Files&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC4180&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc4180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma-separated+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-results-csv-tsv/">sparql11-results-csv-tsv</a>, the first W3C recommendation scoped in CSV and filling some of RFC 4180's deficiencies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7111"><i>RFC 7111: URI Fragment Identifiers for the text/csv Media Type</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7111">10.17487/RFC7111</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7111">7111</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFC+7111%3A+URI+Fragment+Identifiers+for+the+text%2Fcsv+Media+Type&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma-separated+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/tabular-data-model/">"Model for Tabular Data and Metadata on the Web – W3C Recommendation 17 December 2015"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Model+for+Tabular+Data+and+Metadata+on+the+Web+%E2%80%93+W3C+Recommendation+17+December+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Ftabular-data-model%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma-separated+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreativyst2010" class="citation cs2">Creativyst (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creativyst.com/Doc/Articles/CSV/CSV01.htm"><i>How To: The Comma Separated Value (CSV) File Format</i></a>, creativyst.com<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+To%3A+The+Comma+Separated+Value+%28CSV%29+File+Format&rft.pub=creativyst.com&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Creativyst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativyst.com%2FDoc%2FArticles%2FCSV%2FCSV01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma-separated+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frictionlessdata.io/specs/tabular-data-package/">"Tabular Data Package"</a>. <i>Frictionless Data Specs</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frictionless+Data+Specs&rft.atitle=Tabular+Data+Package&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrictionlessdata.io%2Fspecs%2Ftabular-data-package%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma-separated+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frictionlessdata.io/specs/csv-dialect/">"CSV Dialect"</a>. <i>Frictionless Data Specs</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frictionless+Data+Specs&rft.atitle=CSV+Dialect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrictionlessdata.io%2Fspecs%2Fcsv-dialect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma-separated+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/2013/csvw/wiki/Main_Page">"CSV on the Web Working Group"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> CSV WG. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSV+on+the+Web+Working+Group&rft.pub=W3C+CSV+WG&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2013%2Fcsvw%2Fwiki%2FMain_Page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma-separated+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/w3c/csvw">CSV on the Web Repository</a> (on GitHub)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/tabular-data-model/">Model for Tabular Data and Metadata on the Web</a> (W3C Recommendation)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csvpath.org/topics/validation/schemas-or-rules">"Rules Or Schemas"</a>. CsvPath Project. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rules+Or+Schemas&rft.pub=CsvPath+Project&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csvpath.org%2Ftopics%2Fvalidation%2Fschemas-or-rules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma-separated+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShafranovich2005">Shafranovich (2005)</a> states, "Within the header and each record, there may be one or more fields, separated by commas."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-copy.html">"Documentation: 14: COPY"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documentation%3A+14%3A+F.35.+postgres_fdw&rft.pub=PostgreSQL&rft.date=2022-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.postgresql.org%2Fdocs%2Fcurrent%2Fpostgres-fdw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma-separated+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/file-fdw.html">"Documentation: 14: F.14. file_fdw"</a>. PostgreSQL. 2022-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documentation%3A+14%3A+F.14.+file_fdw&rft.pub=PostgreSQL&rft.date=2022-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.postgresql.org%2Fdocs%2Fcurrent%2Ffile-fdw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma-separated+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/CsvNav">"EmacsWiki: Csv Nav"</a>. <i>www.emacswiki.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.emacswiki.org&rft.atitle=EmacsWiki%3A+Csv+Nav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emacswiki.org%2Femacs%2FCsvNav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma-separated+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.import2.com/csv/understanding-csv-and-row-limits">"Understanding CSV and row limits"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Feb 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+CSV+and+row+limits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.import2.com%2Fcsv%2Funderstanding-csv-and-row-limits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma-separated+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcetable.com">large data spreadsheet</a> Sourcetable Inc., 2024. Retrieved 2024-11-14.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma-separated_values&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.columbia.edu/sec/acis/db2/db2d0/db2d053.htm">"IBM DB2 Administration Guide - LOAD, IMPORT, and EXPORT File Formats"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213014111/https://www.columbia.edu/sec/acis/db2/db2d0/db2d053.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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