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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Indian Subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_world_and_ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_world_and_ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hellenistic world and ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_world_and_ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Middle_East_and_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Middle_East_and_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Medieval Middle East and Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Middle_East_and_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paralympic_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paralympic_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Paralympic Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paralympic_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry_and_vexillology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry_and_vexillology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Heraldry and vexillology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry_and_vexillology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Armillary sphere</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82" title="ذات الحلق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذات الحلق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfera_armillar" title="Esfera armillar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Esfera armillar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Армілярная сфера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Армілярная сфера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Армиларна сфера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Армиларна сфера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfera_armil%C2%B7lar" title="Esfera armil·lar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esfera armil·lar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armil%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_sf%C3%A9ra" title="Armilární sféra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Armilární sféra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillarsf%C3%A6re" title="Armillarsfære – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Armillarsfære" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillarsph%C3%A4re" title="Armillarsphäre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Armillarsphäre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaarsf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Armillaarsfäär – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Armillaarsfäär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%80%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Αστρολάβος Ιππάρχου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστρολάβος Ιππάρχου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfera_armilar" title="Esfera armilar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esfera armilar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armela_sfero" title="Armela sfero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Armela sfero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfera_armilar" title="Esfera armilar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esfera armilar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%84" title="استرلاب گوی‌شکل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استرلاب گوی‌شکل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sph%C3%A8re_armillaire" title="Sphère armillaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sphère armillaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf%C3%A9ar_br%C3%A1isl%C3%A9adach" title="Sféar bráisléadach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sféar bráisléadach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfera_armilar" title="Esfera armilar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Esfera armilar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%BC%EC%B2%9C%EC%9D%98" title="혼천의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혼천의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armilarna_sfera" title="Armilarna sfera – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Armilarna sfera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_armiler" title="Bola armiler – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bola armiler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfera_armillare" title="Sfera armillare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sfera armillare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הספירה הארמילרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הספירה הארמילרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Армиллярлық сфера – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Армиллярлық сфера" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillarsph%C3%A4r" title="Armillarsphär – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Armillarsphär" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armill%C3%A1ris_g%C3%B6mb" title="Armilláris gömb – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Armilláris gömb" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfera_armila" title="Sfera armila – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sfera armila" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillarium" title="Armillarium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Armillarium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%BE%E5%A4%A9%E5%84%80" title="渾天儀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="渾天儀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillarsf%C3%A6re" title="Armillarsfære – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Armillarsfære" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armilla" title="Armilla – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Armilla" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillyar_sfera" title="Armillyar sfera – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Armillyar sfera" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfera_armilarna" title="Sfera armilarna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sfera armilarna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfera_armilar" title="Esfera armilar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esfera armilar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfer%C4%83_armilar%C4%83" title="Sferă armilară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sferă armilară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Армиллярная сфера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Армиллярная сфера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armil%C3%A1rna_sf%C3%A9ra" title="Armilárna sféra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Armilárna sféra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armilarna_sfera" title="Armilarna sfera – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Armilarna sfera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obru%C4%8Dasta_sfera" title="Obručasta sfera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Obručasta sfera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaari" title="Armillaari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Armillaari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillarsf%C3%A4r" title="Armillarsfär – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Armillarsfär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Model of objects in the sky consisting of a framework of rings</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armillary_sphere_with_astronomical_clock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Armillary_sphere_with_astronomical_clock.jpg/170px-Armillary_sphere_with_astronomical_clock.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Armillary_sphere_with_astronomical_clock.jpg/255px-Armillary_sphere_with_astronomical_clock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Armillary_sphere_with_astronomical_clock.jpg/340px-Armillary_sphere_with_astronomical_clock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jost_B%C3%BCrgi" title="Jost Bürgi">Jost Bürgi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Eisenhoit" title="Anton Eisenhoit">Antonius Eisenhoit</a>: Armillary sphere with <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical clock</a>, made in 1585 in <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, now at <a href="/wiki/Nordiska_Museet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordiska Museet">Nordiska Museet</a> in Stockholm</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>armillary sphere</b> (variations are known as <b>spherical <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a></b>, <b>armilla</b>, or <b>armil</b>) is a model of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">objects</a> in the sky (on the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a>), consisting of a spherical framework of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ring" class="extiw" title="wikt:ring">rings</a>, centered on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, that represent lines of <a href="/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial coordinate system">celestial longitude and latitude</a> and other astronomically important features, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>. As such, it differs from a <a href="/wiki/Celestial_globe" title="Celestial globe">celestial globe</a>, which is a smooth sphere whose principal purpose is to map the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a>. It was invented separately, in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a> possibly as early as the 4th century BC and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> during the 3rd century BC, with later uses in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a>. </p><p>With the Earth as center, an armillary sphere is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Ptolemaic</a></i>. With the Sun as center, it is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism" title="Copernican heliocentrism">Copernican</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Portugal" title="Flag of Portugal">flag of Portugal</a> features an armillary sphere. The armillary sphere is also featured in Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese discoveries</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Exploration">Age of Exploration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a>, for example, took it as one of his symbols where it appeared on his standard, and on early Chinese export <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a> made for the Portuguese court. In the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, the armillary sphere is also featured. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport" title="Beijing Capital International Airport">Beijing Capital International Airport</a> Terminal 3 features a large armillary sphere metal sculpture as an exhibit of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_inventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese inventions">Chinese inventions</a> for international and domestic visitors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BJ_%E6%B8%BE%E5%A4%A9%E5%84%80Armillary_sphere_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4_Beijing_Capital_International_Airport_%E7%B4%AB%E8%96%87%E8%BE%B0%E6%81%86_Ziwei_Chenheng_Aug-2010_visitors.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BJ_%E6%B8%BE%E5%A4%A9%E5%84%80Armillary_sphere_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4_Beijing_Capital_International_Airport_%E7%B4%AB%E8%96%87%E8%BE%B0%E6%81%86_Ziwei_Chenheng_Aug-2010_visitors.JPG/220px-BJ_%E6%B8%BE%E5%A4%A9%E5%84%80Armillary_sphere_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4_Beijing_Capital_International_Airport_%E7%B4%AB%E8%96%87%E8%BE%B0%E6%81%86_Ziwei_Chenheng_Aug-2010_visitors.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BJ_%E6%B8%BE%E5%A4%A9%E5%84%80Armillary_sphere_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4_Beijing_Capital_International_Airport_%E7%B4%AB%E8%96%87%E8%BE%B0%E6%81%86_Ziwei_Chenheng_Aug-2010_visitors.JPG/330px-BJ_%E6%B8%BE%E5%A4%A9%E5%84%80Armillary_sphere_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4_Beijing_Capital_International_Airport_%E7%B4%AB%E8%96%87%E8%BE%B0%E6%81%86_Ziwei_Chenheng_Aug-2010_visitors.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BJ_%E6%B8%BE%E5%A4%A9%E5%84%80Armillary_sphere_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4_Beijing_Capital_International_Airport_%E7%B4%AB%E8%96%87%E8%BE%B0%E6%81%86_Ziwei_Chenheng_Aug-2010_visitors.JPG/440px-BJ_%E6%B8%BE%E5%A4%A9%E5%84%80Armillary_sphere_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4_Beijing_Capital_International_Airport_%E7%B4%AB%E8%96%87%E8%BE%B0%E6%81%86_Ziwei_Chenheng_Aug-2010_visitors.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Chinese Armillary sphere at <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport" title="Beijing Capital International Airport">Beijing Capital International Airport</a> Ziwei Chenheng Aug-2010</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_and_use">Description and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillary_sphere&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section, edited from the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i> first edition, refers to labels in the diagram below. (Open it in a second window on your screen for easy magnified reference.)</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EB1711_Armillary_Sphere.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/EB1711_Armillary_Sphere.png/170px-EB1711_Armillary_Sphere.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/EB1711_Armillary_Sphere.png/255px-EB1711_Armillary_Sphere.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/EB1711_Armillary_Sphere.png/340px-EB1711_Armillary_Sphere.png 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="3092" /></a><figcaption>Armillary sphere diagram</figcaption></figure> <p>The exterior parts of this machine are a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compages" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:compages">compages</a> [or framework] of brass rings, which represent the principal circles of the heavens: </p> <ol><li>The equinoctial <i>A</i>, which is divided into 360 degrees (beginning at its intersection with the ecliptic in <a href="/wiki/Aries_(constellation)" title="Aries (constellation)">Aries</a>) for showing the sun's <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a> in degrees; and also into 24 hours, for showing its right ascension in time.</li> <li>The ecliptic <i>B</i>, which is divided into 12 signs, and each sign into 30 degrees, and also into the months and days of the year, in such a manner that the degree or point of the ecliptic on which the sun appears, on any given day, stands over that day in the circle of months.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">tropic of Cancer</a> <i>C</i>, touching the ecliptic at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Cancer_(constellation)" title="Cancer (constellation)">Cancer</a> in <i>e</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">tropic of Capricorn</a> <i>D</i>, touching the ecliptic at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Capricorn_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capricorn (constellation)">Capricorn</a> in <i>f</i>; each circle 23<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> degrees from the equinoctial circle.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> <i>E</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a> <i>F</i>, each circle 23<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> degrees from its respective pole at <i>N</i> and <i>S</i>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_colure" class="mw-redirect" title="Equinoctial colure">equinoctial colure</a> <i>G</i>, passing through the north and south poles of the heavens at <i>N</i> and <i>S</i>, and through the equinoctial points in Aries and Libra, in the ecliptic.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Solstitial_colure" class="mw-redirect" title="Solstitial colure">solstitial colure</a> <i>H</i>, passing through the poles of the heavens, and through the solstitial points in Cancer and Capricorn, in the ecliptic. Each quarter of the equinoctial <a href="/wiki/Colure" title="Colure">colure</a> is divided into 90 degrees, from the equinoctial to the poles of the world, for showing the <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a> of the sun, moon, and stars; and each quarter of the solstitial colure, from the ecliptic as <i>e</i> and <i>f</i>, to its poles <i>b</i> and <i>d</i>, for showing the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_latitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial latitude">latitude</a> of the stars.</li></ol> <p>In the north pole of the ecliptic is a nut <i>b</i>, to which is fixed one end of the quadrantal wire. To the other end is a small sun <i>Y</i>, which is carried around the ecliptic <i>B</i>—<i>B</i>, by turning the nut. In the south pole of the ecliptic is a pin <i>d</i>, on which another quadrantal wire is situated, with a small moon <i>Ζ</i> upon it, which may be moved around by hand. A mechanism causes the moon to move in an orbit which crosses the ecliptic at an angle of 5<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> degrees, to opposite points called the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar nodes">lunar nodes</a>, and allows for shifting these points backward in the ecliptic, as the lunar nodes shift in the heavens. </p><p>Within these circular rings is a small terrestrial globe <i>I</i>, fixed on an axis <i>K</i>, which extends from the north and south poles of the globe at <i>n</i> and <i>s</i>, to those of the celestial sphere at <i>N</i> and <i>S</i>. On this axis the flat celestial meridian <i>L</i> is fixed, which may be set directly over the meridian of any place on the globe, so as to keep over the same meridian upon it. This flat meridian is graduated the same way as the brass meridian of the common globe, and its use is much the same. </p><p>To this globe is fitted the movable horizon <i>M</i>, so as to turn upon the two strong wires proceeding from its east and west points to the globe and entering the globe at the opposite points off its equator, which is a movable brass ring set into the globe in a groove all around its equator. The globe may be turned by hand within this ring, so as to place any given meridian upon it, directly under the celestial meridian <i>L</i>. The horizon is divided into 360 degrees all around its outermost edge, within which are the points of the <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a>, for showing the amplitude of the sun and the moon, both in degrees and points. The celestial meridian <i>L</i> passes through two notches in the north and south points of the horizon, as in a common globe: if the globe is turned around, the horizon and meridian turn with it. At the south pole of the sphere is a circle of 25 hours, fixed to the rings. On the axis is an index which goes around that circle, if the globe is turned around its axis. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book_desmear.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book_desmear.JPG/170px-Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book_desmear.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book_desmear.JPG/255px-Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book_desmear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book_desmear.JPG/340px-Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book_desmear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>The original diagram of Chinese scientist <a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a>'s book of 1092 showing the inner workings of his <a href="/wiki/Clocktower" class="mw-redirect" title="Clocktower">clocktower</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">mechanically rotated</a> armillary sphere crowns the top.</figcaption></figure> <p>The globe assembly is supported on a pedestal <i>N</i>, and may be elevated or depressed upon the joint <i>O</i>, to any number of degrees from 0 to 90 by means of the arc <i>P</i>, which is fixed in the strong brass arm <i>Q</i>. The globe assembly slides in the upright piece <i>R</i>, in which is a screw at <i>r</i>, to fix it at any proper elevation. </p><p>In the box <i>T</i> are two wheels (as in Dr Long's sphere) and two pinions, whose axes come out at <i>V</i> and <i>U</i>; either of which may be turned by the small winch <i>W</i>. When the winch is put upon the axis <i>V</i>, and turn backward, the terrestrial globe, with its horizon and celestial meridian, keep at rest; and the whole sphere of circles turns round from east, by south, to west, carrying the sun <i>Y</i>, and moon <i>Z</i>, round the same way, and causing them to rise above and set below the horizon. But when the winch is put upon the axis <i>U</i>, and turned forward, the sphere with the sun and moon keep at rest; and the earth, with its horizon and meridian, turn round from horizon to the sun and moon, to which these bodies came when the earth kept at rest, and they were carried round it; showing that they rise and set in the same points of the horizon, and at the same times in the hour circle, whether the motion be in the earth or in the heaven. If the earthly globe be turned, the hour-index goes round its hour-circle; but if the sphere be turned, the hour-circle goes round below the index. </p><p>And so, by this construction, the machine is equally fitted to show either the real motion of the earth, or the apparent motion of the heavens. </p><p>To reset the sphere for use, one must first slacken the screw <i>r</i> in the upright stem <i>R</i>, and taking hold of the arm <i>Q</i>, move it up or down until the given degree of latitude for any place lies at the side of the stem <i>R</i>; then the axis of the sphere will be properly elevated, so as to stand parallel to the axis of the terrestrial globe, if the globe assembly is to be aligned to north and south by a small compass: once this is done, the user must count the latitude from the north pole, upon the celestial meridian <i>L</i>, down towards the north notch of the horizon, and set the horizon to that latitude. The user then must turn the nut <i>b</i> until the sun <i>Y</i> comes to the given day of the year in the ecliptic, and the sun will be at its proper place for that day. </p><p>To find the place of the moon's <a href="/wiki/Ascending_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascending node">ascending node</a>, and also the place of the moon, an <a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">ephemeris</a> must be consulted to set them right accordingly. Lastly, the user must turn the winch <i>W</i>, until either the sun comes to the meridian <i>L</i>, or until the meridian comes to the sun (moving the sphere or globe at the user's discretion), and then set the hour-index to the XII, marked noon, the whole sphere will be reset. Then the user must turn the winch, and observe when the sun or moon rises and set sin the horizon. The hour-index will show the times thereof for the given day.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillary_sphere&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillary_sphere&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Beijing_observatory_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ancient_Beijing_observatory_10.jpg/260px-Ancient_Beijing_observatory_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ancient_Beijing_observatory_10.jpg/390px-Ancient_Beijing_observatory_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ancient_Beijing_observatory_10.jpg/520px-Ancient_Beijing_observatory_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Armillary sphere at <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Ancient_Observatory" title="Beijing Ancient Observatory">Beijing Ancient Observatory</a>, replica of an original from the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%91%A8%E5%A4%A9%E7%92%87%E7%92%A3%E5%9C%96.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%91%A8%E5%A4%A9%E7%92%87%E7%92%A3%E5%9C%96.png/220px-%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%91%A8%E5%A4%A9%E7%92%87%E7%92%A3%E5%9C%96.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%91%A8%E5%A4%A9%E7%92%87%E7%92%A3%E5%9C%96.png/330px-%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%91%A8%E5%A4%A9%E7%92%87%E7%92%A3%E5%9C%96.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%91%A8%E5%A4%A9%E7%92%87%E7%92%A3%E5%9C%96.png/440px-%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%91%A8%E5%A4%A9%E7%92%87%E7%92%A3%E5%9C%96.png 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Armillary Sphere 周天璇璣圖, 1615 <i><a href="/wiki/Xingming_guizhi" title="Xingming guizhi">Xingming guizhi</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> history, <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomers</a> have created <b>celestial globes</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">渾象</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">húnxiàng</span></i>) to assist the observation of the stars. The Chinese also used the armillary sphere in aiding <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendrical</a> computations and calculations. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a>, the earliest development of the armillary sphere in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> goes back to the astronomers <a href="/wiki/Shi_Shen" title="Shi Shen">Shi Shen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gan_De" title="Gan De">Gan De</a> in the 4th century BC, as they were equipped with a primitive single-ring armillary instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_3_343_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_3_343-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would have allowed them to measure the north polar distance (declination) a measurement that gave the position in a <i>xiu</i> (right ascension).<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_3_343_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_3_343-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Needham's 4th century BC dating, however, is rejected by British sinologist <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cullen" title="Christopher Cullen">Christopher Cullen</a>, who traces the beginnings of these devices to the 1st century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a> (202 BC – 9 AD) additional developments made by the astronomers <a href="/wiki/Luoxia_Hong" title="Luoxia Hong">Luoxia Hong</a> (落下閎), Xiangyu Wangren, and Geng Shouchang (耿壽昌) advanced the use of the armillary in its early stage of evolution. In 52 BC, it was the astronomer Geng Shouchang who introduced the first permanently fixed equatorial ring of the armillary sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_3_343_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_3_343-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> (23–220 AD) period, the astronomers Fu An and Jia Kui added the ecliptic ring by 84 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_3_343_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_3_343-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the famous statesman, astronomer, and inventor <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Heng" title="Zhang Heng">Zhang Heng</a> (張衡, 78–139 AD), the sphere was totally complete in 125 AD, with horizon and meridian rings.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_3_343_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_3_343-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's first water-powered celestial globe was created by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Heng" title="Zhang Heng">Zhang Heng</a>, who operated his armillary sphere by use of an inflow <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">clepsydra</a> clock. </p><p>Subsequent developments were made after the Han dynasty that improved the use of the armillary sphere. In 323 AD the Chinese astronomer Kong Ting was able to reorganize the arrangement of rings on the armillary sphere so that the ecliptic ring could be pegged on to the equator at any point desired.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_3_343_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_3_343-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese astronomer and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Li_Chunfeng" title="Li Chunfeng">Li Chunfeng</a> (李淳風) of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> created one in 633 AD with three spherical layers to calibrate multiple aspects of astronomical observations, calling them 'nests' (chhung).<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_3_343_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_3_343-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also responsible for proposing a plan of having a sighting tube mounted ecliptically in order for the better observation of celestial latitudes. However, it was the Tang Chinese astronomer, mathematician, and monk <a href="/wiki/Yi_Xing" title="Yi Xing">Yi Xing</a> in the next century who would accomplish this addition to the model of the armillary sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_3_350_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_3_350-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecliptical mountings of this sort were found on the armillary instruments of Zhou Cong and Shu Yijian in 1050, as well as Shen Kuo's armillary sphere of the later 11th century, but after that point they were no longer employed on Chinese armillary instruments until the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Medieval_China" title="Europeans in Medieval China">European Jesuits</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChineseCelestialGlobe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ChineseCelestialGlobe.JPG/170px-ChineseCelestialGlobe.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ChineseCelestialGlobe.JPG/255px-ChineseCelestialGlobe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ChineseCelestialGlobe.JPG/340px-ChineseCelestialGlobe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Celestial globe from the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 723 AD, Yi Xing (一行) and government official Liang Ling-zan (梁令瓚) combined Zhang Heng's water powered celestial globe with an <a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">escapement</a> device. With drums hit every quarter-hour and bells rung automatically every full hour, the device was also a <a href="/wiki/Striking_clock" title="Striking clock">striking clock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The famous <a href="/wiki/Clock_tower" title="Clock tower">clock tower</a> that the Chinese polymath <a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a> built by 1094 during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> would employ Yi Xing's escapement with waterwheel scoops filled by clepsydra drip, and powered a crowning armillary sphere, a central celestial globe, and mechanically operated manikins that would exit mechanically opened doors of the clock tower at specific times to ring bells and gongs to announce the time, or to hold plaques announcing special times of the day. There was also the scientist and statesman <a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a> (1031–1095). Being the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy, Shen Kuo was an avid scholar of astronomy, and improved the designs of several astronomical instruments: the <a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">gnomon</a>, armillary sphere, clepsydra clock, and sighting tube fixed to observe the <a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">pole star</a> indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-sivin_III_17_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sivin_III_17-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Jamal al-Din of Bukhara was asked to set up an 'Islamic Astronomical Institution' in Khubilai Khan's new capital during the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, he commissioned a number of astronomical instruments, including an armillary sphere. It was noted that "Chinese astronomers had been building [them] since at least 1092".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillary_sphere&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indian Subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armillary_sphere.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Armillary_sphere.JPG/220px-Armillary_sphere.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Armillary_sphere.JPG/330px-Armillary_sphere.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Armillary_sphere.JPG/440px-Armillary_sphere.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2613" data-file-height="1985" /></a><figcaption>Armillary sphere at the <a href="/wiki/Garh_Palace,_Kota" title="Garh Palace, Kota">Garh Palace, Kota</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The armillary sphere was used for observation in India since early times, and finds mention in the works of <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Āryabhata</a> (476 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Sarma08_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarma08-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Goladīpikā</i>—a detailed treatise dealing with globes and the armillary sphere was composed between 1380 and 1460 CE by <a href="/wiki/Parame%C5%9Bvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameśvara">Parameśvara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarma08_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarma08-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the subject of the usage of the armillary sphere in India, Ōhashi (2008) writes: "The Indian armillary sphere (<i>gola-yantra</i>) was based on equatorial coordinates, unlike the Greek armillary sphere, which was based on ecliptical coordinates, although the Indian armillary sphere also had an ecliptical hoop. Probably, the celestial coordinates of the junction stars of the lunar mansions were determined by the armillary sphere since the seventh century or so."<sup id="cite_ref-Ohashiast-inst_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohashiast-inst-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_world_and_ancient_Rome">Hellenistic world and ancient Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillary_sphere&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hellenistic world and ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">Planetarium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_-_armillary_sphere_-_Stabiae_(villa_di_San_Marco)_-_Stabia_MAdSLdO_2535_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wall_painting_-_armillary_sphere_-_Stabiae_%28villa_di_San_Marco%29_-_Stabia_MAdSLdO_2535_-_02.jpg/220px-Wall_painting_-_armillary_sphere_-_Stabiae_%28villa_di_San_Marco%29_-_Stabia_MAdSLdO_2535_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wall_painting_-_armillary_sphere_-_Stabiae_%28villa_di_San_Marco%29_-_Stabia_MAdSLdO_2535_-_02.jpg/330px-Wall_painting_-_armillary_sphere_-_Stabiae_%28villa_di_San_Marco%29_-_Stabia_MAdSLdO_2535_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wall_painting_-_armillary_sphere_-_Stabiae_%28villa_di_San_Marco%29_-_Stabia_MAdSLdO_2535_-_02.jpg/440px-Wall_painting_-_armillary_sphere_-_Stabiae_%28villa_di_San_Marco%29_-_Stabia_MAdSLdO_2535_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5008" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Mythological figures within an armillary sphere in a fragmentary fresco from <a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a>, mid-1st century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek astronomy">Greek astronomer</a> <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 190</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 120 BC</span>) credited <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> (276 – 194 BC) as the inventor of the armillary sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Names of this device in Greek include <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀστρολάβος</span></span> <i>astrolabos</i> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κρικωτὴ σφαῖρα</span></span> <i>krikōtē sphaira</i> "ringed sphere".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English name of this device comes ultimately from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>armilla</i> (circle, bracelet), since it has a skeleton made of graduated metal circles linking the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">poles</a> and representing the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(astronomy)" title="Meridian (astronomy)">meridians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">parallels</a>. Usually a ball representing the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> or, later, the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> is placed in its center. It is used to demonstrate the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">motion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> around the Earth. Before the advent of the European <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> in the 17th century, the armillary sphere was the prime instrument of all astronomers in determining celestial positions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg/170px-Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg/255px-Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg/340px-Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> with an armillary sphere model</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Joos_van_Ghent" class="mw-redirect" title="Joos van Ghent">Joos van Ghent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Berruguete" title="Pedro Berruguete">Pedro Berruguete</a>, 1476, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>In its simplest form, consisting of a ring fixed in the plane of the equator, the <i>armilla</i> is one of the most ancient of astronomical instruments. Slightly developed, it was crossed by another ring fixed in the plane of the meridian. The first was an equinoctial, the second a solstitial armilla. Shadows were used as indices of the sun's positions, in combinations with angular divisions. When several rings or circles were combined representing the great circles of the heavens, the instrument became an armillary sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armillary spheres were developed by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic Greeks</a> and were used as teaching tools already in the 3rd century BC. In larger and more precise forms they were also used as observational instruments. However, the fully developed armillary sphere with nine circles perhaps did not exist until the mid-2nd century AD, during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_britannica_armillary_sphere_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia_britannica_armillary_sphere-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eratosthenes most probably used a solstitial armilla for measuring the <a href="/wiki/Obliquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Obliquity">obliquity</a> of the ecliptic. Hipparchus probably used an armillary sphere of four rings.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_britannica_armillary_sphere_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia_britannica_armillary_sphere-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> geographer and astronomer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 170 AD</span>) describes his instrument, the <i>astrolabon</i>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_britannica_armillary_sphere_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia_britannica_armillary_sphere-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of at least three rings, with a graduated circle inside of which another could slide, carrying two small tubes positioned opposite each other and supported by a vertical plumb-line.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_britannica_armillary_sphere_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia_britannica_armillary_sphere-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Middle_East_and_Europe">Medieval Middle East and Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillary_sphere&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval Middle East and Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spherical_astrolabe_islamic_march_2024.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Spherical_astrolabe_islamic_march_2024.JPG/170px-Spherical_astrolabe_islamic_march_2024.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Spherical_astrolabe_islamic_march_2024.JPG/255px-Spherical_astrolabe_islamic_march_2024.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Spherical_astrolabe_islamic_march_2024.JPG/340px-Spherical_astrolabe_islamic_march_2024.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2024" /></a><figcaption>The spherical <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a> from medieval <a href="/wiki/Islamic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic astronomy">Islamic astronomy</a>, c. 1480, in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Science,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the History of Science, Oxford">Museum of the History of Science, Oxford</a><sup id="cite_ref-LindbergShank2013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LindbergShank2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Botticelli_052.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sandro_Botticelli_052.jpg/170px-Sandro_Botticelli_052.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sandro_Botticelli_052.jpg/255px-Sandro_Botticelli_052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sandro_Botticelli_052.jpg/340px-Sandro_Botticelli_052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2469" /></a><figcaption>An armillary sphere <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine_in_His_Study_(Botticelli,_Ognissanti)" title="Saint Augustine in His Study (Botticelli, Ognissanti)">in a painting</a> by <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florentine</a> Italian artist <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>, c. 1480.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Repr%C3%A9sentation_ottomane_sph%C3%A8re_armilaire_-_XVIe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Repr%C3%A9sentation_ottomane_sph%C3%A8re_armilaire_-_XVIe.jpg/170px-Repr%C3%A9sentation_ottomane_sph%C3%A8re_armilaire_-_XVIe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Repr%C3%A9sentation_ottomane_sph%C3%A8re_armilaire_-_XVIe.jpg/255px-Repr%C3%A9sentation_ottomane_sph%C3%A8re_armilaire_-_XVIe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Repr%C3%A9sentation_ottomane_sph%C3%A8re_armilaire_-_XVIe.jpg/340px-Repr%C3%A9sentation_ottomane_sph%C3%A8re_armilaire_-_XVIe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> illustration of an armillary sphere, 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic astronomy">Persian and Arab astronomers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Fazari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim al-Fazari">Ibrahim al-Fazari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Ibn_Firnas" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas Ibn Firnas">Abbas Ibn Firnas</a> continued to build and improve on armillary spheres. The spherical astrolabe, a variation of both the <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a> and the armillary sphere, was likely invented during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 550 AD, Christian philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a> wrote a treatise on the astrolabe in Greek, which is the earliest extant treatise on the instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest description of the spherical astrolabe dates back to the Persian astronomer <a href="/wiki/Al-Nayrizi" title="Al-Nayrizi">Nayrizi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 892–902). <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Pope Sylvester II</a> applied the use of sighting tubes with his armillary sphere in order to fix the position of the <a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">pole star</a> and record measurements for the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, and used armillary spheres as a teaching device.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillary_sphere&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_celestial_globe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Korean_celestial_globe.jpg/220px-Korean_celestial_globe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Korean_celestial_globe.jpg/330px-Korean_celestial_globe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Korean_celestial_globe.jpg/440px-Korean_celestial_globe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Korean celestial globe</figcaption></figure> <p>Chinese ideas of astronomy and astronomical instruments were introduced to Korea, where further advancements were also made. <a href="/wiki/Jang_Yeong-sil" title="Jang Yeong-sil">Jang Yeong-sil</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Korean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean people">Korean</a> inventor, was ordered by <a href="/wiki/King_Sejong_the_Great_of_Joseon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Sejong the Great of Joseon">King Sejong the Great of Joseon</a> to build an armillary sphere. The sphere, built in 1433 was named Honcheonui (혼천의,渾天儀). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Honcheonsigye" title="Honcheonsigye">Honcheonsigye</a>, an armillary sphere activated by a working clock mechanism was built by the Korean astronomer Song Iyeong in 1669. It is the only remaining <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical clock</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a>. The mechanism of the armillary sphere succeeded that of Sejong era's armillary sphere (Honŭi 渾儀, 1435) and celestial sphere (Honsang 渾象, 1435), and the Jade Clepsydra (Ongnu 玉漏, 1438)'s sun-carriage apparatus. Such mechanisms are similar to Ch'oe Yu-ji (崔攸之, 1603~1673)'s armillary sphere(1657). The structure of time going train and the mechanism of striking-release in the part of clock is influenced by the crown escapement which has been developed from 14th century, and is applied to gear system which had been improved until the middle of 17th century in Western-style clockwork. In particular, timing device of Song I-yŏng's Armillary Clock adopts the early 17th century pendulum clock system which could remarkably improve the accuracy of a clock.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_tg_0005688_Astronomie_%5E_Vermessung_%5E_Messinstrument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fotothek_df_tg_0005688_Astronomie_%5E_Vermessung_%5E_Messinstrument.jpg/170px-Fotothek_df_tg_0005688_Astronomie_%5E_Vermessung_%5E_Messinstrument.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fotothek_df_tg_0005688_Astronomie_%5E_Vermessung_%5E_Messinstrument.jpg/255px-Fotothek_df_tg_0005688_Astronomie_%5E_Vermessung_%5E_Messinstrument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fotothek_df_tg_0005688_Astronomie_%5E_Vermessung_%5E_Messinstrument.jpg/340px-Fotothek_df_tg_0005688_Astronomie_%5E_Vermessung_%5E_Messinstrument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Tycho Brahe's zodiacal armillary sphere, from his <i>Astronomiae Instauratae Mechanica</i> (Wandesburg, 1598), p. 36.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillary_sphere&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Further advances in this instrument were made by Danish astronomer <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> (1546–1601), who constructed three large armillary spheres which he used for highly precise measurements of the positions of the stars and planets. They were described in his <i>Astronomiae Instauratae Mechanica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armillary spheres were among the first complex mechanical devices. Their development led to many improvements in techniques and design of all mechanical devices. <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> scientists and public figures often had their portraits painted showing them with one hand on an armillary sphere, which represented the zenith of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>. </p><p>The armillary sphere survives as useful for teaching, and may be described as a skeleton celestial globe, the series of rings representing the great circles of the heavens, and revolving on an axis within a horizon. With the earth as center such a sphere is known as Ptolemaic; with the sun as center, as Copernican.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger-bacon-statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture of 13th-century English scientist Roger Bacon holding an armillary sphere, Oxford University Museum of Natural History"><img alt="Sculpture of 13th-century English scientist Roger Bacon holding an armillary sphere, Oxford University Museum of Natural History" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Roger-bacon-statue.jpg/120px-Roger-bacon-statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Roger-bacon-statue.jpg/180px-Roger-bacon-statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Roger-bacon-statue.jpg/240px-Roger-bacon-statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture of 13th-century English scientist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> holding an armillary sphere, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History">Oxford University Museum of Natural History</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Gossaert_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Princess_(possibly_Dorothea_of_Denmark).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young girl with an astronomical instrument, by Jan Gossaert, c. 1520-1540"><img alt="Young girl with an astronomical instrument, by Jan Gossaert, c. 1520-1540" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Jan_Gossaert_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Princess_%28possibly_Dorothea_of_Denmark%29.jpg/91px-Jan_Gossaert_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Princess_%28possibly_Dorothea_of_Denmark%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Jan_Gossaert_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Princess_%28possibly_Dorothea_of_Denmark%29.jpg/136px-Jan_Gossaert_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Princess_%28possibly_Dorothea_of_Denmark%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Jan_Gossaert_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Princess_%28possibly_Dorothea_of_Denmark%29.jpg/182px-Jan_Gossaert_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Princess_%28possibly_Dorothea_of_Denmark%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4432" data-file-height="5840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young girl with an astronomical instrument, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gossaert" title="Jan Gossaert">Jan Gossaert</a>, c. 1520-1540</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine_Crespin.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait in the frontispiece of Antoine Crespin's Propheties par l'astrologue du treschrestien Roy de France et de Madame la Duchesse de Savoye, Lyon, France, 1572"><img alt="Portrait in the frontispiece of Antoine Crespin's Propheties par l'astrologue du treschrestien Roy de France et de Madame la Duchesse de Savoye, Lyon, France, 1572" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Antoine_Crespin.PNG/120px-Antoine_Crespin.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Antoine_Crespin.PNG/180px-Antoine_Crespin.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Antoine_Crespin.PNG/240px-Antoine_Crespin.PNG 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait in the frontispiece of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Crespin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine Crespin (page does not exist)">Antoine Crespin</a>'s <i>Propheties par l'astrologue du treschrestien Roy de France et de Madame la Duchesse de Savoye</i>, Lyon, France, 1572</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crespi_L%27Ingegno.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allegory of Ingenuity by Giuseppe Crespi, c. 1695"><img alt="Allegory of Ingenuity by Giuseppe Crespi, c. 1695" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Crespi_L%27Ingegno.jpg/98px-Crespi_L%27Ingegno.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Crespi_L%27Ingegno.jpg/147px-Crespi_L%27Ingegno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Crespi_L%27Ingegno.jpg/196px-Crespi_L%27Ingegno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="979" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(Crespi)" title="Ingenuity (Crespi)">Allegory of Ingenuity</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Crespi" title="Giuseppe Crespi">Giuseppe Crespi</a>, c. 1695</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_de_Mura_-_Allegory_of_Arts,_c1750-1775_-_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allegory of the Arts, by Francesco de Mura, c. 1750"><img alt="Allegory of the Arts, by Francesco de Mura, c. 1750" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Francesco_de_Mura_-_Allegory_of_Arts%2C_c1750-1775_-_Louvre.jpg/111px-Francesco_de_Mura_-_Allegory_of_Arts%2C_c1750-1775_-_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Francesco_de_Mura_-_Allegory_of_Arts%2C_c1750-1775_-_Louvre.jpg/167px-Francesco_de_Mura_-_Allegory_of_Arts%2C_c1750-1775_-_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Francesco_de_Mura_-_Allegory_of_Arts%2C_c1750-1775_-_Louvre.jpg/223px-Francesco_de_Mura_-_Allegory_of_Arts%2C_c1750-1775_-_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Allegory of the Arts</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_de_Mura" title="Francesco de Mura">Francesco de Mura</a>, c. 1750</div> </li> </ul> <p>A representation of an armillary sphere is present in the modern <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Portugal" title="Flag of Portugal">flag of Portugal</a> and has been a national symbol since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen%C3%A8ve_-_La_sph%C3%A8re_armillaire_(1952).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gen%C3%A8ve_-_La_sph%C3%A8re_armillaire_%281952%29.jpg/170px-Gen%C3%A8ve_-_La_sph%C3%A8re_armillaire_%281952%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gen%C3%A8ve_-_La_sph%C3%A8re_armillaire_%281952%29.jpg/255px-Gen%C3%A8ve_-_La_sph%C3%A8re_armillaire_%281952%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gen%C3%A8ve_-_La_sph%C3%A8re_armillaire_%281952%29.jpg/340px-Gen%C3%A8ve_-_La_sph%C3%A8re_armillaire_%281952%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2442" data-file-height="3740" /></a><figcaption> The Armillary sphere in Geneva</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paralympic_Games">Paralympic Games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillary_sphere&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Paralympic Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An artwork-based model of an Armillary sphere has been used since the March 1, 2014 to light the <a href="/wiki/Paralympic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic">Paralympic</a> heritage flame at <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Mandeville_Stadium" title="Stoke Mandeville Stadium">Stoke Mandeville Stadium</a>, United Kingdom. The sphere includes a wheelchair that the user can rotate to spark the flame as part of a ceremony to celebrate the past, present and future of the Paralympic Movement in the UK. The Armillary Sphere was created by artist <a href="/wiki/Jon_Bausor" title="Jon Bausor">Jon Bausor</a> and will be used for future Heritage Flame events. The flame in the first-ever ceremony was lit by <a href="/wiki/London_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="London 2012">London 2012</a> gold medallist <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Cockroft" title="Hannah Cockroft">Hannah Cockroft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heraldry_and_vexillology">Heraldry and vexillology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillary_sphere&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Heraldry and vexillology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/220px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/330px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/440px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Portugal" title="Flag of Portugal">flag of Portugal</a> features a pronounced armillary sphere</figcaption></figure> <p>The armillary sphere is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">vexillology</a>, being mainly known as a symbol associated with <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese discoveries</a>. </p><p>In the end of the 15th century, the armillary sphere became the personal <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">heraldic badge</a> of the future King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a>, when he was still a <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Portugal">Prince</a>. The intense use of this badge in documents, monuments, flags and other supports, during the reign of Manuel I, transformed the armillary sphere from a simple personal symbol to a national one that represented the Kingdom of Portugal and in particular its <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Overseas Empire</a>. As a national symbol, the armillary sphere continued in use after the death of Manuel I. </p><p>In the 17th century, it became associated with the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Portuguese dominion of Brazil</a>. In 1815, when <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Brazil gained the status of kingdom</a> united with that of Portugal, its coat of arms was formalized as a golden armillary sphere in a blue field. Representing Brazil, the armillary sphere became also present in the arms and the flag of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil became independent as an empire</a> in 1822, the armillary sphere continued to be present in its national arms and in its national flag. The celestial sphere of the present <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brazil" title="Flag of Brazil">Flag of Brazil</a> replaced the armillary sphere in 1889. </p><p>The armillary sphere was reintroduced in the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal" title="Coat of arms of Portugal">national arms</a> and in the national <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Portugal" title="Flag of Portugal">Flag of Portugal</a> in 1911. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6%27_Armillary_Sphere_@_San_Jacinto_Battle_Field,_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/6%27_Armillary_Sphere_%40_San_Jacinto_Battle_Field%2C_Texas.jpg/200px-6%27_Armillary_Sphere_%40_San_Jacinto_Battle_Field%2C_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/6%27_Armillary_Sphere_%40_San_Jacinto_Battle_Field%2C_Texas.jpg/300px-6%27_Armillary_Sphere_%40_San_Jacinto_Battle_Field%2C_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/6%27_Armillary_Sphere_%40_San_Jacinto_Battle_Field%2C_Texas.jpg/400px-6%27_Armillary_Sphere_%40_San_Jacinto_Battle_Field%2C_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>6' Armillary Sphere at the San Jacinto Battle Field in La Porte, Texas</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillary_sphere&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a> – Ancient Greek analogue astronomical computer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_globe" title="Celestial globe">Celestial globe</a> – Star charts arranged on a globe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(statue)" title="Atlas (statue)">Atlas (statue)</a> – Statue of Atlas at Rockefeller Center in Manhattan, New York, U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_constellations" title="Chinese constellations">Chinese constellations</a> – Groupings used in Chinese astrology</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_sphaera_mundi" title="De sphaera mundi">De sphaera mundi</a> – Book by Sacrobosco</i>, describes the late medieval (Ptolemaic) cosmos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jang_Yeong-sil" title="Jang Yeong-sil">Jang Yeong-sil</a> – Korean inventor (1390–1442)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrery" title="Orrery">Orrery</a> – Mechanical model of the Solar System, a free-standing <a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System model</a> – Illustration of the relative positions of the Sun and planets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_astronomical_clock" title="Prague astronomical clock">Prague astronomical clock</a>, also known as Prague Orloj – Medieval astronomical clock on the Old Town Hall building in Prague, Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santucci%27s_Armillary_Sphere" title="Santucci's Armillary Sphere">Santucci's Armillary Sphere</a> – Ptolemaic armillary sphere – largest in the world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torquetum" title="Torquetum">Torquetum</a> – Medieval astronomical instrument</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyes_Armillary_Sphere" title="Noyes Armillary Sphere">Noyes Armillary Sphere</a> – Sculpture in Washington, D.C.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillary_sphere&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHuggins1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Lindsay_Huggins" title="Margaret Lindsay Huggins">Huggins, Margaret Lindsay</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Armilla" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Armilla">Armilla</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">575–</span>576.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armilla&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E575-%3C%2Fspan%3E576&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Huggins&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Lindsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmillary+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elements of the general description incorporate text from the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> First Edition (1771).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_3_343-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_3_343_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_3_343_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_3_343_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_3_343_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_3_343_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_3_343_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_3_343_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 3, 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Cullen, "Joseph Needham on Chinese Astronomy", <i>Past and Present</i>, No. 87 (May, 1980), pp. 39–53 (45)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_3_350-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_3_350_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 3, 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 473–475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sivin_III_17-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sivin_III_17_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sivin, III, 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Frederick Starr, <i>Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane</i>. Princeton University Press, 2013, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarma08-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarma08_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarma08_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarma (2008), <i>Armillary Spheres in India</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ohashiast-inst-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ohashiast-inst_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ōhashi (2008), <i>Astronomical Instruments in India</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter William Bryant: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfAstronomy/page/n33/mode/2up">A History of Astronomy</a></i>, 1907, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Ferguson: <i>Callimachus</i>, 1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-6431-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-6431-4">978-0-8057-6431-4</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry C. King: <i>The History of the Telescope</i>, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43265-6">978-0-486-43265-6</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dirk L. Couprie, Robert Hahn, Gerard Naddaf: <i>Anaximander in Context: New Studies in the Origins of Greek Philosophy</i>, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5537-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5537-1">978-0-7914-5537-1</a>, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)strola/bos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀστρολάβος</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=krikwto/s"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κρικωτή</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia_britannica_armillary_sphere-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_britannica_armillary_sphere_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_britannica_armillary_sphere_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_britannica_armillary_sphere_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_britannica_armillary_sphere_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. (16 November 2006). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/armillary-sphere">Armillary Sphere</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Accessed 14 October 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LindbergShank2013-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LindbergShank2013_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindbergShank2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_C._Lindberg" title="David C. Lindberg">Lindberg, David C.</a>; Shank, Michael H. (7 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMNkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT173"><i>The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 2, Medieval Science</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-02547-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-02547-5"><bdi>978-1-316-02547-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Science%3A+Volume+2%2C+Medieval+Science&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft.isbn=978-1-316-02547-5&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Shank%2C+Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMNkAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmillary+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Emilie_Savage-Smith" title="Emilie Savage-Smith">Emilie Savage-Smith</a> (1993). "Book Reviews", <i>Journal of Islamic Studies</i> <b>4</b> (2), pp. 296–299. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"There is no evidence for the Hellenistic origin of the spherical astrolabe, but rather evidence so far available suggests that it may have been an early but distinctly Islamic development with no Greek antecedents."</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern editions of <a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a>' treatise on the astrolabe are <i>De usu astrolabii eiusque constructione libellus</i> (On the Use and Construction of the Astrolabe), ed. Heinrich Hase, Bonn: E. Weber, 1839, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/165707441">165707441</a> (or id. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 6 (1839): 127–71); repr. and translated into French by Alain Philippe Segonds, <i>Jean Philopon, traité de l'astrolabe,</i> Paris: Librairie Alain Brieux, 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10467740">10467740</a>; and translated into English by H.W. Green in R.T. Gunther, <i>The Astrolabes of the World</i>, Vol. 1/2, Oxford, 1932, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL18840299M">18840299M</a> repr. London: Holland Press, 1976, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14132393M">14132393M </a> pp. 61–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darlington, 679–670.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KIM Sang-Hyuk, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.riss.kr/search/detail/DetailView.do?p_mat_type=be54d9b8bc7cdb09&control_no=3b48615694989343ffe0bdc3ef48d419">A study on the operation mechanism of song I-yong`s armillary clock</a>, Ph.D dissertation, JoongAng University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrashear1999" class="citation web cs1">Brashear, Ronald (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/HST/Brahe/brahe-introduction.htm#book">"Astronomiæ instauratæ mechanica by Tycho Brahe: Introduction"</a>. <i>Special Collections Department</i>. Smithsonian Institution Libraries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Special+Collections+Department&rft.atitle=Astronomi%C3%A6+instaurat%C3%A6+mechanica+by+Tycho+Brahe%3A+Introduction&rft.date=1999-05&rft.aulast=Brashear&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.si.edu%2FDigitalCollections%2FHST%2FBrahe%2Fbrahe-introduction.htm%23book&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmillary+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paralympic.org/news/first-ever-heritage-flame-lit-stoke-mandeville-historic-moment-paralympic-movement">"First ever Heritage Flame lit at Stoke Mandeville in a historic moment for Paralympic Movement"</a>. <i>www.paralympic.org</i>. 3 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.paralympic.org&rft.atitle=First+ever+Heritage+Flame+lit+at+Stoke+Mandeville+in+a+historic+moment+for+Paralympic+Movement&rft.date=2014-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fnews%2Ffirst-ever-heritage-flame-lit-stoke-mandeville-historic-moment-paralympic-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmillary+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillary_sphere&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Encyclopædia Britannica (1771), "Geography".</li> <li>Darlington, Oscar G. "Gerbert, the Teacher," <i>The American Historical Review</i> (Volume 52, Number 3, 1947): 456–476.</li> <li>Kern, Ralf: Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Vom 15. – 19. Jahrhundert. Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86560-772-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86560-772-0">978-3-86560-772-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a> (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3</i>. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sivin" title="Nathan Sivin">Sivin, Nathan</a> (1995). <i>Science in Ancient China</i>. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_Williams" title="Henry Smith Williams">Williams, Henry Smith</a> (2004). <i>A History Of Science</i>. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-0163-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-0163-3">1-4191-0163-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillary_sphere&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Armillary_sphere" class="extiw" title="commons:Armillary sphere"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Armillary sphere</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/armillary.html">Starry Messenger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012191511/http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/armillary.html">Archived</a> 2014-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whipplemuseum.cam.ac.uk/explore-whipple-collections/astronomy/armillary-spheres-and-teaching-astronomy">Armillary Spheres and Teaching Astronomy | Whipple Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astromedia.de">AstroMedia* Verlag in Germany offers a cardboard construction kit for an armillary sphere ("Das Kleine Tischplanetarium")</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglaonice" title="Aglaonice">Aglaonice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_(astronomer)" title="Agrippa (astronomer)">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Cyrrhus" title="Andronicus of Cyrrhus">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristyllus" title="Aristyllus">Aristyllus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_of_Rhodes" title="Attalus of Rhodes">Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Abdera" title="Bion of Abdera">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleostratus" title="Cleostratus">Cleostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_of_Samos" title="Conon of Samos">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euctemon" title="Euctemon">Euctemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicetas" title="Hicetas">Hicetas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meton_of_Athens" title="Meton of Athens">Meton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenopides" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_of_Seleucia" title="Seleucus of Seleucia">Seleucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_the_Peripatetic" title="Sosigenes the Peripatetic">Sosigenes the Peripatetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocharis" title="Timocharis">Timocharis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest"><i>Almagest</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ptolemy)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catasterismi" title="Catasterismi"><i>Catasterismi</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Eratosthenes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)"><i>On Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hipparchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)"><i>On the Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristarchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens"><i>On the Heavens</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristotle)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armillary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioptra" title="Dioptra">Dioptra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_ring" title="Equatorial ring">Equatorial ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">Gnomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_instrument" title="Mural instrument">Mural instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)">Triquetrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callippic_cycle" title="Callippic cycle">Callippic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">Celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">Circle of latitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Earth" title="Counter-Earth">Counter-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle" title="Deferent and epicycle">Deferent and epicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchic_cycle" title="Hipparchic cycle">Hipparchic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_and_superior_planets" title="Inferior and superior planets">Inferior and superior planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaeteris" title="Octaeteris">Octaeteris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Spherical Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublunary_sphere" title="Sublunary sphere">Sublunary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Medieval European science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System_models62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_models" title="Template:Solar System models"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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title="Astrarium">Astrarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">Astronomical clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrery" title="Orrery">Orrery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eise_Eisinga_Planetarium" title="Eise Eisinga Planetarium">Eise Eisinga Planetarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurion" title="Tellurion">Tellurion</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SaganWalk.0.Sun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/SaganWalk.0.Sun.jpg/70px-SaganWalk.0.Sun.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/SaganWalk.0.Sun.jpg/105px-SaganWalk.0.Sun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/SaganWalk.0.Sun.jpg/140px-SaganWalk.0.Sun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akaa_Solar_System_Scale_Model" title="Akaa Solar System Scale Model">Akaa Solar System Scale Model</a> (Akaa, Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Discovery_Centre" title="Gravity Discovery Centre">Gravity Discovery Centre</a> (Gingin, Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kystagerparken" title="Kystagerparken">Kystagerparken</a> (Hvidovre, Denmark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Sun" title="Monument to the Sun">Monument to the Sun</a> (Zadar, Croatia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Views" title="Nine Views">Nine Views</a> (Zagreb, Croatia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajam%C3%A4ki_Solar_System_Scale_Model" title="Pajamäki Solar System Scale Model">Pajamäki Solar System Scale Model</a> (Helsinki and Espoo, Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Lofoten" title="Planet Lofoten">Planet Lofoten</a> (Lofoten, Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagan_Planet_Walk" title="Sagan Planet Walk">Sagan Planet Walk</a> (Ithaca, New York)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Space_Walk" title="Somerset Space Walk">Somerset Space Walk</a> (Somerset, England)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_Solar_System" title="Sweden Solar System">Sweden Solar System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkhill_Astronomical_Pillar" title="Kirkhill Astronomical Pillar">Kirkhill Astronomical Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">Historical models of the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_model_of_the_Solar_System" title="Numerical model of the Solar System">Numerical model of the Solar System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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