CINXE.COM
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology </title> <meta name="googlebot" content="NOODP" /> <meta name="description" content="A new type of review journal, featuring comprehensive collections of expert review articles on important topics in the molecular life sciences" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/shared/css/hw-global.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/shared/css/standard-designs/design2/main.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/publisher/css/hw-cshljnls-global.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/local/css/hw-journal-global.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/shared/css/hw-citation-2.0-hacks.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/publisher/css/hw-cshljnls-page-home.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/local/css/hw-journal-page-home.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/site/misc/custom-global.css" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="CSH Perspectives Current RSS" href="/rss/current.xml" /><script type="text/javascript" id="session-d5903959e1">var callbackToken='570EF06F14B6DF0';</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/shared/js/jquery-min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/shared/js/fingerprint.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/shared/js/hw-shared.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/shared/js/design/hw-design1.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/publisher/js/cshl-shared.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/publisher/js/cshljnls-home.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/site/misc/custom-global.js"></script></head> <body> <div class="hw-gen-page" id="pageid-home"> <div id="header"> <a href="/"></a><img title="Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology" alt="Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology" width="390" height="83" src="/local/img/journal_logo.gif" /> <p id="skip-link"> <a href="#content-block">Skip to main page content</a> </p> <ul class="button-list header-buttons"> <li class="first"><a href="/" title="HOME"><span>HOME</span></a></li> <li><a href="/site/misc/about.xhtml" title="ABOUT"><span>ABOUT</span></a></li> <li><a href="/cgi/collection/" title="SUBJECT COLLECTIONS"><span>SUBJECT COLLECTIONS</span></a></li> <li><a href="/content/by/year" title="ARCHIVE"><span>ARCHIVE</span></a></li> <li><a href="/site/misc/subscribe.xhtml" title="SUBSCRIBE"><span>SUBSCRIBE</span></a></li> <li><a href="/site/misc/adinfo.xhtml" title="ADVERTISE"><span>ADVERTISE</span></a></li> <li><a href="/site/misc/alertland.xhtml" title="ALERTS"><span>ALERTS</span></a></li> <li><a href="/feedback" title="FEEDBACK"><span>FEEDBACK</span></a></li> <li class="last"><a href="/help/" title="HELP"><span>HELP</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="header-qs"> <form class="searchbox" action="/search" method="get"> <div> <label for="header-qs-input" id="header-qs-search-label">Search for Keyword:</label> <input value="" title="Search Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology" type="text" name="fulltext" id="header-qs-input" /><input type="hidden" name="submit" value="yes" /><label for="header-qs-search" id="header-qs-search-label">GO</label><input value="GO" alt="Link: Go" type="image" id="header-qs-search-go" src="/shared/img/standard-design/design2/go.gif" /> </div> <div class="adv-search-link"><a href="/search">Advanced Search</a></div> </form> </div> <div class="header-ac-elements"> <div class="inst-branding"> </div> <div id="authstring" class="suppress-header-login"> </div> <div id="hdr-login" class="suppress-header-login"></div> </div> <div class="banner-ads"> <ul> <li><a href="/cgi/adclick/?ad=50817&adclick=true&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genelink.com%2Fnewsite%2Fproducts%2Frnaoligos.asp" target="_blank"><img class="adborder0" title="Gene Link" src="//cshperspectives.cshlp.org/adsystem/graphics/5202362285286379/cshperspect/RNA_oligo_synth_468x60-5.gif?ad=50817&adview=true" alt="Gene Link" /></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="bar"> <div class="bar-inner"></div> </div> </div> <div id="content-block"> <div class="main-block"> <div class="cover-img-wrap"> <a id="cover-image" href="/content/current"> <img src="/content/vol17/issue4/home_cover.gif" title="Current Issue Cover" alt="Current Issue Cover" /> </a> </div> <div class="cshl-announcements"> </div> <div class="other-pub"> </div> </div> <div class="main-block"> <h2 class="current-issue"> <a title="Current Issue" href="/content/current" id="current-issue-label" class="current-link">Current Issue<span class="sep">:</span> <span class="current-date"> April 2025 </span> </a> </h2> <ul class="jnl-links"> <li> <h3><a title="Early Release Articles" href="/content/early/recent" class="early-link">Early Release Articles</a></h3> <p> <span>Last updated:</span> <span class="early-date">March 17, 2025</span> </p> </li> <li> <h3> <span><a href="/cgi/collection/"> Subject Collections</a></span> <span> and </span> <span><a href="/content/by/year">Archive </a> </span> </h3> <p>July 2009<span class="sep"> - </span><span class="to-date"> April 2025 </span></p> </li> <li> <h3><a href="/site/misc/about.xhtml">About CSH Perspectives in Biology</a></h3> </li> <li> <h3> <a href="/site/misc/alertland.xhtml">Sign Up for Alerts and RSS Feeds</a> </h3> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="content-block-clear sb-div"></div> </div> <div id="col-3"> <ul class="tower-ads"> <li><a href="/cgi/adclick/?ad=50818&adclick=true&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genelink.com%2Fnewsite%2Fproducts%2Frnaoligos.asp" target="_blank"><img class="adborder0" title="Gene Link" src="//cshperspectives.cshlp.org/adsystem/graphics/4194607909931327/cshperspect/RNA_oligo_synth_120x600_9.gif?ad=50818&adview=true" alt="Gene Link" /></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="bar"> <div class="footer-group footer-col-left"> <ul class="button-list footer-buttons"> <li class="first"><a href="/" title="Home"><span>Home</span></a></li> <li><a href="/site/misc/about.xhtml" title="About"><span>About</span></a></li> <li><a href="/cgi/collection/" title="Subject Collections"><span>Subject Collections</span></a></li> <li><a href="/content/by/year" title="Archive"><span>Archive</span></a></li> <li><a href="/site/misc/subscribe.xhtml" title="Subscribe"><span>Subscribe</span></a></li> <li><a href="/site/misc/adinfo.xhtml" title="Advertise"><span>Advertise</span></a></li> <li><a href="/site/misc/alertland.xhtml" title="Alerts"><span>Alerts</span></a></li> <li><a href="/feedback" title="Feedback"><span>Feedback</span></a></li> <li class="last"><a href="/help/" title="Help"><span>Help</span></a></li> </ul> <p class="copyright"><a href="http://www.cshlpress.com/" rel="external-nw">Copyright 漏 2025 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</a></p> </div> <div class="footer-group footer-col-right"> <ul class="issns"> <li> <span>Online ISSN: </span> <span class="issn">1943-0264</span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="sub-footer"> <div id="intl-content" class="intl-content"> <p><span id="intl-header">For an alternate route to Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology use this URL:</span> <a href="http://intl-cshperspectives.cshlp.org" title="Alternate Route">http://intl-cshperspectives.cshlp.org</a> <span class="intl-help">[<a href="/help/using/alternate-route">More Information</a>]</span></p> </div> <ul class="footer-icon-group"> <li> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.projectcounter.org/"> <img border="0" alt="COUNTER Project" height="24" width="75" src="/publisher/icons/counter.gif" /> </a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.aginternetwork.org/en/"> <img border="0" alt="AGORA" height="20" width="89" src="/publisher/icons/logo_agora.gif" /> </a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.who.int/hinari/en/"> <img border="0" alt="HINARI" height="20" width="94" src="/publisher/icons/logo_hinari.gif" /> </a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" href="http://highwire.stanford.edu/"> <img border="0" alt="HighWire Press" height="51" width="55" src="/shared/img/common/hplogo.gif" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="block-2 sb-div"></div> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write(unescape("%3Cscript async src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-BRRJG2L7NN'%3E%3C/script%3E")); </script><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-BRRJG2L7NN'); </script> </div><script type="text/javascript"> document.write(unescape("%3Cscript async src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-1CWXPJ6EVC'%3E%3C/script%3E")); </script><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-1CWXPJ6EVC'); </script></div> </body> </html>