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What did the Queen do in the armed forces during WWII? | The Independent
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class="sc-fwko30-1 bJycyU main-wrapper"><div class="sc-jbiisr-0 izpdPv sc-jbiisr-2 hUjkAJ" id="main"><div class="hydrate-root" data-component="Newsletter" data-loading="lazy"><div class="sc-1230l3a-0 dHKMnR newsletter-component sc-1ge0fwe-0 eFJlzZ" data-newsletter-key="receiveindylifestyle"><div class="sc-1ykbqwm-0 ffESMm sc-1ykbqwm-1 kVMOFF"><img src="https://static.independent.co.uk/static-assets/images/newsletters/lessonsInLifestyle1_1.png" loading="lazy" alt="Lessons in Lifestyle" class="sc-1mc30lb-0 iSVhwZ"></div><div class="sc-tuvb20-0 jzfVNp"><div class="sc-1gqjrv9-3 cNVcNh sc-1gqjrv9-8 SNvDe"><div class="news-letter-title"><h3 data-nosnippet="" class="sc-1gqjrv9-4 hrITCl">Stay ahead of the curve with our weekly guide to the latest trends, fashion, relationships and more</h3><h3 class="sc-1gqjrv9-5 sc-1gqjrv9-6 jkOgtb kEXQjc">Stay ahead of the curve with our weekly guide to the latest trends, fashion, relationships and more </h3><h3 data-nosnippet="" class="sc-1gqjrv9-5 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Read our <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="/service/privacy-policy-a6184181.html">privacy policy</a></label></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json">{"className":"sc-1ge0fwe-0 eFJlzZ","isClimate":false,"newsletterData":{"regSourceNewsletter":"IND_IndyLife_CDP","subscriptionGroup":"lifestyle","subscriptionGroupId":"2cc88dbe-d082-4b8a-a251-4f301ff165a2","pathPrefix":["/life-style","/life-style/gadgets-and-tech"],"title":"Stay ahead of the curve with our weekly guide to the latest trends, fashion, relationships and more","mobileTitle":"Stay ahead of the curve with our weekly guide to the latest trends, fashion, relationships and more ","imageSrc":"https://static.independent.co.uk/static-assets/images/newsletters/lessonsInLifestyle1_1.png","description":"Be inspired with the latest lifestyle trends every week","label":"I <strong>would</strong> like to receive the best features and trends across the world of lifestyle every week by email","type":"lifestyle","regTitle":"Lessons in Lifestyle","newsletterKey":"receiveindylifestyle","regSourceSection":"Royal Family","regSourceMethod":"Article%2BSignpost"},"captchaKey":"6LdQFKQUAAAAAALh9h5ypRL_GV19zbD4ZtAmj-pm","loggedIn":false}</script><p><a href="/topic/the-queen">The Queen</a>, who died on Thursday 8 September aged 96, became the longest-reigning monarch in history celebrating her platinum jubilee this year.</p><p>However, before assuming her regal responsibilities in 1952, the Queen took on another role, joining the Women’s Auxiliary Territorial Service during the <a href="/topic/SecondWorldWar">Second World War</a>.</p><div data-mpu1="true" class="sc-1048kfq-0 jZcooN"><div class="sc-1y9ieyw-0 hQjaQn mobile-only"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 lgUbTS mobile-only"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="mpu1" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_life-style/in_royal-family/image/mpu1" data-size-key="DOUBLE_OR_SINGLE_MPU" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="13000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 fUbSGV"></div></div></div></div><div id="article-im-prompt"></div><p>The monarch’s position as a driver and mechanic during the war was explored in a documentary that aired on ITV in 2020, titled <em>Our Queen at War</em>.</p><div class="sc-w27hnf-3 gHNATZ desktop-only teads"><div class="sc-1y9ieyw-0 hQjaQn third-party-ad"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 lgUbTS third-party-ad"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="thirdparty01" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_partner_independent/in_life-style/in_royal-family/image/thirdparty01" data-size-key="THIRD_PARTY_ARTICLE_BODY_DESKTOP" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="150000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 fUbSGV"></div></div></div></div><p>Here is everything you need to know about Princess Elizabeth’s past in the <a href="/topic/armed-forces">armed forces</a>.</p><div class="sc-kk992l-0 coQFhJ"><h2>What was the Queen doing before she joined the armed forces?</h2></div><div class="sc-12btdgd-0 gJVrIo sc-9oz50s-0 eDPKVl related"><div class="sc-9oz50s-1 hJxUtT"><span class="sc-1nbs17v-0 ifQVYx">Recommended</span></div><ul class="sc-152th9z-2 hgEGuH"><li class="sc-152th9z-3 gBkjJh"><a class="sc-152th9z-1 hAMpzE related-item" href="/life-style/royal-family/king-charles-fingers-hands-swelling-cause-b2167088.html" data-position="1" data-widget-position="5" data-text="King Charles: What’s the story behind the monarch’s swollen fingers?" data-vars-event-id="c29" data-vars-item-name="related - /life-style/royal-family/king-charles-fingers-hands-swelling-cause-b2167088.html"><img src="https://static.independent.co.uk/2022/09/14/10/Britain_Royals_42358.jpg?quality=75&width=230&auto=webp" loading="lazy" alt="King Charles: What’s the story behind the monarch’s swollen fingers?" class="sc-1mc30lb-0 chNIaY sc-152th9z-0 gflAyX"><span class="sc-152th9z-4 eOxdRb">King Charles: What’s the story behind the monarch’s swollen fingers?</span></a></li><li class="sc-152th9z-3 gBkjJh"><a class="sc-152th9z-1 hAMpzE related-item" href="/life-style/royal-family/princess-kate-girl-corgi-toy-sandringham-b2168563.html" data-position="2" data-widget-position="5" data-text="Girl ‘cries with joy’ after being selected to lay toy corgi with royal tributes by Princess Kate" data-vars-event-id="c29" data-vars-item-name="related - /life-style/royal-family/princess-kate-girl-corgi-toy-sandringham-b2168563.html"><img src="https://static.independent.co.uk/2022/09/16/07/PA-68834992.jpg?quality=75&width=230&auto=webp" loading="lazy" alt="Girl ‘cries with joy’ after being selected to lay toy corgi with royal tributes by Princess Kate" class="sc-1mc30lb-0 chNIaY sc-152th9z-0 gflAyX"><span class="sc-152th9z-4 eOxdRb">Girl ‘cries with joy’ after being selected to lay toy corgi with royal tributes by Princess Kate</span></a></li><li class="sc-152th9z-3 gBkjJh"><a class="sc-152th9z-1 hAMpzE related-item" href="/life-style/royal-family/grievewatch-twitter-account-the-queen-b2168576.html" data-position="3" data-widget-position="5" data-text="‘GrieveWatch’ Twitter account goes viral for showcasing how brands are mourning the Queen" data-vars-event-id="c29" data-vars-item-name="related - /life-style/royal-family/grievewatch-twitter-account-the-queen-b2168576.html"><img src="https://static.independent.co.uk/2022/09/16/08/GettyImages-1422645712%20%281%29.jpg?quality=75&width=230&auto=webp" loading="lazy" alt="‘GrieveWatch’ Twitter account goes viral for showcasing how brands are mourning the Queen" class="sc-1mc30lb-0 chNIaY sc-152th9z-0 gflAyX"><span class="sc-152th9z-4 eOxdRb">‘GrieveWatch’ Twitter account goes viral for showcasing how brands are mourning the Queen</span></a></li></ul></div><p>When the Second World War began in 1939, Princess Elizabeth was 13 years old while her younger sister, Princess Margaret, was nine.</p><div class="sc-w27hnf-3 gHNATZ mobile-only teads"><div class="sc-1y9ieyw-0 hQjaQn third-party-ad"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 lgUbTS third-party-ad"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="thirdparty01" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_partner_independent/in_life-style/in_royal-family/image/thirdparty01" data-size-key="THIRD_PARTY_ARTICLE_BODY_MOBILE" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="150000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 fUbSGV"></div></div></div></div><p>It was suggested that the young princesses should be evacuated out of the country to North America or Canada.</p><p>However, the Queen Mother (who was Queen at the time) was adamant in her refusal to leave, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother" rel="nofollow">stating</a>: “The children won’t go without me. I won’t leave the King. And the King will never leave.”</p><div class="sc-toncsa-0 iZwHvr"><div id="taboola-carousel-thumbnails" class="taboola"></div></div><p>The princesses thus remained in the UK, flitting between Balmoral Castle in Scotland, Sandringham House and Windsor Castle, where they eventually settled for several years.</p><p>In 1940, Princess Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast, addressing child evacuees.</p><div class="sc-482ou5-2 eOHevC image align-none"><figure class="sc-1cbdeug-0 cpcmmN"><div data-gallery-length="5" class="sc-482ou5-0 crNYpH"><img src="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2020/04/19/19/gettyimages-695386.jpg" srcSet="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2020/04/19/19/gettyimages-695386.jpg?quality=75&width=320&auto=webp 320w, https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2020/04/19/19/gettyimages-695386.jpg?quality=75&width=640&auto=webp 640w" loading="lazy" alt="Princess Elizabeth delivers her first radio broadcast in 1940. Her sister, Princess Margaret, sits by her side." class="sc-1mc30lb-0 iSVhwZ inline-gallery-btn"><div class="hydrate-root sc-482ou5-1 dPBwGF" data-component="AutoGalleryButton"><button class="sc-ohzviw-0 gdZNrl inline-gallery-btn" id="trigger-autogallery-15670"><span class="sc-ohzviw-1 ewSUe">open image in gallery</span></button></div><script type="application/json">{"id":"trigger-autogallery-15670","index":1}</script></div><figcaption class="sc-1cbdeug-1 sc-1cbdeug-3 hiCdLa liXvvg">Princess Elizabeth delivers her first radio broadcast in 1940. Her sister, Princess Margaret, sits by her side.<span class="sc-1cbdeug-7 izyooE"> <!-- -->(<!-- -->Getty Images<!-- -->)</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>“We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war,” she <a target="_blank" href="https://www.royal.uk/wartime-broadcast-1940" rel="nofollow">said</a> during BBC’s Children’s Hour.</p><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 lgUbTS sc-w27hnf-0 dxwzhm"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="content" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_life-style/in_royal-family/image/content" data-size-key="SINGLE_MPU" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="13000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 fUbSGV"></div></div><p>“We know, everyone of us, that in the end all will be well; for God will care for us and give us victory and peace. And when peace comes, remember it will be for us, the children of today, to make the world of tomorrow a better and happier place.”</p><div class="sc-kk992l-0 coQFhJ"><h2>When was she given her position in the armed forces?</h2></div><p>As Princess Elizabeth neared her 18th birthday, it became apparent that she felt keen to help in the war effort.</p><div class="sc-w27hnf-3 gHNATZ teads"><div class="sc-1y9ieyw-0 hQjaQn third-party-ad"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 lgUbTS third-party-ad"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="thirdparty02" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_partner_independent/in_life-style/in_royal-family/image/thirdparty02" data-size-key="THIRD_PARTY_ARTICLE_BODY" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="150000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 fUbSGV"></div></div></div></div><p>In 1945, <a target="_blank" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hkgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=elizabeth+ATS&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false" rel="nofollow"><em>Life</em> magazine</a> published an article that stated that after “long deliberations”, King George VI had decided that “her training as a princess outweighed the nation’s increasing manpower problems and that ‘Betts’ should not join any of the women’s auxiliaries, nor work in a factory”.</p><p>Nonetheless, shortly thereafter, it was declared that the heir presumptive had been granted a commission as an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) on 24 February 1945.</p><div class="sc-1048kfq-0 jZcooN"><div class="sc-1y9ieyw-0 hQjaQn mobile-only"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 lgUbTS mobile-only"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="bottom_mpu_1" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_life-style/in_royal-family/image/bottom_mpu" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="13000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 fUbSGV"></div></div></div></div><p>The <a target="_blank" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36973/supplement/1315/data.pdf" rel="nofollow">announcement</a> was made in a supplement to the <em>London Gazette</em> on 9 March 1945.</p><div class="sc-482ou5-2 eOHevC image align-none"><figure class="sc-1cbdeug-0 cpcmmN"><div data-gallery-length="5" class="sc-482ou5-0 gGpsUm"><img src="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2020/04/19/20/shutterstock-editorial-8622295a.jpg" srcSet="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2020/04/19/20/shutterstock-editorial-8622295a.jpg?quality=75&width=320&auto=webp 320w, https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2020/04/19/20/shutterstock-editorial-8622295a.jpg?quality=75&width=640&auto=webp 640w" loading="lazy" alt="Princess Elizabeth in 1945, the year she joined the Auxiliary Territorial Service" class="sc-1mc30lb-0 iSVhwZ inline-gallery-btn"><div class="hydrate-root sc-482ou5-1 dPBwGF" data-component="AutoGalleryButton"><button class="sc-ohzviw-0 gdZNrl inline-gallery-btn" id="trigger-autogallery-15671"><span class="sc-ohzviw-1 ewSUe">open image in gallery</span></button></div><script type="application/json">{"id":"trigger-autogallery-15671","index":2}</script></div><figcaption class="sc-1cbdeug-1 sc-1cbdeug-3 hiCdLa liXvvg">Princess Elizabeth in 1945, the year she joined the Auxiliary Territorial Service<span class="sc-1cbdeug-7 izyooE"> <!-- -->(<!-- -->Design Pics Inc/Shutterstock<!-- -->)</span></figcaption></figure></div><div class="sc-kk992l-0 coQFhJ"><h2>What did her Second World War service entail?</h2></div><p>Once she joined the Auxiliary Territorial Service, Princess Elizabeth trained as a driver.</p><p>After passing the <a href="/topic/Military">military</a> driving test, she became a driver for the Second Subaltern Windsor Unit.</p><p>The princess also learnt how to repair vehicle engines as a mechanic in her unit.</p><div class="sc-482ou5-2 eOHevC image align-none"><figure class="sc-1cbdeug-0 cpcmmN"><div data-gallery-length="5" class="sc-482ou5-0 jnAXFU"><img src="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2020/04/19/20/shutterstock-editorial-80782a.jpg" srcSet="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2020/04/19/20/shutterstock-editorial-80782a.jpg?quality=75&width=320&auto=webp 320w, https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2020/04/19/20/shutterstock-editorial-80782a.jpg?quality=75&width=640&auto=webp 640w" loading="lazy" alt="Princess Elizabeth at the wheel of an ambulance" class="sc-1mc30lb-0 iSVhwZ inline-gallery-btn"><div class="hydrate-root sc-482ou5-1 dPBwGF" data-component="AutoGalleryButton"><button class="sc-ohzviw-0 gdZNrl inline-gallery-btn" id="trigger-autogallery-15672"><span class="sc-ohzviw-1 ewSUe">open image in gallery</span></button></div><script type="application/json">{"id":"trigger-autogallery-15672","index":3}</script></div><figcaption class="sc-1cbdeug-1 sc-1cbdeug-3 hiCdLa liXvvg">Princess Elizabeth at the wheel of an ambulance<span class="sc-1cbdeug-7 izyooE"> <!-- -->(<!-- -->Rex Features<!-- -->)</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>She was later promoted to the rank of honorary junior commander, which at the time would have been the female equivalent of becoming a captain.</p><p>One day, she received a visit from her mother, Queen Elizabeth, who watched as her daughter explained what her role entailed.</p><p>In the issue of <a target="_blank" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hkgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=elizabeth+ATS&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false" rel="nofollow"><em>Life</em> magazine</a> published in 1945, it explained that while the princess took up service in the armed forces, she “did not sleep at the camp but motored each night to Windsor Castle, showing up the next morning at 9 o’clock”.</p><div class="sc-482ou5-2 eOHevC image align-none"><figure class="sc-1cbdeug-0 cpcmmN"><div data-gallery-length="5" class="sc-482ou5-0 cMHWZU"><img src="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2020/04/19/20/shutterstock-editorial-9684743a-0.jpg" srcSet="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2020/04/19/20/shutterstock-editorial-9684743a-0.jpg?quality=75&width=320&auto=webp 320w, https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2020/04/19/20/shutterstock-editorial-9684743a-0.jpg?quality=75&width=640&auto=webp 640w" loading="lazy" alt="Princess Elizabeth and her mother, Queen Elizabeth" class="sc-1mc30lb-0 iSVhwZ inline-gallery-btn"><div class="hydrate-root sc-482ou5-1 dPBwGF" data-component="AutoGalleryButton"><button class="sc-ohzviw-0 gdZNrl inline-gallery-btn" id="trigger-autogallery-15673"><span class="sc-ohzviw-1 ewSUe">open image in gallery</span></button></div><script type="application/json">{"id":"trigger-autogallery-15673","index":4}</script></div><figcaption class="sc-1cbdeug-1 sc-1cbdeug-3 hiCdLa liXvvg">Princess Elizabeth and her mother, Queen Elizabeth<span class="sc-1cbdeug-7 izyooE"> <!-- -->(<!-- -->Design Pics Inc/Shutterstock<!-- -->)</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>The teenager was reportedly surprised by the amount of work that went into preparing for a royal engagement when she was visited by her parents, the King and Queen.</p><p>“I never knew there was quite so much advance preparation. I’ll know another time,” she said as she helped to clean the camp.</p><div class="sc-1048kfq-0 jZcooN"><div class="sc-1y9ieyw-0 hQjaQn mobile-only"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 lgUbTS mobile-only"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="bottom_mpu_2" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_life-style/in_royal-family/image/bottom_mpu" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="13000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 fUbSGV"></div></div></div></div><p>“It seems so strange to watch them drive away,” the princess added.</p><p>The Queen became the first female member of the <a href="/topic/Royal%20family">royal family</a> to serve in the armed forces and is the only living head of state to have served in the Second World War.</p><p><a href="/news/uk/home-news/queens-death-funeral-buried-balmoral-king-charles-latest-b2165076.html"><em>Follow the latest updates following the death of Queen Elizabeth II here</em></a></p></div><div id="piano-register-wall" data-reg-source-section="Royal Family" class="sc-h57wdl-0 jImJId"></div><nav class="topics"><div class="sc-n08b2m-0 bfkmcy"><h3 class="sc-n08b2m-1 fczuIa">More about</h3><a href="/topic/queen-elizabeth-ii" class="sc-n08b2m-2 IOUwh">Queen Elizabeth II</a><a href="/topic/second-world-war" class="sc-n08b2m-2 IOUwh">Second World War</a><a href="/topic/military" class="sc-n08b2m-2 IOUwh">Military</a><a href="/topic/lifestyle-features" class="sc-n08b2m-2 IOUwh">lifestyle features</a><a href="/topic/armed-forces" class="sc-n08b2m-2 IOUwh">armed forces</a></div></nav><div class="show-comments"><div class="sc-qsla4c-0 bSnowf"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 bNRJWU sc-culv3z-0 jIhHch sc-qsla4c-5 gnMNHQ"><use href="#f9cc7f5596803d67"></use></svg><h2 class="sc-qsla4c-4 bwQHeU">Join our commenting forum</h2><p class="sc-qsla4c-3 hCnMST">Join thought-provoking conversations, follow other Independent readers and see their replies</p><a role="button" class="sc-1oxuqvm-0 doGdex js-comment sc-qsla4c-2 iXlKRz js-comment-footer"><span class="sc-1oxuqvm-1 idTnin js-comment-count"></span><span class="js-comment-plural">Comments</span><span class="sc-1s13b34-0 sc-qsla4c-1 kjnLcy dELOxp"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="bb63372698e13136" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 19 20"><path fill="#7A7A7A" d="m15.83 10-1.11-1.12-4.43 4.42V3.67H8.71v9.63L4.29 8.88 3.17 10l6.33 6.33z"></path></svg></span></a></div></div><div class="hydrate-root" data-component="OverlayHydrated"><aside class="sc-1me4laa-5 fEdius"></aside></div><script type="application/json">{"adUnitPath":"71347885/_main_independent/in_life-style/in_royal-family/image/gallery_mpu_sb","autoGallery":true,"disableAds":false,"gallery":[{"data":{"title":"shutterstock-editorial-80781d-0.jpg","description":null,"caption":"","copyright":"Shutterstock","credit":null,"alt":null,"url":"https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2020/04/19/19/shutterstock-editorial-80781d-0.jpg","id":"8368056","mid":19636,"uid":0,"extra":{"chp_object_id":"DMGTCHPDPICT000484098772","chp_gid":"REA-CHP_20200405_193206000_BREAKING_QUEENS_SPEECH_0_588f76b318286de4a3cb24b8fbc2582e","chp_xurn":"PRI*148479800","imageSize":{"width":2468,"height":1851}}},"type":"image"},{"data":{"title":"gettyimages-695386.jpg","description":null,"caption":"Princess Elizabeth delivers her first radio broadcast in 1940. 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APRIL, 1945\r\nVarious","caption":"Princess Elizabeth at the wheel of an ambulance","copyright":"Rex Features","credit":null,"alt":null,"url":"https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2020/04/19/20/shutterstock-editorial-80782a.jpg","id":"8368106","mid":19639,"width":"2023","height":"2032","localCaption":null,"localCopyright":null},"type":"image"},{"data":{"title":"shutterstock-editorial-9684743a-0.jpg","description":null,"caption":"Princess Elizabeth and her mother, Queen Elizabeth","copyright":"Design Pics Inc/Shutterstock","credit":null,"alt":null,"url":"https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2020/04/19/20/shutterstock-editorial-9684743a-0.jpg","id":"8368101","mid":19640,"width":"2500","height":"1402","localCaption":null,"localCopyright":null},"type":"image"}],"id":"auto-image-gallery","isImage":true,"title":"What did the Queen do in the armed forces during the Second World War?"}</script><div class="sc-6s2j49-0 bRIBfe"><div 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