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<span>Regency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Kaihuang_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Kaihuang_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early <i>Kaihuang</i> era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Kaihuang_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Kaihuang_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Kaihuang_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Late <i>Kaihuang</i> era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Kaihuang_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renshou_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renshou_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Renshou</i> era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renshou_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emperor Wen of Sui</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A" title="الإمبراطور وين من سوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطور وين من سوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="সুই সম্রাট ওয়েন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুই সম্রাট ওয়েন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBi_B%C3%BBn-t%C3%A8" title="Sûi Bûn-tè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sûi Bûn-tè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Ян Цзянь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ян Цзянь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador_Wen_de_Sui" title="Emperador Wen de Sui – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emperador Wen de Sui" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Wendi" title="Sui Wendi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sui Wendi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador_Wen_de_Sui" title="Emperador Wen de Sui – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emperador Wen de Sui" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="امپراتور وندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتور وندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Wendi" title="Sui Wendi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sui Wendi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98_%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C" title="수 문제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수 문제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_dari_Sui" title="Wen dari Sui – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wen dari Sui" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Wendi" title="Sui Wendi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sui Wendi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F_(%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99)" title="ון, קיסר סין (שושלת סווי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ון, קיסר סין (שושלת סווי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Wendi" title="Sui Wendi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sui Wendi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%89" title="الامبراطور وين من سوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الامبراطور وين من سوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B9i_%C3%99ng-d%C3%A1%CC%A4" title="Sùi Ùng-dá̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sùi Ùng-dá̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B8" title="Суй Вен Ти – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Суй Вен Ти" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Wendi" title="Sui Wendi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sui Wendi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E5%A0%85" title="楊堅 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="楊堅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiser_Wen_av_Sui" title="Keiser Wen av Sui – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Keiser Wen av Sui" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Wendi" title="Sui Wendi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sui Wendi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="سوئی وین تی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سوئی وین تی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Wendi" title="Sui Wendi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sui Wendi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Jian" title="Yang Jian – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yang Jian" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C-%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B9)" title="Вэнь-ди (династия Суй) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вэнь-ди (династия Суй)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suy-wen-di" title="Suy-wen-di – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Suy-wen-di" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Emperor Wen of Sui" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Wen_od_Suija" title="Car Wen od Suija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Car Wen od Suija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Wendi" title="Sui Wendi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sui Wendi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Wen" title="Sui Wen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sui Wen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="จักรพรรดิสุยเหวิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิสุยเหวิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_(Sui)" title="Wen (Sui) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wen (Sui)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Ян Цзянь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ян Цзянь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="سوئی وین تی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوئی وین تی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%AD_%D8%AC%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D9%86" title="ياڭ جىيەن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ياڭ جىيەن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B9y_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BA%BF" title="Tùy Văn Đế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tùy Văn Đế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" title="隋文帝 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="隋文帝" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" title="隋文帝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="隋文帝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E5%A0%85" title="楊堅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="楊堅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" title="隋文帝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="隋文帝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First emperor of the Chinese Sui dynasty (r. 581–604)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Yang Jian (楊堅), the founding emperor of the Sui dynasty. For his grandson, see <a href="/wiki/Yang_Jian_(Sui_prince)" title="Yang Jian (Sui prince)">Yang Jian (Sui prince)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Emperor Wen of Sui<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">隋文帝</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sui_Wendi_Tang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sui_Wendi_Tang.jpg/220px-Sui_Wendi_Tang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sui_Wendi_Tang.jpg/330px-Sui_Wendi_Tang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sui_Wendi_Tang.jpg/440px-Sui_Wendi_Tang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> portrait of Emperor Wen by <a href="/wiki/Yan_Liben" title="Yan Liben">Yan Liben</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600–673</span>)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Emperor of the Sui dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">4 March 581 – 13 August 604</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">21 July 541<br /><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 August 604<span style="display:none">(604-08-13)</span> (aged 63)<br />Renshou Palace, <a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Tai Mausoleum (泰陵)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dugu_Qieluo" title="Dugu Qieluo">Empress Wenxian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yong_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Yong (Sui dynasty)">Yang Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jun_(prince)" title="Yang Jun (prince)">Yang Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiu_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Xiu (Sui dynasty)">Yang Xiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Liang" title="Yang Liang">Yang Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Lihua" title="Yang Lihua">Princess Leping</a></li> <li>Princess Xiang</li> <li>Princess Guangping</li> <li>Princess Lanling</li> <li>Princess Wanan</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">Family name</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yang_(surname)" title="Yang (surname)">Yang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">楊</span></span>; <i>Yáng</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a>: Jian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">堅</span></span>; <i>Jiān</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Kāihuáng <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">開皇</span></span> (581–600)</li> <li>Rénshòu <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">仁壽</span></span> (601–604)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Wen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">文皇帝</span></span>; <i>Wén Huángdì</i>; lit. "civil")</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Gaozu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">高祖</span></span>; <i>Gāozǔ</i>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhong" title="Yang Zhong">Yang Zhong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Lady Lü<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Emperor Wen of Sui</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">隋文帝</span></span>; 21 July 541 – 13 August 604<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), personal name <b>Yang Jian</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">楊堅</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> name <b>Puliuru Jian</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">普六茹堅</span></span>), was the founding <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a> of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>. As a Buddhist, he encouraged the spread of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> through the state. He is regarded as one of the most important emperors in Chinese history, reunifying <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> in 589 after centuries of division since the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Cheng-Han" title="Cheng-Han">Cheng-Han</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao</a> dynasties from the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Western_Jin_(266–316)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin dynasty</a> in 304. During his reign, the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a> began. </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a> official, Yang Jian served with apparent distinction during the reigns of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou">Emperor Wu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou">Emperor Xuan</a>. When the erratic Emperor Xuan died in 580, Yang, as his father-in-law, seized power as regent. After defeating General <a href="/wiki/Yuchi_Jiong" title="Yuchi Jiong">Yuchi Jiong</a>, who resisted him, he seized the throne for himself, establishing the new Sui dynasty. Yang Jian was the first ethnic <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> ruler to control the entirety of <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North China</a> after the Xianbei people conquered the region from the <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Liu Song dynasty</a> (not counting the brief reconquest by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liang" title="Emperor Wu of Liang">Emperor Wu of Liang</a>). </p><p>Generally speaking, Emperor Wen's reign was a great period of prosperity, not seen since the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. Economically, the nation prospered. It was said that there was enough food stored for 50 years. The military was also powerful. At the beginning of his reign, Sui faced the threat of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> in the north, neighbored <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> tribes in the west, <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> in the northeast, and <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> (Linyi) in the south. By the end of Emperor Wen's reign, the Göktürks had split into an eastern and a western khaganate, the eastern one being nominally submissive to Sui, as was Goguryeo. Champa was defeated and, while not conquered, did not remain a threat. </p><p>Emperor Wen is also famous for having only two <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubines</a>. Although he might have had additional concubines not documented by traditional historians, this is the fewest for an adult Chinese emperor, surpassed only by the monogamous <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Fei_of_Western_Wei" title="Emperor Fei of Western Wei">Emperor Fei of Western Wei</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Emperor" title="Hongzhi Emperor">Hongzhi Emperor</a> of Ming. Emperor Wen loved and respected his wife <a href="/wiki/Dugu_Qieluo" title="Dugu Qieluo">Empress Dugu</a> deeply, and he might not have had sexual relations with his concubines until after her death in 602. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Wen_of_Sui&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yang Jian was a member of the northwestern Chinese military aristocracy which had arisen during the previous period of division, and he had served as a general under the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a>. Yang Jian's family was the Yang clan of Hongnong (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%98%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%8A%E6%B0%8F" class="extiw" title="zh:弘農楊氏">弘農楊氏</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman20102_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman20102-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chen2006_22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2006_22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bol19942_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bol19942-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> origins but had intermarried with the Xianbei for generations.<sup id="cite_ref-HMT_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yang Jian's clan specifically claimed descent from the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> general Yang Zhen. Yang Zhen's eighth-generation descendant Yang Xuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楊鉉</span></span>) served as a commandery governor for a Yan state (<a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixteen Kingdoms Period">Sixteen Kingdoms Period</a>, and his descendants subsequently served the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> dynasty. Yang Jian emphasized Han Chinese cultural identity throughout his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-HMT_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yang Jian's father was <a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhong" title="Yang Zhong">Yang Zhong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楊忠</span></span>), a follower of the late-Northern Wei general <a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Tai" title="Yuwen Tai">Yuwen Tai</a>, who later became prominent in the politics of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei</a> under Yuwen's regency. Yang Jian's mother was Lady Lü, who gave birth to him in a Buddhist temple in <a href="/wiki/Pingyi_(region)" title="Pingyi (region)">Pingyi</a> (馮翊, in modern <a href="/wiki/Weinan" title="Weinan">Weinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>). A Buddhist nun was impressed with Yang Jian's appearance, and raised him in his early years.<sup id="cite_ref-BS1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BS1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yang Jian attended the imperial college for the sons of the nobility and high officials.<sup id="cite_ref-wr79-57_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wr79-57-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he was 14 years old, he was appointed to serve in the military under Yuwen Tai. </p><p>In 555, on account of Yang Zhong's accomplishments, Yang Jian received several official ranks, including the title of the Duke of Chengji County (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">成紀縣公</span></span>). In 557, <a href="/wiki/Dugu_Xin" title="Dugu Xin">Dugu Xin</a>, impressed with Yang Jian, gave his daughter, Empress Dugu Qieluo, to Yang and made her his wife. He was 16, and she was 13. After Yuwen Tai's son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou">Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou</a> came to the throne later that year, Yang Jian was made the vice minister of internal affairs, and he was created the greater title of Duke of Daxing Commandery (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大興郡公</span></span>). Subsequently, during the reign of Emperor Ming's brother <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou">Emperor Wu</a>, Yang Jian was further promoted in military authority. After Yang Zhong's death in 568, he inherited the title of Duke of Sui. In 573, Emperor Wu took Yang Jian's daughter <a href="/wiki/Yang_Lihua" title="Yang Lihua">Yang Lihua</a> to be the wife and crown princess of his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou">Yuwen Yun</a> the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince">Crown Prince</a>, and further honored Yang Jian. It was said that, however, that Yang Jian was so unusual in his appearance that some of Emperor Wu's close associates suspected Yang Jian of eventually harboring treasonous intent. Both Emperor Wu's brother <a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Xian" title="Yuwen Xian">Yuwen Xian</a> the Prince of Qi and the general Wang Gui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王軌</span></span>) were said to have suggested that Emperor Wu execute Yang Jian, but Emperor Wu resisted. Still, Yang Jian heard rumors and tried to hide his own talent to avoid trouble. It was not until 575 when Emperor Wu involved Yang Jian in a major campaign against rival <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a>. Yang Jian also participated in the 576–577 campaign that saw Emperor Wu being able to destroy Northern Qi and seize its territory. </p><p>In 578, Emperor Wu died, and Yuwen Yun took the throne as Emperor Xuan. Emperor Xuan immediately began to show erratic behavior, and while he created Yang Jian's daughter Crown Princess Yang <a href="/wiki/Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress">empress</a>, he suspected Yang Jian deeply, although he made Yang Jian the minister of defense. In 579, Emperor Xuan passed the throne to his young son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou">Yuwen Chan</a> (by his <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a> Consort <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Manyue" title="Zhu Manyue">Zhu Manyue</a>) (as Emperor Jing) and became <a href="/wiki/Taishang_Huang" title="Taishang Huang">retired emperor</a> (with the atypical title of "Emperor Tianyuan" (<i>Tianyuan Huangdi</i>), but continued to exercise imperial powers. On one occasion, he became so suspicious of Yang Jian that he stated to Empress Yang, "I will surely slaughter your clan!" He then summoned Yang Jian to the palace, with instructions to kill him if his expressions betrayed any worries, but Yang Jian arrived without showing any unusual emotions, and avoided being killed. On another occasion, Empress Yang displeased Emperor Xuan, and Emperor Xuan ordered her to commit suicide. When Duchess Dugu heard this, she went to the palace to beg Emperor Xuan's forgiveness, and Emperor Xuan eventually spared Empress Yang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regency">Regency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Wen_of_Sui&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In summer 581, with Emperor Xuan intending to conquer <a href="/wiki/Chen_dynasty" title="Chen dynasty">Chen dynasty</a>, he sent Yang Jian to be the commandant at <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_(ancient_China)" title="Yangzhou (ancient China)">Yang Province</a> (揚州, roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Lu%27an" title="Lu'an">Lu'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>) to prepare for the campaign against Chen. Before Yang Jian could depart, however, Emperor Xuan suddenly grew seriously ill. Two of Emperor Xuan's close associates, Liu Fang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">劉昉</span></span>) and Zheng Yi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鄭譯</span></span>), who were friends of Yang's, summoned Yang to the palace to prepare to serve as regent, overriding the desire of another closet associate, Yan Zhiyi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">顏之儀</span></span>), to have Emperor Xuan's uncle Yuwen Zhao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宇文招</span></span>) the Prince of Zhao appointed regent. Emperor Xuan soon died, and Zheng and Liu issued an edict in Emperor Xuan's name appointing Yang regent. </p><p>Yang immediately pleased the officials at the capital by abolishing the wastefulness and cruel policies of Emperor Xuan, and he himself demonstrated both hard work and frugality, which impressed the people. Fearful of the intentions of the general <a href="/wiki/Yuchi_Jiong" title="Yuchi Jiong">Yuchi Jiong</a>, who was then the commandant at Xiang Province (相州, roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>), he summoned Yuchi back to the capital. Yuchi, however, refused, and believing that Yang's intentions were to usurp the throne, rose at Xiang Province against Yang. He was supported by the generals Sima Xiaonan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">司馬消難</span></span>), the commandant at Xun Province (勛州, roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Xiaogan" title="Xiaogan">Xiaogan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>) and Wang Qian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王謙</span></span>), the commandant at <a href="/wiki/Yi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Province">Yi Province</a> (roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>). However, just 68 days after Yuchi rose in rebellion, the general <a href="/wiki/Wei_Xiaokuan" title="Wei Xiaokuan">Wei Xiaokuan</a> defeated Yuchi, and Yuchi committed suicide. Wang was also soon defeated, and Sima fled to Chen. To prevent Yuchi's headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Ye,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye, China">Yecheng</a> to be used again as a base of opposition against him, Yang Jian had Yecheng (Northern Qi's old capital) torn down. </p><p>During Yuchi's campaign, Zhou princes like Yuwen Xian Prince of Bi and Yuwen Zhao made attempts to assassinate Yang, but failed. In response, Yang put Yuwen Xian, Yuwen Zhao and Zhao's younger brother Yuwen Sheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宇文盛</span></span>) the Prince of Yue and their sons to death, and after Yuchi was defeated, he began to slaughter the Yuwen clan in earnest. He also had Emperor Jing promote his titles quickly, and he changed his surname back to Yang. Around the new year 581, his title was promoted to Prince of Sui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">隨王</span></span>). In spring 581, he had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him, ending Northern Zhou and establishing Sui dynasty, as its Emperor Wen. (His use of "Sui" as his new dynasty name was typical of Chinese historical dynastic transitions—using the old fief name as the new dynasty's name—but he, believing that the character for his fief Sui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">隨</span></span>) to contain a "辶" <a href="/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical (Chinese character)">radical</a>, denoting "walking" and therefore a lack of permanence in the regime, removed "辶" from the character, rendering it "隋".) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Kaihuang_era">Early <i>Kaihuang</i> era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Wen_of_Sui&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Kaihuang era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sui_Pottery_Tomb_Guardian_(9979348343).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sui_Pottery_Tomb_Guardian_%289979348343%29.jpg/220px-Sui_Pottery_Tomb_Guardian_%289979348343%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sui_Pottery_Tomb_Guardian_%289979348343%29.jpg/330px-Sui_Pottery_Tomb_Guardian_%289979348343%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sui_Pottery_Tomb_Guardian_%289979348343%29.jpg/440px-Sui_Pottery_Tomb_Guardian_%289979348343%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Tomb guardian figurine, <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a></i> records Emperor Wen as having withdrawn his favour from the <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucians</a>, giving it to "the group advocating <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a> and authoritarian government."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor Wen abolished Northern Zhou's governmental organization of six departments, instead establishing five main bureaus—executive bureau (<i>Shangshu Sheng</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">尚書省)</span></span>), examination bureau (<i>Menxia Sheng</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">門下省)</span></span>), legislative bureau (<i>Neishǐ Sheng</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">內史省)</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Palace_Library" title="Palace Library">Palace Library</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eunuch_(court_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuch (court official)">eunuch</a> bureau (<i>Neishì Sheng</i> (內侍省—note different tone and character versus 'legislative bureau')), with two additional independent agencies, 11 other independent departments, and 12 military commands. </p><p>He posthumously honored his father Yang Zhong and mother Lady Lü as emperor and empress. He created his wife Duchess Dugu empress and their oldest son <a href="/wiki/Yang_Yong_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Yong (Sui dynasty)">Yang Yong</a> crown prince; he created his brothers and his other sons imperial princes. He initially created Northern Zhou's Emperor Jing the Duke of Jie, but soon slaughtered all grandsons of Yuwen Tai, and eventually put the Duke of Jie to death as well. He entrusted most of the important governmental matters to his officials <a href="/wiki/Gao_Jiong" title="Gao Jiong">Gao Jiong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Su" title="Yang Su">Yang Su</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Su_Wei_(politician)" title="Su Wei (politician)">Su Wei</a>. Agreeing with some officials' assertions that Northern Zhou fell because its imperial princes lacked power to protect the central government, he sent his sons out to key provinces with broad powers. He further commissioned the official Pei Zheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">裴政</span></span>) to carry out a project of simplifying the penal code and decrease the penalty from the harsh laws—a reform that was later largely accepted by the succeeding dynasties. </p><p>Emperor Wen did not maintain as submissive a relationship with the Göktürks, which brought resentment from the Göktürks' <a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Qaghan" title="Ishbara Qaghan">Ishbara Qaghan</a>. The qaγan's wife, the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <a href="/wiki/Qianjin_Princess" title="Qianjin Princess">princess Qianjin</a>, Yuwen Zhao's daughter, particularly hated Emperor Wen for destroying the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a>. Ishbara therefore carried out a series of border attacks against Sui, allied with Gao Baoning (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">高寶寧</span></span>), the former Northern Qi general who was still holding Ying Province (營州, roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Zhaoyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhaoyang">Zhaoyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>). In response, under advice from the general <a href="/wiki/Zhangsun_Sheng" title="Zhangsun Sheng">Zhangsun Sheng</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">長孫晟</span></span>), Emperor Wen carried out the strategy of placating Ishbara's subordinate qaγans—his cousins <a href="/wiki/Tardu" title="Tardu">Tardu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">阿史那玷厥</span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Apa_Qaghan" title="Apa Qaghan">Apa</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">阿史那大暹便</span></span>), and brother <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Qaghan" title="Bagha Qaghan">Ashina Chuluohou</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">阿史那處羅侯</span></span>) – to create dissension within the Göktürks, and gradually, the strategy worked, causing the Göktürks to be unable to take unified actions against Sui. </p><p>In 581, Emperor Wen commissioned a major attack on Chen, and while it was initially successful, Emperor Wen withdrew the attack in spring 582 after hearing that <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Chen" title="Emperor Xuan of Chen">Emperor Xuan of Chen</a> had died and believing it wrongful to attack a state whose emperor had just died. </p><p>In 582, believing that Chang'an was too small of a city, Emperor Wen built a new capital nearby, which he named Daxing, and in spring 583 he moved the capital to Daxing. (From that point forward, Daxing and Chang'an became interchangeable names, although by the time of succeeding <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, the new capital was known again just as Chang'an.) </p><p>Also in 582, Emperor Wen, thankful for the refusal by the vassal <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Western_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Ming of Western Liang">Emperor Ming of Western Liang</a> to support Yuchi Jiong in 580, withdrew his forces from <a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(555%E2%80%93587)" title="Western Liang (555–587)">Western Liang</a>'s capital <a href="/wiki/Jiangling_County" title="Jiangling County">Jiangling</a>, permitting Western Liang a degree of self-governance. He also took Emperor Ming's <a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiao_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Empress Xiao (Sui dynasty)">daughter</a> as the wife and princess to his son, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Yang Guang</a> the Prince of Jin. (After Emperor Ming's death in 585 and succession by his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Western_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Jing of Western Liang">Emperor Jing of Western Liang</a>, however, Emperor Wen reestablished the post of commandant of Jiangling and again put Western Liang territory under military control.) </p><p>By spring 583, the Göktürks' internal dissension had become serious enough that Emperor Wen felt comfortable enough to commission his brother Yang Shuang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楊爽</span></span>) the Prince of Wei to command a major attack against Ashina Shetu. Yang Shuang achieved a great victory, and part of his army, commanded by the general Yin Shou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陰壽</span></span>), defeated Gao, forcing Gao to try to flee to the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Qidan</a>, but on the way, Gao was killed by his own subordinates, ending the last bit of Northern Qi resistance. After the defeat, the various subordinate khans further engaged in battles among themselves and against Ashina Shetu, with Sui watching by, refusing to give aid to any side. By 584, Ashina Shetu submitted to Sui, and even the resentful Princess Qianjin referred to Emperor Wen as "father." He created her the Princess Dayi. </p><p>In summer 584, believing that the <a href="/wiki/Wei_River" title="Wei River">Wei River</a>, on account of its sandbars and treacherous waters, was becoming too difficult of a route for food transport to Daxing, commissioned the official Yuwen Kai (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宇文愷</span></span>) to construct a canal between Daxing and <a href="/wiki/Tong_Pass" title="Tong Pass">Tong Pass</a>, parallel to the Wei River, named the Guangtong Canal (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">廣通渠</span></span>), greatly easing the transport of food and other supplies to the capital region <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a>. Nevertheless, on account of a famine in Guanzhong in fall 584, Emperor Wen briefly took up residence in <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>. </p><p>In 586, the officials Liang Shiyan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">梁士彥</span></span>) the Duke of Cheng, Yuwen Xin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宇文忻</span></span>) the Duke of Qi, and Liu Fang the Duke of Shu—all three of whom were friends of Emperor Wen but all of whom believed that they had been slighted by Emperor Wen—were accused of plotting rebellion, and all three were executed. </p><p>In spring 587, continuing his canal-building regime, Emperor Wen built the Shanyang Canal (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">山陽瀆</span></span>) between the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a> to improve the transport of material between those two rivers. </p><p>In fall 587, Emperor Wen summoned Western Liang's Emperor Jing to Chang'an to meet him. Emperor Jing complied with the direction. While Emperor Jing was away, however, Emperor Wen, believing that Jiangling would not be guarded well, sent his general Cui Hongdu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">崔弘度</span></span>) to Jiangling. Emperor Jing's uncle Xiao Yan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蕭巖</span></span>) the Prince of Anping and Xiao Huan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蕭瓛</span></span>) the Prince of Yixing instead believed that Cui was intending to attack the city, and they took the populace of the city and surrendered to the Chen general Chen Huiji (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陳慧紀</span></span>), the cousin to Chen's emperor <a href="/wiki/Chen_Shubao" title="Chen Shubao">Chen Shubao</a>. In response, Emperor Wen abolished Western Liang, directly seizing its territory, while creating Emperor Jing the Duke of Ju. Emperor Wen, who had been planning to conquer Chen for years, now further enhanced his planning in earnest. In spring 588, Emperor Wen publicly announced a campaign against Chen, commanded by Yang Guang, another of his sons <a href="/wiki/Yang_Jun_(prince)" title="Yang Jun (prince)">Yang Jun</a> the Prince of Qin, and Yang Su, with Yang Guang in overall command. Gao Jiong served as Yang Guang's assistant. </p><p>In spring 589, the Sui general Heruo Bi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">賀若弼</span></span>) crossed the Yangtze at Jingkou (京口, in modern <a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>), and the Sui general Han Qinhu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">韓擒虎</span></span>) crossed the Yangtze at Caishi (采石, in modern <a href="/wiki/Ma%27anshan" title="Ma'anshan">Ma'anshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>). Meanwhile, Yang Su was advancing from the west down the Yangtze, and Yang Jun was stationed in the middle Yangtze region, cutting off any Chen forces that might have been able to come to the aid of Chen's capital <a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jiankang</a>. Heruo soon defeated and captured the Chen general <a href="/wiki/Xiao_Mohe" title="Xiao Mohe">Xiao Mohe</a>, who was making a final attempt to repel Heruo and Han's forces from Jiankang, and Jiankang fell immediately after. Chen Shubao was captured but not harmed. Rather, he and his clan members were transported to Chang'an, where Emperor Wen treated them as honored guests. Some Chen generals briefly resisted, but soon the Sui had control. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> period was over, and Sui had united China. Much as how he had torn down Yecheng after Yuchi defeat, Emperor Wen tore down Jiankang, establishing only a minor garrison at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Shitou" class="mw-redirect" title="Shitou">Shitou</a> as Jiang Province (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蔣州</span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_Kaihuang_era">Late <i>Kaihuang</i> era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Wen_of_Sui&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late Kaihuang era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 590, apparently jealous of the talent of the official <a href="/wiki/Li_Delin" title="Li Delin">Li Delin</a>, who had been key in his takeover of power as regent and who had contributed to the strategies in conquering Chen, Emperor Wen, believing in several false accusations against Li, removed Li from his office and made him a provincial governor. Li would not return to the central government for the rest of his life. </p><p>After Chen was conquered, Sui began to apply its laws over Chen's former territory—which brought resentment from the gentry, as they had been treated preferentially under Chen and its predecessor dynasties in the south. Su Wei further wrote a work known as the <i>Five Teachings</i> (五教, <i>Wu Jiao</i>) which is no longer extant but thought to be a work about loyalty to Sui and ordered that all former Chen subjects read and memorize it, leading to further resentment. When a rumor spread that Sui would move Chen subjects into the Guanzhong region in 590, nearly all of former Chen realm rose in rebellion, but in an unorganized manner. Emperor Wen sent Yang Su to quell the rebellions, and the rebels were no match for Yang Su; within the year, the rebellions were put down. </p><p>In 591, <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuyuhun Kingdom">Tuyuhun</a> sought peace and, as per custom, its khan Murong Shifu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">慕容世伏</span></span>) offered his daughter to be a concubine for Emperor Wen. Emperor Wen accepted the peace offer but declined the offer of Murong Shifu's daughter. (It was, however, around this time that he did take Chen Shubao's sister and another woman from Jiankang, Consort Cai, as concubines, although it appeared likely that Consort Cai was never able to have sexual relations with Emperor Wen while Empress Dugu was alive; <a href="/wiki/Consort_Chen_(Wen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consort Chen (Wen)">Consort Chen</a>, as the sister of a submissive former sovereign, might have had sexual relations with Emperor Wen on an infrequent basis, but it is not clear.) </p><p>In spring 592, the official He Tuo (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">何妥</span></span>), who, despite his senior status over Su Wei's son Su Kui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蘇夔</span></span>), was losing out against Su Kui over a debate as to the designation of official music styles for Sui. In anger, He Tuo accused Su Wei of factionalism, and after investigation by Emperor Wen's son <a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiu_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Xiu (Sui dynasty)">Yang Xiu</a> and the official Yu Qingze (ted zhang), Su Wei was removed from office. After Su Wei's removal, Yang Su and Gao Jiong became effectively the co-prime ministers. When Heruo Bi, who believed that he should have been prime minister, complained, Emperor Wen removed him from his post as well and stripped him of his ducal title, but restored the ducal title a year later. (Su Wei, however, was back in his post at the latest by 595.) </p><p>Also in 592, Emperor Wen, reacting to an overflowing abundance of food and silk in the governmental stores, reduced the taxes heavily, and he also sent messengers around central China, redistributing land to give the poor farming land. </p><p>In 593, Emperor Wen commissioned a summer vacation palace, Renshou Palace (仁壽宮, in modern <a href="/wiki/Linyou_County" title="Linyou County">Linyou County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>), away from <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, with Yang Su in charge of the project. The palace was far more luxurious than Emperor Wen expected, and its construction cost many lives. (When it was completed in spring 595 and Emperor Wen visited the palace, he was initially very displeased with Yang Su, but Empress Dugu persuaded him that Yang Su knew that he had little other entertainment, and she awarded Yang Su much treasure to show appreciation.) </p><p>Also in 593, knowing that the Princess Dayi was still resentful of him, Emperor Wen had the official <a href="/wiki/Pei_Ju" title="Pei Ju">Pei Ju</a> inform the cousin and subordinate khan to the Göktürks' <a href="/wiki/Dulan_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulan Khan">Dulan Khan</a>, Ashina Yongyulü, the <a href="/wiki/Qimin_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qimin Khan">Tuli Khan</a> Ashina Rangan (son of Ashina Chuluohou) that he would let Ashina Rangan marry a Sui princess if Ashina Rangan was able to get Princess Dayi killed. Ashina Rangan, in response, accused Princess Dayi of adultery, and Ashina Yongyulü killed her and requested another marriage with Sui. Instead, Emperor Wen agreed to marry a princess to Ashina Rangan, in order to create greater friction between them. </p><p>In 594, in response to another famine in the Guanzhong region, Emperor Wen again temporarily took up residence in Luoyang. He also, to share in some of his people's suffering, abstained from meat for a year. </p><p>Late in 594, Yang Guang submitted a petition that Emperor Wen carry out the ancient ceremonies of worshipping the heaven and earth gods at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tai" title="Mount Tai">Mount Tai</a>. Emperor Wen declined to carry out a full set of ceremonies due to its costs, but in spring 595 carried out an abbreviated version to seek blessings from the gods due to the ongoing drought. </p><p>Also in spring 595, Emperor Wen ordered that no weapons be held by private individuals and that all of them be collected and destroyed, although he exempted the border provinces from this edict. </p><p>In 596, Emperor Wen created a daughter of a clansman the Princess Guanghua and married her to Murong Shifu, to cement the peaceful relations with Tuyuhun. </p><p>In 597, Cuan Wan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">爨翫</span></span>), the chief of the Nanning Tribe (南寧夷, located in modern <a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>), rebelled. Emperor Wen sent the general Shi Wansui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">史萬歲</span></span>) the Duke of Taiping against Cuan, forcing him to surrender. Initially, Shi was to take Cuan to Chang'an to be presented to Emperor Wen, but Cuan bribed Shi, and so Shi allowed him to stay. Also in 597, Li Guangshi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李光仕</span></span>), the chief of the aborigine people in Gui Province (桂州, roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>), also rebelled. Emperor Wen sent the generals Wang Shiji (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王世積</span></span>) and Zhou Fashang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">周法尚</span></span>) against Li, and Zhou was able to defeat and kill Li. However, in the fall, Li Shixian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李世賢</span></span>), who might have been related to Li Guangshi, rebelled at Gui Province, and Emperor Wen sent Yu Qingze the Duke of Lu to attack Li Shixian; Yu was successful in suppressing the rebellion. Subsequently, however, Yu's brother-in-law Zhao Shizhu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趙什住</span></span>), who had an affair with Yu's concubine, falsely accused Yu of treason, and around the new year 598, Yu was executed. </p><p>Also in 597, Emperor Wen felt that the punishment for official misconduct was too light, and authorized that supervising officials would be permitted to batter their subordinates with large canes if they felt that the legally prescribed punishment was too light in comparison to the degree of misconduct. Further, also believing that there was too much theft and robbery throughout the realm, he increased the punishment for theft to death—a law that he subsequently abolished. </p><p>Also in 597, Emperor Wen's son <a href="/wiki/Yang_Jun_(prince)" title="Yang Jun (prince)">Yang Jun</a> the Prince of Qin, the commandant at Bing Province (并州, roughly <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>), was poisoned, but not to death, by his jealous wife Princess Cui. After Yang Jun was taken back to Chang'an for treatment, Emperor Wen discovered that Yang Jun had been wasteful at his post, and removed him from all of his offices, allowing him to only retain the title of imperial prince. When Princess Cui's poisoning was discovered, Emperor Wen ordered Yang Jun to divorce her, and subsequently ordered her to commit suicide. When Liu Sheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">劉昇</span></span>) and Yang Su suggested that the punishment against Yang Jun was overly severe, Emperor Wen responded to Yang Su: </p> <dl><dd><i>I am the father of just five sons, not the father of all people over the land. If I agreed with you, does that mean I have to draft a </i>Penal Code for the Emperor's Sons<i>? Even a man as kind as the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Zhou" title="Duke of Zhou">Duke of Zhou</a> executed his brothers, the lords of Guan and Cai, for their crimes. I am nowhere as capable as the Duke of Zhou, so I can break my own laws?</i></dd></dl> <p>Also in 597, Ashina Rangan arrived at Chang'an, and Emperor Wen gave him the daughter of a clansman, whom he created the Princess Anyi, to be his wife, and awarded Ashina Rangan with much treasure, to try to break the bond between him and Ashina Yongyulü. From this point on, whenever Ashina Yongyulü would prepare to attack, Ashina Rangan would report his plans to Emperor Wen, allowing Sui forces to become prepared. </p><p>In 598, King <a href="/wiki/Yeongyang_of_Goguryeo" title="Yeongyang of Goguryeo">Yeongyang of Goguryeo</a> attacked Ying Province, and while the governor of Ying Province, Wei Chong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">韋沖</span></span>), fought off the Goguryeo attack, Emperor Wen was angered. He sent his son <a href="/wiki/Yang_Liang" title="Yang Liang">Yang Liang</a> the Prince of Han and Wang Shiji to serve as commanding generals, with Gao Jiong serving as Yang Liang's assistant, and the former Chen general Zhou Luohou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">周羅睺</span></span>) serving as the commander of the navy, to attack Goguryeo. However, the forces ran into food supply problems, and the ships ran into a storm and suffered great losses. Both at sea and on the ground, Goguryeo forces inflicted heavy losses on the Sui forces. Nevertheless, King Yeongyang ceased his raids into China and so Emperor Wen called off the campaign against Goguryeo, unable to commit yet another enormous force to punish Goguryeo after the recent losses. As King <a href="/wiki/Wideok_of_Baekje" title="Wideok of Baekje">Wideok of Baekje</a> offered assistance to Sui during the campaign, this precipitated a conflict between Goguryeo and Baekje. </p><p>Also in 598, Cuan Wan rebelled again, and Yang Xiu accused Shi of accepting bribes from Cuan earlier. Emperor Wen considered executing Shi, but ultimately chose only to remove him from his posts, and it appeared soon after Shi was restored to his post. </p><p>In 599, after Ashina Rangan reported that Ashina Yongyulü was planning to attack, Emperor Wen took preemptive action and had Gao Jiong, Yang Su, and Yan Rong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">燕榮</span></span>) command a three-pronged attack against Ashina Yongyulü, with Yang Liang in nominal command but not at the frontline. In response, Ashina Yongyulü and Ashina Dianjue made a joint attack against Ashina Rangan, defeating him and largely seizing his tribe. Ashina Rangan fled to Sui, and Emperor Wen treated him as an honored guest. Subsequently, both Gao Jiong and Yang Su engaged Göktürk forces and repelled them. </p><p>Also in 599, with Wang Shiji's subordinate Huangfu Xiaoxie (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">皇甫孝諧</span></span>) accusing Wang of treason after Wang refused to shield Huangfu after he committed crimes, Emperor Wen believed Huangfu and executed Wang. </p><p>By this point, Yang Yong the Crown Prince had lost the favor of both Emperor Wen and Empress Dugu, over his being overly wasteful (which displeased Emperor Wen) and having many concubines (which displeased Empress Dugu). They therefore considered deposing him and replacing him with Yang Guang. When Empress Dugu hinted as such, Gao Jiong stated clear opposition. Meanwhile, Emperor Wen himself had engaged in sexual relations with Yuchi Jiong's granddaughter, who had been made a servant after her grandfather's defeat—and when Empress Dugu found out, she had Yuchi Jiong's granddaughter killed. Emperor Wen was exceedingly angry and rode away from the palace on a horse, returning to the palace only at the urging of Gao and Yang Su—but with Gao further angering Empress Dugu when Gao referred to her as "a woman." In 599, Gao was accused of associating with Wang Shiji and removed from his posts. Subsequently, Gao was accused of cursing Emperor Wen, but when the sentence of death was recommended, Emperor Wen commented that he could not kill Gao soon after killing Yu and Wang, and therefore only reduced Gao to commoner rank. </p><p>In winter 599, Emperor Wen created Ashina Rangan Qimin Khan, and commissioned Zhangsun Sheng to build the city of Dali (大利, in modern Hohhot) to house Ashian Rangan's people, and also sent an army to protect Ashina Rangan. By now, the Princess Anyi had died, and Emperor Wen married another daughter of a clansman, whom he created the Princess Yicheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">義成公主</span></span>), to marry Ashina Rangan. Soon thereafter, Ashina Yongyulü was assassinated, and Ashina Dianjue declared himself Bujia Khan. In summer 600, Ashina Dianjue attacked Ashina Rangan, and Sui forces fought off Ashina Dianjue's attack, further causing Ashina Rangan to be grateful to Sui. </p><p>In fall 600, with Yang Guang and Yang Su forming a faction, with tacit support of Empress Dugu, they had Yang Yong's associate Ji Wei (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">姬威</span></span>) falsely accuse Yang Yong of plotting treason. Emperor Wen deposed Yang Yong and replaced him with Yang Guang. Emperor Wen also put a number of officials whom he believed to be part of Yang Yong's faction, including Shi and Yuan Min (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">元旻</span></span>) the Duke of Wuyuan, to death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renshou_era"><i>Renshou</i> era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Wen_of_Sui&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Renshou era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 602, Empress Dugu died, and Emperor Wen was greatly saddened. Thereafter, he began to engage in sexual relations with his concubines, favoring <a href="/wiki/Consort_Chen_(Wen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consort Chen (Wen)">Consort Chen</a> and Consort Cai. </p><p>Also in 602, Yang Guang, believing that Yang Xiu would eventually create trouble for him, had Yang Su collect evidence of Yang Xiu's wastefulness and use of items that were only appropriate for emperors. Yang Su submitted the evidence to Emperor Wen, and Emperor Wen, in anger, recalled Yang Xiu to the capital. After Yang Xiu arrived at the capital, Yang Guang further manufactured evidence that Yang Xiu had cursed Emperor Wen and Yang Liang. In anger, Emperor Wen reduced Yang Xiu to commoner rank and put him under house arrest. </p><p>In 603, Ashina Dianjue, faced with rebellions from the <a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a> and Pugu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">僕骨</span></span>) tribes, surrendered to Ashina Rangan. By now, Ashina Rangan became the undisputed khan of the Göktürks. </p><p>In spring 604, Emperor Wen, as per his custom, went to Renshou Palace to avoid the heat, despite warnings from the sorcerer Zhangchou Taiyi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">章仇太翼</span></span>) that if he went, he would never return. While there, he grew ill, and in fall 604, he died. He was buried at the <a href="/wiki/Yangling_District" title="Yangling District">Yangling District</a>'s Tailing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">泰陵</span></span>) <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> mausoleum, with Empress Dugu (though not in the same burial chamber). </p><p>How Emperor Wen died, however, is a matter of historical controversy. Most traditional historians relay and believe an account in which, while Emperor Wen was ill, Yang Guang tried to rape Consort Chen. When she reported the attempted rape to Emperor Wen, he became angry and had the officials Liu Shu (柳述, the husband of his daughter Yang Awu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楊阿五</span></span>) the Princess Lanling) and Yuan Yan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">元巖</span></span>) the Duke of Longgu summon Yang Yong, intending to restore him. When Yang Guang found out, he, in association with Yang Su, had Liu and Yuan arrested, and then sent his associate Zhang Heng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">張衡</span></span>) to kill Emperor Wen, and Zhang did so. Soon thereafter, he forced Consorts Chen and Cai to become his concubines and had Yang Yong put to death, and only then announced Emperor Wen's death and took the throne (as Emperor Yang). </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, borrowing parts of analyses from the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Dynasties" title="History of the Northern Dynasties">History of the Northern Dynasties</a></i>, opined: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Gaozu [Emperor Wen's <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple name</a>] was by nature cautious and solemn, and he always made sure that his orders are carried out, whether it be an order for an affirmative act or for a prohibition. He got up early in the morning to host imperial gatherings, and he would not appear tired even after noon. Although he was himself stingy, but he did not hold back his awards when rewarding the people with accomplishments. He gave much compensation to the families of soldiers who died in battle, and sent messengers to comfort them. He loved his people, encouraging them to till the field and grow mulberries, and decreasing their labor and tax burdens. He himself lived simply and frugally, and the vessels and clothes he used, even after they became worn out, continued to be patched and used. Except at feasts, his meals would contain a single meat dish. The clothes of the palace women were continued to be used even after they were washed. Based on his influence, during his reign, men only wore cotton and cloth, not silk, and their decorations were made of copper, iron, bones, and horns, not gold, silver, or gemstones. There were bountiful productions of food and textile, so much so that the storage was insufficient for them. At the start of his reign, the census rolls only had less than four million households, but at the end of his reign, there were almost nine million households, and Ji Province [(冀州, roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Hengshui" title="Hengshui">Hengshui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>)] by itself contained one million households. However, he was suspicious, critical, and picky, believing many alienating words of his officials. Therefore, even of those with the most accomplishments and his old friends, not one was able to maintain the relationship from start to end. He even treated his own sons as enemies. These were his faults.</p></blockquote> <p>Emperor Wen also established seven orchestras comprising musicians from across Asia at his court; these orchestras were expanded to nine by his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang of Sui</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Wen_of_Sui&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consorts and Issue: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dugu_Qieluo" title="Dugu Qieluo">Empress Wenxian</a>, of the Henan Dugu clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">文獻皇后河南獨孤氏</span></span>; 544–602), personal name Jialuo (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">伽羅</span></span>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Lihua" title="Yang Lihua">Princess Leping</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">樂平公主</span></span>; 561–609), personal name Lihua (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">麗華</span></span>), first daughter <ul><li>Married <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou">Yuwen Yun</a> (559–580) in 573, and had issue (one daughter)</li></ul></li> <li>Princess Xiang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">襄公主</span></span>), second daughter <ul><li>Married Li Changya, Duke Heyang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李長雅</span></span>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yong_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Yong (Sui dynasty)">Yang Yong</a>, Prince of Fangling (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">房陵王楊勇</span></span>; 568–604), first son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Yang Guang</a>, Emperor Yang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">煬皇帝楊廣</span></span>; 569–618), second son</li> <li>Princess Guangping (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">廣平公主</span></span>), third daughter <ul><li>Married Yuwen Jingli, Duke Ande (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宇文靜禮</span></span>), and had issue (two sons)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jun_(prince)" title="Yang Jun (prince)">Yang Jun</a>, Prince Xiao of Qin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秦孝王楊俊</span></span>; 571–600), third son</li> <li><i>Fourth daughter</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiu_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Xiu (Sui dynasty)">Yang Xiu</a>, Prince of Shu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蜀王楊秀</span></span>; 573–618), fourth son</li> <li>Princess Lanling (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蘭陵公主</span></span>; 573–604), fifth daughter <ul><li>Married Wang Fengxiao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王奉孝</span></span>; d. 583) in 580</li> <li>Married Liu Shu of Hedong, Duke Jian'an (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">河東柳述</span></span>) in 585</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Liang" title="Yang Liang">Yang Liang</a>, Prince of Han (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">漢王楊諒</span></span>; 575–605), fifth son</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consort_Chen_(Wen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consort Chen (Wen)"><i>Furen</i></a>, of the Yingchuan Chen clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宣華夫人潁川陳氏</span></span>; 577–605)</li> <li><i>Furen</i>, of the Cai clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">容华夫人蔡氏</span></span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Wen_of_Sui&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="ahnentafel" style="font-size:88%;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">Yang Lie</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">Yang Zhen (d. 528)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhong" title="Yang Zhong">Yang Zhong</a> (posthumously "Emperor Wu Yuan", 507–568)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">Lady Gai</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">Emperor Wen of Sui (541–604)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="24" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">Lü Shuangzhou</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">Lü Kutao (posthumously "Empress Yuanming")</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="9"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="8" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">Lady Yao</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Wen_of_Sui&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Wen_of_Sui&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical records have very little to say on Lady Lü. According to Yang Jian's biography in <i>Book of Sui</i>, Lady Lü once fell ill for three years. Yang Jian waited on her day and night, earning him a reputation of being very filial. (后征还，遇皇妣寝疾三年，昼夜不离左右，代称纯孝。) <i>Sui Shu</i>, vol.01. The Lü clan was of humble origins, and after Lady Lü left her maternal family, the Yang clan lost contact with the Lüs for some time. An attempt was made to locate the Lüs after the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a>, without success. Early in the <i>Kaihuang</i> era of Yang Jian's reign, <a href="/wiki/Jinan_Commandery" title="Jinan Commandery">Jinan Commandery</a> informed that a man named Lü Yongji (吕永吉) claimed to have a paternal aunt with the <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> "Kutao" (苦桃) who was the wife of Yang Zhong. Lü Yongji's identity as Yang Jian's maternal cousin was eventually verified, and Yang Jian posthumously honored his maternal grandfather Lü Shuangzhou (吕双周) and grandmother Lady Yao. (高祖外家吕氏，其族盖微，平齐之后，求访不知所在。至开皇初，济南郡上言，有男子吕永吉，自称有姑字苦桃，为杨忠妻。勘验知是舅子，始追赠外祖双周为上柱国、太尉、八州诸军事、青州刺史，封齐郡公，谥曰敬，外祖母姚氏为齐敬公夫人。) <i>Sui Shu</i>, vol.79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Emperor Wen's biography, he died on the <i>dingwei</i> day of the 7th month of the 4th year of the <i>Renshou</i> era of his reign. This corresponds to 13 Aug 604 in the Julian calendar. ([仁寿四年秋七月]丁未，崩于大宝殿，时年六十四。) <i>Sui Shu</i>, vol.02</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodman20102-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodman20102_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoward_L._Goodman2010" class="citation book cs1">Howard L. Goodman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLu4J6ffgWEC&q=hongnong+yang&pg=PA81"><i>Xun Xu and the Politics of Precision in Third-Century Ad China</i></a>. Brill. pp. 81–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18337-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18337-7"><bdi>978-90-04-18337-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xun+Xu+and+the+Politics+of+Precision+in+Third-Century+Ad+China&rft.pages=81-&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18337-7&rft.au=Howard+L.+Goodman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdLu4J6ffgWEC%26q%3Dhongnong%2Byang%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Wen+of+Sui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rA0iAQAAMAAJ&q=hung+nung+yang"><i>Bulletin</i></a>. The Museum. 1992. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=The+Museum&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrA0iAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhung%2Bnung%2Byang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Wen+of+Sui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen2006_22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chen2006_22_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJo-Shui_Chen2006" class="citation book cs1">Jo-Shui Chen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jnKdhb6Ct0oC&q=hung+nung+yang&pg=PA195"><i>Liu Tsung-yüan and Intellectual Change in T'ang China, 773–819</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 195–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03010-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03010-6"><bdi>978-0-521-03010-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liu+Tsung-y%C3%BCan+and+Intellectual+Change+in+T%27ang+China%2C+773%E2%80%93819&rft.pages=195-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03010-6&rft.au=Jo-Shui+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjnKdhb6Ct0oC%26q%3Dhung%2Bnung%2Byang%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Wen+of+Sui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bol19942-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bol19942_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Bol1994" class="citation book cs1">Peter Bol (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs9MBxcHUSQC&q=hung+nung+yang&pg=PA505"><i>"This Culture of Ours": Intellectual Transitions in T?ang and Sung China</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 505–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6575-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6575-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-6575-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22This+Culture+of+Ours%22%3A+Intellectual+Transitions+in+T%3Fang+and+Sung+China&rft.pages=505-&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6575-6&rft.au=Peter+Bol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVs9MBxcHUSQC%26q%3Dhung%2Bnung%2Byang%26pg%3DPA505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Wen+of+Sui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vbK5AAAAIAAJ&q=hung+nung+yang"><i>Asia Major</i></a>. Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica. 1995. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+Major&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Institute+of+History+and+Philology+of+the+Academia+Sinica&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvbK5AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dhung%2Bnung%2Byang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Wen+of+Sui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMT-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HMT_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMT_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2009" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Harold Miles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIWC9wCX2c8C&pg=PA167"><i>China: A History</i></a>. Hackett Publishing. pp. 167–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-915-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-915-2"><bdi>978-0-87220-915-2</bdi></a>. <q>Yang Jian (r. 581–604), the founder of the Sui dynasty, was a member of the ethnically mixed, militaristic northwestern Chinese aristocracy developed during the period of division. The Yang clan had served, and intermarried with the Xianbei for generations. (...) Although he was a product of the mixed-ethnicity northern aristocracy, Yang Jian made a point of emphasizing Han Chinese cultural identity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+History&rft.pages=167-168&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-915-2&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Harold+Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIWC9wCX2c8C%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Wen+of+Sui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BS1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BS1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B701" class="extiw" title="zh:s:隋書/卷01">vol. 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wr79-57-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wr79-57_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1979">Wright 1979</a>, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Creel, What Is Taoism?, 112</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Wen_of_Sui&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Wright" title="Arthur F. Wright">Wright, Arthur F.</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ReCvuwAACAAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA48">"The Sui dynasty (581–617)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Denis_Twitchett" title="Denis Twitchett">Twitchett, Dennis</a> (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906 AD, Part 1</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 48–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9"><bdi>978-0-521-21446-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sui+dynasty+%28581%E2%80%93617%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+3%3A+Sui+and+T%27ang+China%2C+589%E2%80%93906+AD%2C+Part+1&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=48-149&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21446-9&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Arthur+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DReCvuwAACAAJ%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Wen+of+Sui" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Emperor Wen of Sui</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">House of Yang</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 541</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 604</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou">Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Western_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Jing of Western Liang">Emperor Jing of Western Liang</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shubao" title="Chen Shubao">Chen Shubao</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> </b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></i><br />581–604 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang of Sui</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Chinese royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as Duke of Sui </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Prince of Sui </b><br />581 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Merged into the Crown </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">Chinese nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Unknown</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Duke of Chengji </b><br />555–557 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Unknown</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Unknown</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Duke of <a href="/wiki/Daxing_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Daxing District">Daxing</a> </b><br />557–568 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Unknown</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhong" title="Yang Zhong">Yang Zhong</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Duke of Sui </b><br />568–581 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as Prince of Sui </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emperor Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="font-size:36px;">隋</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_You" title="Yang You">Yang You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tong" title="Yang Tong">Yang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Hao_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Hao (Sui dynasty)">Yang Hao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Yujiulü_clan_of_Rouran_tribeKhagans_of_Rouran_(includes_chieftains,_members,_noblemen,_consorts_and_descendants)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_clan" title="Yujiulü clan">Yujiulü clan</a> of Rouran tribe<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate#Rulers_of_the_Rouran" title="Rouran Khaganate">Khagans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a> (includes chieftains, members, noblemen, consorts and descendants)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Pre-khaganate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unified rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Mugul%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Yujiulü Mugulü">Mugulü</a>→<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Cheluhui" title="Yujiulü Cheluhui">Cheluhui</a>→<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yujiul%C3%BC_Tunugui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yujiulü Tunugui (page does not exist)">Tunugui</a>→<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yujiul%C3%BC_Bati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yujiulü Bati (page does not exist)">Bati</a>→<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yujiul%C3%BC_Disuyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yujiulü Disuyuan (page does not exist)">Disuyuan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divided rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yujiul%C3%BC_Pihouba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yujiulü Pihouba (page does not exist)">Pihouba</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yujiul%C3%BC_Wenheti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yujiulü Wenheti (page does not exist)">Wenheti</a>→<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yujiul%C3%BC_Heduohan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yujiulü Heduohan (page does not exist)">Heduohan</a>&<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Shelun" title="Yujiulü Shelun">Shelun</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Re-unified rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yujiul%C3%BC_Heduohan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yujiulü Heduohan (page does not exist)">Heduohan</a>&<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Shelun" title="Yujiulü Shelun">Shelun</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epitaph_of_Furen.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Epitaph of Yujiulü Furen (郁久闾伏仁), died on 29 November 586"><img alt="Epitaph of Yujiulü Furen (郁久闾伏仁), died on 29 November 586" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Epitaph_of_Furen.png/100px-Epitaph_of_Furen.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Epitaph_of_Furen.png/150px-Epitaph_of_Furen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Epitaph_of_Furen.png/200px-Epitaph_of_Furen.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Former Khaganate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Unified_rule(fanli)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unified rule<br /><small>(<i>fanli</i>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Shelun" title="Yujiulü Shelun">Shelun</a>→<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Hul%C3%BC" title="Yujiulü Hulü">Hulü</a>→<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Buluzhen" title="Yujiulü Buluzhen">Buluzhen</a>→<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Datan" title="Yujiulü Datan">Datan</a>→<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Wuti" title="Yujiulü Wuti">Wuti</a>→<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Tuhezhen" title="Yujiulü Tuhezhen">Tuhezhen</a>→<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Yucheng" title="Yujiulü Yucheng">Yucheng</a>→<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Doulun" title="Yujiulü Doulun">Doulun</a>→<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Nagai" title="Yujiulü Nagai">Nagai</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Middle Khaganate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unified rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Futu" title="Yujiulü Futu">Futu</a>→<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Chounu" title="Yujiulü Chounu">Chounu</a>→<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Anagui" title="Yujiulü Anagui">Anagui</a>→<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Poluomen" title="Yujiulü Poluomen">Poluomen</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divided rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ejin_Banner" title="Ejin Banner">Xihai</a> rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Poluomen" title="Yujiulü Poluomen">Poluomen</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guyang_County" title="Guyang County">Huaishuo</a> rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Anagui" title="Yujiulü Anagui">Anagui</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Re-unified rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Anagui" title="Yujiulü Anagui">Anagui</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Later Khaganate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Divided_rule" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divided rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Tiefa" title="Yujiulü Tiefa">Tiefa</a>→<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Dengzhu" title="Yujiulü Dengzhu">Dengzhu</a>→<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Kangti" title="Yujiulü Kangti">Kangti</a>→<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Anluochen" title="Yujiulü Anluochen">Anluochen</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Dengshuzi" title="Yujiulü Dengshuzi">Dengshuzi</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Members, noblemen, consorts<br /> and descendants of the Yujiulü clan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puhun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puhun (page does not exist)">Puhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consort_Yujiul%C3%BC_(Northern_Yan)" title="Consort Yujiulü (Northern Yan)">Zhaoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Zuo_Zhaoyi" title="Lu Zuo Zhaoyi">Zuo Zhaoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consort_Yujiul%C3%BC_(Northern_Yan)" title="Consort Yujiulü (Northern Yan)">Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yu" title="Tuoba Yu">Tuoba Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Pi" title="Lü Pi">Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yujiul%C3%BC_Ruowen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yujiulü Ruowen (page does not exist)">Ruowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Ruru" title="Princess Ruru">Ruru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Linhe" title="Princess Linhe">Chidilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Yujiul%C3%BC" title="Empress Yujiulü">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Furen" title="Yujiulü Furen">Furen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ru_Zhijuan" title="Ru Zhijuan">Ru Zhijuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anyi" title="Wang Anyi">Wang Anyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afuzhiluo" title="Afuzhiluo">Afuzhiluo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axian_Shad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axian Shad (page does not exist)">Ashina Natalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumin_Qaghan" title="Bumin Qaghan">Ashina Tumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqan_Qaghan" title="Muqan Qaghan">Ashina Yandou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanwu_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei">Tuoba Ke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaoming_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei">Tuoba Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Western_Wei" title="Emperor Wen of Western Wei">Tuoba Baoju</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Puliuru Jian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:transparent; padding:0;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Mugul%C3%BC#Descendants_of_Mugulü" class="mw-redirect" title="Yujiulü Mugulü">Family tree</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC" title="Yujiulü">Surname list</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Yujiul%C3%BC_clan" title="Category:Yujiulü clan">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7418#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7418#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7418#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081479930">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68841035">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/414224/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv8Ffvd3rYx9BP3dCkxDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr98008724">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p185470467">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987010400025505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1434428">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Wen_of_Sui&oldid=1248287801">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Wen_of_Sui&oldid=1248287801</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sui_dynasty_emperors" title="Category:Sui dynasty emperors">Sui dynasty emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rouran" title="Category:Rouran">Rouran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Zhou_generals" 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