HAO Research | High Altitude Observatory

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-36147822-1"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "UA-36147822-1", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path"});gtag("config", "G-E6DD37YN1N", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location"});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www2.hao.ucar.edu/hao-science" /> <link rel="icon" href="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ncar/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="16x16" href="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ncar/favicon-16x16.png" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="32x32" href="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ncar/favicon-32x32.png" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="96x96" href="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ncar/favicon-96x96.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ncar/apple-icon-60x60.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ncar/apple-icon-72x72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ncar/apple-icon-76x76.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ncar/apple-icon-114x114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ncar/apple-icon-120x120.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ncar/apple-icon-144x144.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ncar/apple-icon-152x152.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ncar/apple-icon-180x180.png" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="NCAR" /> <meta name="application-name" content="NCAR" /> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ncar/ms-icon-150x150.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ncar/ms-icon-310x310.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ncar/ms-icon-70x70.png" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <style>div#sliding-popup, div#sliding-popup .eu-cookie-withdraw-banner, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab {background: #0779bf} div#sliding-popup.eu-cookie-withdraw-wrapper { background: transparent; } #sliding-popup h1, #sliding-popup h2, #sliding-popup h3, #sliding-popup p, #sliding-popup label, #sliding-popup div, .eu-cookie-compliance-more-button, .eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { color: #ffffff;} .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { border-color: #ffffff;}</style> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600;1,700&family=Roboto+Mono:ital@0;1&display=swap" /> <title>HAO Research | High Altitude Observatory</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_23i0wSP6jb-QTfxXJNse85Aizl1BP7D0EywiH22LQtM.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=unity&include=eJx9Uu1y3CAMfCHPedo-kEYG2VYCiEHiHPfpq3OTfmS4_DFGuytWH6hKBlxeKJi0-UVvW-MIamciOBrWSg1CQqcprNLgznTohP_LguoNm3FwUUSjS89lG_GWbiZFPQgBWxzmClgt7AiccSNY-W1ISoTtCbZ_gyBJ2hD7_gX24zlW8L5ge7ihoen68GpsiZ5zGsUeCNzeKsXgIN52GxOz3AmuYaxNMmT0hmUqHWKTGuUoX8h6ObAYuZQpRf2dIbLWhKeDxgkWMqOrGuDHZHuJo4TKkR5VXy_bQfg6rOugxZcj63R1b5G3OdKKPdmfgPN9I2j-dJ82kc07hgXT6Quk8-fApKca5XlBpakXtvPf30yq3nf9QERMzdf2_X593UOjubg_TPyTJuo-ZHll8iPXxFgCzaMgfBRRseHmWXedY-sV0-1v5NZL7Uti3Sm-v1ok0i8pyVTI" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_1eQ2x4zcm7wf_yUi_KOm1K-zqSXvbERb7r6P4Fl3cU8.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=unity&include=eJx9Uu1y3CAMfCHPedo-kEYG2VYCiEHiHPfpq3OTfmS4_DFGuytWH6hKBlxeKJi0-UVvW-MIamciOBrWSg1CQqcprNLgznTohP_LguoNm3FwUUSjS89lG_GWbiZFPQgBWxzmClgt7AiccSNY-W1ISoTtCbZ_gyBJ2hD7_gX24zlW8L5ge7ihoen68GpsiZ5zGsUeCNzeKsXgIN52GxOz3AmuYaxNMmT0hmUqHWKTGuUoX8h6ObAYuZQpRf2dIbLWhKeDxgkWMqOrGuDHZHuJo4TKkR5VXy_bQfg6rOugxZcj63R1b5G3OdKKPdmfgPN9I2j-dJ82kc07hgXT6Quk8-fApKca5XlBpakXtvPf30yq3nf9QERMzdf2_X593UOjubg_TPyTJuo-ZHll8iPXxFgCzaMgfBRRseHmWXedY-sV0-1v5NZL7Uti3Sm-v1ok0i8pyVTI" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_E1YYRymTiYsXo42WoGoHhCrbnSuWUBnT4P_Mcx9Chl0.css?delta=2&language=en&theme=unity&include=eJx9Uu1y3CAMfCHPedo-kEYG2VYCiEHiHPfpq3OTfmS4_DFGuytWH6hKBlxeKJi0-UVvW-MIamciOBrWSg1CQqcprNLgznTohP_LguoNm3FwUUSjS89lG_GWbiZFPQgBWxzmClgt7AiccSNY-W1ISoTtCbZ_gyBJ2hD7_gX24zlW8L5ge7ihoen68GpsiZ5zGsUeCNzeKsXgIN52GxOz3AmuYaxNMmT0hmUqHWKTGuUoX8h6ObAYuZQpRf2dIbLWhKeDxgkWMqOrGuDHZHuJo4TKkR5VXy_bQfg6rOugxZcj63R1b5G3OdKKPdmfgPN9I2j-dJ82kc07hgXT6Quk8-fApKca5XlBpakXtvPf30yq3nf9QERMzdf2_X593UOjubg_TPyTJuo-ZHll8iPXxFgCzaMgfBRRseHmWXedY-sV0-1v5NZL7Uti3Sm-v1ok0i8pyVTI" /> </head> <body class="path-node page-node-type-basic-page ncar"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="layout-container"> <header role="banner"> <div class="region region-header"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-main-navigation-menu" id="block-main-navigation" class="block block-menu navigation menu--main navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light align-items-start py-0"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-main-navigation-menu">Main navigation</h2> <div class="container-fluid px-0"> <div class="row gx-0 flex-grow-1"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="container-lg"> <div class="row gx-0 py-md-1"> <div class="col col-md-7 py-md-1"> <div class="d-flex"> <div class="pe-1 my-1 my-md-0 nsf-logo align-self-center"> <a href="https://nsf.gov" title="U.S. NSF Home"> <img src="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/NSF_Official_logo.png" alt="U.S. NSF Logo" /> </a> </div> <div class="ps-2 my-1 py-md-0 align-self-center ncar-logo"> <div class="mb-0 small-ncar-logo"> <a href="https://ncar.ucar.edu"> <img src="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/logo-ncar.png" alt="NSF NCAR Logo" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="ms-auto px-0 py-md-0 d-md-none justify-content-end mobile-toggler"> <button id="menuIcon" class="navbar-toggler collapsed btn border-left" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent1,#navbarSupportedContent2" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="utility-menu col collapse d-none d-md-flex justify-content-end align-items-center pe-0"> <div> <a href="/form/contact">Contact Us</a> </div> <form class="d-flex ms-2 border-left" action="/search" method="GET" id="header-search-form"> <input name="search_api_fulltext" class="form-control" id="siteSearch" type="search" aria-label="Search" > <button class="text-white bg-org-dark" type="submit" aria-label="Search">Search HAO</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 navbar-wrapper border-top"> <div class="container-lg collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarSupportedContent1"> <div class="site-name mx-3 mx-md-0 my-2"><a href="/">High Altitude Observatory</a></div> <ul class="menu navbar-nav me-auto mb-2 mb-md-0 align-items-center"> <li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="/home" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/426">Home</a> </li> <li class="menu-item nav-item menu-item--expanded dropdown d-flex flex-wrap"> <a href="/about/hao-mission-and-vision" title="Information about HAO's organization, staff, partners, and programs, along with helpful links and information for staff and visitors." class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2">About</a> <button id="about" class="btn dropdown-toggle px-3 px-md-0 mx-md-1" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Expand/Collapse About"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="about"> <ul class="menu menu-grid"> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/news" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">HAO News</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/about/history" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3">History of HAO</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/staff" title="A directory listing of HAO staff" class="dropdown-item">People</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/about/visitor-program" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/220">Visitor Program</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/about/partnerships" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/448">Partnerships</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/about/hao-organizational-chart" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/188">Organizational Chart</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/about/strategic-plan" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/187">Strategic Plan</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/about/external-advisory-committees" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/189">External Advisory Committees</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/about/internal-advisory-committees" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/635">Internal Advisory Committees</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/resources/general-information" title="Information about HAO computer support, visitor housing, transportation, etc." class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/572">Information for Staff/Visitors</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/resources/csmt" title="Information specific to computing resources at HAO." class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/573">Computer Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="menu-item nav-item menu-item--expanded dropdown d-flex flex-wrap menu-item--active-trail"> <a href="/hao-science" title="Learn more about the science that HAO does; See recent publication highlights; Links to our scientific working groups." class="nav-link active is-active" aria-current="page" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/447">Research</a> <button id="research" class="btn dropdown-toggle px-3 px-md-0 mx-md-1" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Expand/Collapse Research"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="research"> <ul class="menu "> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/publication-highlights" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="publication-highlights">Research Highlights</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/hao-science/science-topics" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="hao-science/science-topics">Science Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/hao-science/working-groups" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="hao-science/working-groups">Strategic Working Groups</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="menu-item nav-item menu-item--expanded dropdown d-flex flex-wrap"> <a href="/modeling" title="HAO's Sun-Earth modeling contributions." class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/394">Modeling</a> <button id="modeling" class="btn dropdown-toggle px-3 px-md-0 mx-md-1" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Expand/Collapse Modeling"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="modeling"> <ul class="menu menu-grid"> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/modeling/assimilative-mapping-ionospheric-electrodynamics-amie" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/159">Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE)</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/modeling/coupled-magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere-model-cmit" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/162">Coupled Magnetosphere Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (CMIT)</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/modeling/data-optimized-coronal-field-model-docfm" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/164">Data-Optimized Coronal Field Model (DOCFM)</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/modeling/FORWARD" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/136">FORWARD</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/modeling/glow" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/165">The GLobal airglOW Model (GLOW)</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/modeling/gswm-global-scale-wave-model" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/168">Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM)</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/modeling/lyon-fedder-mobarry-global-lfm-mhd-code" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/163">Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry (LFM) code</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="https://www.hao.ucar.edu/research/rempel/sunspot_models.php" title="Output of HAO's Matthias Rempel's sunspot model" class="dropdown-item">MURaM Sunspot Model Output</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="https://www.hao.ucar.edu/modeling/tgcm/" class="dropdown-item">TIEGCM</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/modeling/waccm-x" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/160">WACCM-X</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/LWS" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/169">Living With A Star Focus Team</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="menu-item nav-item menu-item--expanded dropdown d-flex flex-wrap"> <a href="/data-facilities" title="Access to HAO's observational facilities and their data." class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/393">Observation</a> <button id="observation" class="btn dropdown-toggle px-3 px-md-0 mx-md-1" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Expand/Collapse Observation"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="observation"> <ul class="menu menu-grid"> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/mlso" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/104">Mauna Loa Solar Observatory</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/cosmo" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/113">COSMO</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/csac" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/120">Community Spectro-polarimetric Analysis Center</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/fpi" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/170">Fabry-Perot Interferometers</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="https://mlso.hao.ucar.edu/hao-eclipses.php" class="dropdown-item">HAO Eclipses</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/mcintosh-archive" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/177">McIntosh Synoptic Map Archive</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/ncar-vacuum-tunnel-facility-nvtf" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/176">NCAR Vacuum Tunnel Facility</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/mlso/solar-maximum-mission" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/151">Solar Maximum Mission</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="https://mlso.hao.ucar.edu/the-sun-today.php" title="A dashboard showing recent images from MLSO, SDO, and GONG" class="dropdown-item">The Sun Today</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/windcube" title="Information about a proposed cube sat" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/453">WindCube</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/lfdi" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/890">LFDI</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="menu-item nav-item menu-item--expanded dropdown d-flex flex-wrap"> <a href="/education" title="Education materials about the Sun for K-12." class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/429">Education</a> <button id="education" class="btn dropdown-toggle px-3 px-md-0 mx-md-1" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Expand/Collapse Education"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="education"> <ul class="menu menu-grid"> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/education/pictorial" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/320">The Sun: A Pictorial Introduction</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/education/about-the-sun" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/351">Questions and Answers About the Sun</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/education/solar-physics-timeline" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/793">Solar Physics Historical Timeline</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/education/scientists" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/295">Famous Solar-Stellar Scientists</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/education/prehistoric-southwest" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/321">Solar Astronomy in the Prehistoric Southwest</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/education/suggested-reading" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/349">Suggested Reading</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/education/educational-resources" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/565">Additional Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="menu-item nav-item menu-item--expanded dropdown d-flex flex-wrap"> <a href="/hao-news-events" title="HAO upcoming and past events; Archive of news stories" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/625">News & Events</a> <button id="news-events" class="btn dropdown-toggle px-3 px-md-0 mx-md-1" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Expand/Collapse News & Events"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="news-events"> <ul class="menu "> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/news" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">News</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/hao-news-events/upcoming-events" title="All upcoming events" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/626">All Upcoming Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-grid-item"> <a href="/hao-news-events/past-events" title="Past events" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/627">Past Events</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 mobile-utility-menu px-2 d-md-none"> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse justify-content-end" id="navbarSupportedContent2"> <form class="flex-column" action="/search" id="mobile-search-form"> <div> <label for="mobileSearch">Search HAO</label> </div> <div class="d-flex"> <input name="search_api_fulltext" class="form-control" id="mobileSearch" type="search" aria-label="Search"> <button class="text-white bg-org-dark" type="submit" aria-label="Search"><i class="fas fa-magnifying-glass"></i></button> </div> </form> <div class="py-2 contact"> <a href="/form/contact">Contact Us</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main class="container-lg pt-2 pt-md-3"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="d-print-flex"> <div class="layout-content main-content-wrapper"> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div><div id="block-unity-main-page-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"> <article class="node node--type-basic-page node--view-mode-full main-content-wrapper"> <div class="node__content main-content"> <div class="no-contacts-added layout__region--twocol d-grid d-print-flex with-sidebar"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--main-top breadcrumb-wrapper"> <div class="block block-system block-system-breadcrumb-block"> <nav class="mb-3 d-print-none" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active"> Research </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> <main class="layout__region layout__region--main main-content-wrapper"> <h1>HAO Research</h1> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodebasic-pagefield-main-content"> <div class="field field--name-field-main-content field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-body field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The High Altitude Observatory, through its collaboration with scientists and scientific organizations around the world is recognized as one of the premier authorities of Sun and Sun-Earth studies.</p> <figure class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default figure mb-1 mb-md-4"> <p> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/extra_large/public/2022-04/HAO-Science-Banner.gif?itok=rer4FJFQ" width="926" height="174" alt="HAO Science banner" class="image-style-extra-large img-fluid"></p> </figure> <p>Tightly integrated activities between HAO's scientific staff and its Instrumentation Group (engineering team) strengthen its core program, and in turn yield a variety of exciting results in the scientific exploration of the Sun and the influences it exerts on the terrestrial atmosphere and climate.</p> <figure class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default figure mb-1 mb-md-4"> <p> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/extra_large/public/2022-04/HAO-Science-Banner-AIM.gif?itok=L3h0aYiT" width="926" height="174" alt="AIM banner" class="image-style-extra-large img-fluid"></p> </figure> <p>The scientific program of HAO is solar-terrestrial physics, broadly interpreted. Included is solar physics, physics of the heliosphere, the study of geospace and space weather, and the physics of the Earth's magnetosphere and upper atmosphere.</p> <figure class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default figure mb-1 mb-md-4"> <p> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/extra_large/public/2022-04/HAO-Science-Banner-LSV.gif?itok=mauoa_W0" width="926" height="174" alt="LSV banner" class="image-style-extra-large img-fluid"></p> </figure> <ul class="body-font-large"> <li>Visit our page of <a href="/publication-highlights"><strong>Research Highlights</strong></a>, culled from our staff's recent publications.</li> <li>Learn more about various <a href="/hao-science/science-topics"><strong>Science Topics</strong></a> relevant to our Sun-Earth system research.</li> <li>See <a href="/hao-science/working-groups"><strong>Strategic Working Groups</strong></a> that we use to drive our research, data, and community efforts forward.</li> </ul> <figure class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default figure mb-1 mb-md-4"> <p> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/extra_large/public/2022-04/HAO-Science-Banner-STSW.gif?itok=LiBj2l6w" width="926" height="174" alt="STSW banner" class="image-style-extra-large img-fluid"></p> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-extra-field-blocknodebasic-pagelinks"> </div> </main> <aside class="layout__region layout__region--sidebar-top sidebar-nav mb-md-4"> <aside class="block block-contextual-menu-block sidebar-nav"> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between" id="sidebarHeader"> <h2 class="px-2 px-md-3 py-md-2 text-white"> <span class="is-active text-white">Research</span> </h2> <button class="btn text-white collapsed px-2 d-md-none" href="#sidebarMenu" id="sidebarCollapseButton" aria-label="Content Types" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#sidebarMenu" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidebarMenu"> </button> </div> <div id="sidebarMenu" class="py-2 collapse" aria-labelledby="sidebar" data-parent="#sidebar"> <ul class="nav flex-column"> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/publication-highlights" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="publication-highlights">Research Highlights</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/hao-science/science-topics" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="hao-science/science-topics">Science Topics</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/hao-science/working-groups" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="hao-science/working-groups">Strategic Working Groups</a> </li> </ul> </div> </aside> </aside> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="org-footer d-print-none"> <div class="container-lg py-md-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-5 py-2"> <div class="accordion" id="accordionNCAR"> <div id="ncarHeader" class="d-flex justify-content-between"> <h3 class="text-light pb-mb-2">NCAR</h3> <button class="btn text-light px-2 collapsed" href="#ncarCollapseMenu" id="ncarCollapseButton" aria-label="NCAR Organization" data-bs-toggle="collapse" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="ncarCollapseMenu"></button> </div> <div id="ncarCollapseMenu" class="collapse" aria-labelledby="ncarHeader" data-parent="#accordionNCAR"> <ul class="nav flex-column"> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://ncar.ucar.edu">NCAR Homepage</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www2.acom.ucar.edu/">ACOM | Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.cgd.ucar.edu/">CGD | Climate & Global Dynamics</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.cisl.ucar.edu">CISL | Computational & Information Systems</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://edec.ucar.edu/">EdEC | Education, Engagement & Early-Career Development</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.eol.ucar.edu/">EOL | Earth Observing Laboratory</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www2.hao.ucar.edu/">HAO | High Altitude Observatory</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.mmm.ucar.edu/">MMM | Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorology</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://ral.ucar.edu/">RAL | Research Applications Laboratory</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md py-2"> <div class="accordion" id="accordionUCAR"> <div id="ucarHeader" class="d-flex justify-content-between"> <h3 class="text-light pb-mb-2">UCAR</h3> <button class="btn px-2 text-light collapsed" href="#ucarCollapseMenu" id="ucarCollapseButton" aria-label="UCAR Organization" data-bs-toggle="collapse" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="ucarCollapseMenu"></button> </div> <div id="ucarCollapseMenu" class="collapse" aria-labelledby="ucarHeader" data-parent="#accordionUCAR"> <ul class="nav flex-column"> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.ucar.edu">UCAR Homepage</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.ucar.edu/community-programs">Community Programs</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.ucar.edu/who-we-are/diversity-inclusion">Diversity & Inclusion</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.ucar.edu/what-we-offer/education-training">Education & Training</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://sundog.ucar.edu/">For Staff</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.ucar.edu/what-we-do/advocacy/office-government-relations">Government Relations & External Engagement</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.ucar.edu/who-we-are/membership">Member Institutions</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.ucar.edu/what-we-do/tech-transfer-engagement">Tech Transfer & Engagement</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.ucar.edu/what-we-do/university-collaboration">University Collaboration</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md py-2"> <div class="newsletter-signup"> <h3 class="text-light pb-mb-2">Subscribe to NCAR|UCAR News</h3>  <div id="mc_embed_signup"> <form action="https://ucar.us4.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=289033ba2718c3aa3d2b2e76f&id=80502e816e" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate" target="_blank" novalidate=""> <div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll" class="input-group"> <input type="email" value="" name="EMAIL" class="form-control" id="mce-EMAIL" required="" aria-label="Enter your email address to subscribe to the newsletter" placeholder="Email address" aria-describedby="mce-sign-up"> <button class="btn btn-primary input-group-text" id="mce-sign-up">Sign Up</button>  <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;" aria-hidden="true"><label for="b_289033ba2718c3aa3d2b2e76f_80502e816e">Name</label><input type="text" name="b_289033ba2718c3aa3d2b2e76f_80502e816e" tabindex="-1" value="" id="b_289033ba2718c3aa3d2b2e76f_80502e816e"></div> </div> </form> </div>  </div> <div class="social pt-4"> <h4>Follow NCAR|UCAR</h4> <div class="social-icons text-light"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ncar.ucar" aria-label="Follow us on Facebook"><i class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/NCAR_Science" aria-label="Follow us on Twitter"><i class="fab fa-x-twitter"></i></a> <a href="https://instagram.com/ncar_ucar" aria-label="Follow us on Instagram"><i class="fab fa-instagram"></i></a> <a href="https://youtube.com/ncarucar" aria-label="Follow us on YouTube"><i class="fab fa-youtube"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="legal-footer py-3"> <div class="container-lg"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 d-print-none"> <p class="text-light copyright pe-md-2">漏 2024 UCAR</p> <ul class="nav flex-column flex-md-row"> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.ucar.edu/privacy-notice">Privacy</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.ucar.edu/cookie-other-tracking-technologies-notice">Cookies</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.ucar.edu/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.ucar.edu/terms-of-use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.ucar.edu/notification-copyright-infringement-digital-millenium-copyright-act">Copyright Issues</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://nsf.gov">Sponsored by U.S. NSF</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.ucar.edu/who-we-are/ethics">Report Ethics Concern</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/user/login?destination=hao-science">Staff Login</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 text-gray-light"> <span class="d-block d-md-inline pt-2 pt-md-0"><b>Postal Address:</b></span> <span>P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000</span> <span class="d-none d-md-inline">•</span> <span class="d-block d-md-inline pt-2 pt-md-0"><b>Shipping Address:</b></span> <span>3090 Center Green Drive, Boulder, CO 80301</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nsf-footer py-3"> <div class="container-lg"> <div class="row align-items-center"> <div class="col-2 col-md-1 pb-3 pb-md-0 me-md-3"> <img src="/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/NSF_Official_logo.png" alt="NSF Logo" /> </div> <div class="col-10 col-md-10 flex-md-grow-1"> <p class="mb-0">This material is based upon work supported by the NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, a major facility sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation and managed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material do not necessarily reflect the views of the <a href="https://nsf.gov" target="_blank">U.S. National Science Foundation.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/447","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"colorbox":{"opacity":"0.85","current":"{current} of {total}","previous":"\u00ab Prev","next":"Next \u00bb","close":"Close","maxWidth":"98%","maxHeight":"98%","fixed":true,"mobiledetect":true,"mobiledevicewidth":"480px"},"google_analytics":{"account":"UA-36147822-1","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip","trackColorbox":true},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":true,"popup_agreed_enabled":false,"popup_hide_agreed":false,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--default\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003EUCAR uses cookies to make our website function; however, UCAR cookies do not collect personal information about you. When using our website, you may encounter embedded content, such as YouTube videos and other social media links, that use their own cookies. To learn more about third-party cookies on this website, and to set your cookie preferences, click\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003Ehere.\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EAcknowledge\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--default\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy tapping any link on this page you are giving your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003Ehere.\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EAcknowledge\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","mobile_breakpoint":768,"popup_html_agreed":false,"popup_use_bare_css":false,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":1000,"popup_link":"https:\/\/www.ucar.edu\/cookie-other-tracking-technologies-notice","popup_link_new_window":true,"popup_position":false,"fixed_top_position":true,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":true,"cookie_name":"gdpr_acknowledged_1","reload_page":false,"domain":"","domain_all_sites":false,"popup_eu_only":false,"popup_eu_only_js":false,"cookie_lifetime":365,"cookie_session":null,"set_cookie_session_zero_on_disagree":0,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":false,"method":"default","automatic_cookies_removal":true,"allowed_cookies":"","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EPrivacy settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button \u0022\u003EWithdraw consent\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","withdraw_enabled":false,"reload_options":0,"reload_routes_list":"","withdraw_button_on_info_popup":false,"cookie_categories":[],"cookie_categories_details":[],"enable_save_preferences_button":true,"cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","settings_tab_enabled":false,"olivero_primary_button_classes":"","olivero_secondary_button_classes":"","close_button_action":"close_banner","open_by_default":true,"modules_allow_popup":true,"hide_the_banner":false,"geoip_match":true},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"448fceb6f3c357b89e3fca9325ce37d0d430cd82c1b42a92854fae0d4f90d223"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_RL-w_sP_mHxx7tacrgQiD7APtKcm2ES2DKPFdPMtecc.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=unity&include=eJx9Uu1y3CAMfCHPedo-kEYG2VYCiEHiHPfpq3OTfmS4_DFGuytWH6hKBlxeKJi0-UVvW-MIamciOBrWSg1CQqcprNLgznTohP_LguoNm3FwUUSjS89lG_GWbiZFPQgBWxzmClgt7AiccSNY-W1ISoTtCbZ_gyBJ2hD7_gX24zlW8L5ge7ihoen68GpsiZ5zGsUeCNzeKsXgIN52GxOz3AmuYaxNMmT0hmUqHWKTGuUoX8h6ObAYuZQpRf2dIbLWhKeDxgkWMqOrGuDHZHuJo4TKkR5VXy_bQfg6rOugxZcj63R1b5G3OdKKPdmfgPN9I2j-dJ82kc07hgXT6Quk8-fApKca5XlBpakXtvPf30yq3nf9QERMzdf2_X593UOjubg_TPyTJuo-ZHll8iPXxFgCzaMgfBRRseHmWXedY-sV0-1v5NZL7Uti3Sm-v1ok0i8pyVTI"></script> <script src="/modules/composer/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?v=10.2.11" defer></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

HAO Research | High Altitude Observatory