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class="row"><div class="col-6 align-self-start"><div class="mt-2"><div class="row"><div class="col-6"> <article class="node node--type-project node--view-mode-teaser clearfix card card-medium text-white border-0" style="background-image: url("/sites/default/files/styles/card/public/global_rangelands_PP.jpg?itok=sRw4UFxv");"> <a href="/index.php/research/projects/international-land-coalition-rangelands-initiative-making-rangelands-secure" class="card-link"></a> <img class="card-img d-none" src='/sites/default/files/styles/card/public/global_rangelands_PP.jpg?itok=sRw4UFxv' alt="International Land Coalition Rangelands Initiative" title="International Land Coalition Rangelands Initiative"/><div class="card-gradient"></div><div class="card-img-overlay"><h3 class="card-title">International Land Coalition Rangelands Initiative: Making rangelands secure</h3></div></article></div><div class="col-6"> <article class="node node--type-project node--view-mode-teaser clearfix card card-medium text-white border-0" style="background-image: url("/sites/default/files/styles/card/public/project/2023/Watering%20camels.jpg?itok=5hfqVJdq");"> <a href="/research/projects/emerging-public-health-threats-africas-drylands" class="card-link"></a> <img class="card-img d-none" src='/sites/default/files/styles/card/public/project/2023/Watering%20camels.jpg?itok=5hfqVJdq' alt="Camels drinking at a water pan in Wajir County, Kenya" title="Camels drinking at a water pan in Wajir County, Kenya"/><div class="card-gradient"></div><div class="card-img-overlay"><h4 class="card-deadline"><em>ACTIVE</em> <i class="fa-solid fa-arrow-right"></i> <time>Feb 2028</time></h4><h3 class="card-title">Emerging public health threats in Africa’s drylands</h3></div></article></div></div></div></div><div class="col-3"><ul class="clearfix nav navbar-nav flex-row justify-content-end" role="menu"><li class="nav-item menu-item--expanded dropdown"> <a href="/where-we-work/eastern-and-southern-africa" data-col="1" 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paragraph"><div class="col-lg-8 col-md-8 col-sm-12"><h2 class="title">Services</h2><div class="text-container"><h4>Molecular biology</h4><p><br>Molecular Biology Techniques provide opportunity to study the composition, structure and interactions of cellular molecules.  These techniques include DNA cloning, bacterial transformation, transfection, chromosome integration, cellular screening, Nucleic acid extraction, Nucleic acid amplifications and synthesis (PCR and cDNA synthesis) DNA sequencing, molecular hybridisation, random mutagenesis, among others. We offer a portfolio of the most essential techniques as well as many custom molecular engineering technologies. </p><h4>Library preparations</h4><p><br>Library preparation forms the basic initial stage of NGS. Prior to sequencing nucleic acid from samples, DNA or RNA must be extracted, fragmented, end-repaired, and covalently attached to adapters using ligation or tagmentation processes.</p><p></p><figure role="group" class="caption caption-img"><img data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="4e74b22d-dfb4-4d91-be09-4b4343c2e486" height="331" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/Picture10.png" width="416"><figcaption>Blue Pippin Instrument for size selection of DNA for Next-Generation Sequencing</figcaption></figure><p>The standard and quality of NGS library preparation determines the accuracy of NGS data. We offer a arrange of NGS library preparation tools for high quality DNA or RNA libraries for whole genome sequencing (WGS), whole transcriptome analysis (WTA), total RNA sequencing, and miRNA and small RNA sequencing applications. We prepare sequencing libraries for both Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technologies. Several equipment are used in library preparation stage of next-generation sequencing.</p><p></p><figure role="group" class="caption caption-img"><img data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="7f8b27ac-63e8-442f-970c-40c1464d18ea" height="200" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/Picture13.png" width="513"><figcaption>Agilent Tapestation and Bioanalyzer Instrument sequencing library qualitative and quantitative analysis</figcaption></figure><p> </p></div></div> <aside class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-12"><div class="card bg-light border-0"><div class="card-body"><div id="item-11232" class="cta paragraph"> <a class="d-block text-align-center btn btn-primary" href="/Genomics-platform">Genomics platform</a></div><div id="item-11846" class="text paragraph"><h3></h3><div class="text-container"><div class="align-center"><figure role="group" class="caption caption-img"><img data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="f79ec631-8089-4753-8331-18840b95e4c5" height="318" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/Picture3_1.jpg" width="438"><figcaption>Covaris Ultrasonicator Instrument for DNA shearing for NGS analysis</figcaption></figure></div><p> </p></div></div></div></div> </aside></section><section id="item-12216" class="row single-column-sidebar paragraph"><div class="col-lg-8 col-md-8 col-sm-12"><div class="text-container"><h4>RT-qPCR analysis</h4><p>qPCR and RT-qPCR are now widely used in a range of applications such as gene expression analysis, SNP identification, genotyping, contamination screening, and molecular diagnostics for infectious diseases. An optimised protocol with standardised step by step workflow is critical for reliable and reproducible results for these quantitative amplification techniques. RT-qPCR involves RNA quantitation, in which DNA amplification by PCR is preceded by a reverse transcription (RT) step to generate cDNA from RNA in either a two-step RT-qPCR process (cDNA synthesis separated from amplification) or as an upfront step within the same reaction (one-step RT-qPCR). Our platform has both technical and infrastructural capacity to conduct qPCR experiments in high-throughput formats.  </p><p>Our gene expression studies are versatile and expandable to include more targets, multiple controls, and additional replicates; screen at larger scale; and diagnostic tests can accommodate many samples. Our instruments have automated liquid handling systems thus eliminate error, increase efficiency, and minimise manual setup as a workflow bottleneck.</p><p></p><figure role="group" class="caption caption-img"><img data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="c2a2ce15-2116-460a-8baa-97d0311492fc" height="339" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/Picture13.jpg" width="494"><figcaption>QuantStudio Real-Time quantitative PCR system set up under Genomic Platform for gene expressions analysis and various genomic applications, such as analyses of microRNAs and noncoding RNAs, copy number variation and protein expression; SNP genotyping; and mutation detection</figcaption></figure><br><h4>Nucleic acid extractions</h4><p>Nucleic acid extraction processes include isolation, purification, concentration and quantification. Within our platform we have developed protocols for RNA and DNA extraction for a wide range of nucleic acid extraction kits. We perform extraction using high throughput automatic extraction machines such as Tanbead (Fig. 9), semi-automatic processes with column-based technologies and also manual (gold standard) lysis and precipitation techniques described in Maniatis laboratory manuals.</p><p></p><figure role="group" class="caption caption-img"><img data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="bfa18c85-1fcb-46b1-80c8-a805841ef0a2" height="221" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/picture16.jpg" width="656"><figcaption>A bench top Qubit Flex Fluorometer for quantification of DNA, RNA, microRNA, and protein in the Genomics Platform.</figcaption></figure><p> </p></div></div> <aside class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-12"><div class="card bg-light border-0"><div class="card-body"><div id="item-11847" class="text paragraph"><h3></h3><div class="text-container"><p></p><figure role="group" class="caption caption-img"><img data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="ab859fb1-b934-439c-9255-ff35d38f1539" height="351" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/Picture9.png" width="447"><figcaption>Crystal Droplet Digital PCR (Stilla) for absolute quantification of nucleic acids</figcaption></figure><figure role="group" class="caption caption-img"><img data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="dcf0717c-0526-4d88-b8df-3e93cc76c733" height="387" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/Picture15_0.png" width="445"><figcaption>TAN Bead an automated Nucleic acid extraction device for processing many samples concurrently.</figcaption></figure></div></div></div></div> </aside></section><section id="item-12239" class="row single-column-sidebar paragraph"><div class="col-lg-8 col-md-8 col-sm-12"><div class="text-container"><h3><strong>Single-Cell Gene Expression</strong></h3><p>In multicellular organism’s various cell types within the same population play distinct functions and comprise subunits with unique transcriptional profiles. However, genomic studies were previously focused on measurements for whole tissues and as such limited to average expression profile for all the constituent cells. In multicellular organisms’ different cell types within the same population can have distinct roles and form subpopulations with different transcriptional profiles. </p><p>Through the Single gene expression services, we offer in-depth gene expression to the subpopulation</p><p>levels, link changes in the expression profile to specific regulation or compositional, and categorise cellular progression through differentiation expression profiles in time and at various cell development stages. The genomic capabilities under this platform offer high resolution assessment of transcriptomes of individual cells to elucidate cell-to-cell differences. Evaluate the distinct biology of individual cells in complex tissues and reveal responses of cellular subpopulations to candidate vaccines (Immunogenetics) or other environmental changes under investigation.</p><p><strong>Whole-Exome Sequencing</strong></p><p>This service identifies coding variants across wide range of applications including population genetics. </p><p><strong>Shotgun Metagenomics</strong></p><p>A genomic technology that allows for a detailed assessment of all organisms within a complex sample. The technology uses genetic approaches to detect, determine and characterise microorganisms present in a complex sample like infected tissues, swabs or environmental samples (like wastewater, soil of faecal material). The technology can be used as diagnostic tool for infectious diseases by using the detected microorganisms to make etiological inferences. This technology is critical for characterizing unculturable microorganisms which are ordinarily difficult to analyse following classical microbiology approaches.</p><p><strong>Microbial Whole-Genome resequencing</strong></p><p>Targets sequencing services for the entire genome of a bacteria, viruses and other microbes (≤ 5 Mb) and alignment to a known reference genomes to determine variation (Isolate/variant/strain detection). Small microbial genomes sequencing support food safety testing for public health, infectious disease surveillance, molecular epidemiology studies, and environmental metagenomics.<br>Through the microbial Sequencing we:</p><ul><li>Identify circulating variants through genomic surveillance</li><li>characterise genes from single organism isolates</li><li>Perform detailed genomic analysis of the microbial or viral populations</li><li>Support discovery of new biomarkers in a microbial/viral samples</li></ul></div></div> <aside class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-12"><div class="card bg-light border-0"><div class="card-body"><div id="item-11863" class="text paragraph"><h3></h3><div class="text-container"><p></p><figure role="group" class="caption caption-img"><img data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="015a738e-37ba-43cb-b3e4-d9231bb03140" height="541" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/technologies.png" width="398"><figcaption>The 10x Genomics for Singe Cell sequencing and Gene Expression analyses</figcaption></figure></div></div></div></div> </aside></section></article> </main><footer class="footer"><div class="footer-top bg-secondary"><div class="container"><div class="row"> <figure class="col-lg-2 col-md-2 col-sm-12 ilri-logo mb-lg-m-3"> <img src="/themes/custom/bootstrap_ilri/images/ILRI-logo-white.svg" alt="ILRI logo"/> </figure><div class="col-lg-8 col-md-10 col-sm-12"><div class="row"><div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 col-sm-6"> <article id="block-footer" class="block-content-content block block-block-content block-block-content01a728fb-b8d2-4e7d-bdde-367bdc89ecc7"><div id="item-53468" class="raw-html paragraph"><h4>ILRI Kenya</h4><address class="address">PO Box 30709<br>Nairobi 00100, Kenya</address><ul><li><a class="phone" href="tel:+254-204223000"><i class="fa-solid fa-phone"></i> +254-20 422 3000</a></li><li><a class="fax" href="tel:+254-204223001"><i class="fa-solid fa-fax"></i> +254-20 422 3001</a></li><li><a class="mail" 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