CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Encyclopedia - Engineering and Technology History Wiki</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a4da99b730e64d4ca4984058","wgCSPNonce":false,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Encyclopedia","wgTitle":"Encyclopedia","wgCurRevisionId":178336,"wgRevisionId":178336,"wgArticleId":33958,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Encyclopedia","wgRelevantArticleId":33958,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgPageFormsTargetName":null,"wgPageFormsAutocompleteValues":[], "wgPageFormsAutocompleteOnAllChars":false,"wgPageFormsFieldProperties":[],"wgPageFormsCargoFields":[],"wgPageFormsDependentFields":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarValues":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarParams":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarHTML":null,"wgPageFormsGridValues":[],"wgPageFormsGridParams":[],"wgPageFormsContLangYes":null,"wgPageFormsContLangNo":null,"wgPageFormsContLangMonths":[],"wgPageFormsHeightForMinimizingInstances":800,"wgPageFormsShowOnSelect":[],"wgPageFormsScriptPath":"/w/extensions/PageForms","edgValues":null,"wgPageFormsEDSettings":null,"wgAmericanDates":false,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"VEForAllToolbarNormal":[{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-paragraph-format","title":"visualeditor-toolbar-format-tooltip","type":"menu","include":{"group":"format"},"promote":["paragraph"],"demote":["preformatted","blockquote"]},{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-text-style","title":"visualeditor-toolbar-style-tooltip","include":["bold", "italic","moreTextStyle"]},{"include":["link"]},{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-structure","title":"visualeditor-toolbar-structure","type":"list","icon":"listBullet","include":{"group":"structure"},"demote":["outdent","indent"]},{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-insert","title":"visualeditor-toolbar-insert","type":"list","icon":"add","label":"","include":["insertTable","specialCharacter","warningblock","preformatted","infoblock","ideablock","dontblock","pinblock"]}],"VEForAllToolbarWide":[{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-paragraph-format","title":"visualeditor-toolbar-format-tooltip","type":"menu","include":{"group":"format"},"promote":["paragraph"],"demote":["preformatted","blockquote"]},{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-text-style","title":"visualeditor-toolbar-style-tooltip","include":["bold","italic","moreTextStyle"]},{"include":["link"]},{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-structure","title":"visualeditor-toolbar-structure","type":"list","icon":"listBullet","include":{"group":"structure"}, "demote":["outdent","indent"]},{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-insert","title":"visualeditor-toolbar-insert","type":"list","icon":"add","label":"","include":["media","insertTable","specialCharacter","warningblock","preformatted","infoblock","ideablock","dontblock","pinblock","media"]},{"name":"reference"}],"sdgDownArrowImage":"/w/extensions/SemanticDrilldown/skins/down-arrow.png","sdgRightArrowImage":"/w/extensions/SemanticDrilldown/skins/right-arrow.png","srfFilteredConfig":null,"egMapsScriptPath":"/w/extensions/Maps/","egMapsDebugJS":false,"egMapsAvailableServices":["leaflet","googlemaps3"],"egMapsLeafletLayersApiKeys":{"MapBox":"","MapQuestOpen":"","Thunderforest":"","GeoportailFrance":""},"wgULSAcceptLanguageList":[],"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgSmjUseCdn":true,"wgSmjUseChem":true,"wgSmjDisplayMath":[],"wgSmjExtraInlineMath":[],"wgSmjScale":1,"wgSmjEnableMenu":true,"wgSmjDisplayAlign":"left","wgSurveyDebug":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":false,"VEForAll":{ "VisualEditorEnable":1},"wgULSPosition":"personal","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":true};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.action.styles":"ready","mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles":"ready","mediawiki.ui.button":"ready","skins.chameleon":"ready","zzz.ext.bootstrap.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.srf.styles":"ready","ext.smw.style":"ready","ext.smw.tooltip.styles":"ready","ext.uls.pt":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.SimpleMathJax","ext.survey.tag","smw.entityexaminer","ext.smw.style","ext.smw.tooltips","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","ext.ethw","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.veforall.core.desktop","ext.uls.compactlinks","ext.uls.interface","ext.gadget.HotCat","ext.gadget.Datatable","ext.bootstrap.scripts"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.smw.style%7Cext.smw.tooltip.styles%7Cext.srf.styles%7Cext.uls.pt%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cmediawiki.action.styles%7Cmediawiki.interface.helpers.styles%7Cmediawiki.ui.button%7Cskins.chameleon%7Czzz.ext.bootstrap.styles&only=styles&skin=chameleon"/> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=chameleon"></script> <style>#mw-indicator-mw-helplink {display:none;}</style><style>#mw-indicator-mw-helplink {display:none;}</style> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=chameleon"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.39.8"/> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1000"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="Encyclopedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:ExportRDF/Encyclopedia&xmlmime=rdf"/> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="ETHW (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://ethw.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Encyclopedia"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="ETHW"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://ethw.org/Encyclopedia"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://ethw.org/w/logo.png"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-11-23T15:31:00Z"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-11-23T15:31:00Z"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org","@type":"article","name":"Encyclopedia - Engineering and Technology History Wiki","headline":"Encyclopedia - Engineering and Technology History Wiki","mainEntityOfPage":"<span class=\"mw-page-title-main\">Encyclopedia<\/span>","identifier":"https:\/\/ethw.org\/Encyclopedia","url":"https:\/\/ethw.org\/Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2024-11-23T15:31:00Z","datePublished":"2024-11-23T15:31:00Z","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/ethw.org\/w\/logo.png"},"author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"ETHW","url":"https:\/\/ethw.org","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/ethw.org\/w\/logo.png","caption":"ETHW"}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"ETHW","url":"https:\/\/ethw.org","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/ethw.org\/w\/logo.png","caption":"ETHW"}},"potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https:\/\/ethw.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:Search&search={search_term}","query-input":"required name=search_term"}}</script> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Encyclopedia rootpage-Encyclopedia layout-navhead_ethw skin-chameleon action-view">  <nav class="p-navbar collapsible" role="navigation" id="mw-navigation">  <div id="p-logo" class="navbar-brand p-logo" role="banner"> <a href="/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"><img src="/w/logo.png" alt="ETHW"/></a> </div> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggler" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#hvwlbsz60f"></button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse hvwlbsz60f" id="hvwlbsz60f"> <div class="navbar-nav">  <div class="nav-item dropdown p-Explore-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle p-Explore-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-boundary="viewport">Explore</a> <div class="dropdown-menu p-Explore" id="p-Explore"> <div id="n-Browse-by-Subject" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/ETHW:Subject_browse" class="nav-link n-Browse-by-Subject">Browse by Subject</a></div> <div id="n-Encyclopedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Encyclopedia" class="nav-link n-Encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</a></div> <div id="n-Oral-Histories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Oral-History:List_of_all_Oral_Histories" class="nav-link n-Oral-Histories">Oral Histories</a></div> <div id="n-First-Hand-Histories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/First-Hand:List_of_First_Hand_Histories" class="nav-link n-First-Hand-Histories">First Hand Histories</a></div> <div id="n-Landmarks/Milestones" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Landmarks" class="nav-link n-Landmarks/Milestones">Landmarks/Milestones</a></div> <div id="n-Archives" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Archives:Archival_Collections" class="nav-link n-Archives">Archives</a></div> <div id="n-Personal-Narratives" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Personal-Narrative:List_of_all_Personal_Narratives" class="nav-link n-Personal-Narratives">Personal Narratives</a></div> <div id="n-Museums" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/ETHW:Museums" class="nav-link n-Museums">Museums</a></div> <div id="n-Random-page" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:Random" class="nav-link n-Random-page">Random page</a></div> <div id="n-Special-pages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:SpecialPages" class="nav-link n-Special-pages">Special pages</a></div> <div id="n-Recent-changes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:RecentChanges" class="nav-link n-Recent-changes">Recent changes</a></div> <div id="n-New-pages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:NewPages" class="nav-link n-New-pages">New pages</a></div> </div> </div>  <div class="nav-item dropdown p-Help-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle p-Help-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-boundary="viewport">Help</a> <div class="dropdown-menu p-Help" id="p-Help"> <div id="n-Contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Help:Contents" class="nav-link n-Contents">Contents</a></div> <div id="n-Contact-us" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:Contact" class="nav-link n-Contact-us">Contact us</a></div> </div> </div>  <div class="nav-item p-tb-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle p-tb-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-boundary="viewport">Tools</a> <div class="dropdown-menu"> <div id="t-whatlinkshere" class="nav-item mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:WhatLinksHere/Encyclopedia" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j" class="nav-link t-whatlinkshere">What links here</a></div> <div id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="nav-item mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Encyclopedia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k" class="nav-link t-recentchangeslinked">Related changes</a></div> <div id="t-specialpages" class="nav-item mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q" class="nav-link t-specialpages">Special pages</a></div> <div id="t-print" class="nav-item mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p" class="nav-link t-print">Printable version</a></div> <div id="t-permalink" class="nav-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&oldid=178336" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page" class="nav-link t-permalink">Permanent link</a></div> <div id="t-info" class="nav-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=info" title="More information about this page" class="nav-link t-info">Page information</a></div> <div id="t-smwbrowselink" class="nav-item mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:Browse/:Encyclopedia" rel="search" class="nav-link t-smwbrowselink">Browse properties</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="navbar-nav right">  <div class="navbar-tools navbar-nav flex-row"> <div class="navbar-tool dropdown"> <a data-toggle="dropdown" data-boundary="viewport" class="navbar-more-tools" href="#" title="Page tools"></a>  <div class="flex-row navbar-pagetools dropdown-menu p-contentnavigation" id="p-contentnavigation">  <div id="ca-talk" class="new mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Encyclopedia&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page (page does not exist) [t]" accesskey="t" class="new ca-talk">Talk</a></div>  <div id="ca-viewsource" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e" class="ca-viewsource">View source</a></div> <div id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h" class="ca-history">View history</a></div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="p-search" class="p-search order-first order-cmln-0 navbar-form" role="search" > <form id="searchform" class="mw-search" action="/w/index.php" > <input type="hidden" name="title" value=" Special:Search" /> <div class="input-group"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search ETHW" aria-label="Search ETHW" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search ETHW [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" class="form-control"/> <div class="input-group-append"> <button value="Go" id="searchGoButton" name="go" type="submit" class="search-btn searchGoButton" aria-label="Go to page" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists"></button> </div> </div> </form> </div>  <div class="navbar-tools navbar-nav" > <div class="navbar-tool dropdown"> <a class="navbar-usernotloggedin" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" data-boundary="viewport" title="You are not logged in."> </a> <div class="p-personal-tools dropdown-menu"> <div id="pt-uls" class="mw-list-item active"><a class="uls-trigger pt-uls" href="#">English</a></div> <div id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Encyclopedia&returntoquery=oldid%3D178336" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class="pt-login">Log in</a></div> <div id="pt-createaccount" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:RequestAccount" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="pt-createaccount">Request account</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="flex-fill container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col">  <div id="content" class="mw-body content"><a id="top" class="top"></a> <div id="mw-indicators" class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-smw-entity-examiner" class="mw-indicator mw-indicator-smw-entity-examiner"><div class="smw-entity-examiner smw-indicator-vertical-bar-loader" data-subject="Encyclopedia#0##" data-dir="ltr" data-uselang="" title="Running an examiner in the background"></div></div> </div> <div class="contentHeader">  <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Encyclopedia</span></h1>  <div id="siteSub" class="siteSub">From ETHW</div>  <div id="contentSub" class="small contentSub"><div class="mw-message-box-warning mw-revision mw-message-box"><div id="mw-revision-info">Revision as of 16:34, 19 February 2020 by <a href="/User:Administrator1" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Administrator1"><bdi>Administrator1</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/User_talk:Administrator1" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Administrator1">talk</a> | <a href="/Special:Contributions/Administrator1" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Administrator1">contribs</a>)</span></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&diff=prev&oldid=178336" title="Encyclopedia">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&direction=prev&oldid=178336" title="Encyclopedia">← Older revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div><div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump jump-to-nav">Jump to:<a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="bodyContent">  <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><span survey-data-id="2" survey-data-expiry="2592000" survey-data-min-pages="2" survey-data-ratio="75" class="surveytag" survey-data-token="+\"></span> </p><div class="mw-parser-output"><p>Encyclopedia articles are 3rd person articles neutral in tone which make up the bulk of the ETHW's content. As the scope of the ETHW includes the history of technology and its related fields, encyclopedic articles can widely vary in content. The articles can deal with biographies of individuals, histories of engineering societies, histories of certain technologies and the organizations which developed them. The ETHW aims to collect all material within its scope regardless of notability, so do not feel discouraged from contributing if you have detailed knowledge about a very specific subject or individual. The only criteria beyond fitting within engineering and its related fields of interest are that the article must be historic in nature, either by presenting a history of some subject, or the subject in question being 25 years older or more. </p><p>See a list of <a href="/Special:AllPages" title="Special:AllPages">all pages</a> or <a href="/ETHW:Subject_browse" title="ETHW:Subject browse">browse by subject</a>. </p><p>Have an article you'd like to submit? <a href="/Create" title="Create">Add a page to the ETHW here</a> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#STARS_articles"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">STARS articles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Suggested_articles"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Suggested articles</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Oceanic_Engineering"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Oceanic Engineering</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Publications"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Publications</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="STARS_articles">STARS articles</span></h2> <p>STARS articles are signed, peer-reviewed articles on the history of major developments in electrical and computer sciences and technologies. They are written for a general audience with a level of accuracy and insight that satisfies knowledgeable professionals. Below are the current STARS articles: </p> <ul><li><a href="/Underwater_Cables" title="Underwater Cables">Cables, Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/Electronic_Calculators:_Desktop_to_Pocket" title="Electronic Calculators: Desktop to Pocket">Calculators, Electronic: Desktop to Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/Inventing_the_Computer" title="Inventing the Computer">Computer, Inventing the</a></li> <li><a href="/Early_Popular_Computers,_1950_-_1970" title="Early Popular Computers, 1950 - 1970">Computers, Early Popular 1950-1970</a></li> <li><a href="/Differential_Analyzers" title="Differential Analyzers">Differential Analyzers</a></li> <li><a href="/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/Fax_Machines" title="Fax Machines">Fax Machines</a></li> <li><a href="/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a></li> <li><a href="/Creating_Magnetic_Disk_Storage_at_IBM" title="Creating Magnetic Disk Storage at IBM">Magnetic Disk Storage at IBM, Creating</a></li> <li><a href="/Maxwell%27s_Equations" title="Maxwell's Equations">Maxwell's Equations</a></li> <li><a href="/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy" title="Scanning Probe Microscopy">Microscopy, Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/Rise_and_Fall_of_Minicomputers" title="Rise and Fall of Minicomputers">Minicomputer, Rise and Fall of</a></li> <li><a href="/Motion_Pictures" title="Motion Pictures">Motion Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/Pacemakers" title="Pacemakers">Pacemakers</a></li> <li><a href="/Early_Punched_Card_Equipment,_1880_-_1951" title="Early Punched Card Equipment, 1880 - 1951">Punched Card Equipment, Early</a></li> <li><a href="/Software_Industry" title="Software Industry">Software Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/Electromechanical_Telephone-Switching" title="Electromechanical Telephone-Switching">Telephone-Switching, Electromechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/Telephone_Transmission" title="Telephone Transmission">Telephone Transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/Telephones" title="Telephones">Telephones</a></li> <li><a href="/Word_Processing_for_the_Japanese_Language" title="Word Processing for the Japanese Language">Word Processing for the Japanese Language</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Suggested_articles">Suggested articles</span></h2> <p>Looking for ideas on how to contribute? The ETHW currently has no or stub pages pages on the following subjects and needs your help to improve them. <a href="/Special:UserLogin" title="Special:UserLogin">Log in with your ETHW account</a> and click on any topic below to start to edit! </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Oceanic_Engineering">Oceanic Engineering</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submerged_vacuum_tubes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Submerged vacuum tubes (page does not exist)">Submerged vacuum tubes</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Publications">Publications</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_Engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrical Engineering (page does not exist)">Electrical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrical World (page does not exist)">Electrical World</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIEE_Transactions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AIEE Transactions (page does not exist)">AIEE Transactions</a></li></ul>    </div></div><div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ethw.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&oldid=178336">https://ethw.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&oldid=178336</a>"</div>   <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <p><div id="banner-slideshow"><a href="https://www.aiaa.org/SciTech" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-1" style="display: none;"></a><a href="https://www.smeannualconference.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-2" style="display: none;"></a><a href="https://bit.ly/3GTH9SQ" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-3" style="display: none;"></a><a href="https://bit.ly/45a0SIe" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-4" style="display: none;"></a><a href="https://bit.ly/3Whz2Wf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-5" style="display: none;"></a> <a href="https://bit.ly/3DCinEw" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-6" style="display: none;"></a> <a href="https://2024.otcnet.org/register" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-7" style="display: none;"></a> </div><script> var slideshow = document.querySelector('#banner-slideshow'); var ads = slideshow.querySelectorAll('.banner-slideshow--ad'); var selectedAd = ads[Math.floor(Math.random()*ads.length)]; selectedAd.classList.add('banner-slideshow--ad--visible'); </script><style> #banner-slideshow { margin: 25px auto; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad-1 { background: url(https://ethw.org/w/images/9/9e/Aiaa_banner.jpg) 0 0 no-repeat; width: 856px; height: 104px; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad-2 { background: url(https://ethw.org/w/images/6/63/MX23_Reach_Local_728x90.png) 0 0 no-repeat; width: 728px; height: 90px; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad-3 { background: url(https://ethw.org/w/images/b/be/ASME_ETHWbanner_728x90_1c.png) 0 0 no-repeat; width: 728px; height: 90px; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad-4 { background: url(https://ethw.org/w/images/0/0b/ASME_ETHW_ad_720x90_May_1_V1.jpg) 0 0 no-repeat; width: 720px; height: 90px; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad-5 { background: url(https://ethw.org/w/images/d/d1/ASME_ETHW_ad_720x90_May_2_V1.jpg) 0 0 no-repeat; width: 720px; height: 90px; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad-6 { background: url(https://ethw.org/w/images/9/90/ASME_ETHW_Climate_Ad_01.png) 0 0 no-repeat; width: 720px; height: 90px; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad-7 { background: url(https://ethw.org/w/images/1/18/8._2947_-_JPT_Digital_Adverts_-_970x90_-_150dpi.jpg) 0 0 no-repeat; width: 968px; height: 90px; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad { display: block; margin: 0 auto; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad--visible { display: block !important; } </style> </p> </div> </div>  <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-2 mt-4 container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col">  <nav class="p-navbar not-collapsible small mb-2" role="navigation" id="mw-navigation-hvwlbsz6dq"> <div class="navbar-nav"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col">  <div id="footer-info" class="footer-info">  <div> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 15:31.</div> </div>  <div id="footer-places" class="footer-places"> <div><a href="/ETHW:About">About ETHW</a></div> <div><a href="/ETHW:Policies">Policies and disclaimers</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="col">  <div id="footer-icons" class="justify-content-end footer-icons">  <div><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" target="_blank"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></div> <div><a href="https://www.semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/Semantic_MediaWiki" target="_blank"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAANwAAABNCAYAAADNYApnAAAABGdBTUEAALGPC/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3CculE8AAAABmJLR0QA/wD/AP+gvaeTAAAACXBIWXMAACbYAAAm2AHNRPEFAAAAB3RJTUUH5QcCDx837M/YpgAAN+hJREFUeNrtnXl4VdW5/z9r7zNkOCdzyBwSwhgIg8wQRhEBpQ4V67WoVSutFu/V/m7VUsSpqFhbtNcrtVoHxKFqURHpVZQhAmESAkEIEUJCEsh4CDlJzrj3/v1xONuTkSQEatus59n6cLL23mut/b7rnb9L0EbLzc1FCCE0TUvRNO1q4HIhxDghRJIQQtDbelsnm6Zp/9Jz0nytXNO0vcAXQoj1iqKclCRJy87ObnVvM+bZs2cPXq8XIUQfVVVvkSTpFrPZPMxiscihoaEYDAYMBgO9PNfLEL1r5mterxev10tDQwN2u11xuVzfqKq6WgjxBlADEMh4Oufs3LkTr9eLLMvjgGeCgoKmxMXFSVFRUZhMpl4m62W43naedXS5XNhsNioqKhSHw7EFWKJp2m4hBFOmTPmO4Xbs2OG/6UpJkl6Ijo7un5ycTHBwcO9H6SX+C27/bpu1w+GgpKSE2traY5qmLRZCfKaqKtOmTUNs377d32+8EGJNXFxc/9TUVGRZ7iXAXsLs/e7d/I4ej4eSkhIqKiqOqaq6UAixS9M0DOcmFws8GR0d3T8lJQVZlr8Xk+4lwF61759x/TVNw2Aw0LdvX9xud//q6uongZuAaoOmaWia9pOQkJAZKSkpGAwGNE275MTue53oNoF19h7/vL6bn4am9RJ17wbQPr10hxcCma6hoWFGU1PTTyRJ+p1BVdV0SZJuiYuLE8HBwfpiXopFFUKgaRoVNiffltmpqHUSYTXRP8lCalwIBlnq0XFIQuBweyk61UjRqUYcLi8pfUIYkGIlOswEGmi9RHlRCPDfcTPSNI2QkBDi4+PFiRMnFqqq+oFB07R5JpNpSFRU1EUlksBnC+H7cKVVjby1sYRPc09zsrIJl0fFIAv6RJqZMjyW2+emM6J/xAUTsBACRdXYlFfF6s+K2Vtgo67Bg6pqBAfJ9E+ycP3UZH40M4VIqwlV1XqJsnfj6bH5x8TEUF5enulwOObJt91222+ioqIy4+LidIlzsXZFPxFKkiD/+Fn+84/7+dvWcmrOulHOEbmqatQ3ejl4vI6tedUk9wlhQLK12TO6enkVlVc/PcFvXs7n4PE6HG4FTdPQAI9X5VSNg5wDNRw/1cC4IVGEhRrRtO6/r5coezeAQNqXZRm73S7Z7Xa3QdO0saGhoUiSdElsN0kSlFY18cCfDrCnwIYstSZSIUBCcLKyiSUv5xMVZmLS0GidKbuqRv5taxlPv1VAo9OLQZZa9THIvo3m0x2nMcoSv//FCKwhxn9bRuhVh3ua5iUsFgvAOAOQ4HeUXKqFfmvjSfYePdMmswU2WRaUVzfx3PuFDEsfgyXYQFeGKAk4WdXE/6w9RoPDiyyLDj+GJGls2HmaWaP7cNPlqShar5OgVxr2zJoaDAaABIMQQpz7x0UfnCQJTtU4WL/jlD6Q8zVZEuw9auPAsTomZHZNysmSYPO+So6XNyBJnVsYl0dhfe5pfjA5EbNJ7vQ4ewmwt3W0budSIoUh0CvZ3QXt7K4oCZ+aWF7jQOoCDTc0eXn142MUHK1BVbsyLli/twpF1ZA7+UJJCA4X11NV5yI1LoSuLkkvUfYyf1v8oTOef+AXaxdvvjA+b2FXvIBCCFRVo+hUA7FBXR/jmXo3gq4xaYPDyxm7m75xIaj/xAz0r8z8/4xaRzOGuxQ2nKZpCPxB7q6sLsSEm4mJDKIrfhMBBJmauhRb0zQIMknn7EXtn5poe1Xh78/G46clQ0uiupiDUzWIjw4iOsxMaVVTpxhP0zSCTTK3XZ3BlOHRKEoXbDhZYAwrIa+koNMeWFXTyEi00CfSjKr9+xBtryp8CSVcoJS7mASmaZDaJ4RZo/vwlw0nkDqh7CmqxpC+ViYOiybcYuqal1ISzBkfzxuflXCqxnFeBtc0n6135bg4rCGGLjF3T0ukfycGuBDfQWeeE2hD/aM0jWYSrrsqSHcmYJAFt1zZl8151Zw43dihM0NVNcJCjPz8mgyiwkxdjsOpikb/ZAu3XpnK794pRO1gQ9E0DVWFicOi+MHkxAvONulK8yeLu91uPB4PQgiCgoL031VV7bXH2tqMFQW3262voclkam3CCIGi+BIdjEYjqqr+w7SWZhLuUtkrfom17NYh/GrVQWrq3brHMnAnUs4x2//70UDmjo/vFAO0NX5JCO6cl07VGRerPyvB49WQpNa7nqpB/6RQHv1JJnGR5m4F2bvaJEnC6XSybds2Nm7cyIkTJ6ipqcFkMpGcnMyAAQOYPXs2w4YN+4cllX9fpaEsy+Tl5bFkyRKampq47rrruO+++1AD3NiSJHH69Gkee+wxGhsbefjhhxk4cGCzPv8QG+5SqzFCCOLCDEwdFE5esZ2Keg8Ot4Ki+Haf0CCZoWlh3HV1P+ZOiEeWOpdy1hYxqpqGJcTAkoWD6ZcYypqNJyk61YjLraKhYZAlgk0SyZFmJgwIIzxI1p0sF9NzK8syJ0+eZNmyZXz88cfY7fY2+z7//PMsWLCAJ554AqvV2muPBXybM2fOsG3bNpxOJ8OGDWs1b0mS2Lx5M6+99hqqqnLZZZcxaNCgS64O++lIVdXmNtyl2D0FUFfvZse+KqKCZa4cEc2IYbHYGr2UVTuIspoYlh7GyAERRFqMuleyu2PzhxVCggzcOS+dqyYmsK+wjoKTdpqcXvolWpBVhUNHalFVjZyvK4iPDcFsung1gUII6urqeOCBB/jggw98qrbBQFRUFMHBwSiKwtmzZ2loaKC6ulrHmvlnZaaLMeb2nhn4u6qqDBgwgPT0dJxOJyNGjOhxTa6zdKlLuEDxeik+pgbsPVRNRY3PXZ+ZEcH87CSMBglV03T1UlG1HlXr/MnKcZFmrpoQz1UT4tE0kCRfYL2+zklxeQPHT9o5fOwMozKjL6oquXHjRtatWwdAYmIiDz74INOnTyc0NBRFUaioqGDHjh28/fbbXHXVVURGRrYiFkmSkCSplbPFb7O0JAx/Fb/fLvTf3969/ns683x//5bPbHlPoCrf1pgCfwtknEA7VpIkZFlu1s+fPuWnZ0VRUFWV0aNH88knn+D1ehk0aFCbNpx/3G3N86LacBdfDYCyikb2HqpB0yDMYmLCiFgkCbyKb6HUzjC/EOdkpWge1NO0cyytQbs7IKgBkTlFheAgmQkj+3Cqqgm3RyU3r4r0ZCvhVlOPr4vfiN+yZYtu8N91110sXrxYJyohBBkZGUyaNIkf//jHmEwmWjq3JEnCZrOxc+dOiouL8Xg8mM1mMjMzGTNmDCEhISiKomcBVVRUsHbtWhwOB1lZWcyaNYtDhw6xa9cuGhoaMBgMpKenk52dTVhYmA6Ks2/fPvLz83G5XBiNRjIyMpg4cSIWi6UZ8UqSRFNTEwUFBRw4cIDGxkZUVcVoNJKens7EiRMJDw/XGUIIgcPh4G9/+xuVlZWkpKRw/fXXU1VVxbZt26iurgYgLCyMSZMmkZGRoc+lqKiIDRs2UFBQoEv+AwcO8Oyzz6KqKlFRUdxwww1YrVby8vLYsmULmqZhs9mYNGlSszFIkkR1dTW5ubmUlZXh8XgwmUwMHDiQsWPHYrVae8Tmu+Q2nBACr1dl54Eq7I0ehIDRQ6NJigtts+K6+S6kAQINAUJCKA5w1yDc1eCpB80LkhGMkWimGDBFo0lm0FSEpp430q5pMCg9nCEZERwosHG6uol9h2uZMT7hoqjZXq+XqqoqnVD79++vM2LLEqn4+Hh9lw9cl88//5ynn36a3bt343K59P5hYWHMmTOHZcuWMWjQIBRFQZZlSktLeeSRRzh79iwLFiwgLy+PVatWUV5ert8bFBTEnDlzeOqppzCbzTz66KN88sknnDlzRu8THBzMVVddxZNPPklaWpo+rm3btrFy5Uq2b9+OzWZrNofg4GCmTp3K448/zqhRo3RGbWho4A9/+APffPMN48aNo6mpiT/+8Y8UFBTo0kUIQXp6Og888AC33HILZrOZw4cP8+CDD+LxePR37Ny5k507dwIwYMAArrjiCiIiIsjNzeVXv/oVAEuWLGHSpEnNvsNHH33Ec889x4EDB/QNECA0NJTs7GweffRRRo8efUHSLpCGLpkNJwQUltRTUHTWR0gxIYweGoPws1N779Y0NCEBAuE4iVTzBVLNJkTDEfDUger0cYwQIIeCMQI1bBRa7CzU6Bk+BkTlfAE8o0Fiwog+FJXasTd62He4hiEZ4STE9Hx6l8FgoE+fPjojvfPOO0yYMIG0tLRm6lVbm6AQgg0bNnD33Xdz+vRpAKxWK1arFZvNRn19Pe+99x5FRUW8+uqrDB48uJUG8+WXX7J+/XocDkezZzudTj766CPq6uoQQrB58+ZWY3c4HHzwwQd4PB5eeeUVwsLC8Hg8/OlPf9JVZEmSMJvNeqjD4XDw2WefYbPZeOedd0hJSWn13IKCAh588EHq6upaSYaioiIefPBBXXIFBweTkpKC3W7XJaHFYiEyMhJVVUlISOgULs/LL7/MsmXLqK+v1z2fBoMBt9tNY2Mjn332GWVlZbzxxhsMHz78giWd7jS52BJOCGh0KOzMq8LhUjAaBBNHxhJhNZ2fmIUEbhvy6feRyt5ENBQgNOWc1GpRAqA4wF2N3FCIVvERUvhlKCm3o8ZdBVJIgMLa1mJoJPYJZtSQaL76uoK6eje7D1Yzb1pKh7HC7qyZLMtMnz6d119/HZfLxYYNGygtLWXu3LnMmDGDQYMGERcXh8lk0u0XPyGfOHGCZcuWcfr0aYKCgli4cCE333wzCQkJFBYW8tJLL/H3v/+dvXv3snLlSv7nf/4Hs9nc7P02mw2z2cyNN96og5R+9dVXfPTRR3g8HrZs2QKA2Wzmmmuu0fvk5OTw0Ucf4fV6+eyzz8jJyeEHP/gBZrOZ6667jpycHKZPn86sWbNISUlBURT27dvHqlWrKCsrY8+ePbz77rs88MADrdatvr4eIQTZ2dlce+21WCwWqqqqeOONNzh+/Dhnz57lz3/+M1dccQUTJkzgiy++YNu2bdx11124XC7mz5/PE088oaux0dHR7X4bSZLIycnhySefpL6+HqPRyJVXXskNN9xAfHw8x48f5/XXX2fPnj0cOXKETZs2MXz48G5/91aB70thwx0qtFFyqgGA9GQrQzIiUDt8r099lOxHkL99zCfVNK+PySRDBz7Qc7dqXkRdLqL+AKotB2/GQ2hBSaC1rxpIQjBmWDRHi89SWeMgv/AMQ/pFMCAtrN04YHe0AkVRmD17Nrfffjsvv/wyiqKQn59Pfn4+L7zwAomJiUyYMIH58+czZcoUYmJidCfHJ598wsGDBwG47bbb+N3vfkdISIjukRs1ahS33347X375JevWreOOO+5g8uTJrcawaNEifvvb3xIaGooQgh//+McoisLatWv1Pj/96U9Zvnw5FosFIQT/8R//QVNTExs2bMDpdJKTk8P8+fNRVZXZs2fz0UcfMWTIEEJCQvRnzJ49m9jYWBYvXozb7WbLli3ce++9BAUFtRrTjBkz+Mtf/tJMAo4ePZpbb72V2tpaDh48yIkTJxg2bBhhYWEcO3ZMX3+r1Urfvn31zak9DQHA4/GwevVqXa2/5ZZbWLFihe6YmjVrFjNmzGDJkiWMGzeOhQsXXlDyQSCPSS0lXE9fArDVudh1sBpF0QgJkpk4sg9BZll3ELQJUyBkpLpdGPIXIVd/fs4Wkzuf+SwECANCdSGVv43xm3uRGr8FIeuYKi0vDYgMNzMuKwZZFjhdCrkHqnC6lB6BUwhcF4vFwhNPPMGKFSvIysrSsySampo4duwYa9asYeHChSxYsICcnBzdKbFp0yYAYmJi+MlPfoLZbMbtduP1enG73cTHx3PrrbciyzK1tbXs3bu31TgSEhK44447CA4OxuPx4Ha7CQ8P5/rrr9c9fwkJCfz0pz8lJCRE7xMREcFNN92k96mrq9O9j8HBwYwePVp/ZmNjI3a7nYaGBsaPH09MTIw+P7/tFUh7ZrOZu+++m+TkZDwej35NnjyZESNG6O/z25x+L2RLr2KgRtCSQfz0Vl5ejh+PNSEhgcWLFxMeHq5n+rjdbtLT03nllVe47777iIqK0hmuO1crL+WF7Nbn1Vs1jd35NVTZnAAM7R9Jv2TrObNLtK2iCRnJfhDDkV8h2Q8BcjdKDL5jPKGBqN2MoeDXeIb+ES0oAbT21cusgVEcOX6WYyfrOVFqJ7/wDGOHxfSoLaeqKlarlXvvvZcbbriBr7/+ms2bN/P1119z9OhRbDYbHo+H7du3s3jxYtasWUNMTAyFhYX6Lv3MM8+0UheFEPrODXDs2LFWu3NaWpqu8umZNudsH7PZTFNTE+np6aSmpjbro2kaCQkJmEwmHA4HZ8+exev16udNHD16lI0bN5KXl8epU6dwuVwIIXA6ndTW1gLgcrl0z2Jgi4mJYejQoc3GKoTAbDbTt29f3cnhty87E4drT50sLS3V7d+hQ4eSnp6uO6wCW2hoqL42PcEbPZ7aJQmBkAJPCBGUnGrkwFEbaBARZmLc8BgkiY5VSVc1cuEjSPX5HaiPXTQiNRmpdhPyiT/gHfgESKZ2PZZBZokJI2IprWzE5VLYdbCa/qlWoiPMAb4XX+6ldgG2r3/HjY+PZ/78+cybN4+GhgYKCgpYu3Yta9asobq6moKCAt566y3uuece3SN59uxZPvzww/O+w+12txqfwWDQY2WBhCTLsv57YPwtsE+gZPczhyRJfPnll/zyl7+koKCgU1K+LUbwOzpavi8QkeB8jovOMIbX69WfExMTo2sXHX3HC0WNa7c8pzsRfkkSaBqU1zj4tqyB0qomTEaZ9IQQjhTaaGzyIEmCscNiiIsO7gB4VYAAw6m3kWpzfCpkT3puNAn51F9Ro6aj9LmqA3tO0C/FwpD0cPIKbFTbnGzZW0lcXCgnTjf6XNUJIWQkhhIbYfaFLLqQ5xioSvvX3+92tlgsjB8/nnHjxpGWlsb999+PqqocPnwYVVX18x6io6P5z//8T93uaE+KtpXy1JOZHZIkUVlZyaOPPkpBQQEmk4l58+YxdepUnWltNhvPP/98s/BCZ7NF2tWC2rn/fE5AfxKzXy0+ffo0TqdTX9e2GKWnYnBdjsO1tFv85SynbU7e2ljKuu2nOVXrxOFWkM7lRFrMMgPigpg6LJqRQ6I6XkgEkqME+dQ7CNSeZTi/eqk0IJf+BTVqCprB0maBkKaBwSAxcVQfvj1pZ1dhHR/vr6XJpdDk8jFGSJCBtPgQfjQjmRumJREWauh0hYEQArvdjsPhID4+vlkYwL8DG41GMjMzMZlMOJ1OnE4nkZGRDB06lMLCQpqamsjKyuK6667D6/U2U8MCsznOZ+y3V4Dcng3SVpiisLCQQ4cOATB37lxefvllwsPDdYYsKSnhL3/5i85w7W3ybf3e3r/b+l33G3RQ5qSqKn379iUlJYWCggK++eYbCgoKGDNmjK7qBiYL+E+PupCQQOD3kFruJp3FW/SpEoKi003c/0I+K98/xrFTjTjdii+2pmk0OLycrnOxrfAshTUu5HMQde0blwKpcr3PuYHExWky0tk9SGe2A1I74ziXqSIJ9pc1srvITnW9W2c2gCanl0NF9Tz2xhGWvXoYW72702amJEn83//9HzfccAN//etfqampQZIk/fw9g8FAQ0MDGzduxOn02b4ZGRmEh4cze/ZsJEnC4XDw5JNPsnfv3mZBWY/Hw9atW3n11VdxOp1tBmw7Muy7ogYGel39BJmQkEBYWBiKouj234EDB7DZbN2SCOcLr/jp8uTJk3o2zPlsvPj4eKZNmwZATU0NK1asoLy8HKPRqEu/PXv2cNNNN/HQQw9RWlp6QbioPWLDCQF1djePv3GEnAM1SJLPhmvLUa9pGh9uO83AFAuL5qd3oFw3Itm2+hwaPWG7tSflvI1INZvwxsz+TqS12JEcbpXfv/ct276x6V7N1h/cF7/7W045UWFGHrp54Hnh2YUQNDU18f7777Nnzx4WLVrEkCFDmDFjBqmpqT7kMJeLrVu36h7JsLAw5s+fjxCCq6++mvfff59Nmzaxd+9ebrrpJhYsWEBiYiKaplFQUMCHH36Iw+EgNDSU66+//oJtno76aJpGWFgYISEhOJ1O1q9fz+TJk5k4cSJer5fc3FyeeeYZGhsbu5WZ0dF74+LiiIiIwOFwsHPnTp599llGjhzJN998w/XXX8+QIUPavE+WZW6//XY+//xzTpw4wfr166moqOCaa67BarVy6tQp3n33XYqLi9m9ezd9+/blvvvuu6BskzZtuK4wnCQJPt9bxeb91c3qy9pbQI9X5bX/O8n0UbEMTrG0TkwWMpLzJFLDYV+w+2I2IZDs+QhvPZohrA01GXYdtvHJjopzGCwdz03VNN7bXM6ccXGMGxKJqorzxuH69OmD2WzG6XSyf/9+9u/f32Zfv7v88ssvx+v1Ehsby29/+1t+/vOfc/DgQY4fP87TTz/dOnPGaKSoqKhT0qu79ptfRRsyZAjz58/njTfeoKysjEWLFhEfH4+iKJw6dYrg4GDCw8M5e/Zsp6RmS62rLfVRURRSU1OZNWsWb775JvX19SxfvhxZllEUhcjIyFYM53+OoigMHz6cxx9/nP/+7/+msrKS3bt3s3v37lZjmTJlCtdee223VMpANb/NOFxXxKTTrfL3XZW4vWond0mfU2V7fm07cTeBcNeAtx642GVCAuEsRbgqW6muPmh0jQ27KrA3eToN/2eze/j7rkqf5/I8cZmQkBBWrFjBK6+8wpVXXkliYiJGo7HZM8PCwpg4cSLPP/88Dz74oF6AqigKo0aNYvXq1dx+++34Tzzyt+DgYIYPH86zzz7L3Xff3Wl7rD376Xz3qKqK2Wxm2bJl3HbbbURFReFwODhx4gRlZWWkpaWxdOlSMjMzO+UsOZ+6GygczGYzS5Ys4brrriMkJARN0/B6vXqWSlvhh8DnXn/99bz++utceeWVREZGNvPKxsXFceedd/LSSy+RmprarThcuyplV71UkhCcbfBQXNHUac+cLzlXZd+3dbi9KrLURnqjp86XiHzRmwCvHdw1EDqo1Ud1uhVOnG7q6n7G4WI7TpdXB5DtaC2Dg4O54YYbuOqqqygtLeXo0aOcPn1aJ+DBgwczZMgQIiIimgVz/Tv0oEGDeP755zl58iQHDhygqqoKWZbp168fWVlZxMbGNnPGpKam8vTTT+N0OklKStIZPDAOl5aWxooVK3C5XO32ycjI4JlnnsHtdtOvXz9kWdZjeM899xx33XUXBw8exOVyER0dzbhx40hISCAtLY0bbriBuLg4goODUVWV0NBQHnzwQWpqaggLC8N/oExLIl2wYAGZmZnIsqwnEvvqHH0OkJdeeok9e/Zw7NgxJEkiMzNTr32bPHkyK1euBOCyyy7Tn+////Tp0xk7diwFBQXk5+fjdDoJDQ1l1KhRDBo0SC/56ak4nFizZo02ceJEEhISOq1SSgJKqxwseGwP5dUOpE6CrHoVleysaF578DKCWhClJgwYytdgLvjld8nIF6tpGpochGvEWyiRU5oxuRCCRqeX257ax64jZzDInZ/bpGHRvPGQb25dqQT212K1V4/VVsjB/1vLe9vyTPr7+iVhW7Vene3jj5f5GTAwq6Oteji/48Tv4GhZG9fe7y1tLv8zW2aY+Ncx0IES+KyW423LDms5br+E6iksGSEEp06dYvv27d2z4TQEJqNEiFnu8nlqsRFmjAap9fuEBoYwNCGfy5m8BFJOSG0a6bIkzp1DoHVJvZVbBGw727oTzPX/1llDXtO0ZuUs3e3TUtq2ZVu1Nab21Lv2fm9p83Y0z/aec77xdmbcF2r/thn47iqRaEC4xUjf+BCOlto7RZT+MMKo/uGYDBKK2mInAzRjBAgDcLEZTgODFc0Yje8EVK2ZV9VklEiPD2HHodouMXBmmpUgk/QvgSnilxiB1daB2SDthRv+0a3lGFtK0vakXFtM4peMHVW4d5VBu12eE2SUmDuuD1v2V7dinna0OJJigpicFd1OlYCKZozxeQ0Vx0V2nGioQcmopj6tcio1wCAJ5o2PY92O0zQ5lfPOTdU0Iq1G5ozt40to0c6jxwd8zM7swIFqT6Bku1hn+TU0NPDJJ59QX1/P8OHDmThxol4ZvXHjRmJiYpg2bVqblejnm3dbc2ipQnalXyBEg6ZpVFRU8OWXX5KYmMjkyZMxmUw0NDSwfv166urqGDp0qF5u1FHzJ4o7nU6uuOIKPZB/oTacfO211z6akpLSaUSoQMpMjAmisLSB4+VN7caq/C8yGiR+cW06V4zp04wgmxGNHIpctwPJUXRxQwOaihIzB2+fq9qMw2lAfFQQp2qcHCq2d0hM/oqIW2an8MNpiedNB/JnmaxZs4acnBysVit9+vTpsHLCf23bto0PPviA48eP079/fz3I29NXZWUld955Jx988AEWi4U5c+bg9Xp55JFHeOSRR/j000/JzMwkMzOzTW9c+04zhXXr1rFhwwYOHTpEenq67l1sFmZRVTZs2MD69es5evQoGRkZekFrYD+Xy8V7773H559/TmVlJWlpaTz00EMsX76cTz/9lGHDhjF48GAqKipYtGgR7733HkFBQcydO7fDbyTLMq+++iq/+MUv+PDDDwkODiY7O/uCNrj6+npKSkq6H4fTgAiLkYdvGYTTrbItv7YZCFBgP0nAtZPjWXhFSptxlu8cGSGokVOgdvPFc5xoGpohFCV6BiAjUFq9x3++wP0L+lNa6WD7NzY0H8BDC/sADAbBtZMT+MW1/TDKUsfV63yH2LVixQrKysr46quveO211/TM9LZUND++4kMPPcT+/fsZOnQos2fP1uvgelrCtUUH/piaf/f3x9S6QjOyLLN//36effZZjEYjcXFxXHPNNa3mUF5ezm9+8xu+/fZbrFYrAwcOZNKkSc1UQSEEJSUlLF26lIqKCn75y18yd+5cvQK8sbFRr+TuKNTR1savaRpVVVU65EJNTU23eKQljV9weY6qQXpCCL+/Zxhvf1nGJzsqON0ql1JiQFwwA2PNqEoHUA7C56Twxl7lS15u+haQL4J4U1DDxqBETAI6UMs0AYrKqJQQPA4PJ2pdNLoUHIG5lHHBLJieyA+nJhIWYuxU+U5Lgv7yyy/5+OOPWbhwYYe2xTvvvNMsON5R4Lir0N7ng1jXNA2TycTSpUsZMGAA8fHxzJs3r1UOZ1vPCnyeLMvMmDGD//3f/8XhcLB9+3auvvrqZu+VZZmdO3dSVFQEgN1uZ9u2bUycOLFVMDknJ4eKigqsVitz5swhODiYhx9+mMzMTFJTU5k7d267a9pW/Dnwb3fccQdmsxmXy8XNN9+sS97uhgd6DERI0SA+0sx9P+zHTTOS+La8gbIqh+54KDhWR9FJO5U1TvKO2pg8KrYDG0dDDeqLJ+EmTMeXI3paymkammzBnXwHqhzmg2pop3m8KrkHamhq8jI81cLC2SnExoZQXNGEJCAtIYSMhFBiInznHSidlDQt19jlcrFq1SqmTZtGUlJSq91elmUOHz7MK6+80u5uHBhaqK+v58yZMwghiIyMxGq1tkqODrQJ3W431dXVeDwerFYrMTExbYYgNE1j4MCBPPDAA3qdWuBzNE2jsbGRM2fOoCgKJpNJL33xO11UVSUzM5NBgwaRl5fH5s2bqaysJC4urpk3MycnpxmjbNq0ibvvvpuQkBB9bC6Xi6+++grw5Zn6AZOGDBnCAw88gCRJBAUFdbgpBcbkGhoa9DWyWCz06dOHe+65B0C3Vbt7RkErCXehtXD+nT0h2kxSTFAzoRUfYaKy2kFDk5evD9non2IlLiao/cx6oeGJvwn5TA4G2xbA0GPMBire+AUoUTM6lG6SJDhR1sDREz6VJDbSzLTRfYgKNzF5WNR3m8M5bCLtAk/Z2b9/P6tXr+bXv/51q+d4vV5eeeUVSkpK2mRcP8GXlZWxevVqNm/eTGlpKQDp6elceeWV/PjHPyY2NlYnYj+jffrpp/ztb3/TA76xsbHMmjVLT5Buyfjr1q1j5cqVBAcH8/TTTzNy5Ejcbjd5eXl8+OGH7N+/n5MnT+L1egkODmbkyJHccsstTJ8+HUmSUFWV2NhYJk6cSF5eHseOHeObb74hISEBr9eLJElUVFTo1djJycmUl5dz+PBhjh07xsiRI3UUsqKiIh2la+bMmURH+3BE//SnP/H++++TlJTEc889R0JCQodOHEVRePXVV3n77bdRFIX58+dz3333sXPnTh5//HG8Xi/33Xcf1113XbdzKVuV51yIftqSpgMxH4UQJMQGkzUwgp0Haqizu9lzqJa5UxLbD5ZrKpopBnfGMoS7Brnh0LkyHXGBzKbgjZqJu+99aJL5XPlP2890uhR25dfgcisYZB/OSbjViFdpb7fsvGRryVAmkwm3283q1auZP38+WVlZ+oeVZVl3lAghMJlMuFyuVmCwBw8e5Je//CW5ubkAeoZIaWkpX331Fdu3b+fZZ58lNTUVTdNoampixYoVrFq1iqampma204EDB1i/fr2e3R/4rsrKSvbu3UtwcDD19fXIssyRI0f4yU9+om8Ifve71+vl2LFjbNq0iaeeeoqbb75Zn//MmTN57bXXcDqdbNq0iRkzZuh/27dvHyUlJYSHh/Ozn/2MlStXUlNTw86dOxk5cqTeLzc3l/LycsxmM5MmTdJVvuLiYvbv3091dbVerNteepjX6+Wll15i+fLl2O12Lr/8cm688UaCg4Ox2Wzs2bMHRVGoqqq6oNq4bpfndKcsQRKC0UOjiYn0qSBHis5SXN5wzn3eRg4agKagWIbhGvg0imWoz3Xf3c1A09DQ8EZOwzXgt6hmH7yCvwi2rby9Q9/WUXLKl92elmRhaP/wC8Z2aU+tzM7Opn///pSWlrJq1apmGJMNDQ28+OKL1NbWMmHChGbIUf5n1NbWsnTpUnJzc4mKiuK+++5j7dq1fPDBByxevBir1cqGDRt46qmncDqdSJLERx99xAsvvEBTUxPJycncf//9vPzyyzz11FNMmDCBo0eP0tDQcF5TQ1VVUlJS6N+/P2PGjGHJkiW89dZbvPvuuyxevJjIyEhsNhsrV66krKxMZ4rRo0eTkZEBwI4dO3QHjKIofPHFF7hcLtLT07nuuuvIysoCYMuWLTqsnx/ACGDgwIFcdtllXXIe+TeEF198kSeeeAK73c7UqVN5/vnnm2FttnVfd/ngkgHBakBkmJExw6L5fPtpHE6FXQdrSYoLwWTswPWvKShhY3EOeRFz0XJk2+bvULs6J1J8aqMUgrfPtbjSf4VqTmzXbtM0DUkI6upd7P3GhqJoBJllxmZFYTZJPXZ8Vcs1HjhwILNnz+bXv/41a9euZf78+cydOxeAzz77jM8//xyr1co999zDO++80+zjSZLEli1byMnJwWAw8PDDD7No0SJdHZw5cyZxcXE88sgjrF+/njvvvJOhQ4fy9ttv43K5iI+P58UXX2TmzJn6PT/84Q/52c9+1iYmZVtzCQ8P5w9/+AMWi4XExESdwObOnYvVauWpp57i2LFj7Nu3T8dIiY6OZuzYsXrx55EjR5g8eTKnTp3SpfTMmTPp168fEydOZOvWrezatYvjx4+TlZVFaWmpntk/YcIEYmJiOl1xL4TA7Xbzhz/8gd///vc4HA49STwtLQ1FUZolg/dEYL+VhOusDdf9HR4yM8JJiffBpxWXN1BQdLZ9KadfCkroYByDn8eV8QhK6JBzEtD7ndRrdqk+2ATNiyZklPDxOAc9i3PAclRzAkJTOszsVjWNfUfOUH0O8CgzI5y0JItuo/WU1G/Zbr75ZrKzs7Hb7axatYqzZ89SXV3Niy++iMvl4gc/+AFXXHFFKzQqr9fLpk2b8Hg8pKWlMXr0aEpKSigqKqKoqIiysjLGjRtHbGwsZ86cITc3l+LiYr755hsA5s2bx/Tp01FVFa/Xi8fjITk5mbvuuqvVWWsdtQEDBhAVFcWJEyfYt28feXl5HDlyhOTkZEwmE16vl8rKSl0tMxgMXH755RgMBurr69myZQuSJLFnzx6OHj1KUFAQ2dnZSJLEzJkzCQsLo6qqir179+r9ysrKMJlMzJgxo13Q17Zou7GxkWeeeUZntqysLFauXMmAAQPOmz52IZtstyEWuvvCkCCZcVnRnK524nIr7MqvJS3JQpjFeF43vmaMxJ18F96YORhsm5BtW5AbCxDeOlBcPjkqBEghaMYIFOsIvFGX442aimb0IS/7bTbR7tygvNLBgYIzaBqEW42MGRqFQRaoassjDC4MUKalWhYbG8s999zDvn37yMnJYe3atdjtdnbt2kVCQgI///nPMZvNre51uVwcP34c8FU833jjja36KIqiI2YVFxdTU1OjH401bNgwZFluloeoKArDhg0jJiZGj7t1FC7QNI2tW7fyyiuvsGfPHs6ePatvLn7IuZYhAlVVGTFiBMnJyRQXF7Nz507q6urYvn07Ho+HrKwsLrvsMtxuN0OGDGHw4MHs3r2bjRs3smDBAjZs2IDX6yUjI4NRo0bpmSidgZL47LPPaGxs1FV3IYQefO8IvqGnJNxFgzpvPWjISLEyMM1KfmEdVbVO9h+xMW1sXCcmcg7cMygZd+JPEPE3Itw2hKca4bWD5gFhQjNGoBmjUY3RIJkBRQcK0gL+21bzejX2HLLR0ORFCBgxKJLYKLOuSvaUtt0WYXi9XmbNmsW8efN4//33WbFihU5Ed9xxByNGjMDtdreyBwIdJH44uZbeRb8EUhSFfv36Nfs9kBmahUQ8nma7fXsEJ0kSO3fu5K677qKsrIz4+HgyMzN1hqurq+PIkSOt8CP9tt+ECRMoLi4mLy+P3Nxc3S6bOHGiXqoTHh5OdnY2u3fv5uDBg+zfv5+8vDwAJk2apGPCdJZ2bTYbkiSRlJREZWUlBw8eZPny5Tz33HOtsl56SuBcUhuuWR6ZDGOHRVFc3oC90cuBo3UM6GslsU9w5whaUwEVTZh8zg9zIn6kr3O6Jr5aBq1VXV1Hc5MkwbcldgqLfWGAuOggRgyKuChr0h4KVVBQEL/4xS/Yvn277tbPyspi4cKFHd4zdOhQNm3aRGhoKE8//TRZWVnNJFZgyYnRaKS4uJjo6GjKy8vJzc3lpz/9qR4r84cYcnNz9YyN87WPP/6YsrIyoqOj+fOf/8yECRN8GPoGA9u2beNHP/pRM0eQfy5Go5EpU6bw17/+lbq6Ol577TVOnDhBUFAQl19+OZIkoSgKkiQxffp0Vq1aRWlpKStXrqSkpAQhBFOmTMFkMunHNHe2zZkzh1//+tc89thjfPHFF6xdu5asrCzuvffeDmNtPWLDXQiibHdsufiYIEYOjkQIqG/wsOeQDVX1oX9JAmTJd53PZgy011C95+w65ZwHsi0PoThHUAKDLCHLAlkSGA0SDqfCnkO1uD0qBoNgbJYvDKBdJM9tex6/UaNGceuttwI+7MhFixaRnJzc6uScwGD37NmzsVgsVFRUsHLlSk6fPk1oaCihoaEEBwdz/Phx1qxZg8fjwWAwkJycrLvXN23axOrVq3E6nXoS8K5du3jxxRc75fXzhxjAV6E+YMAALBYLVqsVk8nEvn37mjFb4DdVVZXs7GzdkbJ+/Xrsdjvp6el6aMSf8Z+ZmcnAgQPxeDxs3LgRl8tFamoq48aNa1Yz2BkbbuLEifz+97/nsssuY9myZfTv3x+Px8Mf//hHNm3a1K77vzvM1pIOWx3mcUlOQBWCkYMjKSy2U2VzUnCiHtksY2v0Ul7jJMpqJLOvheH9wog4dwJq16rS2g9yCqDyjIu8Y/UUljbQ5FJITwjBoGqUVToQAtKTLAxODzt31JyGdhHm366XVJK47bbbyM3NJTo6Ws8zbEvl9xPj+PHjWbBgAa+99hrr1q3j22+/Zfz48ZjNZhoaGti+fTsnT56kvr6e+++/n+DgYO6880527NjBmTNnWLp0KRs3biQpKQmHw0FOTo4uYTtSJ/1r6j8HoLS0lCeffJLrr78eTdPYtGkTb775ZrtEq6oqSUlJjBw5kpKSEp3Bp0+frler+/vHxsYyYcIEDhw4oDPY+PHjm0EfdJYpMjMzSUpKwu12M3LkSB577DEWL15MVVUVy5YtIy0trd1jibt6gEdbGTuGzsKk9WQLtxgZNzya1Z+WkFfSwOptlTjciu6cCDHLZPa1cPucVGaPiUWWL8yGEsIHa/f+1tP8dfMpTlQ0nTvjGwyy0M/4Hj8gjIkjojEZxUVTrzvCCfFDFbz++uvIskxYWFiz/L2WNpwf1+M3v/kNBoOBd999lyNHjnDkyJFm70xPTyctLU1n0unTp/P444/rCdR///vfmwXip06dSn5+fjMcyfbmsWDBArZu3crmzZt58803efvtt/W/jxkzhsLCwmZHULU8T2DmzJmsW7dOz9fMzs7WHTmBFfEzZ87kjTfewOl0IoRg8uTJGI3GZv06Q6vNvNKqyrx587j33ntZvnw5+fn5PP7447zwwgsdFv1eyHeX58yZ82i/fv30Uy8vSRNwoMjOqxvLOXXG7aung3NqpcCrqJTVuPgq34bZJBjeL6wZBF+X0MWEoMHp5XfvFbHq42Kq6tx6MawPMVrDo2hU2z00uFSmjYomPtLc42fCBX40RVFoampi4MCBZGdn62UugV4zfzlKIJPZ7Xbi4uIYN24ckydP1vtYLBYdmyMmJobo6Gji4uIYM2YMP/zhD3n44Yf1GjC/JB0xYgRTp04lKiqK8PBw4uLimDBhAnfffTd33303kiQxYMAAsrOzdfSrpqYmzGYzo0ePZvr06URGRhIWFqZLJT8uyahRo7jtttv4r//6L/000WnTppGamtoqgBwWFqbbq9OmTWsGCBTYoqKiEEIwcOBApkyZwo033qjniQaurd1uJyIignHjxpGdnU1QUJC+3v37929zvYcOHUpISAj9+vXDarWSlpZGREQEQgh9nfzStLvt7NmzHD9+HLFy5Upt1qxZF/zAzjZZEhw52cA9z+VTXOno8Ow1VdWwBMs8ddcQrhrfh+7EnjVNY9W6Ep7/2wnUDrxZPh0bxg+J4I/3DiM23MTF3H66kwjbUSa+3+HhDxd4vV5MJpPuxWwrxuS32/z9zWZzK9Ccll7stn73J077T58xGo3N0IoDIQbadlpJzVTNzs6/K33a+z2w4DVQ02hvrt1pfvTpzz///NLbcF5F451N5ZyocJwXoEeSBPYmhVc2nGRCZiTRVmOXmE6W4GhpE29vKkdRtQ7BjnyLrrHnaB3rd1Zyx5yUHssu6Sk1/XxxJj9T+dGb22O0wJhbe/07C0XuJ1A/2I+fidvDGOloHD2xZt05Vac9wKS2NpoL/eY9mrx8fk4XlFY72JJXi9RpWHAoLG1kz5EzTMqMbA0gex5punFvNZU2V6eywfyYlF98XcOCqQmEBMmXlKH+mVtLgrwUm/f3sbWHfdIqDncpCESgUWFzUVvv6cK5igKHW+Gdz8s4fry+a+MU8OWhM6gaHaquzW0+KK5ooqrORXpCSLel3L8rwfVuRu3P95JLOBB0yzDSoLbezZl6d9e8lQJcbrVLIQUhwOlWaXQq54U57yXA3g2gs5vvBcHkXZBa2cXDTH1GLaTFh5CeFNol76EQgsMVji7xuKaBJVgmPNRwQYct9hLgP686fDHX9ZJKOFUVJMcEkRgdxLfljXQS1BhLsIGbr0xmzMDwLql4siQQQTJ7jtV3Ot9O1TQGpoQSE27q8F3/ykTZqw737DduJuEURdEcDoe48Grv89+vAnGRZq4cG8O35Y2dYgJFhZH9wxiaZtVjZ11RD6cMjyI9Pphjp5rOy+CapmEySswZG0uIWWq3wruXKHvV4a6ukcPhQFEUTVIU5bT/0L8LyZPsTB6hHxNowbQERvUPQ1E7/mCKqpEYbebu+alYg+UuZ5v4wWcXXZ1KaJB8XomlajB7dCyzLotBUelWTuSly0v9flzfR+L+Pq7RucMxT8vTpk2barFYBqelpV2UpNyWEkfTICLUwNA0K0dLGzhtc/kYsQWjKKpGSp9gli7sz5Ss6Av6uAOSQgkJkjlYZPedYipaqrq+kMUVo2P4zY8ziA4z/cvs3P+O9tj37dI0jfz8fCorK7+Up0+fHu31emenp6dLLdFtLx4RQJ8IE5OGRhIaZOBsg5dGly+X0miQiIsyc+XYWB64qR8TMyMvuBZNEoLh6VaG9LXgcKvUN3rxeFVAEBwkMzjVwh1zkvnFNX3Pa7v1EuD3+/q+bUb+dLPdu3d7HQ7Hi+LRRx9NlyTp48mTJ2eNGjXqkqoKkuQLE1SccVF0qonKOjfhoQb6JYSQHBuEURa+aoEeOjJIEuBwq5RUOiiucOB0KyTFBJGRGEKk1QgaHaZ/9dpjva07dPf111+zbdu2fFVVrzGoqnpCVdU38/PzV/Tt21e0dSjexZR0APFRZhKjzfgrSdVzECXKOVWzp8aiamA2SgxOCWVIqsU3BrRmoGDnP5Sklyh7N4DOChQJm81Gfn6+5vF43hRCnDCcI7DXbTbbnJ07d86cOXNmq0z1i70oPjxLH/m3+ttFWAhFu1hP7iXKnlaF/1m/iRACp9PJjh07qKmp2SxJ0uuAHviu1jRtSWFh4ZqgoKD+kyZN4lLZc70E+O9JlP/K393PbNu3b+fo0aPHgCWaplVrmoa8detWpk6ditfrLRdCFFZWVk6or6+PioqKIiQk5J+OkHsdBL2q7z+a9mpra9myZQuHDx8+pmnaYlVVtwoheOqpp75zkC9dutSPezFO07QVUVFRU4cNGyYNGDAAq9Wql130tl5p0dvaMFMUBbvdTmFhIQcPHlRsNtsWIcQSj8ez22Qy8fTTT/uYMvCmpUuX+ovv+iiKcossy7dYrdZhiYmJclxcHEFBQQQHB/9TqDG9RNPbLnZTVRWn04nD4aCyspJTp04p9fX1hxRFWS1J0mqgBmDFihXfScG2HrRkyRIsFouw2+0pqqpeDVwuhBgnSVKSJEnifJkWvbt+b/s3kmyaqqrlmqbtBb6QJGl9SEjISYfDofmlWmD7/y/4QwUI9ZzIAAAAWHRFWHRjb21tZW50AEZpbGUgc291cmNlOiBodHRwczovL3d3dy5zZW1hbnRpYy1tZWRpYXdpa2kub3JnL3dpa2kvRmlsZTpTTVdfcG93ZXJlZGJ5XzI1MjAucG5nR/HgGQAAACV0RVh0ZGF0ZTpjcmVhdGUAMjAyMS0wNy0wMlQxNTozMTo1NSswMjowMJD7GggAAAAldEVYdGRhdGU6bW9kaWZ5ADIwMjEtMDctMDJUMTU6MzE6NTUrMDI6MDDhpqK0AAAAPHRFWHRzb2Z0d2FyZQAvdXNyL3NoYXJlL2RvYy9pbWFnZW1hZ2ljay02LWNvbW1vbi9odG1sL2luZGV4Lmh0bWx15G87AAAAGHRFWHRUaHVtYjo6RG9jdW1lbnQ6OlBhZ2VzADGn/7svAAAAGHRFWHRUaHVtYjo6SW1hZ2U6OkhlaWdodAA4ODHPniohAAAAGHRFWHRUaHVtYjo6SW1hZ2U6OldpZHRoADI1MjDhfK24AAAAGXRFWHRUaHVtYjo6TWltZXR5cGUAaW1hZ2UvcG5nP7JWTgAAABd0RVh0VGh1bWI6Ok1UaW1lADE2MjUyMzI3MTXeTZeiAAAAEnRFWHRUaHVtYjo6U2l6ZQAxMzVLQkL58MQeAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" alt="Powered by Semantic MediaWiki" class="smw-footer" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><script src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-9873239KM5" async=""></script><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-9873239KM5', {}); </script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.001","walltime":"0.001","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":100},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":151,"limit":5000000},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"timestamp":"20241123153100","ttl":86400,"transientcontent":false}}});mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":119});});</script> </body> </html>