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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_Avid_Audio_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Avid_Audio_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>History of Avid Audio software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Avid_Audio_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sound_Designer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_Designer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Sound Designer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_Designer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sound_Designer_file_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_Designer_file_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.1</span> <span>Sound Designer file formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_Designer_file_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Sound Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pro_Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro_Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Pro Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro_Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American audio equipment company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Avid_Audio" title="Special:EditPage/Avid Audio">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Avid+Audio%22">"Avid Audio"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Avid+Audio%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Avid+Audio%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Avid+Audio%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Avid+Audio%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Avid+Audio%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Avid Audio</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Technology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1984<span class="noprint">; 40 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1984</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Digital audio production</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pro_Tools" title="Pro Tools">Pro Tools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_(scorewriter)" title="Sibelius (scorewriter)">Sibelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venue_(sound_system)" title="Venue (sound system)">VENUE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Avid_Technology" title="Avid Technology">Avid Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avid.com/">www<wbr />.avid<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Avid Audio</b> (formerly <b>Digidesign</b>) is an American <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> technology company. It was founded in 1984 by Peter Gotcher and Evan Brooks. The company began as a project to raise money for the founders' band, selling <a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a> chips for <a href="/wiki/Drum_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum machines">drum machines</a>. It is a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Avid_Technology" title="Avid Technology">Avid Technology</a>, and during 2010 the Digidesign brand was phased out. Avid Audio products will continue to be produced and will now carry the Avid brand name. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avid_Audio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Avid_Audio" title="Special:EditPage/Avid Audio">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Avid+Audio%22">"Avid Audio"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Avid+Audio%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Avid+Audio%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Avid+Audio%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Avid+Audio%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Avid+Audio%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Digidesign's flagship software product was <a href="/wiki/Pro_Tools" title="Pro Tools">Pro Tools</a>, which came in three variants: Pro Tools|HD, Pro Tools LE, and Pro Tools M-Powered. </p><p>Pro Tools|HD required a Digidesign TDM system and interface, and was intended for professional recording studios. Pro Tools LE was a complete package intended for home users and some post-production facilities. The package included the Pro Tools LE software and hardware such as the M-Box 2 or Digi 003. Pro Tools M-Powered was simply the Pro Tools application adapted to run on M-Audio hardware, and generally comparable in power to an LE system. </p><p>In 2010, these various editions of Pro Tools were mostly abandoned and it is now being sold by Avid as a singular software product, with the level of functionality dependent on the hardware chosen by the user. </p><p>Digidesign also made a number of products for the Pro Tools platform, including several software <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plug-ins</a>. They also manufacture a wide variety of hardware add-ons for Pro Tools, such as audio interfaces, <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> interfaces, <a href="/wiki/Synchronizer_(film_editing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronizer (film editing)">Synchronizers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mixer" title="Electronic mixer">control surfaces</a>. In the spring of 2005 they introduced a system for <a href="/wiki/Live_sound_mixing" title="Live sound mixing">live sound mixing</a> called <a href="/wiki/Venue_(sound_system)" title="Venue (sound system)">VENUE</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avid_Audio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digidesign-logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/19/Digidesign-logo.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="177" /></a><figcaption>Original Digidesign logo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Com_DigidesignProfile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Com_DigidesignProfile.jpg/220px-Com_DigidesignProfile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Com_DigidesignProfile.jpg/330px-Com_DigidesignProfile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Com_DigidesignProfile.jpg/440px-Com_DigidesignProfile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Digidesign D-Show Profile live digital mixer on location at a corporate event</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1984 - Founded as <b>Digidrums</b> by Peter Gotcher and Evan Brooks.<sup id="cite_ref-eqmag.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eqmag.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later became Digidesign.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1989 - Digidesign launches the first <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstation</a> system, <a href="/wiki/Sound_Tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound Tools">Sound Tools</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Apple Macintosh</a>. The company refers to it as "the first tapeless recording studio".<sup id="cite_ref-namm.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-namm.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1991 - Digidesign releases the first <a href="/wiki/Pro_Tools" title="Pro Tools">Pro Tools</a> multitrack system, marking a significant advance in digital audio. This integrated software and hardware system (<a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstation</a>) is among the most popular for audio production for television, music, and film.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1995 - <a href="/wiki/Avid_Technology" title="Avid Technology">Avid Technology</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasdaq" title="Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/avid">AVID</a> acquires Digidesign. Digidesign now operates as a business unit of Avid.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2001 - Digidesign wins a <a href="/wiki/Grammy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy">Grammy</a> award for <a href="/wiki/Pro_Tools" title="Pro Tools">Pro Tools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003 - Avid acquires <a href="/wiki/Bomb_Factory_Studio" title="Bomb Factory Studio">Bomb Factory</a>'s extensive product catalog. These products are now included with <a href="/wiki/Pro_Tools" title="Pro Tools">Pro Tools</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003 - Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognizes Digidesign's contribution to audio post production for film with an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscar</a>.</li> <li>2004 - Avid acquires <a href="/wiki/M-Audio" title="M-Audio">M-Audio</a>, which now operates as a business unit of Digidesign, but maintains the M-Audio brand name and remains largely distinct from Digidesign.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005 - Avid acquires Wizoo, which now operates as <i>Digidesign Advanced Instrument Research Group</i> (A.I.R.), but remains largely autonomous, operating out of <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2006 - Avid acquires <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_notation_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibelius notation program">Sibelius</a>, the music software, in a deal worth over US$23 million.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2010 - the Digidesign brand name is phased out, with Digidesign products now falling under the Avid product banner.</li> <li>2011 - Digidesign became Avid Audio<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_Avid_Audio_software">History of Avid Audio software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avid_Audio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of Avid Audio software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm/220px--Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="239" data-mwtitle="Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm/Digidesign_NUBUS_Audiocards_1993.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Soundcards Audiomedia II and Samplecell II by Digidesign</figcaption></figure> <p>Digidesign Software was developed by <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> graduate Peter Gotcher and his friend Evan Brooks, both majors in electrical engineering and computer science. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sound_Designer">Sound Designer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avid_Audio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sound Designer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first incarnation of today's Pro Tools started life in 1984 as Sound Designer, while the pair were creating and selling drum sound chips under their Digidrums label. Sound Designer was originally designed to edit sounds for sampling synthesizers like the Prophet 2000, Ensoniq Mirage, Akai s900 and the E-MU Emulator sampling keyboard. Sounds would be sampled into the synth and transferred onto the Mac. Here, the user could manipulate the sample's sound—EQ, amplitude, etc.; truncate to save memory; or set loop points; and then transfer back into the synth for playback. The software was originally written for editing drum samples and then for burning new chips for the <a href="/wiki/LinnDrum" title="LinnDrum">LinnDrum</a> era drum machines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sound_Designer_file_formats">Sound Designer file formats</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avid_Audio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sound Designer file formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SDII (Sound Designer II, sometimes seen abbreviated as SD2) is a monophonic/stereophonic audio file format, originally developed by Digidesign for their Macintosh-based recording/editing products. It is the successor to the original monophonic Sound Designer I audio file format.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sound_Tools">Sound Tools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avid_Audio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sound Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gotcher and Brooks discussed with <a href="/wiki/E-MU_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="E-MU Systems">E-MU Systems</a> the possibility of integrating their renamed 'Sound Tools' software into the <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator_III" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mu Emulator III">Emulator III</a> keyboard released in 1987; however, E-MU rejected this option, and Gotcher and Brooks went on to start DigiDrums.<sup id="cite_ref-eqmag.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eqmag.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sound Tools<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was debuted at the <a href="/wiki/NAMM_Show" title="NAMM Show">NAMM Show</a> on January 20, 1989. At this stage, Sound Tools was a simple computer-based stereo audio editor. Although the software had the possibility to do far more, it was limited by the hard drive technology, which was used to stream the audio and allow for the non-destructive editing that Sound Tools offered.<sup id="cite_ref-namm.org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-namm.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent public radio producers soon discovered the power and economy of Sound Tools as an alternative to traditional analog tape, sparking the transition to digital program production and distribution in radio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pro_Tools">Pro Tools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avid_Audio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pro Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first version of Pro Tools was launched in 1991, offering four tracks and selling for US$6,000. Digidesign continued to improve Pro Tools, adding a sequencer and more tracks, with the system offering recording at 16-bit and 44.1 kHz. In 1997, Pro Tools had reached 24-bit and 48 track versions. At this point, the migration from more conventional studio technology to the Pro Tools platform took place within the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avid_Audio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eqmag.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eqmag.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eqmag.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081004165207/http://www.eqmag.com/article/the-software-chronicles/Mar-06/19100">"The Software Chronicles - Interview with Evan Brooks"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eqmag.com/article/the-software-chronicles/Mar-06/19100">the original</a> on 2008-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Software+Chronicles+-+Interview+with+Evan+Brooks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eqmag.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-software-chronicles%2FMar-06%2F19100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvid+Audio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muzines.co.uk/blog/sound-diving-2-take-on-me/40">"Sound Diving #2 – Take on Me"</a>. <i>muzine.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muzine.co.uk&rft.atitle=Sound+Diving+%232+%E2%80%93+Take+on+Me&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzines.co.uk%2Fblog%2Fsound-diving-2-take-on-me%2F40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvid+Audio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-namm.org-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-namm.org_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-namm.org_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/evan-brooks">"Evan Brooks | NAMM.org"</a>. <i>www.namm.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.namm.org&rft.atitle=Evan+Brooks+%26%23124%3B+NAMM.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.namm.org%2Flibrary%2Foral-history%2Fevan-brooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvid+Audio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youtube.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120909223140/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=inG-VGagm_U">"Digidesign 20th Anniversary Video on Youtube"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=inG-VGagm_U">the original</a> on 2012-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Digidesign+20th+Anniversary+Video+on+Youtube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DinG-VGagm_U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvid+Audio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/26/business/company-news-avid-technology-plans-to-acquire-digidesign.html">"COMPANY NEWS; AVID TECHNOLOGY PLANS TO ACQUIRE DIGIDESIGN"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 26 October 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=COMPANY+NEWS%3B+AVID+TECHNOLOGY+PLANS+TO+ACQUIRE+DIGIDESIGN&rft.date=1994-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F10%2F26%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-avid-technology-plans-to-acquire-digidesign.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvid+Audio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-70732700.html">HighBeam</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007224251/http://www.avid.co.uk/company/press/generic_intl_press.asp?taxID=1150">"Digidesign Acquires the Assets of Bomb Factory Digital"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avid.co.uk/company/press/generic_intl_press.asp?taxID%3D1150">the original</a> on 2006-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digidesign+Acquires+the+Assets+of+Bomb+Factory+Digital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avid.co.uk%2Fcompany%2Fpress%2Fgeneric_intl_press.asp%3FtaxID%253D1150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvid+Audio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m-audio.com/news/en_us-348.html">"M-Audio"</a>. <i>m-audio.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=m-audio.com&rft.atitle=M-Audio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm-audio.com%2Fnews%2Fen_us-348.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvid+Audio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avid.com/">"Avid - Technology and tools that empower media creators"</a>. <i>www.avid.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.avid.com&rft.atitle=Avid+-+Technology+and+tools+that+empower+media+creators&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avid.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvid+Audio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/08/03/avid_buys_sibelius/">"Avid buys Sibelius for a song"</a>. <i>The Register</i>. 3 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Avid+buys+Sibelius+for+a+song&rft.date=2006-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2006%2F08%2F03%2Favid_buys_sibelius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvid+Audio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audiotechnology.com/news/modern-classic-digidesign-digi-001">"Modern Classic: Digidesign Digi 001"</a>. <i>audiotechnology.com</i>. 7 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=audiotechnology.com&rft.atitle=Modern+Classic%3A+Digidesign+Digi+001&rft.date=2014-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.audiotechnology.com%2Fnews%2Fmodern-classic-digidesign-digi-001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvid+Audio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100302031525/http://www.riverpast.com/en/support/tutorials/convert/sd2/aif.php">"D2 to AIF: Convert Audio from SD2(Sound Designer 2) to AIF(AIFF/AIFC Apple Audio)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riverpast.com/en/support/tutorials/convert/sd2/aif.php">the original</a> on 2010-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D2+to+AIF%3A+Convert+Audio+from+SD2%28Sound+Designer+2%29+to+AIF%28AIFF%2FAIFC+Apple+Audio%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riverpast.com%2Fen%2Fsupport%2Ftutorials%2Fconvert%2Fsd2%2Faif.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvid+Audio" class="Z3988"></span> SD2 format information @ riverpast.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.me.com/protoolsman1/deprotoolsman/Geschiedenis_files/soundtools.jpg">"Original Sound Tools Brochure"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Original+Sound+Tools+Brochure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.me.com%2Fprotoolsman1%2Fdeprotoolsman%2FGeschiedenis_files%2Fsoundtools.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvid+Audio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avid_Audio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avid.com/">Avid Audio page on Avid.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://duc.avid.com/">Avid Audio Forums (aka Digidesign User Conference)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215092045/http://www.eqmag.com/article/software-chronicles/Mar-06/19100">John Payne: "The Software Chronicles" about Evan Brooks, EQ Magazine, March 2006</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308160441/http://thestudiofiles.com/">The Studio Files website: Pro Tools users tech blog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/evan-brooks">Evan Brooks Interview</a> at <a href="/wiki/NAMM_Oral_History_Program" title="NAMM Oral History Program">NAMM Oral History Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/peter-gotcher">Peter Gotcher Interview</a> NAMM Oral History Collection (2012)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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