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class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-104178 apercu surlignable"><p>A sector inquiry is an examination into why a particular sector or market may experience restricted or distorted competition – taking into account regulatory and economic factors as well as business and consumer behaviour – and how to reduce such restrictions or distortions.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-104178 texte surlignable"><p>"Sector inquiries" as performed by competition authorities are focused on first, identifying regulatory, behavioural or structural problems in a market that can explain perceived failures of competition and second, suggesting solutions for improving competitive outcomes or processes. This note focuses on sector inquiries (or market studies), in the context of competition.</p> <p>Most OECD competition authorities have either an informal or legally granted power to prepare and release sector inquiries. These studies are generally performed as an activity that supplements competition law enforcement duties related to mergers, abuse of dominance and cartels. Sector inquiries do not target individual companies nor arise from specific evidence of a cartel, thus distinguishing them from typical competition law enforcement. Such inquiries provide reasoned support for advocacy activities of competition authorities. The advocacy activities flowing from a market study can, for example, focus on changing government behaviour and regulations, changing private sector behaviour, and changing standards. Some market studies conclude that no changes are needed, either because they find that there is no problem with competition or that there is no reasonable solution for a problem that is identified. In some jurisdictions, market studies can at times result in opening of competition law investigations.</p> <p>Competition authorities such as the US FTC have carried out sector studies for more than 50 years (and have addressed sectors varying from contact lenses to car fuel, for example). Other authorities such as the European Commission, Chilean, French, German, Mexican and UK authorities have performed multiple sector-focused market studies (including for notaries (Chile), payments and insurance (EC), long-distance coach transport, hearing aids, Fintech, food retailing (France), milk, gas transmission, and district heating (Germany), ride-hailing, tortillas (Mexico), airports, classified directories, and groceries (UK)).</p> <p>The opening of a sector inquiry is often based on “own-initiative” by competition authorities. The opening may also arise from other sources. Governments (e.g., France, Mexico), legislatures (e.g., U.S.) or even specifically identified bodies may have an ability to request a market study (e.g, in France with local authorities, courts, trade unions, professional or consumer associations, or the U.K. with a “super-complaints” process). In Mexico demands by government to open a market examination require substantial reasons including detailed explanation of indicators of the presence of a competitive restraint. Such reasons ensure that externally requested studies are started for reasons clearly related to lack of competition. The existence of a sector inquiry request by external parties does not necessarily guarantee that such an inquiry will be performed, as the competition authority could, in some jurisdictions (e.g., Mexico) determine that the reasons for requesting a study are not sufficient, the remedial actions are unlikely to work or that resources may be better used for other work.</p> <p>The OECD notes that a high percentage of competition authorities carrying out market studies have powers to request information about the sector in question. Nonetheless, the information gathering powers of authorities for such inquiries are often more constrained than for the most serious competition law investigations. For example, the information gathering powers of a competition authority for market studies would typically not extend to unannounced inspections.</p> <p>The use of sector inquiries to examine government restrictions on competition can be performed using the OECD’s Competition Assessment Toolkit methodology, which is focused on identifying general principles for finding regulatory restrictions that are valid across sectors. These restrictions focus, in particular, on identifying rules and regulations that: (1) create unduly strict entry barriers, (2) limit the actions that businesses take in competition with each other, (3) restrict companies’ incentives to compete with each other (all three of these addressing supply side restrictions) and (4) affect consumer information and consumer ability to switch (demand side restrictions). This methodology has been adopted and adapted by many countries and is available in translation in more than fifteen languages. The European Commission used the OECD approach as the basis of its own competition assessment of new regulations, as did Korea. Other jurisdictions, such as ASEAN economies, Brazil, Greece, Iceland, Portugal, the Philippines, Romania and Tunisia have successfully applied this approach to develop sector-specific recommendations for pro-competitive regulatory revisions.</p> <p>A small number of governments (including France, Iceland, Mexico, and the UK) have supplemented the sector inquiry powers of competition authorities with further powers for competition authorities to perform market investigations. Outcomes of such investigations can include the ability to impose remedies. Remedies in such cases can be behavioural or structural, affecting private actors, or can include obligations on government to change rules and procedures, including to implement price regulation or regulatory oversight of an activity. Behavioural remedies can include, e.g., unbundling, limiting restrictions in agreements, disclosure requirements, measures to improve consumer engagement and switching. In one example of structural remedies, UK airports in London that were commonly owned were separated from each other as a result of a market investigation. Other remedies can include limits on referral incentives, market share limits and market redesign. The possibility for a competition authority to impose remedies in the context of a market investigation is considered a particularly invasive government intervention when applied to the private sector. Consequently, the procedures of competition investigations provide due process opportunities for parties that would be affected by the investigation to access and challenge evidence, enter their own arguments into the process and appeal decisions.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-104178 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2017/the-eu-commission-publishes-its-final-report-on-the-e-commerce-sector-inquiry-en">EC (2017) “Final Report on the E-Commerce Sector Inquiry”, 17 May</a></p> <p>Autorite de la Concurrence (2014) “Sector inquiry - Long-distance coach transport” 27 February</p> <p>Competition Commission (2009) Final Report: BAA Market Investigation</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2008/The-European-Parliament-reports-on">EC (2007) “Report on the Retail Banking Sector Inquiry”, 31 January</a></p> <p>US FTC (2005) “The Strength of Competition in the Sale of Rx Contact Lenses: An FTC Study”, 15 February</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-104178 jurisprudence"><p>ICN (2016) “Market studies good practice handbook”,</p> <p>OECD (2018) “Market studies guide for competition authorities”</p> <p>OECD (2015) “Competition assessment toolkit”</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/sean-ennis" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton17699-88832.png?1711359211) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Sean Ennis</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">University of East Anglia (Norwich)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United Kingdom</span> <span class="articles"><em>5</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>9871</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Sean Ennis, </span> <span class="entry-title">Sector Inquiry</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 86371</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">2569</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-86371 texte surlignable"><p>The Commission may conduct general inquiries into a particular sector of the economy or a particular type of agreements across various sectors where a trend of trade between EU Member States, price rigidity or other circumstances suggest that competition may be restricted or distorted within the Common Market. In the course of that inquiry, the Commission may request the undertakings or associations of undertakings concerned to supply the information necessary for giving effect to Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty and may carry out any inspections necessary for that purpose. The Commission may in particular request the undertakings or associations of undertakings concerned to communicate to it all agreements, decisions and concerted practices. The Commission may publish a report on the results of its inquiry into particular sectors of the economy or particular types of agreements across various sectors and invite comments from interested parties. <strong>©</strong> <a href="IMG/pdf/eu_-_regulation_1_2003_-_sector_inquiry.pdf?40009/59d071d23bcfc1f09e697ec34ef5b3c51941224e023b53b617b9095ad90a8cf4" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>Article 17 of Council Regulation (EC) 1/2003</strong></a></p> <p>The Commission uses the information obtained in an inquiry to understand a particular market better from the point of view of competition policy. If it finds grounds for doing so, the Commission may – at a later stage – assess whether it needs to open specific investigations to ensure the respect of EU rules on restrictive agreements and abuse of dominant position. The results of sector inquires carried out by the Commission are published in a report and interested parties are invited to submit their comments. <strong>©</strong> <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/sector_inquiries.html" class="spip_out" rel="external"><strong>European Commission</strong></a></p> <p>The European Competition Network (hereinafter referred to as the “ECN”) members have agreed on the sector inquiry definition. According to this definition, sector inquiry means an inquiry into a particular sector of the economy or into a particular type of agreements across various sectors conducted by an ECN member, who suspects that there are indications of market distortions which cannot be assigned to specific undertakings.<br class='autobr' /> <strong>©</strong> <a href="IMG/pdf/oecd_-_market_studies_-_sector_inquiry.pdf?40010/0a067876150e722af7a06f4158a27381300e535a28acdce931e69338d0b40fe3" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>OECD</strong></a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679l0GwB6rF5gvVd/7Pxy7e6GMOCq4j2H6SY4VbAardbEoOrVicqDkuU6Tspu+DYOjAcJMMHahZhA1dhPvZncoJqtYgeXz6KaNm1DnS/mNHjyOZ/vvzvtQ4/rPxI1Ao4LNcWly/uet4KO5PmK8pZWUdUl4WBaxHd30CBCiDDwigmvc8kDkL6OvoDw+34hNAHdJBNiZa5Z8ty0zQvyWyAkaNrMdUNTWn80tThgRN5c+EO3lEWkIYykuMAAEH4nn3iBzarcieYeTqYh2oSojUMduGZ9horcGw57no+XRJZ8vUtgxGNzn4eB37l+sj886Hs/ZGhAknjr8jC9l++owC7' data-origin="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Austrian-Competition-Authority">Austrian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-austrian-competition-authority-presents-its-2023-annual-report-to" rel="bookmark">The Austrian Competition Authority presents its 2023 annual report to Parliament</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-25T22:00:00Z">26 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120060 introduction entry-content"> <p>Review of the year: Director General presents AFCA’s 2023 Annual Report in Parliament* <br class='autobr' /> The past year was dominated by a large number of activities and events: Natalie Harsdorf was appointed Director General, staff and budget were increased, new investigations made, pioneering decisions reached (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-clancy">Michael Clancy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-l-ecluse">Peter L’Ecluse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/catherine-longeval">Catherine Longeval</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/koen">Koen T’Syen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-luxembourg-competition-authority-carries-out-dawn-raids-in-the-life" rel="bookmark">The Luxembourg Competition Authority carries out dawn raids in the life sciences sector targeting suppliers of pharmaceutical and related products</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-10T22:00:00Z">11 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119179 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Luxembourg Competition Authority ( LCA ) announced today that it carried out on-premise inspections in the life sciences sector targeting suppliers of pharmaceutical and related products (see, attached press release). In keeping with good operating practices, the LCA did not identify the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/canadian-competition-bureau-84000">Canadian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-canadian-competition-authority-launches-a-market-study-on-the-state-of" rel="bookmark">The Canadian Competition Authority launches a market study on the state of competition in the aviation sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-26T22:00:00Z">27 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118931 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition Bureau to study competition in Canada’s airlines industry* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Bureau is consulting Canadians as it prepares to launch a market study of competition in domestic air passenger services in Canada. <br class='autobr' /> Recent events have raised questions about the state of competition in the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hellenic-competition-authority">Hellenic Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-hellenic-competition-authority-opens-a-sectoral-inquiry-into-veterinary" rel="bookmark">The Hellenic Competition Authority opens a sectoral inquiry into veterinary medicines</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-26T22:00:00Z">27 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119012 introduction entry-content"> <p>Mapping of the conditions of competition in the market for veterinary medicinal products* <br class='autobr' /> Subject: Mapping of the conditions of competition in the market for veterinary medicinal products <br class='autobr' /> In view of the cost index increase observed in the livestock farming sector in recent years and of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gavin-murphy">Gavin Murphy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-canadian-competition-authority-initiates-a-market-study-on-competition-in" rel="bookmark">The Canadian Competition Authority initiates a market study on competition in the domestic airline industry</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-26T22:00:00Z">27 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119668 introduction entry-content"> <p>‘The airline industry is important to Canadians and the Canadian economy. It provides an essential mode of transportation for both business and leisure purposes. In 2022, the industry served 72 million passengers on domestic services. [fn 3 omitted] Since the Canadian population is spread out (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/uk-competition-authority">UK Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-uk-competition-authority-launches-a-market-investigation-into-the" rel="bookmark">The UK Competition Authority launches a market investigation into the veterinary sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-22T22:00:00Z">23 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118903 introduction entry-content"> <p>CMA presses ahead with full investigation into vets market* <br class='autobr' /> The CMA has today confirmed its decision to launch a market investigation into the veterinary sector and published tips to help pet owners struggling with vet costs now. <br class='autobr' /> This follows an initial review last September which prompted (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/turkish-competition-authority-20394">Turkish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-turkish-competition-authority-investigates-a-big-tech-company-s-contracts" rel="bookmark">The Turkish Competition Authority investigates a Big Tech company’s contracts with app developers over payment systems in a mobile devices and software sector inquiry <em>(Apple)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-20T22:00:00Z">21 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119305 introduction entry-content"> <p>INVESTIGATION ON APPLE* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Authority is currently conducting the Mobile Ecosystems Sector Inquiry concerning smart mobile devices and their software, with an aim to understand the structure and operation of the relevant sector and to determine the structural and/or behavioral (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alessio-aresu">Alessio Aresu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/dominik">Dominik Erharter</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/brigitta-renner-loquenz">Brigitta Renner-Loquenz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-eu-commission-publishes-a-policy-brief-on-competition-in-labour-markets" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission publishes a policy brief on competition in labour markets with a particular focus on no-poach and wage fixing agreements</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-02T22:00:00Z">3 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119400 introduction entry-content"> <p>Article originally published in DG Competition’s Competition policy brief, as Competition policy brief. Issue 2/2024, May (click here), under the title "Antitrust in Labour Markets". Please note that all articles published in the CPN are subject to a disclaimer: "The content of this article (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/czech-competition-authority">Czech Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-czech-competition-authority-initiates-an-inquiry-to-assess-the-functioning" rel="bookmark">The Czech Competition Authority initiates an inquiry to assess the functioning of competition in the waste management sector </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-17T22:00:00Z">18 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118395 introduction entry-content"> <p>SECTOR INQUIRY ON WASTE MANAGEMENT* <br class='autobr' /> The Office for the Protection of Competition (the Office) has initiated a large-scale sector inquiry focused on waste management. Over the next two years, the Office shall obtain information from all relevant market players in the sector and assess them in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alexander-iken">Alexander Iken</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/terezia-kianickova">Terezia Kianickova</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marion-bailly">Marion Bailly</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andrea-usai">Andrea Usai</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/gabor-koltay">Gábor Koltay</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Stephan-Simon">Stephan Simon</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-eu-commission-publishes-a-policy-brief-focusing-on-non-price-competition-in" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission publishes a policy brief focusing on non-price competition in EU merger control</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-16T22:00:00Z">17 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119392 introduction entry-content"> <p>Article originally published in DG Competition’s Competition policy brief, as Competition policy brief. Issue 1/2024, April (click here), under the title "Non-Price Competition: EU Merger Control Framework and Case Practice". Please note that all articles published in the CPN are subject to a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/french-competition-authority">French Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-french-competition-authority-launches-a-public-consultation-to-analyse-the" rel="bookmark">The French Competition Authority launches a public consultation to analyse the competitive functioning of the rating systems sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-11T22:00:00Z">12 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118244 introduction entry-content"> <p>Rating systems: the Autorité launches a public consultation until 15 May as part of the preparation of an opinion* <br class='autobr' /> Background <br class='autobr' /> In February, the Autorité de la concurrence decided to start inquiries ex officio to analyse the competitive functioning of the rating systems sector, which aims to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-francois-bellis">Jean-François Bellis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-l-ecluse">Peter L’Ecluse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/valerie-lefever">Valérie Lefever</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/koen">Koen T’Syen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kris-van-hove">Kris Van Hove</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-belgian-competition-authority-issues-an-opinion-on-3-private-members-bills" rel="bookmark">The Belgian Competition Authority issues an opinion on 3 private members’ Bills seeking to regulate the agri-food sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-03T22:00:00Z">4 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118922 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 8 May 2024, the Belgian Competition Authority ( BCA ) published an opinion of 4 April 2024 (available in Dutch and in French) analysing from a competition law perspective three private members’ bills concerning the agri-food sector (the Bills ). This opinion was prepared at the request of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dutch-competition-authority-7339">Dutch Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2024/the-dutch-competition-authority-publishes-its-2023-annual-report-highlighting" rel="bookmark">The Dutch Competition Authority publishes its 2023 Annual Report highlighting its focus on the energy transition, the digital economy, and the sustainability transition</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-03-27T23:00:00Z">28 March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117897 introduction entry-content"> <p>2023 ACM Annual Report: New rules and duties call for a new form of oversight* <br class='autobr' /> The Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM) is preparing itself for a new form of oversight. It does so following the introduction of a series of new European laws for online platforms and providers of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mexican-competition-authority">Mexican Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2024/the-mexican-competition-authority-presents-a-report-to-contribute-to-the" rel="bookmark">The Mexican Competition Authority presents a report to contribute to the discussion and analysis of the importance of new technologies such as Artificial Intelligence</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-03-07T23:00:00Z">8 March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117532 introduction entry-content"> <p>Cofece participates in the presentation of the "Artificial Intelligence Panorama in Mexico: towards a National Strategy and the relevance of the Sandbox" report* Cofece aims to contribute to the discussion and analysis of the importance of new technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI). (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2024/the-australian-competition-authority-calls-for-submissions-from-farmers" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority calls for submissions from farmers, wholesalers, retailers, and other interested parties to be utilised within the scope of the supermarket sector inquiry</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-28T23:00:00Z">29 February 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117436 introduction entry-content"> <p>ACCC supermarkets inquiry invites consumer, farmer and industry views* <br class='autobr' /> Australian consumers are asked to share information about how they shop and what they experience through an online survey published today as part of the ACCC’s supermarkets inquiry. <br class='autobr' /> The ACCC has also today published an (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=30#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtpy/R679lcWDS/rF5xkcneCJxTO8kGckgOAx1IO2I64zQt9uPPRWBbNC0EliorjGXcpQnFl4Nn8oFBbLr53Rkud/ryXx8CXip6U4+Or/bRVevLhHEFN1tXZ+QLHR+PSu8WofOfXPSD2LW3H7qJQTiExuvzeLiO2hZ3msXjIRcoSzkF0joX2t9m4eKuwDIcwSxhwLiVdItE1QO5rb2SNjK5ehefC5AQq9enLzH1NRByMt4quGqxIK5CItOMjgBQzFGIbfNubJBPTJlzIeMLXmuJxiP4cxD+1c7gUTzAKukG29QoS/Ti7uyvqINxaMidY3qEeRu1RzTgmHgkvwa4Q==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christelle-adjemian">Christelle Adjémian</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/umberto-berkani">Umberto Berkani</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2009/revues/european-competition-law-review-world-competition-european-competition-journal-26134" rel="bookmark">Competition journals: Jan. - April 2009</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2009-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2009</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-26134 introduction entry-content"> <p>1. General - Scope of application <br class='autobr' /> Competition law as an obstacle or remedy to the crisis La crise économique et financière, la régulation et la concurrence, F. Jenny (Les Échos, 19 March 2009, p. 11; Concurrences, No. 2-2009) <br class='autobr' /> In the short article published in Les Echos, in tune with current (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bruno-lasserre">Bruno Lasserre</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christophe-lemaire">Christophe Lemaire</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2009/interview/bruno-lasserre-the-new-french-competition-authority" rel="bookmark">Bruno Lasserre (French Competition Authority): The new French Competition Authority</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2009-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2009</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-23512 introduction entry-content"> <p>INSTITUTIONAL <br class='autobr' /> 1.Could you start by recalling the main changes in terms of the powers of the President and the College? What do you expect from these changes? <br class='autobr' /> 2.The reform renders obsolete the Cooperation Charter concluded between the DGCCRF and the Competition Council in 2005. Do you (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/charles-webb">Charles (Chuck) Webb</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gabriel-bleser">Gabriel Bleser</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-steenbergen">Jacques Steenbergen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michal-s-gal">Michal Gal</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2008/conferences/conference-small-economies-and-competition-policy-a-fair-deal-19945" rel="bookmark">Conference: Small economies and competition policy - A fair deal?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2008-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2008</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-19945 introduction entry-content"> <p>The question of how size affects optimal competition law generates increasing interest. Accordingly, this special issue of the Revue Concurrences includes some of the papers presented at the conference on competition law in small economies. In this essay, Prof. Gal argues that, the size of an (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francois-leveque">François Lévêque</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2005/droit-et-economie/energy-market-power-in-the-electricity-market" rel="bookmark">Energy: Market power in the electricity market</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2005-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2005</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-1359 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European Commission has recently opened a sector inquiry into the internal electricity market. Due to continued high concentration and sharply increasing prices, the Commission is concerned that competition could be distorted. The conclusions of the inquiry will not be known for more than a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhW9uyjRg7+9gOZOCFOyeUE8aCNxLLBzHMoQLLBcvybAmzckOjDQKPksKIhn6Dd8nYplcHyXibqcMxI/dGiWRCsIFndkq+TxePbnjmB4SNtVDnJfmRFJjB+7fWVw/4I8LIMHcGjLWzXhPO/fet4K/64SkbJ1wPvgmNyzUMkVIAEDAtF1nfx8ncZs8xYACy4FUdu3nbgNEMFA5JVJcxhK+KJHawf7EX8Oie/bM8nMsmWWbwcAx9lp5siatQSbR+XtYw10BUEQsf4zG/VF/Tq6KZmZPXyE+tUW+uHtyWpbHmcOX0j4I2HTr2DFChCgPGA+cpECzasias0uf6gljB4eE5AigA==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-piquereau">Thomas Piquereau</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/pharmaceutical-retail-medical-biology-the-french-competition-authority-s-en" rel="bookmark">Pharmaceutical retail & medical biology: The French Competition Authority’s opinion and propositions</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-04-11T10:30:00Z">11 April 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-89830 introduction entry-content"><p>Workshop with Thomas Piquereau (Autorité de la concurrence) organised by Concurrences in partnership with Dechert.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-burin-des-roziers">Antoine Burin des Roziers</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antonio-capobianco">Antonio Capobianco</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/bostjan-zupancic">Boštjan Zupancic</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-m-harrison">David M. 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Forrester | A Scot without Borders - Liber Amicorum - Volume II Patent settlements as by object restrictions : a European approach, but is it the right one? 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<button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> 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(min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732277529 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270976 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266622 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732268300 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277558 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277174 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272968 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274035 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> 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