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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Academia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Diplomats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judiciaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judiciaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Judiciaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judiciaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarchies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Monarchies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Styles_and_titles_of_deposed_monarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles_and_titles_of_deposed_monarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3.1</span> <span>Styles and titles of deposed monarchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles_and_titles_of_deposed_monarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nautical_and_aeronautical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nautical_and_aeronautical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Nautical and aeronautical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nautical_and_aeronautical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Religious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_different_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_different_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In different countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_different_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In different countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_different_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brunei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brunei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Brunei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brunei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guernsey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guernsey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Guernsey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guernsey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Jamaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_styles_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_styles_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Royal styles in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_styles_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_traditional_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_traditional_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>African traditional rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_traditional_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Morocco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Styles_existing_through_marriage_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles_existing_through_marriage_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17.1</span> <span>Styles existing through marriage in the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles_existing_through_marriage_in_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Former styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_parallel_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_parallel_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other parallel symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_parallel_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-styled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-styled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Self-styled</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-styled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Style (form of address)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="أسلوب مخاطبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسلوب مخاطبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCraci%C9%99t" title="Müraciət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müraciət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6dikat_(tiltale)" title="Prædikat (tiltale) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Prædikat (tiltale)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anrede" title="Anrede – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anrede" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%86%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Προσφώνηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προσφώνηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratamiento_protocolario" title="Tratamiento protocolario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratamiento protocolario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8)" title="عنوان (شیوه خطاب) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عنوان (شیوه خطاب)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9dicat_honorifique" title="Prédicat honorifique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prédicat honorifique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattamento_d%27onore" title="Trattamento d'onore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trattamento d'onore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%B7" title="Қаратпа сөз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қаратпа сөз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreipinys" title="Kreipinys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kreipinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%B6%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_(%E1%80%9B%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8)" title="ဘွဲ့ခံမင်း (ရည်ညွှန်းသည့်စကားလုံး) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘွဲ့ခံမင်း (ရည်ညွှန်းသည့်စကားလုံး)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanspreekvorm" title="Aanspreekvorm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aanspreekvorm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiltaleform" title="Tiltaleform – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tiltaleform" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiltaleform" title="Tiltaleform – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tiltaleform" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tytu%C5%82y_i_zwroty_honorowe" title="Tytuły i zwroty honorowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tytuły i zwroty honorowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_de_tratamento" title="Pronome de tratamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pronome de tratamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address) – 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href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Style_%28form_of_address%29&id=1257952695&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStyle_%28form_of_address%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStyle_%28form_of_address%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Official or legally recognized title for a person or entity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Special:EditPage/Style (form of address)">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Style_(form_of_address)" title="Talk:Style (form of address)">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Contradicts_other plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accuracy dispute"><img alt="Accuracy dispute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/40px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/60px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/80px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>appears to contradict the article <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Royal and noble styles</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please discuss at the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Style_(form_of_address)" title="Talk:Style (form of address)">talk page</a> and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Special:EditPage/Style (form of address)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Style%22+form+of+address">"Style" form of address</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Style%22+form+of+address+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Style%22+form+of+address&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Style%22+form+of+address+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Style%22+form+of+address">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Style%22+form+of+address&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>style of office</b>, also called <b>manner of reference</b>, or <b>form of address</b> when someone is spoken to directly, is an official or legally recognized form of reference for a person or other entity (such as a government or company), and may often be used in conjunction with a personal <a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">title</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A style, by <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a> or <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or <a href="/wiki/Political_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Political office">political office</a> and is sometimes used to refer to the office itself. An <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> can also be awarded to an individual in a personal capacity. Such styles are particularly associated with <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchies</a>, where they may be used by a wife of an office holder or of a prince of the blood, for the duration of their <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>. They are also almost universally used for <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">presidents</a> in <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republics</a> and in many countries for <a href="/wiki/Legislator" title="Legislator">members</a> of <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative bodies</a>, higher-ranking <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judges</a>, and senior constitutional office holders. Leading <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">figures</a> also have styles. </p><p>The second-person (singular and plural) possessive adjective <i>your</i> is used as a form of address (that is, when speaking directly to the person[s] entitled to the style[s]); the third-person possessive adjectives <i>his/her'</i> (singular) and <i>their</i> (plural) are used as forms of reference (that is, when speaking about the person[s] entitled to the style[s]). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academia">Academia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional forms of address at <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>-speaking universities: </p> <ul><li>His/Her Magnificence – rector (president) of a university</li> <li>His/Her Notability (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Seine Spektabilität</i></span>; Professors have the privilege to use the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Spectabilis</i></span>) – dean of a faculty</li></ul> <p>Traditional forms of address at <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>-speaking universities: </p> <ul><li>His/Her Great Honour (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Edelgrootachtbare heer/vrouwe</i></span>) – rector magnificus (president) of a university</li> <li>Highly Learned Sir/Madam (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Hooggeleerde heer/vrouwe</i></span>) – professor or dean of a faculty</li> <li>Well (Noble) Very Learned Sir/Madam (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Weledelzeergeleerde heer/vrouwe</i></span>) – a doctor</li> <li>Well (Noble) Learned Sir/Madam (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De weledelgeleerde heer/vrouwe</i></span>) – a <a href="/wiki/Doctorandus" title="Doctorandus">doctorandus</a></li> <li>Well (Noble) Strictly Sir/Madam (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De weledelgestrenge heer/vrouwe</i></span>) – a master in laws (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">meester in de rechten</i></span>) or a university engineer (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">ingenieur</i></span>)</li></ul> <p>Traditional forms of address at <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>-speaking universities: </p> <ul><li>Magnificent Rector (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">magnifico rettore</i></span>) – rector (president, chancellor) of a university</li> <li>Amplified Headmaster (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">amplissimo preside</i></span>) – dean of a faculty (now uncommon)</li> <li>Illustrious/Enlightened Professor (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">chiarissimo professore</i></span>) – a full professor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diplomats">Diplomats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diplomats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>His <a href="/wiki/Most_Reverend" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Reverend">Most Reverend</a> Excellency (abbreviation <i>His Most Rev. Ex.</i>, oral address <i>Your Excellency</i>) – <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">apostolic nuncios</a>, because their rank is equal to that of an <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a> extraordinary and plenipotentiary, and they are simultaneously higher <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelates</a>.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a> (abbreviation <i>HE</i>, oral address <i>Your Excellency</i>) – most <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassadors</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">high commissioners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative" title="Permanent representative">permanent representatives</a> to international organizations. Occasionally a different form of address is used domestically with the international equivalent of <i>Excellency</i> being used in all other cases.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judiciaries">Judiciaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Judiciaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="His Honour">His/Her Honour</a> Judge X <ul><li>Abbreviation <i>HHJ X</i>, oral address <i>Your Honour</i> – Circuit judges in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a> Mr./Ms. Justice X (abbreviation <i>X J</i>, referential <i>His Lordship/Her Ladyship</i>; oral address <i>My Lord/Lady</i> or <i>Your Lordship/Your Ladyship</i>) – Judges of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> of England and Wales.</li> <li>My Lord/Your Lordship is used to address judiciary representatives in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</li> <li>The Honorable (abbreviation <i>The Hon.</i>, oral address <i>Your Honor</i>) – Judges and justices in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Oral address <i>Your Honour</i> – All courts in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a> Lord/Lady Justice X (abbreviation <i>X LJ</i>) – Judges of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal of England and Wales</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Oral address <i>Your Excellency</i> – Judges of the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>.</li> <li>Oral address <i>Your Worship</i> – All courts in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (obsolete).</li> <li>The Lord/Lady/Baroness<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> X (abbreviated to <i>Lord/Lady/Baroness X</i>, referred to as <i>His Lordship/Her Ladyship</i>, addressed orally as <i>My Lord/My Lady</i>) – Judges in the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a> in Scotland, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a>.</li> <li>Oral address <i><a href="/wiki/Worship_(style)" title="Worship (style)">Your Worship</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justices of the peace</a> (magistrates) in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, usually by solicitors.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monarchies">Monarchies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Monarchies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_Royal_Crown_(Common).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heraldic royal crown"><img alt="Heraldic royal crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/100px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/150px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/200px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Central concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_system" title="Abdication system">Abdication system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Chinese Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">Crowned republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">Coregency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Triarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">Universal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <p><b>Philosophers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Balzac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cr%C3%A9tineau-Joly" title="Jacques Crétineau-Joly">Crétineau-Joly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mu%C3%B1oz_Seca" title="Pedro Muñoz Seca">Seca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Bogdanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul> <p><b>Works</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De Regno</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1265-1266)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Six_livres_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Six livres de la République">Les Six livres de la République</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1576)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patriarcha" title="Patriarcha">Patriarcha</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1680)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Mazarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Ruffo" title="Fabrizio Ruffo">Ruffo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi" title="Ercole Consalvi">Consalvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu">Plessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertand_Renouvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertand Renouvin">Renouvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu" title="Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu">Popescu-Tăriceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Zourabichvili</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus#Octavian_becomes_Augustus" title="Augustus">Birth of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Foundation of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Birth of the Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_of_1813" title="Triumvirate of 1813">Establishment of the Dutch monarchy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="5 October 1910 Revolution">5 October 1910 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese revolution of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Birth of the Italian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Polity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Administration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_appointment" title="Court appointment">Appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Officers_of_State" title="Great Officers of State">Great Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_household" title="Royal household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">Retinue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camarilla" title="Camarilla">Camarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">Courtier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">Favourite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_guard" title="Royal guard">Royal guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Privy council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Council_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Crown Council (disambiguation)">Crown Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksr%C3%A5d" title="Riksråd">Riksråd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Dutch_Republic)" title="Orangism (Dutch Republic)">Orangism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Belgium)" title="Orangism (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Luxembourg)" title="Orangism (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_dynasties" title="Lists of dynasties">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_trees" title="List of family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_bastard" title="Royal bastard">Illegitimate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">Emperor system of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">Figurehead</a></li> <li>Heir <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">presumptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker">Kingmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchies" title="List of monarchies">List of monarchies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchies" title="List of current monarchies">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_monarchies" title="List of former monarchies">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">Non-sovereign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_of_the_realm" title="Peer of the realm">Realm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Pretender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_former_ruling_families" title="List of heads of former ruling families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">Realm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_list" title="Regnal list">Regnal list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">Regnal number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">Sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-king" title="Anti-king">Anti-king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis" title="Succession crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_usurpers" title="List of usurpers">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output 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title="Majesty">Your Majesty</a></i> and then <i>Sire</i>; for a queen first <i>Your Majesty</i> and then <i><a href="/wiki/Madam" title="Madam">Ma'am</a></i>) – Reigning <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">kings</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. It has also been used in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Majesty" title="Imperial Majesty">Imperial Majesty</a> (abbreviation <i>HIM</i>, oral address <i>Your Imperial Majesty</i>) – Emperors and empresses. Formerly, for example, HIM the Shah of Iran. In modern times, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a> more often uses the simpler style of "Majesty".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Majesty" title="Imperial and Royal Majesty">Imperial and Royal Majesty</a> (abbreviation <i>HI&RM</i>, oral address <i>Your Imperial and Royal Majesty</i>) – Until 1918, the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, who were Emperors/Empresses of Austria while also Kings/Queens of Hungary, and the German emperors/empresses, who were simultaneously <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kings/Queens of Prussia</a>.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Majesty" title="Apostolic Majesty">Apostolic Majesty</a> (abbreviation <i>HAM</i>, oral address <i>Your Apostolic Majesty</i>) – the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>, usually styled Imperial Majesty or Imperial and Royal Majesty as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, also sometimes Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Britannic_Majesty" title="Britannic Majesty">Britannic Majesty</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarch</a> (not usual); used as a formal and official term in <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/British_passport" title="British passport">British passports</a>.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Most_Gracious_Majesty" title="Most Gracious Majesty">Most Gracious Majesty</a> – an elaborate version of His/Her Majesty in the United Kingdom, only used in the most formal of occasions.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Most_Excellent_Majesty" title="Most Excellent Majesty">Most Excellent Majesty</a> – another elaborate version of His/Her Majesty in the United Kingdom, mainly used in <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union" title="Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union">Acts of Parliament</a>.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Rex_Catholicissimus" title="Rex Catholicissimus">Catholic Majesty</a> (abbreviation <i>HCM</i>, oral address <i>Your Catholic Majesty</i>) – the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spanish monarch</a> (not usual).</li> <li>His <a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign" title="Style of the French sovereign">Most Christian Majesty</a> – the <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> until 1790 and from 1815 to 1830.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Most_Faithful_Majesty" title="Most Faithful Majesty">Most Faithful Majesty</a> (abbreviation <i>HFM</i>, oral address <i>Your Faithful Majesty</i>) – the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">King of Portugal</a> until deposed in 1910.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Majesty</a> (abbreviation <i>HM</i>, oral address <i>Your Majesty</i>) – kings, queens and some sultans. For example, HM King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, HM King <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a> or HM King <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a>.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Highness" title="Imperial Highness">Imperial Highness</a> (abbreviation <i>HIH</i>, oral address <i>Your Imperial Highness</i>) – members of an imperial house. Currently used by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House of Japan</a>.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Highness" title="Imperial and Royal Highness">Imperial and Royal Highness</a> (abbreviation <i>HI&RH</i>, oral address <i>Your Imperial and Royal Highness</i>) – formerly, <a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">archdukes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>, the German crown prince/princess and (post-monarchy) members of the deposed <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Brazilian imperial family">Brazilian Imperial Family</a>; also some women entitled to imperial style by birth and to royal style by marriage (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia</a>, Duchess of Edinburgh).</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> (abbreviation <i>HRH</i>, oral address <i>Your Royal Highness</i>) – some monarchs, members of a <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal family</a> (other than monarchs, <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queens consort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_dowager" title="Queen dowager">queens dowager</a>); <a href="/wiki/Grand_duke" title="Grand duke">grand dukes</a>/duchesses who have <a href="/wiki/Reign" title="Reign">reigned</a> (but not those grand dukes who were <a href="/wiki/Cadet_(genealogy)" title="Cadet (genealogy)">cadets</a> of the former Russian Imperial Family), consorts of grand dukes, grand ducal <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heirs apparent</a> and, in Luxembourg, all dynastic male-line cadets; <a href="/wiki/British_prince" title="British prince">British princes</a>, their <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynastic</a> wives (including the prince consort of queens <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>), sons, daughters, <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a> grandsons and granddaughters of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_(style)" title="Grace (style)">His/Her Grace</a> (oral address <i>Your Grace</i>) is a style used for various high-ranking personages. It was the style used to address <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Kings of England</a> until King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pollard2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King or Queen of Scots</a> up to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Act of Union of 1707</a>, which united the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>. Today, the style is used when referring to non-royal dukes and duchesses, and archbishops, in the United Kingdom. For example, His Grace The <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Duke of Devonshire">Duke of Devonshire</a> in the United Kingdom, or His Grace The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>; or <i>Your Grace</i> in spoken or written address. <a href="/wiki/Duke#Royal_dukes" title="Duke">Royal dukes</a>, for example the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a>, are addressed with their higher royal style, <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a></i>.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Highness" title="Grand Ducal Highness">Grand Ducal Highness</a> (abbreviation <i>HGDH</i>, oral address <i>Your Grand Ducal Highness</i>) – cadets of some former ruling grand ducal dynasties (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse and by Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>).</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Highness" title="Highness">Highness</a> (abbreviation <i>HH</i>, oral address, <i>Your Highness</i>) – some monarchs, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emirs</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khan</a>; formerly reigning dukes, some <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">maharajas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">rajas</a> and the members of their dynasties; cadets of most former grand ducal houses; male-line grandchildren and remoter male-line descendants of some kingly dynasties (i.e., Denmark and formerly Brazil, Italy, Japan, UK, Yugoslavia); Belgium's <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ligne" title="House of Ligne">House of Ligne</a>; members of France's former <a href="/wiki/Prince_%C3%A9tranger" title="Prince étranger">Foreign Princely</a> class, members of <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a>.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Ducal_Serene_Highness" title="Ducal Serene Highness">Ducal Serene Highness</a> (abbreviation <i>HDSH</i>, oral address, <i>Your Ducal Serene Highness</i>) – members of the formerly reigning ducal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">Serene Highness</a> (abbreviation <i>HSH</i>, oral address <i>Your Serene Highness</i>) – German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Seine/Ihre Durchlaucht</i></span>; Italian: <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Sua Altezza Serenissima</i></span>; Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Ваша светлость</span></span>. Sovereigns of a <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> (i.e., Liechtenstein, Monaco); members of formerly reigning princely families (Lippe, Schaumburg-Lippe, Waldeck and Pyrmont and Schwarzburg); members of <a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">mediatized</a> families headed by a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Fürst</a></i></span> ("prince"); members of several formerly noble, princely families of Austria, Germany, Bohemia, Hungary and Poland; <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic</a> princes, descended from reigning dynasties; and a few formerly noble families granted the princely title in Imperial Russia (the style is more literally translated "His/Her Serenity").</li> <li>His <a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">Most Serene Highness</a> (abbreviation <i>HMSH</i>, oral address, <i>Your Most Serene Highness</i>) – <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-electors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Illustrious_Highness" title="Illustrious Highness">Illustrious Highness</a> (abbreviation <i>HIllH</i>, oral address <i>Your Illustrious Highness</i>, German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Seine/Ihre Erlaucht</i></span>); Italian: <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Sua Altezza Illustrissima</i></span>; Spanish: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Su Ilustrísima</i></span>; Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Ваше сиятельство</span></span>. Mediatized <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">counts</a> and, sometimes, members of their families.</li> <li>His/Her Princely Grace (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fürstliche Gnaden</i></span>) - former style for members of a few noble families of monarchical Germany.</li> <li>The High-born (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hochgeboren" title="Hochgeboren">Hochgeboren</a></i></span>) – counts in some Scandinavian and Benelux monarchies and, formerly, Germany and Austria.</li> <li>The High Well-born (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hochwohlgeboren" title="Hochwohlgeboren">Hochwohlgeboren</a></i></span>) – Dutch barons; knights and untitled members of the lower nobility in German-speaking monarchies.</li> <li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a> (abbreviation <i>HE</i>, oral address <i>Your Excellency</i>) – <a href="/wiki/Governors-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors-general">governors-general</a>, British colonial governors, state officials, and generals of Imperial Russia. Occasionally, <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime ministers</a> and cabinet ministers. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister of the Netherlands</a>; in Denmark, a few high-ranked nobles (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Danneskiold-Sams%C3%B8e" title="Danneskiold-Samsøe">Counts af Danneskiold-Samsø</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Rosenborg" title="Count of Rosenborg">Counts of Rosenborg</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lensgreve_(Danish_title)" title="Lensgreve (Danish title)">Lensgrever</a></i>, knights of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant#Use" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a>).</li> <li><i>Don</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[don]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[dɔn]</a></span>, Portuguese: <i lang="pt"><b>Dom</b></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[dõ]</a></span>) from Latin <a href="/wiki/Dominus_(title)" title="Dominus (title)"><i>dominus</i></a> (literally, "Lord"), is an <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> title used in Spain, Portugal, Italy, <a href="/wiki/Iberoamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberoamerica">Iberoamerica</a> and the Philippines. The female equivalent is <i><b>doña</b></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈdoɲa]</a></span>), <i><b>donna</b></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈdɔnna]</a></span>), and <i><b>dona</b></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ˈdonɐ]</a></span>), abbreviated "Dª" or simply "D." In formal settings, it is a title reserved for royalty, select nobles, knights, dames, and church hierarchs. Informally, it is sometimes used as a mark of esteem for a person of personal, social or official distinction, such as a community leader of long standing, or a person of significant wealth. Like the British <i>Sir</i>, It is used with, and not instead of, a person's name.</li> <li>In Portugal and Brazil, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)#Portuguese-speaking_lands" title="Don (honorific)">Dom</a></i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ˈdõ]</a></span>) is used for certain <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary (Catholic Church)">hierarchs</a> of the Roman Catholic Church and for <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laymen</a> who belong to the royal and imperial families (for example, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a> in Portugal and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a> in Portugal and Brazil).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also accorded to members of families of the titled <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portuguese nobility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cedre_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cedre-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unless ennobling <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> specifically authorised its use, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Dom</i></span> was not attributed to members of Portugal's untitled nobility. Since hereditary titles in Portugal descended according to <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>, the right to the style of <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Dom</i></span> was the only apparent distinction between <a href="/wiki/Cadet_(genealogy)" title="Cadet (genealogy)">cadets</a> of titled families and members of untitled noble families.<sup id="cite_ref-cedre_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cedre-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Most High, Mighty, and Illustrious Prince – for royal dukes, oral address Your Royal Highness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a> – Used by Chinese and some Japanese emperors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_King" class="mw-redirect" title="High King">High King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Great King">Great King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> – Used by especially Semitic, Persian and some Indian rulers.</li> <li>"Taewang" "Greatest of Kings" – was used by the later rulers of the Korean kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Koguryo" class="mw-redirect" title="Koguryo">Koguryo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles" title="Lord of the Isles">Lord of the Isles</a> – Used by an <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Steward_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="High Steward of Scotland">High Steward of Scotland</a> – Used by an <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a> (abbreviation CTHM) (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خادم الحرمين الشريفين</span> <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Khādim al-Ḥaramayn aš-Šarīfayn</i></span>), sometimes translated as Servant of the Two Noble Sanctuaries or Protector of the Two Holy Cities, is a <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">royal style</a> that has been used by many Islamic rulers including the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubids">Ayyubids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultans_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultans of Egypt">Mamluk Sultans of Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultans">Ottoman Sultans</a>, and the modern <a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi kings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title refers to the ruler taking the responsibility of guarding and maintaining the two holiest <a href="/wiki/Mosques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques">mosques</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid al-Haram">Al-Masjid al-Haram</a> (the Sacred Mosque) in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a> (the Prophet's Mosque) in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-emjap_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emjap-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, it is used as the official title of the king, in place of "His Majesty".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C4%ABr_al-Mu%27min%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Amīr al-Mu'minīn">Amīr al-Mu'minīn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أمير المؤمنين</span>), usually translated Commander of the Faithful or Leader of the Faithful, is the Arabic style of some <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphs</a> and other independent sovereign <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> rulers that claim legitimacy from a community of Muslims. It has been claimed as the title of rulers in Muslim countries and empires and is still used for some Muslim leaders. The use of the title does not necessarily signify a claim to caliphate as it is usually taken to be, but described a certain form of activist leadership which may have been attached to a caliph but also could signify a level of authority beneath that. The Ottoman sultans, in particular, made scant use of it. Moreover, the term was used by men who made no claim to be caliphs.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Used by the former leader of <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a>, the Ahmadiyya Muslim leader <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Masroor_Ahmad" title="Mirza Masroor Ahmad">Mirza Masroor Ahmad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Valentine_208_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valentine_208-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">King of Morocco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sokoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Sokoto">Sultan of Sokoto</a>, and the supreme leaders of the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>.</li> <li>Kabiyesi (variously translated as His or Her Royal Majesty, His or Her Royal Highness or His or Her Highness, lit. <i>The One whose words are beyond question</i>) – Used by the <a href="/wiki/Oba_(ruler)" title="Oba (ruler)">Obas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a>, other aboriginal <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> high chiefs of royal background, and their counterparts in the tribe's diaspora communities.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Styles_and_titles_of_deposed_monarchs">Styles and titles of deposed monarchs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Styles and titles of deposed monarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General tradition indicates that monarchs who have ceased to reign but not renounced their hereditary titles, retain the use of their style and title for the duration of their lifetimes, but both die with them. Hence, prior to his death, Greece's deposed king was still styled <i>His Majesty <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Greece" title="Constantine II of Greece">King Constantine II</a></i>, as a <i>personal</i> title, not as occupant of a constitutional office, since the abolition of the monarchy by the Hellenic Republic in 1974. Similarly, until his death, the last King of Italy, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy" title="Umberto II of Italy">Umberto II</a>, was widely referred to as <i>King Umberto II</i> and sometimes addressed as <i>Your Majesty</i>. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Simeon of Bulgaria</a> who, subsequent to the loss of his throne in 1947, was elected to and held the premiership of his former realm as "Simeon Sakskoburggotski", and therefore is as often referred to by the latter name as by his former royal title and style. </p><p>While this rule is generally observed, and indeed some exiled monarchs are allowed diplomatic passports by their former realm, other republics officially object to the use of such titles which are, nonetheless, generally accorded by extant monarchical regimes. In 1981, the then Greek President <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a> declined to attend the wedding of <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Charles, Prince of Wales</a> when it was revealed that Greece's deposed monarch, a cousin of the Prince, had been referred to as "King" in his invitation. The current Hellenic Republic has challenged King Constantine's right to use his title and his passport was revoked in 1994 because he did not use a surname, as his passport at the time stated "Constantine, former King of the Hellenes". However, Constantine II later travelled in and out of Greece on a <a href="/wiki/Danish_passport" title="Danish passport">Danish diplomatic passport</a> as a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX of Denmark</a>, by the name <i>Constantino de Grecia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> for "Constantine of Greece"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republics">Republics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a> (abbreviation <i>HE</i>, oral address <i>Your Excellency</i>) – <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">Presidents</a> of republics (historically, this was first used to refer to George Washington during his tenure as Commander-in-Chief of the Army during the American War of Independence; its use for presidents of republics was established as he was the first president of the first modern republic). In some countries also the prime minister, ministers, governors, ambassadors and <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">high commissioners</a> also use this style.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> is properly directly addressed as "Mr./Madam President" and introduced as "The President of the United States"; however, His/Her/Your Excellency may properly be used in written communications and is sometimes used in official documents.</li> <li>The custom in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> is to call office holders acting within their official capacity <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">M. (Monsieur)</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Mme." class="mw-redirect" title="Mme.">Mme.</a> (Madame)</i></span> followed by the name of their offices.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the President of the Republic is called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">M. le président</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">M. le président de la République</i></span> if a male, and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mme...</i></span> if a female. Styles such as "excellency" or similar are not used, except for talking about foreign dignitaries. Traditionally after "Madame", the name of the office is not put into the feminine form, but this is becoming less common (hence, "Madame le président" is being replaced by "Madame la présidente").</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, members of the lower house (Chamber of Deputies) of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Italy">Parliament of Italy</a> are styled <i>Honourable</i> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Onorevole</i>, abbreviation <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">On.</i></span>). The correct form to address a member of the upper house (Senate) is <i>Senator</i> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Senatore</i>, abbreviation <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Sen.</i></span>; even though, for gravitas, they may also be addressed <i>Honourable Senator</i>).</li> <li>The incumbent president of Finland is addressed <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Herra/Rouva Tasavallan Presidentti</i></span> (Mr./Ms. President of the Republic), while a former president is addressed as just <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Herra/Rouva Presidentti</i></span>.</li> <li>The style used for the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a> is normally His Excellency/Her Excellency (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">A Shoilse/A Soilse</i>); sometimes people may orally address the President as 'Your Excellency' (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">A Shoilse</i> [ə ˈhəʎʃə]), or simply 'President' (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">A Uachtaráin</i> [ə ˈuəxt̪ˠəɾˠaːnˠ] (vocative case)).</li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_United_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the United Netherlands">Republic of the United Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States-General</a> were collectively addressed as "Their High and Mighty Lords" (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Hoogmogende Heren</i>).</li> <li>The Honourable – Presidents, prime ministers, ministers, governors, members of parliament, senate and congress in some countries. (Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, India, Hong Kong, Singapore, Sri Lanka.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Doctor – In the United Kingdom, university degrees supporting medical and dental licensure are all bachelor's degrees (MB, MBBS, BDS, MB BS BAO, BMed, etc.). These graduates are addressed as 'doctor' by courtesy and convention.</li> <li>Mr./Miss/Mrs. – Surgeons in the U.K. revert to the title 'Mr.', 'Miss' or 'Mrs.' after obtaining the postgraduate qualification <a href="/wiki/Membership_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons">MRCS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other doctors, on the other hand, retain the title 'Dr.' after obtaining other postgraduate qualifications, such as <a href="/wiki/Membership_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Membership of the Royal College of Physicians">MRCP</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nautical_and_aeronautical">Nautical and aeronautical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nautical and aeronautical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Captain – a person who commands and is responsible for the lives of crew and passengers on a naval or civil vessel or aircraft. In the US military, <i>captain</i> is used regardless of the actual rank of the person being addressed. For example, on a US naval vessel commanded by someone holding a rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander" title="Lieutenant commander">lieutenant commander</a> or lower is addressed as "Captain", in reference to his position in command of the ship, not his military rank. This would apply even to an <a href="/wiki/Enlisted_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlisted man">enlisted man</a> in charge of a small boat.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious">Religious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Special:EditPage/Style (form of address)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a> (abbreviation HH), oral address <i>Your Holiness</i>, or <i>Holy Father</i> – the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Emeritus">Pope Emeritus</a> (but <i>Holy Father</i> is not used for the latter); also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch">Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitans_and_Patriarchs_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow">Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church">Patriarch of Peć and the Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians" title="Catholicos of All Armenians">Catholicos of All Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholicos-Patriarch_of_All_Georgia" title="Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia">Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Armenian_Catholicoi_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Armenian Catholicoi of Cilicia">Catholicos of the Holy See of Cilicia of the Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Orthodox Church">Malankara Orthodox Catholicos</a> and some other patriarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin" title="Sakya Trizin">Sakya Trizin</a>, and other holders of certain other <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Buddhist">Tibetan Buddhist</a> lineages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_All_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His All Holiness">His All Holiness</a> (abbreviation <i>HAH</i>), oral address <i>Your All Holiness</i> – the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a>.</li> <li>His Highness the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khan</a> (abbreviation <i>HH the Aga Khan.</i>), oral address <i>Your Highness</i> and then <i>Sir</i> – The Imam (spiritual leader) of the Shia Ismaili Muslims.</li> <li>His Beatitude <i>or</i> The Most Blessed, oral address <i>Your Beatitude</i> – <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_India" title="Catholicos of India">Syriac Orthodox Catholicos of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church">Macedonian Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic</a> Major Archbishop of Kyiv-Halych. If they have been elevated to the cardinalate by the Pope, they use the traditional "His Eminence" like other cardinals (more properly and formally, "His Beatitude and Eminence").</li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">His Most Eminent Royal Highness</a> (abbreviation <i>HMERH</i>), oral address <i>Your Most Eminent Royal Highness</i> - The Lord of the <a href="/wiki/Rasulid_dynasty" title="Rasulid dynasty">Rasulid Order</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Most_Eminent_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Most Eminent Highness">His Most Eminent Highness</a> (abbreviation <i>HMEH</i>), oral address <i>Your Most Eminent Highness</i> – The <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of the Church">Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller">Grand Master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">His Eminence</a> (abbreviation "H.Em."), oral address <i>Your Eminence</i> or <i>Most Reverend Eminence</i> – <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinals</a></li> <li>His Eminence (abbreviation "H.Em.") <i>or</i> The Most Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Most Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Your Eminence</i> – <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishops</a> who are not the first <a href="/wiki/Hierarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarch">hierarch</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Autocephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a> church;</li> <li>His Eminence (abbreviation "H.Em.") – Certain high <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lamas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">rinpoches</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> as well as presiding head bishops or priests of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese Buddhist</a> schools.</li> <li>His Eminence (abbreviation "H.Em.") – The <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sokoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Sokoto">Sultan of Sokoto</a>, spiritual leader of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>'s Muslims, as well as those of his fellow <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a> high chiefs that choose not to style themselves as HRHs.</li> <li>His Eminence (abbreviation "H.Em.") – The Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murjite Order</a>.</li> <li>His Excellency <i>or</i> <a href="/wiki/The_Most_Reverend" title="The Most Reverend">The Most Reverend</a> (abbreviation <i>The Most Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Your Excellency</i> – <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> in the United States and Canada (the oral address is not recognized by Canadian civil authorities, who prescribe <i>Archbishop/Bishop</i> instead<sup id="cite_ref-canada_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); or,</li> <li>His Grace <i>or</i> <a href="/wiki/The_Most_Reverend" title="The Most Reverend">The Most Reverend</a> (abbreviation <i>The Most Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Your Grace</i> – <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishops</a> in <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries except Canada; <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>; and Mar Thoma Metropolitans</li> <li>His Grace <i>or</i> <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Reverend" title="The Right Reverend">The Right Reverend</a> (abbreviation <i>The Rt. Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Your Grace</i> – <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>.</li> <li>Kabiyesi (variously translated as His or Her Royal Majesty, His or Her Royal Highness or His or Her Highness, lit. <i>The One whose words are beyond question</i>) – The <a href="/wiki/Oba_(ruler)" title="Oba (ruler)">Obas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a>, other aboriginal <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> high chiefs of royal background, and their counterparts in the tribe's diaspora communities.</li> <li>His Lordship <i>or</i> The Right Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Rt. Rev.</i>), oral address <i>My Lord</i> – <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> in Commonwealth countries other than Canada.</li> <li>The Most Reverend and Right Honourable (abbreviation <i>The Most Rev. and Rt. Hon.</i>), oral address <i>Your Grace</i> – <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> (Anglican) <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishops</a> who are <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">privy counsellors</a>, usually the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishops</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">York</a></li> <li>The Most Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Most Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Your Grace</i> – <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)#Anglican_Communion" title="Primate (bishop)">primates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop#Anglican" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presiding_Bishop#Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Presiding Bishop">presiding bishops</a>. Canadian Anglican (arch)bishops are orally addressed simply as <i>Archbishop/Bishop</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-canada_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also <a href="/wiki/Moderators_and_clerks_in_the_Church_of_Scotland#Moderators" title="Moderators and clerks in the Church of Scotland">moderators</a>.</li> <li>The Most Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Most Rev.</i>), oral address <i>My Lord</i> – <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> (Anglican) <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Meath_and_Kildare" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Meath and Kildare">Bishop of Meath and Kildare</a> (due to being, historically, the most senior bishop in Ireland)</li> <li>The Most Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Most Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Presiding Bishop</i> – the Presiding Bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_Ghana" title="Methodist Church Ghana">Methodist Church Ghana</a></li> <li>The Most Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Most Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Bishop</i> – the Presiding Bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church in the United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Right Reverend and Right Honourable <a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a> (abbreviation <i>The Rt. Rev. and Rt.mHon. Mgr.</i>), oral address <i>Monsignor</i>, or according to personal preference – Prelate of Honour who is also a <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">privy counsellor</a> (The Right Reverend and Right Honourable Monsignor <a href="/wiki/Graham_Leonard" title="Graham Leonard">Graham Leonard</a> KCVO).</li> <li>The Right Reverend and Right Honourable (abbreviation <i>The Rt. Rev. and Rt. Hon.</i>), oral address <i>Bishop</i> or <i>My Lord</i> (old-fashioned) – <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> (Anglican) <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> who are members of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a>, usually the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a>.</li> <li>The Right Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Rt. Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Bishop</i> or <i>My Lord</i> (old-fashioned) – other <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a></li> <li>The Right Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Rt. Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Bishop</i> – <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church (United States)</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Right Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Rt. Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Mr./Mrs./Ms./Miss (surname)</i><sup id="cite_ref-canada_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_United_Church_of_Canada" title="Moderator of the United Church of Canada">Moderator of the United Church of Canada</a> or of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Canada" title="Presbyterian Church in Canada">Presbyterian Church in Canada</a></li> <li>The Right Reverend Father (abbreviation <i>The Rt. Rev. Fr.</i>), oral address <i>Father</i> – <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Archimandrite" title="Archimandrite">archimandrites</a>.</li> <li>The Right Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Rt. Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Father</i> or <i>Father Abbot</i> – <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbots</a>.</li> <li>The Right Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Rt Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Bishop</i> – diocesan <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_Ghana" title="Methodist Church Ghana">Methodist Church Ghana</a></li> <li>Bishop, oral address <i>Bishop</i> – an area <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>. The Right Reverend has never been pervasive in the United Methodist Church.</li> <li>His Divine Worship, or (His) Divine Worship: The Bishop (abbreviation <i>DW:TB</i>), oral address <i>Your Divine Worship</i>, afterwards <i>My Lord</i>, <i>My Lord Bishop</i>, or <i>Bishop</i> – a bishop in one of the <a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariates" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Ordinariates">Personal Ordinariates</a> for former Anglicans, especially the <a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_the_Chair_of_St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of St. Peter">Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of St. Peter</a>. If the ordinary is merely a priest and not a bishop, then he is styled His Divine Worship, or (His) Divine Worship: The Ordinary (abbreviation <i>DW:TO</i>), also His Divine Worship: the Reverend Monsignor, as applicable. The first oral address remains <i>Your Divine Worship</i>, but afterwards reverts simply to <i>Father</i> or <i>Monsignor</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Very_Reverend" title="The Very Reverend">The Very Reverend</a> (abbreviation <i>The Very Rev. </i>), oral address <i>Father</i> – <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Vicars_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicars general">vicars general</a>, judicial vicars, <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judges</a>, rectors of seminaries, <a href="/wiki/Vicar_forane" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar forane">vicars forane</a>, episcopal vicars, general superiors of religious orders of priests, provincial superiors, priors of monasteries or friaries</li> <li>The Very Reverend Father (abbreviation <i>The Very Rev. Fr.</i>), oral address <i>Father</i> – <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">archpriests</a></li> <li>The Very Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Very Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Mr./Madam Dean</i> or <i>Mr./Madam Provost</i>, as appropriate, or <i>Very Reverend Sir/Madam</i> – <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">deans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provost_(religion)#Anglican_Church" title="Provost (religion)">provosts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a>, the deans of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor</a>, and, for historical reasons, a few <a href="/wiki/Incumbent_(ecclesiastical)" title="Incumbent (ecclesiastical)">parish priests</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Essex" title="Braintree, Essex">Dean of Bocking</a>. Sometimes an Anglican cathedral dean has previously been a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>, in which case he or she is styled as a bishop, but on formal occasions may be addressed <i>Mr./Madam Dean</i>. Canadian deans are orally addressed as <i>Dean</i> only.<sup id="cite_ref-canada_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Very Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Very Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Very Reverend Sir/Madam</i> or <i>Mr./Madam Dean</i> – <a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">Deans</a> of some Anglican <a href="/wiki/Seminaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminaries">seminaries</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">those in the United States</a></li> <li>The Very Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Very Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Osofo Panin</i> – Superintendent minister in the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_Ghana" title="Methodist Church Ghana">Methodist Church Ghana</a></li> <li>The Very Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Very Rev.</i>), oral address <i>Reverend</i> – former <a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_United_Church_of_Canada" title="Moderator of the United Church of Canada">moderators</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a> and of the Presbyterian Church in Canada; the Canadian government prescribes the oral address <i>Mr./Mrs./Ms. (surname)</i><sup id="cite_ref-canada_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Reverend Monsignor (abbreviation <i>The Rev. Msgr.</i>), oral address <i>Monsignor</i> – <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> protonotaries apostolic, honorary prelates, chaplains of his holiness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venerable" title="The Venerable">The Venerable</a>, oral address <i>Venerable Sir/Madam</i> or <i>Mr./Madam Archdeacon</i> – <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> archdeacons; in Canada, they are orally addressed as <i>Archdeacon</i> only<sup id="cite_ref-canada_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Venerable (abbreviation "Ven."), oral address "Venerable" or "Venerable <name or title>" – fully ordained <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">nuns</a>, the title of <i>Venerable Master</i> or <i>Most Venerable</i> is sometimes appended for senior monks and nuns or monks/nuns acting in their capacity as an abbot/abbess of a monastery</li> <li>The Reverend and Right Honourable (abbreviation <i>The Revd. and Rt. Hon.</i>) – <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> ordained ministers who are members of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a> (e.g. the late <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a>)</li> <li>The Reverend the Honourable (abbreviation <i>The Rev. the Hon.</i>), oral address according to ecclesiastical or other status – ordained son of an earl, viscount, or baron, or ordained daughter of a viscount or baron (unless also a privy counsellor or peer)</li> <li>The Very Reverend (abbreviation "The Very Rev."), oral address: "Overseer" – in the Anglican-Apostolic Communion (Pentecostal) tradition, the overseer is the lowest level of prelate (only non–consecrated bishop prelate), with oversight to a specific work or department, directly responsible to the primate/presiding bishop or an ordinary/diocesan bishop.</li> <li>The Reverend (abbreviation <i>The Rev.</i> or <i>The Rev'd</i>) – Protestant and Anglican ordained ministers (common variants include <i>Pastor</i>, <i>Parson</i>, <i>Vicar</i>, or simply <i>Reverend</i> (Rev.), as used in American English; see: <a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a>); some Jewish cantors also use this style, almost all Buddhist ministers in Japan use this style</li> <li>The Reverend Canon (abbreviation <i>The Rev. Canon</i>), oral address <i>Canon</i> – <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> canons</li> <li>The Reverend Doctor (abbreviation <i>The Rev. Dr.</i>), oral address <i>Father</i> or <i>Doctor</i> – <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priests</a> and other ordained clergy with a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a></li> <li>The Reverend Father (abbreviation <i>The Rev. Fr.</i>), oral address <i>Father</i> – <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> (and many <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>) <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a></li> <li>The Reverend Mother (abbreviation <i>The Rev. Mo.</i>), oral address <i>Mother</i> – <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbesses</a> (also, some female <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> {abbreviated Mthr.})</li> <li>The Reverend Deacon (abbreviation <i>Rev. Deacon</i>), oral address <i>Deacon</i> <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> permanent Deacons.</li> <li>The Reverend Mister (abbreviation <i>The Rev. Mr.</i>), oral address <i>Deacon</i> – <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> transitional deacons, i.e. those preparing for priesthood. Transitional deacons belonging to religious orders (monastic and non-monastic) are titled Reverend Brother, (similar situations and modifications apply to <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> deacons as in <i>The Rev. Fr./Mthr.,</i> above; since women can be deacons, these may be <i>The Revd Ms.</i>)</li> <li>Mother, oral address <i>Mother</i> – heads of some female <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> religious convents and other communities who are not abbesses</li> <li>Mister (abbreviation <i>Mr.</i>), oral address <i>Mister</i> – <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulpician" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulpician">Sulpician</a> priests</li> <li>Mister (abbreviation <i>Mr.</i>), oral address often <i>Mister</i> – <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> seminarians and scholastics (members preparing for priesthood) of <i>some</i> religious orders (notably, <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>).</li> <li>Father (pater)</li> <li>Brother (abbreviation <i>Bro.</i>), oral address <i>Brother</i> – <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> members of religious orders under vows (both monastic and non-monastic) who are not priests.</li> <li>Sister (abbreviation <i>Sr.</i>), oral address <i>Sister</i> – <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> members of religious orders under vows (both monastic and non-monastic) who are not abbesses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Elder (Latter Day Saints)">Elder</a>: used generally for male missionaries of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) and for members of the adult leadership known as the general authorities. Although most all male adults of the LDS church are elders, the title is reserved for the prior mentioned groups.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Rabbi, oral address <i>Rabbi</i> – <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a>, who are scions of a Hasidic Dynasty.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom (title)">Dom</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixed</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>. It derives from the Latin <i><a href="/wiki/Dominus_(title)" title="Dominus (title)">Dominus</a></i>. It is used in English for certain <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> (including some communities which follow the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_St._Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of St. Benedict">Rule of St. Benedict</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusian</a> <a href="/wiki/Monks" class="mw-redirect" title="Monks">monks</a>, and for members of certain communities of <a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons Regular">Canons Regular</a>. Examples include Benedictine monks of the <a href="/wiki/English_Benedictine_Congregation" title="English Benedictine Congregation">English Benedictine Congregation</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/John_Chapman_OSB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Chapman OSB">Dom John Chapman</a>, late <a href="/wiki/Downside_Abbey" title="Downside Abbey">Abbot of Downside</a>). The equivalent female usage for such a monastic is "<a href="/wiki/Dame_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame (title)">Dame</a>" (e.g. Dame <a href="/wiki/Laurentia_McLachlan" title="Laurentia McLachlan">Laurentia McLachlan</a>, late <a href="/wiki/Stanbrook_Abbey" title="Stanbrook Abbey">Abbess of Stanbrook</a>, or Dame <a href="/wiki/Felicitas_Corrigan" title="Felicitas Corrigan">Felicitas Corrigan</a>, author). <ul><li><i>Dom</i> has historically been used on occasions in French, as an honorific for Benedictine monks, such as the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_(monk)" title="Dom Pérignon (monk)">Dom Pérignon</a></i>.</li></ul></li> <li>Rabbi, oral address <i>Rabbi</i> (or, if holder of the appropriate degree, <i>Doctor</i> both in oral and written communication) – rabbis</li> <li>Grand Ayatullah, oral address <i>Ayatullah</i> or <i>Ayatullah al-Uzma</i> – <a href="/wiki/Shiite_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite Islam">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatullah">Ayatullahs</a>, who have accomplished the highest religious jurisprudent knowledge degree called as <a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">marja'</a> and some people officially follow them.</li> <li>Ayatullah, oral address <i>Ayatullah</i> – <a href="/wiki/Shiite_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite Islam">Shia</a> religious degree who has accomplished a religious high course of lessons and is capable of individually issuing religious verdicts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seghatoleslam" title="Seghatoleslam">Seghatoleslam</a>, is an honorific title within the <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Shia clergy</a>. Seghatoleslam designates <a href="/wiki/The_Narrators" title="The Narrators">narrators</a> whose justice and <a href="/wiki/Trustworthiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Trustworthiness">trustworthiness</a> have been explicitly verified.</li> <li>Amīr al-Mu'minīn (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أمير المؤمنين</span>), usually translated Commander of the Faithful or Leader of the Faithful, is the Arabic style of some <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphs</a> and other independent sovereign <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> rulers that claim legitimacy from a community of Muslims. It has been claimed as the title of rulers in Muslim countries and empires and is still used for some Muslim leaders. The use of the title does not necessarily signify a claim to caliphate as it is usually taken to be, but described a certain form of activist leadership which may have been attached to a caliph but also could signify a level of authority beneath that. The Ottoman sultans, in particular, made scant use of it. Moreover, the term was used by men who made no claim to be caliphs.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently used by the Caliph of <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a>, The Ahmadiyya Muslim Caliph, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Masroor_Ahmad" title="Mirza Masroor Ahmad">Mirza Masroor Ahmad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Valentine_208_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valentine_208-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">King of Morocco</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sokoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Sokoto">Sultan of Sokoto</a>, The supreme leaders of the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>.</li> <li>Cantor, oral address <i>Cantor</i> (some cantors use <i>The Reverend</i> as style, as above) – Jewish <a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">cantors</a></li> <li>Reverend, oral address <i>Reverend</i>, <i>Mister</i> or <i>Brother</i> – ordained ministers/pastors</li> <li>Pastor (abbreviation "Pr."), oral address 'Pastor" – minister responsible for caring for the "flock" in Lutheran churches<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pandit (sometimes spelled <i>Pundit</i>) – <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> priests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a> – in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> an ascetic or yogi who has been initiated into a religious monastic order. Informally, "Swamiji".</li> <li>Officers of <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a> are addressed by their rank, e.g. "Captain" (Capt.), "Major" (Maj.), etc.</li> <li>A wide variety of titles for Neo-pagan religions; Lord/Lady, Father/Mother, and High Priest/Priestess are common</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_different_countries">In different countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In different countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>His/Her Majesty – The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">King or Queen of Australia</a></li> <li>His/Her Excellency <a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a> – <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> and his or her spouse,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and The Honourable or His/Her Excellency for the rest of state governors (but not their spouse)</li> <li>The Honourable – all current and former <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">governors-general</a> and Administrators of the Northern Territory, Justices of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Family Court of Australia">Family Court of Australia</a> and state supreme courts</li> <li>The Honourable – all current and former members of the Federal Executive Council and all current members of state <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(Commonwealth_countries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)">executive councils</a> and certain former members of state executive councils and long-serving members of state Legislative Councils (upper houses of state parliaments) that have been given the right to keep the title by permission of the governor of that state.</li> <li>His/Her Honour (oral address <i>Your Honour</i>) – magistrates and judges in appellate, district and county courts.</li> <li>The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor – Lord mayors of Australian cities</li> <li>His/Her Worship – Administrators of territories (obsolete), magistrates (obsolete) and mayors.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brunei">Brunei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Brunei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Known as <i>terasul</i> in the Malay language. </p> <ul><li><i>Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Kebawah DYMM)</i>, equivalent to His or <a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Her Majesty</a> (HM) – for <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Brunei">Sultan</a> and his first royal consort. The style is added more depends on the situation: <ul><li>Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Sultan, for Sultan before coronation.</li> <li>Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan, for Sultan after coronation.</li> <li>Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Isteri for the queen consort before coronation</li> <li>Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Raja Isteri for the queen consort after coronation</li> <li>Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Raja — for the second wife of the Sultan during coronation</li></ul></li> <li><i>Kebawah Duli</i>, for a Sultan that has not gone through puberty.</li> <li><i>Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Isteri</i>, for the second wife of the Sultan after coronation</li> <li><i>Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (DYTM)</i>, equivalent to His or <a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Her Royal Highness</a> (HRH) – for the Crown Prince and his consort and for the abdicated Sultan and his consort. <ul><li>Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan — for Sultan that abdicated from the throne</li> <li>Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Suri Seri Begawan Raja — for the Sultan's consort when the Sultan abdicated from the throne</li> <li>Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Muda Mahkota — for the Crown Prince</li> <li>Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Anak Isteri — for the Crown Prince's consort</li></ul></li> <li><i>Yang Teramat Mulia (YTM)</i>, to His or <a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Her Royal Highness</a> (HRH) – for the children of the Sultan that were born by their royal mother (both parents of the royal mother are royalties and not a commoner) <ul><li>Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Duli Pengiran Muda — for the Sultan's son that has full royal blood</li> <li>Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Anak Puteri— for the Sultan's daughter by a royal mother (non-commoner)</li> <li>Yang Teramat Mulia Pengiran Babu Raja — for the Queen Consort's mother</li></ul></li> <li><i>Yang Amat Mulia (YAM)</i>, for the consort of a royal prince and their children, and for the Sultan's children by their commoner mother <ul><li>Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Anak Isteri — for the consort of the Sultan's son (full royal blood)</li> <li>Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Muda — for the son (full royal blood) of the Sultan's son (full royal blood)</li> <li>Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Anak — for the children of the Sultan that were born by a commoner mother; daughter (full royal blood) of the Sultan's son (full royal blood); children (full royal blood) of the Sultan's daughter (full royal blood); children (full royal blood) of the Sultan's children (half royal blood)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Yang Mulia (YM)</i> <ul><li>Yang Mulia Pengiran Anak — for the children that both parents hold the title <i>Pengiran Anak</i></li> <li>Yang Mulia Pengiran — for the children of a Pengiran Anak and his wife that is not also a Pengiran Anak; non-royal Pengiran (a commoner Pengiran)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_honorifics" title="Canadian honorifics">Canadian honorifics</a></div> <ul><li>His/Her Majesty – <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">King/Queen of Canada</a></li> <li>His/Her Excellency – <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceregal_consort_of_Canada" title="Viceregal consort of Canada">vice-regal consort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassadors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_(Commonwealth)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner (Commonwealth)">high commissioners</a> <i>in office</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a> – Governors general, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime ministers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Canada" title="Chief Justice of Canada">chief justices of Canada</a> and certain eminent Canadians <i>for life</i></li> <li>His/Her Honour – <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">Lieutenant-governors</a> and viceregal consorts <i>in office</i></li> <li>The Honourable <ul><li><i>For life</i> – Members of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">King's Privy Council for Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">senators</a>, lieutenant-governors, and members and honorary members of the Executive Councils <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Executive Council of Nova Scotia">of Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Alberta" title="Executive Council of Alberta">of Alberta</a></li> <li><i>In office only</i> – <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada">Speaker of the House of Commons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">ministers of the Crown</a> (however federal ministers invariably enter the Privy Council upon their initial appointment, thus assuming the honorific for life), judges of provincial courts, <a href="/wiki/Commissioner#Canadian_territories" title="Commissioner">territorial commissioners</a>, and members of other provincial and territorial executive councils <ul><li>Note: Members of Parliament are often referred to in the House of Commons as "the honourable member for (<a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">riding</a>)" but do not use the style <i>honourable</i> with their name.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The Honourable Mr./Madam Justice – Chief justices of province and justices of superior courts</li> <li>His/Her Worship – Justices of the peace, magistrates and municipal leaders <i>in office</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_Chile" title="Forms of address in Chile">Forms of address in Chile</a></div> <ul><li>His Excellency - granted to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Chile" title="President of Chile">President</a>, and some senior members of the judiciary.</li> <li>The Honourable - granted to <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Chile" title="Senate of Chile">Senators</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Chile" title="Chamber of Deputies of Chile">Chamber of Deputies</a>, and other authorities.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guernsey">Guernsey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Guernsey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Seigneur or Dame - Registered owners of an ancient Norman fief or seigneurie in Guernsey who have registered their Fief with the Crown and Royal Courts. Under the Feudal Dues law of 1980, the government of Guernsey sanctions the use of the style and distinction of Seigneur or Dame. <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Partial source:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>His/Her Majesty – <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">King of New Zealand</a></li> <li>His/Her Excellency – the current <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a> (and the <a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Spouse of the Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General's spouse</a>).</li> <li>The Right Honourable – the current and former <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_New_Zealand" title="List of prime ministers of New Zealand">prime ministers</a>, the current and former <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives">speakers of the House of Representatives</a>, the current and former chief justices, the current and former governors-general, and those who were appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.</li> <li>The Honourable – the current <a href="/wiki/Ministers_in_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers in the New Zealand Government">ministers</a>; former ministers commended by the prime minister; and the current and former judges of the Supreme, High and Appeal courts</li> <li>His/Her Honour – judges of district court</li> <li>His/Her Worship – <a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_New_Zealand" title="Mayors in New Zealand">mayors of territorial authorities</a> and justices of the peace.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Honourable" title="The Most Honourable">The Most Honourable</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Jamaica" title="Governor-General of Jamaica">governors-general</a>, as well as their spouses, are entitled to be styled "The Most Honourable" upon receipt of the Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Nation" title="Order of the Nation">Order of the Nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-awards_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awards-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Prime ministers</a> and their spouses are also styled this way upon receipt of the Order of the Nation, which is only given to Jamaican governors-general and prime ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-awards_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awards-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>His Excellency/Her Excellency</b> is used before the name of President of India as well as before of governors of the states. However, it is not mandatory for an Indian citizen to use this style to address the president or the governors after a notification from the President House. But it is mandatory for foreigners to address the president and governors.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Your Honour/My Lord</b> – It is used before the names of judges but now it is also not mandatory. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> in a hearing said that people need to respect the judges and "Sir" is sufficient for it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Royal_styles_in_India">Royal styles in India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Royal styles in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With a long history of rulers, there are many styles which vary from territory to territory and languages for royal families in India, commonly <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> (for king), <a href="/wiki/Maharani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharani">Maharani</a> (queen) whereas for their successors Raja, Rani (Maha meaning "Great" removed). Rajkumar (for prince) and Rajkumari (for princess). </p><p>Others include <a href="/wiki/Hukam" title="Hukam">Hukam</a> (commonly in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a> (kings in territories of Punjab within <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>), <a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Badshah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>), Vazeer-e-Aala (in <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>) etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_traditional_rulers">African traditional rulers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: African traditional rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, many styles are used by <a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">traditional royalty</a>. </p><p>Generally the vast majority of the members of these royal families use the titles Prince and Princess, while the higher ranked amongst them also use either <a href="/wiki/Highness" title="Highness">Highness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> to describe secondary appellations in their native languages that they hold in their realms, appellations that are intended to highlight their relative proximity to their thrones, either literally in the sense of the extant <a href="/wiki/Kingship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingship">kingships</a> of the continent or symbolically in the sense of its varied <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">chiefships of the name</a>, and which therefore serve a function similar to the said styles of Highness and Royal Highness. </p><p>For example, the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> usually make use of the word <b>Kabiyesi</b> when speaking either to or about their <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">sovereigns</a> and other royals. As such, it is variously translated as Majesty, Royal Highness or Highness depending on the actual rank of the person in question, though a literal translation of the word would read more like this: <i>He (or She) whose words are beyond questioning, Great Lawgiver of the Nation</i>. </p><p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>, meanwhile, the monarch and other senior royals are often addressed as <b>uNdabezitha</b> meaning <i>He (or She) Who Concerns the Enemy</i>, but rendered in English as Majesty in address or reference to the king and his consorts, or Royal Highness in the case of other senior members of the royal family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a> is styled as The <a href="/wiki/Honourable" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable">Honourable</a>. </p><p>Certain senior government officials (such as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Administration" title="Chief Secretary for Administration">Chief Secretary for Administration</a>), <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong">President of the Legislative Council</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Executive Council of Hong Kong">Executive Council</a>, and members of the judiciary (such as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal">Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal</a>) are also styled as <i>The Honourable</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, holders of offices with <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> names are usually addressed in English by its <a href="/wiki/Irish_declension#Nominative" title="Irish declension">nominative form</a> (so, '<a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1naiste" title="Tánaiste">Tánaiste</a>'), though the <a href="/wiki/Irish_declension#Vocative" title="Irish declension">Irish vocative forms</a> differ (<i>a Thaoisigh</i> and <i>a Thánaiste</i>). <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland#Official_residence,_salute,_style_and_address" title="President of Ireland">The President may be styled</a> 'His/Her Excellency' (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">A Shoilse</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhəil̠ʲʃə]</a></span> / <i>A Soilse</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsˠəl̠ʲʃə]</a></span>) and addressed 'Your Excellency' (Irish: <i>A Shoilse</i>), or simply 'President' (Irish: <i>A Uachtaráin</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈuəxt̪ˠəɾˠaːnʲ]</a></span>). The titles '<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Minister</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Senator</a>' are used as forms of address; only the latter as a style. A <a href="/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la" title="Teachta Dála">TD (<i>Teachta Dála</i>)</a> is formally addressed and styled as 'Deputy', though often simply <i>Mr.</i>, <i>Mrs.</i>, etc. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">county and city councillors</a> can be addressed as 'Councillor', abbreviated <i>Cllr.</i> which is used as a written style, but are just as frequently addressed as <i>Mr.</i>, <i>Mrs.,</i> etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (KDYMM)—</i></span> <ul><li>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">His or Her Majesty</a>, is for <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> and His Majesty's consort, the <a href="/wiki/Raja_Permaisuri_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Permaisuri Agong">Raja Permaisuri Agong</a>, with the prefix <span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Seri Paduka Baginda</i></span> added after <i>KDYMM.</i></li> <li>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">His or Her Royal Highness</a>, is for<i>—</i> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Kedah">Sultan</a> and the Sultanah of <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Pahang" title="Sultan of Pahang">Sultan</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pahangese_royal_consorts" title="List of Pahangese royal consorts">Tengku Ampuan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Terengganu" title="Sultan of Terengganu">Sultan</a> and the Tengku Ampuan Besar of <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> or the Sultanah of Terengganu</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Kelantan" title="Sultan of Kelantan">Sultan of Kelantan</a></li> <li>the Regent of Pahang</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Duli Yang Maha Mulia (DYMM)—</i></span> <ul><li>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">His or Her Majesty</a>, is for the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor" title="Sultan of Johor">Sultan</a> and the Permaisuri of <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, or (<a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">Queen Consort</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor" title="Sultan of Johor">Johor</a>).</li> <li>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">His or Her Royal Highness</a>, is for<i>—</i> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Besar_of_Negeri_Sembilan" title="Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan">Yang di-Pertuan Besar</a> and the Tunku Ampuan Besar of <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Raja_of_Perlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja of Perlis">Raja</a> and the Raja Perempuan of <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Sultan</a> and the Tengku Ampuan of <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> or the Tengku Permaisuri of Selangor</li> <li>the Sultan of Perak, with the prefix <span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Paduka Seri</i></span> added after <i>DYMM.</i></li> <li>the Raja Perempuan of <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> or the Raja Permaisuri of Perak</li> <li>the Sultanah of <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></li> <li>the Raja Perempuan of <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> or the Sultanah of Kelantan</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Maha Mulia (YMM),</i></span> equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Her_Royal_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Royal Highness">His or Her Royal Highness</a>, is for all widowed consorts.</li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Kebawah Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (KDYTM)</i></span>, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Her_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Highness">His or Her Highness</a>, is for<i>—</i> <ul><li>the Tengku Mahkota and the Tengku Puan of Pahang</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (DYTM)</i></span>, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Her_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Highness">His or Her Highness</a> is for<i>—</i> <ul><li>the Raja Muda and the Raja Puan Muda of Kedah</li> <li>the Raja Muda and the Raja Puan Besar of Perak</li> <li>the Yang di-Pertuan Muda and the Tengku Puan Muda of Terengganu</li> <li>the Raja Muda and the Raja Puan Muda of Selangor</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Teramat Mulia (YTM)</i></span>, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Her_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Highness">His or Her Highness</a>, is for<i>—</i> <ul><li>the Tengku Mahkota and the Tengku Ampuan Mahkota of <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> or the Che Puan Mahkota of Kelantan</li> <li>the Che Puan Muda of <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undang" title="Undang">Ruling chiefs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a></li> <li>Senior royal family members in royal states</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Duli Yang Amat Mulia (DYAM)</i></span>, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Her_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Highness">His or Her Highness</a>, is for<i>—</i> <ul><li>the Tunku Mahkota and the Tunku Puan Mahkota of Kedah</li> <li>Duli Yang Amat Mulia (DYAM), equivalent to <a href="/wiki/His_or_Her_Royal_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="His or Her Royal Highness">His or Her Royal Highness</a>, is for—</li> <li>the Pemangku Sultan of Johor, or (the <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor" title="Sultan of Johor">Johor</a>).</li> <li>the Tunku Mahkota of Johor, or (the <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">Crown Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor" title="Sultan of Johor">Johor</a>).</li> <li>the Raja Muda of Johor, or (the <a href="/wiki/Deputy" class="mw-disambig" title="Deputy">Deputy</a> <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">Crown Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor" title="Sultan of Johor">Johor</a>).</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Amat Mulia (YAM)</i></span>, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/His_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Highness">His</a> or <a href="/wiki/Her_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Highness">Her Highness</a>, is for royal family members and the Che’ Puan Mahkota, the wife of Tunku Mahkota of <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> and to the Che’ Puan Muda, the wife of Raja Muda of Johor.</li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Mulia (YM)</i></span>, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/His_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Highness">His</a> or <a href="/wiki/Her_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Highness">Her Highness</a>, is for extended royal family members.</li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Tuan Yang Terutama (TYT)</i></span>, equivalent to His or <a href="/wiki/Her_Excellency" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Excellency">Her Excellency</a>, is for <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri">governors</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_(Commonwealth)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner (Commonwealth)">high commissioners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassadors</a>.</li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Amat Berhormat (Mulia) (YABM/YAB)</i></span>, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">the Right Honourable</a>, is for <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">the Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia">the Deputy Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister">the Chief Minister</a>.</li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Berhormat (Mulia) (YBM/YB)</i></span>, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">the Honourable</a>, is for<i>—</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Cabinet of Malaysia">Federal ministers</a> and ministers of state of Sabah and Sarawak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Cabinet of Malaysia">Federal deputy ministers</a></li> <li>members of <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> Royal Court</li> <li>assistant ministers of state of Sabah and Sarawak</li> <li>members of State Executive Councils</li> <li>members of Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies</li> <li>State Secretaries</li> <li>State Legal Advisers in the states of <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a></li> <li>State Financial Officers in the states of <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a></li> <li>persons receiving the title of "<span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Dato'"</i></span> and "<span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Datin Paduka"</i></span> from <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Amat Arif (YAA)</i></span>, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">the Right Honourable</a>, is for chief judges.</li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Arif (YA)</i></span>, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Honourable" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable">the Honourable</a>, is for<i>—</i> <ul><li>judges and judicial commissioners</li> <li>Attorney-General of the State of Sarawak</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Amat Dihormati (YAD)</i></span>, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">the Right Honourable</a>, is for royal representatives in districts of <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>.</li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Dihormati (YDh.)</i></span>, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">the Honourable</a>, is for<i>—</i> <ul><li>selected Orang Besar Negeri of Perak</li> <li>high and senior police officers</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Amat Berbahagia (YABhg.)</i></span> is for<i>—</i> <ul><li>spouses of governors</li> <li>spouses of the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister and the Chief Minister</li> <li>persons with the title of "<span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Tun</i></span>"</li> <li>the Orang Besar Empat of Perak</li> <li>spouses of <span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Amat Dihormati</i></span></li> <li>commoner spouses of senior royals family</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Berbahagia (YBhg.)</i></span> is for<i>—</i> <ul><li>the top officials of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Federal Government</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_to_the_Government_of_Malaysia" title="Chief Secretary to the Government of Malaysia">Chief Secretary to the Government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Malaysia" title="Attorney General of Malaysia">Attorney General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Forces_(Malaysia)" title="Chief of Defence Forces (Malaysia)">Chief of Defence Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inspector-General_of_Police_(Malaysia)" title="Inspector-General of Police (Malaysia)">Inspector-General of Police</a>, Director General of Public Service and Secretary General of Ministries, with or without any title</li> <li>the Orang Besar Lapan of Perak</li> <li>persons with the title of "<span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Tan Sri</i></span>" and "<span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Datuk</i></span>", or equivalent, and their spouses</li> <li>spouses of high commissioners and ambassadors</li> <li>spouses of <span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Berhormat, Yang Amat Arif, Yang Arif, Yang Dihormati, Yang Berbahagia, Yang Amat Setia, Sahibus Samahah, Sahibul Fadhilah</i></span> and <span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Sahibus Saadah</i></span></li> <li>commoner spouses of extended royals family</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Amat Berusaha (YABrs.)</i></span> is for higher public officers without any title in <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>.</li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Berusaha (YBrs.)</i></span> is for<i>—</i> <ul><li>high public officers without any title and their spouses</li> <li>spouses of <span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Amat Berusaha</i></span> and <span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Setia</i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Amat Setia (YAS)</i></span> is for high military officers without any title.</li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Setia (YS)</i></span> is for senior military officers without any title.</li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Sahibus Samahah (SS)</i></span>, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">His Eminence</a>, is for State <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Muftis</a><i>. </i></li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Sahibul Fadhilah (SF)</i></span>, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/His_Grace" class="mw-redirect" title="His Grace">His Grace</a>, is for State Deputy Muftis, <a href="/wiki/Qadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadhi">Qadis</a> and senior <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulamas</a>.</li> <li><span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Sahibus Saadah</i></span>, equivalent to <span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm-Latn">Yang Berbahagia</i></span>, is special for the Director of Islamic Affairs of <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morocco">Morocco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Morocco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>His Majesty – The <a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">King of Morocco</a>.</li> <li>His Imperial Majesty – The <a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Sultan of Morocco</a> (before 1957, now obsolete).</li> <li>His/Her Royal Highness – Prince and princess of Morocco (used for children, grandchildren and siblings of the king as well as for the Princess Consort).</li> <li>His/Her Highness – Prince and princess of Morocco (used for cousins, uncles and aunts of the king).</li> <li>His/Her Excellency – The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Morocco" title="Prime Minister of Morocco">Prime Minister of Morocco</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>His/Her Excellency – The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president of the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title in <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> is <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">Ang Mahal na Pangulo</i></span> (The Well-Esteemed President). The honorific for the President of the Philippines was adopted from the title of the <a href="/wiki/Governor-general_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-general of the Philippines">governor-general of the Philippines</a> during Spanish and American colonial periods. The president may be addressed as "Your Excellency" or more informally as</li> <li>"Mr. President" or "Madam(e) President".</li> <li>The Honorable – The <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the Philippines">vice president of the Philippines</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress of the Philippines</a>, justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a>, governors and vice governors of provinces, mayors and vice mayors of cities or municipalities, and other elected or appointed officials in the government. The title is also conferred to elected and appointed officials of student or other people's organizations that have great participation in creating, implementing, and interpreting policies of the organization. The title in Filipino is <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">Ang Kagalanggalang</i></span> (The Honorable). In Senate and congressional inquiries, impeachment procedures, and electoral canvasses, senators, representatives, and officials of the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Elections (Philippines)">Commission on Elections</a> when they convene as provincial and national boards of canvassers, are mostly addressed as <i>Your Honor</i>, because it was unfortunately rendered from "the Spanish term for addressing parliamentarians, and a mistake made" when Congress's predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Legislature" title="Philippine Legislature">Philippine Legislature</a>, abruptly changed to the use of English from "mainly Spanish in its deliberations."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>His Magnificence the Very Reverend - <a href="/wiki/Rector_Magnificus_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="Rector Magnificus of the University of Santo Tomas">The rector magnificus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas</a>.</li> <li>Sir/Madam(e) – Common informal manner of address.</li> <li>Illustrious Knight, Sir/Lady – Titles for members of the Order of the Knights of Rizal, the Philippines' only order of knighthood created by law.</li> <li>Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan – The <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Sulu">sultan of Sulu</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_Spain" title="Forms of address in Spain">Forms of address in Spain</a></div> <ul><li>His/Her Majesty – the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">monarch of Spain</a>, when referred to as monarch. When referred to as Head of State, he is usually styled "His Excellency the Head of State".</li> <li>His/Her Royal Highness – the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infantes</a> (non-heir apparent royal princes).</li> <li>His/Her Excellency (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">su excelencia</i></span>) – spouses and children of the Infantes, <a href="/wiki/Grandees_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandees of Spain">Grandees of Spain</a>, ministers, either from the central government (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">"ministros"</i></span>) or from autonomous government (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">"consejeros"</i></span>), Knights and Dames of the Collar, Knights and Dames Grand Cross, as well as regional presidents. Mayors and town councils<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</li> <li>His/Her Illustriousness (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">su ilustrísima</i></span>) – marquesses, counts, viscounts, Knights and Dames Commander by Number, junior ministers either from the central government (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">"secretarios de estado"</i></span>) or from autonomous government (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">"vice-consejeros"</i></span>), justices (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">"magistrados"</i></span>), certain prosecutors, members of the royal academies and the holders of certain Spanish decorations.</li> <li>His/Her Most Excellent and Magnificent Lord – Rector of a university.</li> <li>His Lordship/Her Ladyship (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">su señoría</i></span>) – barons, members of the Royal Orders (Commander, Officer, Cross), seigneurs, members of parliament, judges, court clerks.</li> <li>Lord (<i>Don</i> or <i>Doña</i>) - hidalgos and Spanish citizens who are members of the Royal Orders.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>His/Her <a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Majesty</a> – The King and Queen of Thailand.</li> <li>His/Her Royal Highness – Prince and princess of Thailand (used for children and grandchildren of the king)<i> </i>from "<a href="/wiki/Chao_Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chao Fa">Chao-Fa</a>" <i>(เจ้าฟ้า)</i> (the most senior rank of prince/princess) to "Phra Chao Worawongse Ther Phra Ong Chao" <i>(พระเจ้าวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้า) </i>(a mid-level, lesser class of prince and princess than <a href="/wiki/Chao_Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chao Fa">Chao Fa</a>). This style is also used for princess consort (now obsolete).</li> <li>His/Her Highness – Prince and princess of Thailand of the rank "Phra Worawong Ther <a href="/wiki/Phra_ong_chao" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra ong chao">Phra Ong Chao</a>" <i>(พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้า)</i> which are born in the title as <a href="/wiki/Mom_Chao" class="mw-redirect" title="Mom Chao">Mom Chao</a> to whom the king later granted this higher title, either as recognition of merit, or as a special favour.</li> <li>His/Her Serene Highness – Prince and princess of title <a href="/wiki/Mom_Chao" class="mw-redirect" title="Mom Chao">Mom Chao</a> (m)/Mom Chao Ying (f) (<i>หม่อมเจ้า/หม่อมเจ้าหญิง</i>, abbreviated in Thai as ม.จ. or in English as M.C.) is the most junior class still considered royalty. This is normally when surnames first appear among royal lineages. They are either: Children of a male <a href="/wiki/Chao_Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chao Fa">Chao Fa</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoner</a>.Children of a male <a href="/wiki/Phra_ong_chao" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra ong chao">Phra Ong Chao</a>. Informally, they are styled "Than Chai" (m)... /"Than Ying" (f)... <i>(ท่านชาย.../ท่านหญิง...)</i>.</li> <li>The Honourable – <a href="/wiki/Mom_Rajawongse" class="mw-redirect" title="Mom Rajawongse">Mom Rajawongse</a> (<i>หม่อมราชวงศ์</i>, RTGS: Mom Ratchawong; abbreviated in Thai as ม.ร.ว. or in English as M.R. and also translated into English as <i>The Honourable</i>) is the title assumed by children of male Mom Chao. The title is pronounced "Mom Rachawong". Informally, they may be styled as "Khun Chai" (m).../ "Khunying" (f)... <i>(คุณชาย.../คุณหญิง...).</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forms of address in the United Kingdom">Forms of address in the United Kingdom</a></div> <ul><li>His/Her Majesty – the King/Queen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">His Royal Highness</a>, oral address Your Royal Highness – royal princes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Her Royal Highness</a>, oral address Your Royal Highness – royal princesses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_(style)" title="Grace (style)">His Grace</a> (oral address <i>Your Grace</i> or Duke) – <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Dukes</a>. Occasionally the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a> and other archbishops are also styled His Grace. Duchesses are likewise styled Her Grace.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a> – male <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">viscounts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">barons</a>, as well as some of their sons. (Style: Your Lordship or My Lord.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady" title="Lady">Lady</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marchionesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">countesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">viscountesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">baronesses</a>, and the wives of baronets and knights. (Style: Your Ladyship or My Lady.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> – males, formally if they have a <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">British knighthood</a> or if they are a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronet</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dame" title="Dame">Dame</a> – female knights and baronetesses <a href="/wiki/Suo_jure" title="Suo jure">in their own right</a> (<i>suo jure</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a> signifies membership of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a>, but does not confer any other title, and is also a formal style of address for certain holders of <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerages</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">viscounts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">barons</a>, and Lords of Parliament.</li> <li>The Right Honourable and Reverend – as the previous explanation, used if the holder is also an ordained clergyman (parliamentary usage).</li> <li>The Honourable – younger sons of earls, all children of viscounts and barons, or Lords of Parliament.</li></ul> <p>"The Right Honourable" is added as a prefix to the name of various collective entities such as: </p> <ul><li>The Right Honourable the Spiritual and Temporal Lords (of the Kingdom of England) in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>.</li> <li>The Right Honourable the Lord-Commissioners of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Admiralty" title="Board of Admiralty">Board of Admiralty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Honourable" title="The Most Honourable">The Most Honourable</a> – marquesses, The Lords of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.</li> <li>His Worship is an honorific prefix for <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justices of the peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a> in present or former <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>. In spoken address, these officials are addressed as Your Worship or referred to as His Worship. In Australia all states now use <a href="/wiki/His_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="His Honour">Your Honour</a> as the form of address for magistrates (the same as has always been used for judges in higher courts).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Much_Honoured" title="The Much Honoured">The Much Honoured</a> – Scottish barons, chiefs, chieftains and lairds</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Styles_existing_through_marriage_in_the_United_Kingdom">Styles existing through marriage in the United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Styles existing through marriage in the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Styles can be acquired through marriage, although traditionally this applies more to wives of office-holders than to husbands. Thus, in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a>, is styled Her Royal Highness (HRH), her husband, Sir <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Laurence" title="Timothy Laurence">Timothy Laurence</a>, bears no courtesy style by virtue of being her husband (although his mother-in-law, Queen Elizabeth II, has since knighted him), nor do her children bear any title or style, by right or tradition, despite being in the line of succession to the Crown, until 2015 subject to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marriages_Act_1772" title="Royal Marriages Act 1772">Royal Marriages Act 1772</a>. In contrast, when <a href="/wiki/Sophie,_Countess_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie, Countess of Wessex">Sophie Rhys-Jones</a> married <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Earl_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex">Prince Edward</a>, she became HRH the Countess of Wessex (&c.) and their children are entitled (although they do not use them) to the princely prefix and the style of HRH, and do bear <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">courtesy titles</a> derived from their father. </p><p>Styles and titles can change when a marriage is dissolved. The Lady <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana Frances Spencer</a> held the style Her Royal Highness during her marriage to HRH The Prince of Wales and the title <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales" title="Princess of Wales">Princess of Wales</a>. When the couple divorced she lost her style: she became instead <i>Diana, Princess of Wales</i>. (although she fit the criteria which customarily accords the prefix of "Lady" to the daughter of an earl, and she had been known as such prior to marriage, she did not revert to that title following divorce). </p><p>When applied to the current <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales" title="Princess of Wales">Princess of Wales</a>, inclusion of a definite article ("The Princess of Wales"), is, like HRH, part of the style which accompanies the title. When <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a> (Then; HRH the Prince of Wales) was remarried to <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Parker-Bowles" class="mw-redirect" title="Camilla Parker-Bowles">Camilla Parker-Bowles</a> in compliance with the Royal Marriages Act, she lawfully became HRH The Princess of Wales but, as was the announced intention prior to the couple's wedding, she continues to use the lesser title derived from her husband's <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duchy of Cornwall</a> and was known as HRH The Duchess of Cornwall, until the accession of her husband as King, because of the strong association to the late Diana, Princess of Wales. </p><p>From the divorce until her death in 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales ceased to hold any royal style, although the monarch declared that she remained a Princess of the United Kingdom and in occasions when members of the Royal Family appeared in public, she continued to be accorded the same royal precedence. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York" title="Sarah, Duchess of York">Sarah Ferguson</a> was divorced from her husband, HRH <a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a>, she too lost her HRH style, the rank as a British Princess and was re-styled as "Sarah, Duchess of York". </p><p>In 1936, <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> was denied the HRH style by <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> when she married his older brother, the former <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>, who became HRH the Duke of Windsor following his abdication and receipt of a peerage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names of most current and former elected federal and state officials and judges in the United States are styled "<a href="/wiki/The_Honorable" class="mw-redirect" title="The Honorable">The Honorable</a>" in writing, (e.g., "The Honorable Mike Rawlings, Mayor of the City of Dallas"). Many are addressed by their title in conversation as "Mister" or "Madam" ("Mr. President", "Madam Mayor") or simply by their name with their appropriate title e.g., "Senator Jones" or "Commissioner Smith".<sup id="cite_ref-Vanderbilt_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanderbilt-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Service_Etiquette_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service_Etiquette-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Continued use of a title after leaving office depends on the office: those of which there is only one at a time (e.g., president, speaker, governor, or mayor) are only officially used by the current office holder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, titles for offices of which there are many concurrent office holders (e.g., ambassador, senator, judge, professor or military ranks, especially <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> and above) are retained for life: A retired U.S. Army general is addressed as "General (Name)" officially and socially for the rest of their life. Military retirees are entitled to receive pay and are still counted as members of the United States Armed Forces. Accordingly, all retired military ranks are retained for life pursuant to Title 10 of the United States Code. In the case of the President, while the title is officially dropped after leaving office<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – e.g., Dwight Eisenhower reverted to his prior style "General Eisenhower" in retirement – it is still widely used as an informal practice; e.g., Jimmy Carter is still often called President Carter. The Vice President is typically referred to as "former Vice President", such as "former Vice President Mike Pence." Similarly, governors are typically addressed in later life as "Governor (Name)", particularly if running for further political office. <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, for example, was frequently referred to as "Governor Romney" during his <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012 presidential campaign</a> and was addressed as such formally in the debates,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having been <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> until 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanderbilt_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanderbilt-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Service_Etiquette_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service_Etiquette-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The names of judges are styled "The Honorable" in writing, and orally in court as "Your Honor", or by name after "Judge". <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices of supreme courts</a> are addressed orally as "Mr. or Madam Chief Justice" or "Chief Justice"; associate justices by name with "Justice" (or, simply "Justice").</li> <li>The names of mayors are styled "The Honorable" in writing. In municipalities (e.g., New York City and Chicago), mayors are addressed in conversation as "Your Honor". This may be a vestige of the fact that the mayors (and some others) were also <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a> of the court system.</li> <li>His or Her Excellency (oral address "Excellency", "Your Excellency") was once customarily used of governors of states, though this has given way to "The Honorable", the form used to address all elected officials in the United States. "Excellency" has continued in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and the states of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>.</li> <li>The names of members of the House of Representatives are similarly styled in writing as "The Honorable". Orally they are traditionally addressed by name as "Mr." or "Ms.", but as a practice are sometimes addressed as "Representative" or "Congressman" or "Congresswoman" when it is necessary or desirable to specify the member's status. It is advisable to follow the preference of the individual official. Following precedence in Westminster style of parliament, when writing their own names, especially on stationery and <a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">franks</a>, Representatives have upon occasion followed their names with "M.C." (Member of Congress).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names of senators similarly are addressed in writing as "The Honorable" and orally as "Senator". Where Representatives may have used "M.C.", Senators have used "U.S.S." (United States Senator).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, neither form is currently used by members in Washington, DC. On the actual floor of the houses during debate, members commonly refer to one another as the gentleman or gentlewoman from their appropriate state (e.g., "As my friend, the distinguished gentleman from Ohio, just said..." or "I yield three minutes to the gentleman from New York, Mr. Smith"). In debate, senators sometimes refer to colleagues as the junior or senior senator from a state, (e.g., "I disagree with my dear friend, the junior senator from Ohio..."). Senators also commonly use this form of address.</li> <li>While the term "<a href="/wiki/Esquire" title="Esquire">Esquire</a>", abbreviated "Esq." after the name (John Jones, Esq.), has no legal meaning in the U.S. and may be used by anyone (or at least, customarily, by any male), it is correctly used when addressing lawyers in correspondence as an indication of their profession. At least one American jurisdiction, the District of Columbia, limits the use of "Esquire" (and similar terms) to licensed attorneys.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some authorities previously urged that use of "Esq." should be restricted to male lawyers, today the term is used for both male and female attorneys. The academic post-nominal <i>J.D.</i> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a>) may be used by graduates of law schools who are not members of the bar of any state or who are working outside the legal profession.</li> <li>In academic fields, it is customary in the U.S. to refer to those holding any level of professorship (professor, assistant professor, associate professor, adjunct professor, etc.) as "Professor" – as in "Professor Jones" – orally or in writing. In writing, "professor" is often abbreviated as "Prof.", as in "Prof. Jones". Those holding academic doctorates are frequently referred to as "Dr. Jones."</li> <li>Military personnel of any functionality (doctors, lawyers, engineers, cooks, fighter pilots, motor pool drivers, commanding officers, security guards ... officers and enlisted ... leaders and followers) are always addressed by rank + name; with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplains</a>, who are addressed as "Chaplain" and are addressed in writing with their rank in parentheses, e.g.: "Chaplain (Major) Jones". An exception to this is in the Navy, where in writing the rank is either not used, or is used before the person's name with the corps designator "CHC" indicating the officer is a chaplain put behind their name. e.g.: "LT George Burdell, CHC, USN". In the United States Navy, there is an internal practice aboard ships that junior officers who are not in command may be addressed by their rank or as "Mister/Miss X" as in "Lieutenant Junior Grade Smith" or "Miss Smith". This practice is also followed within the United States Coast Guard, both aboard ship and ashore. Junior officers in both services are understood to be those of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander" title="Lieutenant commander">lieutenant commander</a> and below. Senior officers (<a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">commander</a> and above) are addressed by their rank as in "Commander Smith" or "Admiral Smith". While officially this manner of address is supposed to be from a senior rank to a junior rank, i.e. captain to lieutenant, in practice it is not unknown for enlisted personnel to refer to junior officers as Mister as well. While commonly referred to by their rank, i.e. Seaman/Airman/Fireman/Petty Officer X or (Senior/Master) Chief X, on formal occasions, e.g. weddings, an enlisted man's full title is sometimes used, starting with their rating, then their rank, and their name, e.g. Electronics Technician Second Class X or Chief Gunner's Mate Y. When written, e.g. in formal invitations, the enlisted man's name is written as "<i>Serviceman's name</i>, USN/USMC/USA/USAF/USCG", without one's rank preceding their name, unlike commissioned officers.</li> <li>Any officer in command of a ship is referred to as Captain for the period of their command or in reference to the ship, regardless of what rank they normally hold.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanderbilt_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanderbilt-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Service_Etiquette_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service_Etiquette-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Retired military personnel may continue to be addressed by their rank at the time of their retirement. Those who held 'brevet' ranks higher than their permanent rank (permanent Army officers who held temporary rank in volunteer regiments during the American Civil War) also held this honor; though all such individuals have now perished, this usage is often seen in historical or fictional sources placed in the 1865–1900 period. <sup id="cite_ref-Vanderbilt_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanderbilt-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Service_Etiquette_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service_Etiquette-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_v._Alabama_(1964)" title="Hamilton v. Alabama (1964)">Hamilton v. Alabama</a></i>, 376 U.S. 650 (1964), is a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> case in which the court held that an <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> woman, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hamilton_(activist)" title="Mary Hamilton (activist)">Mary Hamilton</a>, was entitled to the same courteous forms of address customarily reserved solely for whites in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LSAT_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSAT-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that calling a black person by their first name in a formal context was "a form of racial discrimination".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_styles">Former styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Former styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All former monarchies had styles, some, such as <a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign" title="Style of the French sovereign">those of the Bourbon monarchy of France</a>, extremely complicated depending on the status of the office or office-holder. <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a>, who was Crown Prince of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (1916–1918), had the style 'His Imperial and Royal Highness'. He was last addressed as such by church figures during the funeral of his late mother, Empress-Queen <a href="/wiki/Zita_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Zita of Bourbon-Parma">Zita of Austria-Hungary</a> in 1989, although the use of these styles has been prohibited in Austria since 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the styles of address to government officials in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Table_of_Ranks" title="Table of Ranks">Table of Ranks</a>. </p><p>The names of some offices are also <a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">titles</a>, which are retained by the office holder for life. For example, holders of titles of which there are many at the same time, such as ambassadors, senators, judges, and military officers, who retire retain use of their hierarchical honorific for life. Holders of titles of which there is only one office holder at a time such as president, chief justice or speaker revert to their previous honorific when they leave office out of deference to the current office holder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_parallel_symbols">Other parallel symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other parallel symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Styles were often among the range of symbols that surrounded figures of high office. Everything from the manner of address to the behaviour of a person on meeting that personage was surrounded by traditional symbols. Monarchs were to be bowed to by men and curtsied to by women. Senior clergy, particularly in the Roman Catholic Church, were to have their rings (the symbol of their authority) kissed by lay persons while they were on bended knee, while cardinals in an act of homage at the papal coronation were meant to kiss the feet of the Supreme Pontiff, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>. </p><p>Many of these traditions have lapsed or been partially abandoned. At his inauguration as pope in 1978 (itself the abandonment of the traditional millennium-old papal coronation), <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> himself kissed cardinals on the cheeks, rather than follow the traditional method of homage of having his feet kissed. </p><p>Similarly, styles, though still used, are used less often. The former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_McAleese" title="Mary McAleese">Mary McAleese</a>, was usually referred to as <i>President Mary McAleese</i>, not <i>President McAleese</i>, as had been the form used for the first six presidents, from President Hyde to President Hillery. <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> asked initially to be called <i>Tony</i>. First names, or even <a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nicknames</a>, are often widely used among politicians in the US, even in formal situations (as an extreme example, President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">James Earl "Jimmy" Carter</a> chose to take the Oath of Office using his nickname). One notable exception involves judges: a judge of any court is almost invariably addressed as "Your Honor" while presiding over his or her court, and often at other times as well. This style has been removed in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, where judges are addressed only as "Judge". </p><p>However, styles are still widely used in formal documents and correspondence between heads of state, such as in a <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">letter of credence</a> accrediting an ambassador from one head of state to another. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-styled">Self-styled</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Self-styled"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>self-styled</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Soi-disant" class="mw-redirect" title="Soi-disant">soi-disant</a></i>, roughly means awarding a <i>style</i> to oneself, often without adequate justification or authority, but the expression often refers to descriptions or <a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">titles</a> (such as "aunt", "expert", "Doctor", or "King"), rather than true <i>styles</i> in the sense of this article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forms of address in the United Kingdom">Forms of address in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_Spain" title="Forms of address in Spain">Forms of address in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Forms of address in the Russian Empire">Forms of address in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List of titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix (name)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">T–V distinction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup>1</sup> Though the Republic of Ireland does not possess a Privy Council, the style is still used. The <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Dublin" title="Lord Mayor of Dublin">Lord Mayor of Dublin</a> is still styled the Right Honourable, as previous lord mayors of Dublin were <i>ex-officio</i> members of the former <a href="/wiki/Irish_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Privy Council">Irish Privy Council</a> until its abolition in 1922. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.infoplease.com/style">"style: meaning and definitions"</a>. <i>Random House Unabridged Dictionary</i>. Infoplease. 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Random+House+Unabridged+Dictionary&rft.atitle=style%3A+meaning+and+definitions&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.infoplease.com%2Fstyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120909164700/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/style?view=uk">"Definition of style"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries Online</i>. Oxford University Press. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/style?view=uk">the original</a> on September 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+Online&rft.atitle=Definition+of+style&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fstyle%3Fview%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamir2022" class="citation web cs1">Samir, Mohamed (November 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baderscott.com/blog/how-to-address-a-judge-in-court-10-rules-of-etiquette/">"10 Rules of Appearing in Court"</a>. <i>badott.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=badott.com&rft.atitle=10+Rules+of+Appearing+in+Court&rft.date=2022-11-12&rft.aulast=Samir&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaderscott.com%2Fblog%2Fhow-to-address-a-judge-in-court-10-rules-of-etiquette%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110310235549/http://www.magistratescourt.tas.gov.au/practice_directions/2005_No_4_-_Form_of_Address">"No. 4 of 2005 – Form of Address"</a>. <i>Practice Directions</i>. Magistrates Court of Tasmania. 4 September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magistratescourt.tas.gov.au/practice_directions/2005_No_4_-_Form_of_Address">the original</a> on 10 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Practice+Directions&rft.atitle=No.+4+of+2005+%E2%80%93+Form+of+Address&rft.date=2009-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magistratescourt.tas.gov.au%2Fpractice_directions%2F2005_No_4_-_Form_of_Address&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive title</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1990.0032">"His Majesty Emperor Hirihito of Japan, K. G., 29 April 1901 - 7 January 1989"</a>. <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>36</b>: 241–272. December 12, 1990. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1990.0032">10.1098/rsbm.1990.0032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4606">0080-4606</a> – via royalsocietypublishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=His+Majesty+Emperor+Hirihito+of+Japan%2C+K.+G.%2C+29+April+1901+-+7+January+1989&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=241-272&rft.date=1990-12-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1990.0032&rft.issn=0080-4606&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1990.0032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColegrove1932" class="citation journal cs1">Colegrove, Kenneth (August 8, 1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400022383/type/journal_article">"The Japanese Emperor"</a>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 642–659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1946532">10.2307/1946532</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a> – via American Political Science Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Japanese+Emperor&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=642-659&rft.date=1932-08-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1946532&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft.aulast=Colegrove&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0003055400022383%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollard2007-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollard2007_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.F._Pollard2007" class="citation book cs1">A.F. Pollard (5 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9JnBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT244"><i>HENRY VIII</i></a>. Chehab Pubber. p. 244. GGKEY:HQGF65AUEWU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HENRY+VIII&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Chehab+Pubber&rft.date=2007-01-05&rft.au=A.F.+Pollard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9JnBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngus_Stevenson2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Angus Stevenson, ed. (2007). <i>Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Vol. 1, A–M (Sixth ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Life+and+legacy+of+King+Fahd&rft.date=2005-08-01&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F4734505.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emjap-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-emjap_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110120070401/http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/SA/custodian2.htm">"Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.boe.es&rft.atitle=BOE-A-1998-26802+Real+Decreto+2396%2F1998%2C+de+6+de+noviembre%2C+por+el+que+se+aprueba+el+Reglamento+de+la+Orden+del+M%C3%A9rito+Civil.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fbuscar%2Fact.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1998-26802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vanderbilt-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vanderbilt_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanderbilt_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanderbilt_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanderbilt_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderbilt1995" class="citation book cs1">Vanderbilt, Amy (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu_uw8aUE5wC"><i>The Amy Vanderbilt Complete Book of Etiquette</i></a> (50th Anniversary ed.). Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385413428" title="Special:BookSources/9780385413428"><bdi>9780385413428</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amy+Vanderbilt+Complete+Book+of+Etiquette&rft.edition=50th+Anniversary&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780385413428&rft.aulast=Vanderbilt&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWu_uw8aUE5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Service_Etiquette-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Service_Etiquette_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Service_Etiquette_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Service_Etiquette_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Service_Etiquette_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConetsco2009" class="citation book cs1">Conetsco, Cherlynn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYTXwAEACAAJ"><i>Service Etiquette</i></a> (5th ed.). Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591143574" title="Special:BookSources/9781591143574"><bdi>9781591143574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Service+Etiquette&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781591143574&rft.aulast=Conetsco&rft.aufirst=Cherlynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYTXwAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debates.org/voter-education/debate-transcripts/october-22-2012-the-third-obama-romney-presidential-debate/">"CPD: October 22, 2012 Debate Transcript"</a>. <i>www.debates.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.debates.org&rft.atitle=CPD%3A+October+22%2C+2012+Debate+Transcript&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.debates.org%2Fvoter-education%2Fdebate-transcripts%2Foctober-22-2012-the-third-obama-romney-presidential-debate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905055611/http://debates.org/index.php?page=october-1-2012-the-second-obama-romney-presidential-debate">"October 16, 2012 Debate Transcript, Obama vs Romney"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://debates.org/index.php?page=october-1-2012-the-second-obama-romney-presidential-debate">the original</a> on 5 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=October+16%2C+2012+Debate+Transcript%2C+Obama+vs+Romney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdebates.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Doctober-1-2012-the-second-obama-romney-presidential-debate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <a href="/wiki/File:Congressional_Frank_1921_T.S._Butler.jpg" title="File:Congressional Frank 1921 T.S. Butler.jpg">File:Congressional Frank 1921 T.S. Butler.jpg</a> (scan of a Representative's frank).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <a href="/wiki/File:Franked.jpg" title="File:Franked.jpg">File:Franked.jpg</a> (scan of franked envelope from a U.S. Senator).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcbar.org/for_lawyers/ethics/legal_ethics/opinions/opinion344.cfm#ftn3">"Ethics Opinion 344"</a>. The District of Columbia Bar. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethics+Opinion+344&rft.pub=The+District+of+Columbia+Bar&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcbar.org%2Ffor_lawyers%2Fethics%2Flegal_ethics%2Fopinions%2Fopinion344.cfm%23ftn3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LSAT-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LSAT_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobrow,_Jerry2005" class="citation book cs1">Bobrow, Jerry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBuAXRPCZzYC&pg=PA587"><i>Barron's How to Prepare for the LSAT, Law School Admission Test</i></a>. Barron's Educational Series. p. 587. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7641-2412-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7641-2412-9"><bdi>978-0-7641-2412-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barron%27s+How+to+Prepare+for+the+LSAT%2C+Law+School+Admission+Test&rft.pages=587&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Series&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7641-2412-9&rft.au=Bobrow%2C+Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSBuAXRPCZzYC%26pg%3DPA587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050719075725/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875740,00.html">"Call Her Miss"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. April 10, 1964. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875740,00.html">the original</a> on July 19, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Call+Her+Miss&rft.date=1964-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C875740%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10000036">"Bundesrecht: Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Adelsaufhebungsgesetz"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Chancellery_of_Austria" title="Federal Chancellery of Austria">Federal Chancellery of Austria</a>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bundesrecht%3A+Gesamte+Rechtsvorschrift+f%C3%BCr+Adelsaufhebungsgesetz&rft.pub=Federal+Chancellery+of+Austria&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ris.bka.gv.at%2FGeltendeFassung.wxe%3FAbfrage%3DBundesnormen%26Gesetzesnummer%3D10000036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+%28form+of+address%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_(form_of_address)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/protocol-guidelines-special-event/table-titles-canada.html">Table of titles to be used in Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/protocol-guidelines-special-event/styles-address.html">Styles of Address</a>, Department of Canadian Heritage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001618.html">Forms of Address</a> from Infoplease</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.formsofaddress.info/FOA_home.html">Basic forms from The Protocol School of Washington</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English_social_honorific_titles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_titles" title="Template:Social titles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_titles" title="Template talk:Social titles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_titles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social titles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English_social_honorific_titles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_honorifics" title="English honorifics">English social honorific</a> titles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feminine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goodwife" title="Goodwife">Goodwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs." title="Mrs.">Mrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss" title="Miss">Miss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ms." title="Ms.">Ms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(form_of_address)" title="Mistress (form of address)">Mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam" title="Madam">Madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dame" title="Dame">Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady" title="Lady">Lady</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Masculine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goodman_(title)" title="Goodman (title)">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr." title="Mr.">Mr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquire" title="Esquire">Esquire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_(form_of_address)" title="Master (form of address)">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sire" title="Sire">Sire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender-neutral_title" title="Gender-neutral title">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mx_(title)" title="Mx (title)">Mx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_(title)" title="Doctor (title)">Dr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial,_royal,_and_noble_styles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial,_royal,_and_noble_styles" title="Template:Imperial, royal, and noble styles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imperial,_royal,_and_noble_styles" title="Template talk:Imperial, royal, and noble styles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial,_royal,_and_noble_styles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial, royal, and noble styles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial,_royal,_and_noble_styles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal,_and_noble_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial, royal, and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble styles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forms of address</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royalty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Nəgusä Nägäst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkosi" title="Nkosi">Nkosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_(style)" title="Holiness (style)">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Majesty" title="Imperial and Royal Majesty">Imperial and Royal Majesty</a> (HI&RM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Most_Faithful_Majesty" title="Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty">Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Majesty" title="Imperial Majesty">Imperial Majesty</a> (HIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Majesty" title="Apostolic Majesty">Apostolic Majesty</a> (HAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Catholicissimus" title="Rex Catholicissimus">Catholic Majesty</a> (HCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign#Most_Christian_King" title="Style of the French sovereign">Most Christian Majesty</a> (HMCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Faithful_Majesty" title="Most Faithful Majesty">Most Faithful Majesty</a> (HFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Majesty" title="Orthodox Majesty">Orthodox Majesty</a> (HOM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannic_Majesty" title="Britannic Majesty">Britannic Majesty</a> (HBM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Excellent_Majesty" title="Most Excellent Majesty">Most Excellent Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Gracious_Majesty" title="Most Gracious Majesty">Most Gracious Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Royal Majesty</a> (HRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Majesty</a> (HM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_(style)" title="Grace (style)">Grace</a> (HG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> (HRH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monseigneur" title="Monseigneur">Monseigneur</a> (Msgr)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">Most Eminent Highness</a> (HMEH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exalted_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Exalted Highness">Exalted Highness</a> (HEH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highness" title="Highness">Highness</a> (HH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">Serene Highness</a> (HSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrious_Highness" title="Illustrious Highness">Illustrious Highness</a> (HIll.H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a> (HE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Excellent" title="The Most Excellent">Most Excellent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Illustrious" title="The Most Illustrious">Most Illustrious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochgeboren" title="Hochgeboren">Hochgeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochwohlgeboren" title="Hochwohlgeboren">Hochwohlgeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wohlgeboren" title="Wohlgeboren">Wohlgeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Much_Honoured" title="The Much Honoured">Much Honoured</a> (The Much Hon.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milord" title="Milord">Milord</a> (Millourt)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastos" title="Sebastos">Sebastos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominus_(title)" title="Dominus (title)">Dominus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mepe" title="Mepe">Mepe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Highness" title="Imperial and Royal Highness">Imperial and Royal Highness</a> (HI&RH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Highness" title="Imperial Highness">Imperial Highness</a> (HIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> (HRH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Highness" title="Grand Ducal Highness">Grand Ducal Highness</a> (HGDH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highness" title="Highness">Highness</a> (HH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_Serene_Highness" title="Ducal Serene Highness">Ducal Serene Highness</a> (HDSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">Serene Highness</a> (HSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenity_(style)" title="Serenity (style)">Serenity</a> (HS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrious_Highness" title="Illustrious Highness">Illustrious Highness</a> (HIll.H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_(style)" title="Grace (style)">Grace</a> (HG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a> (HE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senhor" title="Senhor">Senhor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Most_Serene_Republic" title="Most Serene Republic">Most Serene Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Baghatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duli_Yang_Maha_Mulia" title="Duli Yang Maha Mulia">Duli Yang Maha Mulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_king" title="Great king">Great king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Mikado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">Shogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrat" title="Hadrat">Hadrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanic_Highness" title="Sultanic Highness">Sultanic Highness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign" title="Style of the French sovereign">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Georgian_sovereign" title="Style of the Georgian sovereign">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Dutch_sovereign" title="Style of the Dutch sovereign">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Portuguese_sovereign" title="Style of the Portuguese sovereign">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Serbian_sovereign" title="Style of the Serbian sovereign">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Swedish_sovereign" title="Style of the Swedish sovereign">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereign" title="Style of the British sovereign">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_and_title_of_the_Canadian_sovereign" title="Style and title of the Canadian sovereign">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Scottish_sovereign" title="Style of the Scottish sovereign">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">By the Grace of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a> (<i>Fidei defensor</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Defender of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Roman_Emperor" title="Last Roman Emperor">Great Catholic Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_sovereign_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current sovereign monarchs">List of current sovereign monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent monarchs">List of current constituent monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">Sacred king</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_title" title="Victory title">Victory title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Royalty_and_Nobility" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility">Wikipedia:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phaleristics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phaleristics" title="Template:Phaleristics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phaleristics" title="Template talk:Phaleristics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phaleristics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phaleristics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phaleristics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">Auxiliary science of history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatics</a> about <a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Distinctions</i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_awards" title="Lists of awards">Lists</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By conferee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fount_of_honour" title="Fount of honour">Founts of honour</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_decoration" title="State decoration">States</a> <ul><li>and their national/public/official authorities</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_order" title="Dynastic order">Dynasties</a> <ul><li>heads of currently or formerly sovereign royal families</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_award" title="Ecclesiastical award">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organisations</a></li> <li>Commercial</li> <li><small>(<a href="/wiki/Self-styled_order" title="Self-styled order">Self-styled order</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">Order of chivalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">Military order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_order_of_chivalry" title="Colonial order of chivalry">Colonial order</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_merit" title="Order of merit">Order of merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family_order" title="Royal family order">Royal family order</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Titles(Styles,Post-nominal)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">Titles</a><br /><small>(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Styles</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_function" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer" title="Treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessor_(law)" title="Assessor (law)">Assessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_(order)" title="Bailiff (order)">Bailiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain#Other" title="Chaplain">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies" title="Master of ceremonies">Master of ceremonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Grand Cross</a><i>/Grand Cordon</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander_(order)" title="Commander (order)">Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry#Typical_insignia_and_ranks" title="Order of chivalry">Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dame" title="Dame">Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_(servant)" title="Page (servant)">Page</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter#Order_charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(religion)" title="Chapter (religion)">Chapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandery" title="Commandery">Commandery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_obedience" title="Vow of obedience">Obedience</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Lodge</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_awards" title="Lists of awards">Others,<br />by field</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Military</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_military_decorations" title="List of military decorations">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_military_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest military decorations">List of highest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_medal" title="Campaign medal">Campaign medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_awards_and_honors" title="List of law enforcement awards and honors">Law enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_awards_and_decorations" title="Civil awards and decorations">Civilian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_awards_and_decorations" title="List of civil awards and decorations">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_for_contributions_to_society" title="List of awards for contributions to society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_prizes" title="List of peace prizes">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intellectual_freedom_awards" title="List of intellectual freedom awards">Intellectual freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_awards" title="List of human rights awards">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_awards" title="List of legal awards">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanitarian_and_service_awards" title="List of humanitarian and service awards">Humanitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politics_awards" title="List of politics awards">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volunteer_awards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of volunteer awards">Volunteer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_for_contributions_to_culture" title="List of awards for contributions to culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architecture_awards" title="List of architecture awards">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_art_awards" title="Lists of art awards">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_awards" title="List of film awards">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_history_awards" title="List of history awards">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_award" title="Music award">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophy_awards" title="List of philosophy awards">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatre_awards" title="List of theatre awards">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_and_technology_awards" title="Lists of science and technology awards">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religion-related_awards" title="List of religion-related awards">Religion-related</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_decoration" title="Ecclesiastical decoration">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sport_awards" title="List of sport awards">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_awards_in_Scouting" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest awards in Scouting">Scouting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beauty_pageants" title="List of beauty pageants">Beauty</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Insignia" title="Insignia">insignia</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_named_after_people" title="List of awards named after people">Named after <br />people</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">For wearing<br /><i>(decorations)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collar_(order)" title="Collar (order)">Collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Grand Cross</a><i>/Grand Cordon</i> <ul><li>with <a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">sash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">Medal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necklet" title="Necklet">Necklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_bar" title="Medal bar">Medal bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_ribbon" title="Medal ribbon">Medal ribbon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(decoration)" title="Rosette (decoration)">Rosette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Award_pin" title="Award pin">Award pin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badge" title="Badge">Badge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_badge" title="Pilgrim badge">Pilgrim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaulette" title="Epaulette">Epaulette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon" title="Ribbon">Ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin-back_button" title="Pin-back button">Button</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_button" title="Campaign button">Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_lapel_button_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Service lapel button (disambiguation)">Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_mark" title="Shoulder mark">Shoulder mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prize" title="Prize">Prizes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trophy" title="Trophy">Trophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_trophy" title="War trophy">War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquette" title="Plaquette">Plaquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(award)" title="Rosette (award)">Rosette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_money" title="Prize money">Money</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field_or_the_highest_honors_of_a_field" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prizes known as the Nobel of a field or the highest honors of a field">Prizes known as the Nobel of a field</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_the_Garter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Star_of_the_Garter.svg/80px-Star_of_the_Garter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Star_of_the_Garter.svg/120px-Star_of_the_Garter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Star_of_the_Garter.svg/160px-Star_of_the_Garter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="89" data-file-height="89" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png/80px-Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png/120px-Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png/160px-Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="411" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span><br /><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonies <br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accolade" title="Accolade">Accolade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vigil#Medieval_knights" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">Feoffment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_fee" title="Passage fee">Passage fee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_day" title="Collar day">Collar day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">Fraternity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_order" title="Fraternal order">Fraternal order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Fraternities and sororities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellowship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_society" title="Honor society">Honor society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hereditary_and_lineage_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hereditary and lineage organizations">Hereditary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_(organization)" title="Club (organization)">Club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen's club">Gentlemen's club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_Orders_of_Chivalry" title="International Commission for Orders of Chivalry">International Commission for Orders of Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">Religious order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_flag" title="Service flag">Service flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_honour" title="Battle honour">Battle honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_streamer" title="Campaign streamer">Campaign streamer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence" title="Order of precedence">Order of precedence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotional_medal" title="Devotional medal">Devotional medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness_ribbon" title="Awareness ribbon">Awareness ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">Code of conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_honor" title="Code of honor">Code of honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><small>* = Direct or indirect reference to <a href="/wiki/Fount_of_honour" title="Fount of honour">fount of honour</a> is the accepted criterion for official distinctions</small></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Orders,_decorations,_and_medals" title="Category:Orders, decorations, and medals">Category:Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Orders,_decorations,_and_medals" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals">Wikipedia:WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Awards" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Awards">Wikipedia:WikiProject Awards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_names" title="Template:Personal names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_names" title="Template talk:Personal names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" 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