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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1281</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1281 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1281 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B8%DB%B1_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۸۱ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۲۸۱ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%A7" title="১২৮১ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১২৮১" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281_n%C3%AE" title="1281 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1281 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281." title="1281. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1281." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B8%DB%B1_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۸۱ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۲۸۱ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281%E5%B9%B4" title="1281年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1281年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281%EB%85%84" title="1281년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1281년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A7" title="१२८१ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१२८१" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281." title="1281. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1281." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%A7" title="মারি ১২৮১ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১২৮১" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1281-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1281-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1281 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1281 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281_(almanak_jilyen)" title="1281 (almanak jilyen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1281 (almanak jilyen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281_%D0%B8" title="1281 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1281 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281._gads" title="1281. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1281. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281_m." title="1281 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1281 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A7" title="इ.स. १२८१ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १२८१" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B8%DB%B1" title="۱۲۸۱ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۲۸۱" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1281 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1281 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%82%E1%81%88%E1%81%81" title="၁၂၈၁ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၂၈၁" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A7" title="सन् १२८१ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सन् १२८१" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281%E5%B9%B4" title="1281年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1281年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1281 шо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1281 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%A8%E0%AD%AE%E0%AD%A7" title="୧୨୮୧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୨୮୧" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A7" title="१२८१ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१२८१" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1281 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1281 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A7" title="१२८१ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१२८१" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281%D8%B9" title="1281ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1281ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A2%D9%A8%D9%A1" title="١٢٨١ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٢٨١" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281." title="1281. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1281." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1281 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1281 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._1824" title="พ.ศ. 1824 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 1824" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1281" title="Соли 1281 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1281" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281%D8%A1" title="1281ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1281ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281%E5%B9%B4" title="1281年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1281年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281%E5%B9%B4" title="1281年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1281年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281%E5%B9%B4" title="1281年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1281年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281" title="1281 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1281" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5537#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221281%22">"1281"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221281%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221281%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221281%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221281%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221281%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Years</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Decades</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1260s" title="1260s">1260s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1270s" title="1270s">1270s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1280s" title="1280s">1280s</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1290s" title="1290s">1290s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1300s_(decade)" title="1300s (decade)">1300s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1278" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1278">1278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1279" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1279">1279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1280" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1280">1280</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1281" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1281">1281</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1282" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1282">1282</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1283" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1283">1283</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1284" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1284">1284</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Year_nav" title="Template:Year nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Year_nav" title="Template talk:Year nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Year nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1281" title="Category:1281">1281 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sovereign_states_in_1281&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sovereign states in 1281 (page does not exist)">Political entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1281" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1281">State leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_13th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 13th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1281_births" title="Category:1281 births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1281_deaths" title="Category:1281 deaths">Deaths</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1281_establishments" title="Category:1281 establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1281_disestablishments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1281 disestablishments (page does not exist)">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Art and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/1281_in_poetry" title="1281 in poetry">1281 in poetry</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1281 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1281<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCLXXXI</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2034</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>730<br />ԹՎ ՉԼ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6031</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1202–1203</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>687–688</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2231</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English Regnal year</a></td><td>9 <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edw. 1</a> – 10 <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edw. 1</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>1825</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>643</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>6789–6790</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">庚辰</a>年 (Metal <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>)<br />3978 or 3771<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />辛巳年 (Metal <a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a>)<br />3979 or 3772</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>997–998</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>2447</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1273–1274</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5041–5042</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1337–1338</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1202–1203</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>4381–4382</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11281</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>281–282</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>659–660</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>679–680</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan_(Kamakura_period)" title="Kōan (Kamakura period)">Kōan</a> 4<br />(弘安４年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1191–1192</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>1281<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCLXXXI</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>3614</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>631 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前631年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>−187</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>1823–1824</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳金龙年<br />(male Iron-<a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>)<br />1407 or 1026 or 254<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阴金蛇年<br />(female Iron-<a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a>)<br />1408 or 1027 or 255</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg/300px-Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg/450px-Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg/600px-Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Japanese attack Mongol ships, <i><a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba" title="Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba">Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba</a></i> (c. 1291)</figcaption></figure> <p>Year <b>1281</b> (<b><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MCCLXXXI</a></b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Wednesday" title="Common year starting on Wednesday">common year starting on Wednesday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_place">By place</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Berat_(1280%E2%80%931281)" title="Siege of Berat (1280–1281)">Siege of Berat</a>: A Byzantine relief force under <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tarchaneiotes" title="Michael Tarchaneiotes">Michael Tarchaneiotes</a> arrives at the strategically important citadel of <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a>. Tarchaneiotes avoids a confrontation with the Angevines and relies on ambushes and raids instead. He manages to capture the Angevin commander, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Sully" title="Hugh of Sully">Hugh of Sully</a>, a few of Sully's guards escape and reach their camp – where they report his capture. Panic spreads among the Angevin troops at this news and they begin to flee towards <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Avlon</a>. The Byzantines take advantage of their disordered flight and attacks, joined by the troops in the besieged citadel. Tarchaneiotes takes an enormous booty, a small remnant of the Angevin army manages to cross the <a href="/wiki/Vjosa" title="Vjosa">Vjosa River</a> and reach the safety of <a href="/wiki/Kanin%C3%AB" title="Kaninë">Kanina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII</a> (<b>Palaiologos</b>) is excommunicated by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a> without any warning or provocation. Martin authorizes <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, to make a <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusade</a> against Michael, who has re-established his rule in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Charles prepares an expedition in Sicily and assembles a fleet of 100 ships, and 300 more in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, and the Greek territories, which carry some 8,000 cavalrymen.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>June – Castilian forces led King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> (<b>the Wise</b>) and accompanied by his sons, the Infantes <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Ledesma" title="Peter of Castile, Lord of Ledesma">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Valencia_de_Campos" title="John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos">John</a>, invade the lowlands of <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Granada" title="Muhammad II of Granada">Muhammad II</a> sends a Moorish army, supported by many archers and cavalry, to repel them. Alfonso defeats the Moors in a battle near Granada's walls on <a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a>, but after the failure of the negotiations that follow, he leaves Granada.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Orvieto" title="Treaty of Orvieto">Treaty of Orvieto</a>: Charles I, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Dandolo" title="Giovanni Dandolo">Giovanni Dandolo</a>, doge of <a href="/wiki/Republic_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Venice">Venice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Latin_Emperor" title="Philip I, Latin Emperor">Philip I</a>, Latin emperor, make an agreement to recover the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>. The treaty is signed in the <a href="/wiki/Orvieto_and_the_popes" title="Orvieto and the popes">Papal Palace</a>, which Martin IV has moved to <a href="/wiki/Orvieto" title="Orvieto">Orvieto</a> after <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a> is placed under an <a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">interdict</a> for imprisoning two cardinals.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>September – Two Mongol armies (some 50,000 men) advance into <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. One, is commanded by <a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa Khan</a> – who attacks the Mamluk fortresses along the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> frontier. The second one, led by his brother <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Tem%C3%BCr_(Ilkhanate)" title="Möngke Temür (Ilkhanate)">Möngke Temür</a> makes contact with <a href="/wiki/Leo_II,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo II, King of Armenia">Leo III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician Armenia</a>, and then marches down through <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Aintab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a> valley. Where he is joined by knights of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitaller Order</a> and some French mercenaries. Meanwhile, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> assembles his Mamluk forces at <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_29" title="October 29">October 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Homs" title="Second Battle of Homs">Battle of Homs</a>: In a pitched battle, Mamluk forces (some 30,000 men) led by Qalawun destroy the Mongol center, Möngke Temür is wounded and flees. He orders a retreat, followed by a disorganized army. The Armenian-Georgian auxiliaries under Leo III fight their way back northwards. The Mongol army recrosses the Euphrates without losses, the river remains the frontier between the Mongols and the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, becomes <i><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6%C4%9F%C3%BCt" title="Söğüt">Söğüt</a> tribe in central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> after the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/Ertu%C4%9Frul" title="Ertuğrul">Ertuğrul Ghazi</a>. Osman's accession to power is not peaceful, as he has to fight his relatives before he gets hold of the clan's leadership. One of Osman's major rivals is his uncle <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCndar_Bey" title="Dündar Bey">Dündar Bey</a>, who rebels against him.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C5%8Dan" title="Battle of Kōan">Battle of Kōan</a> (or <b>Second Battle of Hakata Bay</b>): A second Mongol <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">invasion of Japan</a> is foiled, as a large <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> – famously called a <i><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze_(typhoon)" title="Kamikaze (typhoon)">kamikaze</a></i>, or <b>divine wind</b> – destroys much of the combined Mongol and Chinese fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships. Later, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> begins to gather forces to prepare for a third invasion attempt, but is distracted by events in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kublai Khan orders the burning of sacred <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> texts, resulting in the reduction in number of volumes of the <i><a href="/wiki/Daozang" title="Daozang">Daozang</a></i> (Taoist Canon) from 4,565 to 1,120.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mon_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon (ethnic group)">Mon</a> Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Hariphunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai</a> falls, as its capital <a href="/wiki/Lamphun" title="Lamphun">Lamphun</a> (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>) is captured by King <a href="/wiki/Mangrai" title="Mangrai">Mangrai</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanna">Lannathai</a> Kingdom.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_topic">By topic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Markets">Markets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guy,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Guy, Count of Flanders">Guy of Dampierre</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, licenses the first Lombard merchants to open a changing business in his realm.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion">Religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Simon de Brion</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a>, as <b>Martin IV</b>, and becomes the 189th pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_4" title="August 4">August 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Khan" title="Külüg Khan">Külüg Khan</a> (or Wuzong), Mongol emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1311" title="1311">1311</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alice_de_Lacy,_Countess_of_Lincoln" title="Alice de Lacy, Countess of Lincoln">Alice de Lacy</a>, English noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Austria_(1281%E2%80%931364)" title="Agnes of Austria (1281–1364)">Agnes of Austria</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">House of Árpád</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1364" title="1364">1364</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Berkeley,_2nd_Baron_Berkeley" title="Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley">Maurice de Berkeley</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1326" title="1326">1326</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castruccio_Castracani" class="mw-redirect" title="Castruccio Castracani">Castruccio Castracani</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a>, Persian official and historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1340" title="1340">1340</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster">Henry of Lancaster</a>, English nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1345" title="1345">1345</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Butler,_Countess_of_Carrick" title="Joan Butler, Countess of Carrick">Joan Butler</a> (or FitzGerald), Irish countess of <a href="/wiki/Carrick-on-Suir" title="Carrick-on-Suir">Carrick</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1320" title="1320">1320</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harington,_1st_Baron_Harington" title="John Harington, 1st Baron Harington">John Harington</a>, English nobleman and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stonor_(judge)" title="John Stonor (judge)">John Stonor</a>, English lawyer and Chief Justice (d. <a href="/wiki/1354" title="1354">1354</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan Ghazi</a>, Turkish ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1362" title="1362">1362</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam%C3%BCddin_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha">Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha</a>, Ottoman statesmen (d. <a href="/wiki/1380" title="1380">1380</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Grey,_2nd_Baron_Grey_of_Codnor" title="Richard Grey, 2nd Baron Grey of Codnor">Richard Grey</a>, English nobleman and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1335" title="1335">1335</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Bohemia" title="Rudolf I of Bohemia">Rudolf I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1307" title="1307">1307</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancia_of_Majorca" title="Sancia of Majorca">Sancia of Majorca</a>, queen consort and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> (d. 1345)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_of_Moscow" title="Yury of Moscow">Yury of Moscow</a> (Yuri III Danilovich), Grand Prince of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1325" title="1325">1325</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Shizhen" title="Zhu Shizhen">Zhu Shizhen</a>, Chinese founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1344" title="1344">1344</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">February 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_Hohenberg" title="Gertrude of Hohenberg">Gertrude of Hohenberg</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chabi" title="Chabi">Chabi</a>, Mongol empress and wife of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (b. 1225)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Mure" title="Conrad of Mure">Conrad of Mure</a>, Swiss monk, scholar and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Berkeley" title="Maurice de Berkeley">Maurice de Berkeley</a>, English nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Stendal" title="John II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal">John II</a>, margrave of <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Stendal" title="Stendal">Stendal</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1237" title="1237">1237</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_I,_Lord_of_Hanau" title="Reinhard I, Lord of Hanau">Reinhard I</a>, German nobleman and knight (b. 1225)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Greater_Poland" title="Constance of Greater Poland">Constance of Greater Poland</a>, Polish princess (b. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry V, Count of Luxembourg">Henry V</a> (<b>the Great</b>), count of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1216" title="1216">1216</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_el_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Alfonso Fernández el Niño">Alfonso Fernández el Niño</a>, Spanish nobleman and prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1243" title="1243">1243</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Hungary_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Anna of Hungary (Byzantine empress)">Anna of Hungary</a>, Byzantine empress (House of Árpád) (b. <a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_von_Schauenburg" title="Bruno von Schauenburg">Bruno von Schauenburg</a>, German bishop, advisor and diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ertu%C4%9Frul" title="Ertuğrul">Ertuğrul Ghazi</a>, Turkish ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Yusof_Sarvestani" title="Sheikh Yusof Sarvestani">Sheikh Yusof Sarvestani</a>, Persian astronomer and calligrapher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Heng" title="Xu Heng">Xu Heng</a>, Chinese scholar, official and philosopher (b. <a href="/wiki/1209" title="1209">1209</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). <i>The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries</i>, p. 137. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-114-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-114-0">0-87169-114-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geanakoplos, Deno John (1959). <i>Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258-1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations</i>, pp. 341–42. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1011763434">1011763434</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 81. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hywel Williams (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 149. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 327. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 327–328. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Stanford (1976). <i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</i>, pp. 13–14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29163-7">978-0-521-29163-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Paul K. (1999). <i>100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present</i>, p. 145. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514366-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514366-9">978-0-19-514366-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunro2003" class="citation journal cs1">Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">506–</span>562.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Medieval+Origins+of+the+Financial+Revolution&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E506-%3C%2Fspan%3E562&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1281" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1281&oldid=1267068822">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1281&oldid=1267068822</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1281" title="Category:1281">1281</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2011" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2011">Use mdy dates from February 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2017">Articles needing additional references from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 January 2025, at 13:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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