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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Implementation_of_human_sensory_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_of_human_sensory_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Implementation of human sensory elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_of_human_sensory_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vision_and_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision_and_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Vision and sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision_and_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Manipulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Freedom of movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transparency_of_implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparency_of_implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Transparency of implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transparency_of_implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Related technologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related technologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Virtual_presence_(virtual_reality)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_presence_(virtual_reality)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Virtual presence (virtual reality)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_presence_(virtual_reality)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Connecting_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connecting_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Connecting communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connecting_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazardous_environments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazardous_environments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hazardous environments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazardous_environments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pipeline_inspection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipeline_inspection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pipeline inspection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipeline_inspection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remote_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remote_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Remote surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remote_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telepresence_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telepresence_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Telepresence art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telepresence_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vendors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vendors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vendors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vendors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Comics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_reality_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_reality_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Virtual reality communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_reality_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF" title="حضور عن بعد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حضور عن بعد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepr%C3%A4senz" title="Telepräsenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Telepräsenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepresencia" title="Telepresencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Telepresencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دورحضوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دورحضوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9pr%C3%A9sence" title="Téléprésence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Téléprésence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EA%B2%A9%ED%98%84%EC%9E%A5%EA%B0%90" title="원격현장감 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원격현장감" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustav_prisutnosti_na_daljinu" title="Sustav prisutnosti na daljinu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sustav prisutnosti na daljinu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepresensi" title="Telepresensi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Telepresensi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="テレプレゼンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テレプレゼンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleobecno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Teleobecność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teleobecność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Телеприсутствие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телеприсутствие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A4l%C3%A4sn%C3%A4olo" title="Etäläsnäolo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etäläsnäolo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telebulunma" title="Telebulunma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Telebulunma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Телеприсутність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телеприсутність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%99%E5%AD%98" title="遙存 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="遙存" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q544830#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Telepresence" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teliris_VL_Modular.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Teliris_VL_Modular.JPG/260px-Teliris_VL_Modular.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Teliris_VL_Modular.JPG/390px-Teliris_VL_Modular.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Teliris_VL_Modular.JPG/520px-Teliris_VL_Modular.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4144" data-file-height="2665" /></a><figcaption>A modular telepresence <a href="/wiki/Video_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video conferencing">video conferencing</a> system</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Telepresence</b> is the appearance or sensation of a person being present at a place other than their true location, via <a href="/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">telerobotics</a> or video. </p><p>Telepresence requires that the users' senses interact with specific <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimuli</a> in order to provide the feeling of being in that other location. Additionally, users may be given the ability to affect the remote location. In this case, the user's position, movements, actions, voice, etc. may be sensed to <a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">transmit</a> and duplicate in the remote location to bring about this effect. Therefore <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> may be traveling in both directions between the user and the remote location. </p><p>A popular application is found in <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">telepresence videoconferencing</a>, the highest possible level of <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videotelephony</a>. Telepresence via <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> deploys greater technical sophistication and improved fidelity of both sight and <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">sound</a> than in <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">traditional videoconferencing</a>. Technical advancements in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_collaboration" title="Mobile collaboration">mobile collaboration</a> have also extended the capabilities of videoconferencing beyond the <a href="/wiki/Boardroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Boardroom">boardroom</a> for use with <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">hand-held mobile devices</a>, enabling collaboration independent of location. </p><p>A similar or identical concept is <i>telexistence</i>, which was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tachi" title="Susumu Tachi">Susumu Tachi</a> in Japan in 1980<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1981<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as patents and the first report was published in Japanese in 1982<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in English in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">History of videotelephony</a></div> <p>In a pioneering paper, the U.S. cognitive scientist <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a> attributed the development of the idea of telepresence to science fiction author <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>: "My first vision of a remote-controlled economy came from Robert A. Heinlein's prophetic 1948 novel, Waldo," wrote Minsky.<sup id="cite_ref-Minsky_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minsky-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his science fiction short story "<a href="/wiki/Waldo_(short_story)" title="Waldo (short story)">Waldo</a>" (1942), Heinlein first proposed a primitive telepresence master-slave manipulator system. </p><p>The <i>Brother Assassin</i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Saberhagen" title="Fred Saberhagen">Fred Saberhagen</a> in 1969, introduced the complete concept for a telepresence master-slave humanoid system. In the novel, the concept is described as follows: "And a moment later it seemed to all his senses that he had been transported from the master down into the body of the slave-unit standing beneath it on the floor. As the control of its movements passed over to him, the slave started gradually to lean to one side, and he moved its foot to maintain balance as naturally as he moved his own. Tilting back his head, he could look up through the slave's eyes to see the master-unit, with himself inside, maintaining the same attitude on its complex suspension." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Rosenberg_Augmented_Reality_Rig.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Louis_Rosenberg_Augmented_Reality_Rig.png/250px-Louis_Rosenberg_Augmented_Reality_Rig.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Louis_Rosenberg_Augmented_Reality_Rig.png/330px-Louis_Rosenberg_Augmented_Reality_Rig.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Louis_Rosenberg_Augmented_Reality_Rig.png/500px-Louis_Rosenberg_Augmented_Reality_Rig.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Early system for immersive telepresence (USAF, 1992 - <a href="/wiki/Virtual_fixture" title="Virtual fixture">Virtual Fixtures</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>telepresence</i>, a neologism due to the futurist <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gunkel" title="Patrick Gunkel">Patrick Gunkel</a>, was introduced to the public in a 1980 article by Minsky, who outlined his vision for an adapted version of the older concept of <a href="/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">teleoperation</a> that focused on giving a remote participant a feeling of actually being present at a different location.<sup id="cite_ref-Minsky_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minsky-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first systems to create a fully immersive illusion of presence in a remote location was the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_fixture" title="Virtual fixture">Virtual Fixtures</a> platform developed in 1992 at the U.S. Air Force's <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Labs" class="mw-redirect" title="Armstrong Labs">Armstrong Labs</a> by inventor Louis Rosenberg. The system included stereoscopic image display from the remote environment as well as immersive touch feedback using a full upper-body exoskeleton.<sup id="cite_ref-KimRosenberg1993_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KimRosenberg1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first commercially successful telepresence company, <i>Teleport</i> (which was later renamed <i>TeleSuite</i>), was founded in 1993 by David Allen and Herold Williams.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before TeleSuite, they ran a resort business from which the original concept emerged because they often found businesspeople would have to cut their stays short to participate in important meetings. Their idea was to develop a technology that would allow businesspeople to attend their meetings without leaving the resorts so that they could lengthen their hotel stays. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TANDBERG_E20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/TANDBERG_E20.jpg/220px-TANDBERG_E20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/TANDBERG_E20.jpg/330px-TANDBERG_E20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/TANDBERG_E20.jpg/440px-TANDBERG_E20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2482" data-file-height="3730" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tandberg_E20" title="Tandberg E20">Tandberg E20</a> high resolution <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videoconferencing phone</a> meant to replace conventional desktop phones</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Hotels" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilton Hotels">Hilton Hotels</a> had originally licensed to install them in their hotels throughout the United States and other countries, but use was low. The idea lost momentum, with Hilton eventually backing out. TeleSuite later began to focus less on the <a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">hospitality industry</a> and more on business-oriented telepresence systems. Shareholders eventually held enough stock to replace the company's original leadership, which ultimately led to its collapse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> David Allen purchased all of the assets of TeleSuite and appointed Scott Allen as president<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the new company called <i>Destiny Conferencing</i>. </p><p>Destiny Conferencing licensed its patent portfolio to <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a> which became the first large company to join the telepresence industry, soon followed by others such as <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polycom" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycom">Polycom</a> (now called Poly).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After forming a distribution agreement with Pleasanton-based Polycom (now Poly), Destiny Conferencing sold on January 5, 2007, to <a href="/wiki/Polycom" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycom">Polycom</a> (now Poly) for $60 million. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Telepresence_System_(TeleSuite).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/First_Telepresence_System_%28TeleSuite%29.jpg/220px-First_Telepresence_System_%28TeleSuite%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/First_Telepresence_System_%28TeleSuite%29.jpg/330px-First_Telepresence_System_%28TeleSuite%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/First_Telepresence_System_%28TeleSuite%29.jpg/440px-First_Telepresence_System_%28TeleSuite%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3365" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>First Telepresence Systems in 1993 (TeleSuite): <a href="/wiki/Englewood,_Ohio" title="Englewood, Ohio">Englewood, Ohio</a> to New York City</figcaption></figure> <p>A telepresence research project has started in 1990. Located at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, the Ontario Telepresence Project (OTP) was an interdisciplinary effort involving social sciences and engineering. Its final report stated that it "...was a three year, $4.8 million pre-competitive research project whose mandate was to design and field trial advanced <a href="/wiki/Media_space" title="Media space">media space</a> systems in a variety of workplaces in order to gain insights into key sociological and engineering issues. The OTP, which has ended in December 1994, was part of the International Telepresence Project which linked Ontario researchers to their counterparts in four European nations. The Project's major sponsor was the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ontario" title="Government of Ontario">Government of Ontario</a>, through two of its Centres of Excellence—the Information Technology Research Centre (ITRC) and the Telecommunications Research Institute of Ontario (TRIO)."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An industry expert described some benefits of telepresence: "There were four drivers for our decision to do more business over video and telepresence. We wanted to reduce our travel spend, reduce our carbon footprint and environmental impact, improve our employees' work/life balance, and improve employee productivity.".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Snowden%27s_Surprise_Appearance_at_TED.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Edward_Snowden%27s_Surprise_Appearance_at_TED.jpg/220px-Edward_Snowden%27s_Surprise_Appearance_at_TED.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Edward_Snowden%27s_Surprise_Appearance_at_TED.jpg/330px-Edward_Snowden%27s_Surprise_Appearance_at_TED.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Edward_Snowden%27s_Surprise_Appearance_at_TED.jpg/440px-Edward_Snowden%27s_Surprise_Appearance_at_TED.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5355" data-file-height="3599" /></a><figcaption>American exile <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> participates in a <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED talk</a> in Texas from Russia via telepresence robot, March 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Rather than <a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">traveling</a> great distances in order to have a face-face meeting, it is now commonplace to use a telepresence system instead, which uses a multiple codec video system (which is what the word "telepresence" most currently represents). Each member/party of the meeting uses a telepresence room to "dial in" and can see/talk to every other member on a <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">screen</a>/screens as if they were in the same room. This brings enormous time and cost benefits. It is also superior to phone conferencing (except in cost), as the visual aspect greatly enhances communications, allowing for perceptions of facial expressions and other body languages. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mobile_collaboration" title="Mobile collaboration">Mobile collaboration</a> systems combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities using newest generation hand-held mobile devices to enable multi-party conferencing in real-time, independent of location. Benefits include cost-efficiencies resulting from accelerated problem resolution, reductions in downtimes and travel, improvements in customer service and increased productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Telepresence has been described as the human experience of being fully present at a live real-world location remote from one's own physical location. Someone experiencing video telepresence would therefore be able to behave and receive stimuli as if part of a meeting at the remote site. The aforementioned would result in interactive participation of group activities that would bring benefits to a wide range of users.<sup id="cite_ref-thevideonetwork.co.uk_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thevideonetwork.co.uk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation_of_human_sensory_elements">Implementation of human sensory elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implementation of human sensory elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To provide a telepresence experience, technologies are required that implement the human sensory elements of vision, sound, and manipulation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vision_and_sound">Vision and sound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vision and sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A minimum system usually includes visual <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a>. Ideally, the entire <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> of the user is filled with a view of the remote location, and the viewpoint corresponds to the movement and orientation of the user's head. In this way, it differs from <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> or <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">cinema</a>, where the viewpoint is out of the control of the viewer. </p><p>In order to achieve this, the user may be provided with either a very large (or wraparound) screen, or <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereoscopic">small displays</a> mounted directly in front of the eyes. The latter provides a particularly convincing <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">3D</a> sensation. The movements of the user's head must be sensed, and the <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> must mimic those movements accurately and in real time. This is important to prevent unintended motion sickness. </p><p>Another source of future improvement to telepresence displays, compared by some to <a href="/wiki/Hologram" class="mw-redirect" title="Hologram">holograms</a>, is a projected <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">display technology</a> featuring life-sized imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-NS-20091221_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-20091221-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sound is generally the easiest sensation to implement with high <a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">fidelity</a>, based on the foundational <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> technology dating back more than 130 years. Very high-fidelity sound equipment has also been available for a considerable period of time, with <a href="/wiki/Stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereo">stereophonic sound</a> being more convincing than <a href="/wiki/Monaural" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaural">monaural</a> sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manipulation">Manipulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anybots_robot_monty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Anybots_robot_monty.jpg/220px-Anybots_robot_monty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Anybots_robot_monty.jpg/330px-Anybots_robot_monty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Anybots_robot_monty.jpg/440px-Anybots_robot_monty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Monty, a telemanipulation prototype from <a href="/wiki/Anybots" title="Anybots">Anybots</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The ability to manipulate a remote object or environment is an important aspect for some telepresence users and can be implemented in a large number of ways depending on the needs of the user. Typically, the movements of the user's hands (position in space and posture of the fingers) are sensed by <a href="/wiki/Wired_glove" title="Wired glove">wired gloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inertial_Measurement_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial Measurement Unit">inertial sensors</a>, or absolute spatial position sensors. A <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> in the remote location then copies those movements as closely as possible. This ability is also known as <a href="/wiki/Teleoperation" title="Teleoperation">teleoperation</a>. </p><p>The more closely the robot re-creates the form factor of the human hand, the greater the sense of telepresence. The complexity of robotic effectors varies greatly, from simple one axis grippers, to <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Hand" title="Shadow Hand">fully anthropomorphic robot hands</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Haptic_communication" title="Haptic communication">Haptic</a> teleoperation refers to a system that provides some sort of tactile force feedback to the user, so the user feels some approximation of the weight, firmness, size, and/or texture of the remote objects manipulated by the robot. A new form of technology, called collaborative telepresence, is currently being developed which will eventually be used to collaborate with others while seeming like you are in the same room as the other person, keeping a normal social distance. Collaborative telepresence uses haptic sensors like these to allow a sense of touch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freedom_of_movement">Freedom of movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Freedom of movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IRobot_Ava_500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IRobot_Ava_500.jpg/220px-IRobot_Ava_500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IRobot_Ava_500.jpg/330px-IRobot_Ava_500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IRobot_Ava_500.jpg/440px-IRobot_Ava_500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>iRobot Ava 500, an autonomous roaming telepresence robot</figcaption></figure> <p>The prevalence of high quality video conferencing using mobile devices, tablets and portable computers has enabled considerable growth in telepresence robots to help give a better sense of remote physical presence for communication and collaboration in the office, home or school when one cannot be there in person. The robot avatar can move or look around at the command of the remote person. Drivable telepresence robots – typically contain a display (integrated or separate phone or tablet) mounted on a roaming base. Some examples of roaming telepresence robots include Beam by Suitable Technologies, Double by Double Robotics, Ava Telepresence by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avarobotics.com">Ava Robotics</a>, Anybots, Vgo, TeleMe by Mantarobot, and Romo by Romotive.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More modern roaming telepresence robots may include an ability to operate <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">autonomously</a>. The robots can map out the space and be able to avoid obstacles while driving themselves between rooms and their docking stations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Telepresence's effectiveness varies by degree of fidelity. Research has noted that telepresence solutions differ in degree of implementation, from "immersive" through "adaptive" to "lite" solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the top are immersive solutions where the environments at both ends are highly controlled (and often the same) with respect to lighting, acoustics, decor and furniture, thereby giving all the participants the impression they are together at the same table in the same room, thus engendering the "immersive" label. </p><p>Adaptive telepresence solutions may use the same technology, but the environments at both ends are not highly controlled and hence often differ. Adaptive solutions differ from telepresence lite solutions not in terms of control of environments, but in terms of integration of technology. Adaptive solutions use a managed service, whereas telepresence lite solutions use components that someone must integrate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparency_of_implementation">Transparency of implementation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transparency of implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telepresence_Session.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Telepresence_Session.JPG/220px-Telepresence_Session.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Telepresence_Session.JPG/330px-Telepresence_Session.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Telepresence_Session.JPG/440px-Telepresence_Session.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption>A telepresence conference between participants in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>A good telepresence strategy puts the human factors first, focusing on visual collaboration configurations that closely replicate the brain's innate preferences for interpersonal communications, separating from the unnatural "talking heads" experience of traditional videoconferencing. These cues include life–size participants, fluid motion, accurate flesh tones and the appearance of true eye contact.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is already a well-established technology, used by many businesses today. The chief executive officer of <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Chambers_(CEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Chambers (CEO)">John Chambers</a> in June 2006 at the Networkers Conference compared telepresence to <a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">teleporting</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>, and said that he saw the technology as a potential billion dollar market for Cisco.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rarely will a telepresence system provide such a transparent implementation with such comprehensive and convincing stimuli that the user perceives no differences from actual presence. But the user may set aside such differences, depending on the application. </p><p>The fairly simple <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> achieves a limited form of telepresence using just the human sensory element of hearing, in that users consider themselves to be <i>talking to each other</i> rather than talking to the telephone itself. </p><p>Watching <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, for example, although it stimulates our primary senses of <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">hearing</a>, rarely gives the impression that the watcher is no longer at home. However, television sometimes engages the senses sufficiently to trigger emotional responses from viewers somewhat like those experienced by people who directly witness or experience events. Televised depictions of sports events as an example can elicit strong emotions from viewers. </p><p>As the screen size increases, so does the sense of immersion, as well as the range of subjective mental experiences available to viewers. Some viewers have <a href="/wiki/IMAX#Viewer_experience" title="IMAX">reported</a> a sensation of genuine <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertigo (medical)">vertigo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">motion sickness</a> while watching <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> movies of flying or outdoor sequences. </p><p>Because most currently feasible telepresence gear leaves something to be desired; the user must <a href="/wiki/Suspend_disbelief" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspend disbelief">suspend disbelief</a> to some degree, and choose to act in a natural way, appropriate to the remote location, perhaps using some skill to operate the equipment. In contrast, a telephone user does not see herself as "operating" the telephone but merely talking to another person with it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_technologies">Related technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Related technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_presence_(virtual_reality)"><span id="Virtual_presence_.28virtual_reality.29"></span>Virtual presence (virtual reality)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Virtual presence (virtual reality)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:App03_telepresence_01_with_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/App03_telepresence_01_with_light.jpg/220px-App03_telepresence_01_with_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/App03_telepresence_01_with_light.jpg/330px-App03_telepresence_01_with_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/App03_telepresence_01_with_light.jpg/440px-App03_telepresence_01_with_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>An online video web conference in an office, December 2010</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Telepresence</i> refers to a user interacting with another live, real place, and is distinct from <i><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual presence</a></i>, where the user is given the impression of being in a simulated environment. Telepresence and virtual presence rely on similar user-interface equipment, and they share the common feature that the relevant portions of the user's experience at some point in the process will be transmitted in an abstract (usually <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a>) representation. The main functional difference is the entity on the other end: a real environment in the case of telepresence, vs. a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/Immersive_virtual_reality" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersive virtual reality">immersive virtual reality</a>. </p><p>Presence is very similar to distal attribution or externalization which is like projecting one's presence and mind beyond the limits of our sensory organs and perceiving the environment in such a way. A distinction is made between two separate perceptions. The first being the unmediated perceptions in which we are unable to feel anything beyond our physical surroundings. The second being the mediated presence through technology which forces us to suddenly perceive two different environments at the same time: The one immediately around us and the one projected for us through technology. Mediated experiences are not limited to virtual technology and can also be experienced with spatially distant places such as space with a telescope or a camera.<sup id="cite_ref-Steuer1992_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steuer1992-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Application examples could be cited within emergency management and security services, B&I, and the entertainment and education industries.<sup id="cite_ref-thevideonetwork.co.uk_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thevideonetwork.co.uk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connecting_communities">Connecting communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Connecting communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Telepresence can be used to establish a sense of shared presence or shared space among geographically separated members of a group.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazardous_environments">Hazardous environments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hazardous environments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robonaut2_-_first_movement_aboard_ISS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Robonaut2_-_first_movement_aboard_ISS.jpg/220px-Robonaut2_-_first_movement_aboard_ISS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Robonaut2_-_first_movement_aboard_ISS.jpg/330px-Robonaut2_-_first_movement_aboard_ISS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Robonaut2_-_first_movement_aboard_ISS.jpg/440px-Robonaut2_-_first_movement_aboard_ISS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robonaut_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Robonaut 2">Robonaut 2</a> aboard the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many other applications in situations where humans are exposed to hazardous situations are readily recognised as suitable candidates for telepresence. Mining, bomb disposal, military operations, rescue of victims from fire, toxic atmospheres, deep sea exploration, or even hostage situations, are some examples. Telepresence also plays a critical role in the exploration of other worlds, such as with the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>, which are teleoperated from Earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pipeline_inspection">Pipeline inspection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pipeline inspection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Small diameter pipes otherwise inaccessible for the examination can now be viewed using <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_video_inspection" title="Pipeline video inspection">pipeline video inspection</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remote_surgery">Remote surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Remote surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The possibility of being able to project the knowledge and the physical skill of a surgeon over long distances has many attractions. Thus, again there is considerable research underway in the subject. (Locally controlled robots are currently being used for joint replacement surgery as they are more precise in milling bone to receive the joints.) The armed forces have an obvious interest since the combination of telepresence, <a href="/wiki/Teleoperation" title="Teleoperation">teleoperation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">telerobotics</a> can potentially save the lives of battle casualties by allowing them prompt attention in mobile operating theatres by remote surgeons. </p><p>Recently, <a href="/wiki/Teleconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleconferencing">teleconferencing</a> has been used in medicine (telemedicine or telematics), mainly employing audio-visual exchange, for the performance of real time remote surgical operations – as demonstrated in Regensburg, Germany in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to audio-visual data, the transfer of haptic (tactile) information has also been demonstrated in telemedicine.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Therenow3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Therenow3.jpg/300px-Therenow3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Therenow3.jpg/450px-Therenow3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Therenow3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>A professional development expert in Denver uses telepresence to coach a teacher in Utah during the initial research of Project ThereNow.</figcaption></figure> <p>Research has been conducted on the use of telepresence to provide professional development to teachers. Research has shown that one of the most effective forms of teacher professional development is coaching, or <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_apprenticeship" title="Cognitive apprenticeship">cognitive apprenticeship</a>. The application of telepresence shows promise for making this approach to teacher professional development practical.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The benefits of enabling schoolchildren to take an active part in exploration have also been shown by the JASON and the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a> programs. The ability of a pupil, student, or researcher to explore an otherwise inaccessible location is a very attractive proposition; For example, locations where the passage of too many people is harming the immediate environment or the artifacts themselves, e.g. undersea exploration of coral reefs, ancient Egyptian tombs, and more recent works of art. </p><p>Another application is for the remote classroom which allows a professor to teach students in different campuses at the same time. An example of this application is in classrooms of the law schools of <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>. Two identical rooms are located in two <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a>. Each classroom is equipped with <a href="/wiki/Studio_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio lighting">studio lighting</a>, audio, and video conference equipment connected to a 200-inch monitor on the wall that students face to give an impression that they are all in the same classroom. This allows professors to be on either campus and facilitates the interaction among students in both campuses during the classes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telepresence_art">Telepresence art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Telepresence art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>True telepresence is a multidisciplinary art and science that foundationally integrates <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and the art of television broadcast. </p><p>In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Diller_Scofidio_%2B_Renfro" title="Diller Scofidio + Renfro">Diller and Scofidio</a> created the "Refresh", an Internet-based art installation that juxtaposed a live web camera with recorded videos staged by professional actors. Each image was accompanied with a fictional narrative which made it difficult to distinguish which was the live web camera. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-Soapopera-for-iMacs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A-Soapopera-for-iMacs.jpg/220px-A-Soapopera-for-iMacs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/A-Soapopera-for-iMacs.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>A soap opera for <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMacs</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1993, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Kac" title="Eduardo Kac">Eduardo Kac</a> and Ed Bennett created a telepresence installation "Ornitorrinco on the Moon", for the international telecommunication arts festival "Blurred Boundaries" (Entgrenzte Grenzen II). It was coordinated by Kulturdata, in Graz, Austria, and was connected around the world. </p><p>From 1997 to the present <a href="/wiki/Ghislaine_Boddington" title="Ghislaine Boddington">Ghislaine Boddington</a> of shinkansen and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodydataspace.net/">body>data>space</a> has explored, in a collaboration process she has called The Weave<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using performing arts techniques, the extended use of telepresence into festivals, arts centres and clubs and has directed numerous workshops leading to exploration of telepresence by many artists worldwide. This methodology has been used extensively to develop skills in tele-intuition for young people in preparation for the future world of work through the body>data>space / <a href="/wiki/NESTA" class="mw-redirect" title="NESTA">NESTA</a> project <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robotsandavatars.net/">"Robots and Avatars"</a> an innovative project explores how young people will work and play with new representational forms of themselves and others in virtual and physical life in the next 10–15 years. </p><p>An overview of telepresence in dance and theatre through the last 20 years is given in «Excited Atoms»<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> research document by Judith Staines (2009) which one can download from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://on-the-move.org/">On The Move</a> website. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vendors">Vendors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vendors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_telecommunication_services_and_product_brands" title="List of video telecommunication services and product brands">List of video telecommunication services and product brands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Telepresence is represented in media and entertainment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Sun" title="The Naked Sun">The Naked Sun</a></i> (1957) – a novel mostly occurring on <a href="/wiki/Solaria_(fictional_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaria (fictional planet)">Solaria</a>, a planet with an extremely low population where all personal contact is considered obscene, and all communication occurs through holographic telepresence.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a></i> (1984) – a novel that not only uses telepresence extensively but introduces <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyberspace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> (aka the Matrix) as the underlying vehicle to make telepresence possible.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space:_Above_and_Beyond" title="Space: Above and Beyond">Space: Above and Beyond</a> (Episode 20, "Star Dust" - April 19, 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_(TV_series)" title="24 (TV series)"><i>24</i></a> (2001–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory_(season_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big Bang Theory (season 4)"><i>The Big Bang Theory</i></a> (Episode 65, "<a href="/wiki/The_Cruciferous_Vegetable_Amplification" title="The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification">The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification</a>" - September 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Family_(season_6)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Family (season 6)"><i>Modern Family</i></a> (Episode 144, "<a href="/wiki/American_Skyper" title="American Skyper">American Skyper</a>" – May 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bob%27s_Burgers" title="Bob's Burgers">Bob's Burgers</a></i> (Episode 115, "<a href="/wiki/Ex_Mach_Tina" title="Ex Mach Tina">Ex Mach Tina</a>" – January 2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Community_(TV_series)" title="Community (TV series)">Community</a></i> (Episode 102, "Laws of Robotics and Party Rights" – April 2015)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_telepresence" title="Category:Films about telepresence">Films about telepresence</a></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Man_3" title="Iron Man 3">Iron Man 3</a></i> (2013) – Tony Stark uses the Mark 42 suit using telepresence technology.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ra.One" title="Ra.One">Ra.One</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darkdrive" title="Darkdrive">Darkdrive</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G.I._Joe:_The_Rise_of_Cobra" title="G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra">G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamer_(2009_film)" title="Gamer (2009 film)">Gamer</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrogates_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrogates (film)">Surrogates</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleep_Dealer" title="Sleep Dealer">Sleep Dealer</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avalon_(2001_film)" title="Avalon (2001 film)">Avalon</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i> (1999)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> films (1977–present) with <a href="/wiki/Holographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holographic">holographic</a> technology used for communication</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Hologram_for_the_King_(film)" title="A Hologram for the King (film)">A Hologram for the King</a></i> (2016) uses telepresence as a main theme</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Splinter_Cell:_Conviction" class="mw-redirect" title="Splinter Cell: Conviction">Splinter Cell: Conviction</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Half-Life_2:_Episode_Two" title="Half-Life 2: Episode Two">Half-Life 2: Episode Two</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mass_Effect_2" title="Mass Effect 2">Mass Effect 2</a></i> - <a href="/wiki/Commander_Shepard" title="Commander Shepard">Commander Shepard</a> communicates with the <a href="/wiki/Illusive_Man" title="Illusive Man">Illusive Man</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">quantum entanglement</a> based telepresence system.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elite:_Dangerous" class="mw-redirect" title="Elite: Dangerous">Elite: Dangerous</a></i> (2014) - players and <a href="/wiki/Non-player_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-player characters">non-player characters</a> can utilize telepresence to perform as crew members without risk of death.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_Stranding" title="Death Stranding">Death Stranding</a></i> (2019) - telepresence plays a prominent and important role in communication for the denizens of the game's envisioned future.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comics">Comics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Waldron" title="Lamar Waldron">Lamar Waldron</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/M.I.C.R.A.:_Mind_Controlled_Remote_Automaton" title="M.I.C.R.A.: Mind Controlled Remote Automaton">M.I.C.R.A.: Mind Controlled Remote Automaton</a></i> (1986-88), related the story of a college female paralyzed by a neck injury, who volunteered to be the remote pilot of an android body created by one of her professors.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Surrogates" title="The Surrogates">The Surrogates</a></i>, a 2005–2006 comic book series, inspired the film <i>Surrogates</i> (2009) and explains about a future where humans have a widespread use of mind-controlled <a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">androids</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_reality_communities">Virtual reality communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Virtual reality communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Worlds" title="Active Worlds">Active Worlds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a> allow <a href="/wiki/Voice_chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice chat">voice chat</a> with 3D <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">avatars</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">Avatar (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="First-person (gaming)">First-person perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecollaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecollaboration">Telecollaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">Telerobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unotchit" class="mw-redirect" title="Unotchit">Unotchit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_fixture" title="Virtual fixture">Virtual fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.Tachi, K.Tanie and K.Komoriya: Evaluation device of mobility aids for the blind, Japanese Patent 1462696 filed on December 26, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.Tachi, K.Tanie and K.Komoriya: Operation method of manipulators with sensoryinformation display functions, Japanese Patent 1458263 filed on January 14, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.Tachi and M.Abe: Study on Telexistence (I) -Desigan of Visual Display-, Proceedings of the 21st SICE Annual Conference, pp.167-168, Tokyo, July 28–30, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Tachi, K. Tanie, K. Komoriya and M. Kaneko, Tele-existence (I): Design and Evaluation of a Visual Display with Sensation of Presence, <i>RoManSy 84 The Fifth CISM-IFToMM Symposium.</i> 1984: 206–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minsky-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minsky_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minsky_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_Minsky1980" class="citation news cs1">Marvin Minsky (June 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/Telepresence.html">"Telepresence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Omni_(magazine)" title="Omni (magazine)">Omni</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Omni&rft.atitle=Telepresence&rft.date=1980-06&rft.au=Marvin+Minsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.media.mit.edu%2F~minsky%2Fpapers%2FTelepresence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepresence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KimRosenberg1993-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KimRosenberg1993_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimRosenberg1993" class="citation conference cs1">Kim, Won S.; Rosenberg, Louis B. (21 December 1993). <i>Virtual fixtures as tools to enhance operator performance in telepresence environments</i>. Proc. SPIE 2057, Telemanipulator Technology and Space Telerobotics. <i>Proceedings</i>. Vol. 2057. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.164901">10.1117/12.164901</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-786X">0277-786X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Proceedings&rft.atitle=Virtual+fixtures+as+tools+to+enhance+operator+performance+in+telepresence+environments&rft.volume=2057&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1993-12-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.164901&rft.issn=0277-786X&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Won+S.&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+Louis+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepresence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. B. Rosenberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a292450.pdf">The Use of Virtual Fixtures As Perceptual Overlays to Enhance Operator Performance in Remote Environments</a>. Technical Report AL-TR-0089, USAF Armstrong Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB OH, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenberg, "Virtual Fixtures: Perceptual Overlays Enhance Operator Performance in Telepresence Tasks," Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanproductivitylab.com/telepresencepaper/hpl_telepresence_paper.pdf">Human Productivity Lab Whitepaper</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOptions2018" class="citation web cs1">Options, Telepresence (28 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telepresenceoptions.com/2008/07/one_on_one_with_glowpoint_ceo//">"Telepresence Options Website"</a>. <i>www.telepresenceoptions.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telepresenceoptions.com&rft.atitle=Telepresence+Options+Website&rft.date=2018-04-28&rft.aulast=Options&rft.aufirst=Telepresence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telepresenceoptions.com%2F2008%2F07%2Fone_on_one_with_glowpoint_ceo%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepresence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBushaus2008" class="citation web cs1">Bushaus, Dawn (March 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telephonyonline.com/broadband/news/telecom_ready_closeup_2/index5.html">"Telepresence: Ready For Its Close-Up"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telepresence%3A+Ready+For+Its+Close-Up&rft.date=2008-03-17&rft.aulast=Bushaus&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftelephonyonline.com%2Fbroadband%2Fnews%2Ftelecom_ready_closeup_2%2Findex5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepresence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dgp.toronto.edu/tp/techdocs/Final_Report.pdf">"Final Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>toronto.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=toronto.edu&rft.atitle=Final+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgp.toronto.edu%2Ftp%2Ftechdocs%2FFinal_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepresence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/marketwire/0403965.htm">Companies Worldwide Rely on Polycom Video and Telepresence to Cut Carbon Emissions for a Greener Planet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609052708/http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/marketwire/0403965.htm">Archived</a> 2008-06-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CNN June 5, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerrell2010" class="citation news cs1">Herrell, Elizabeth (March 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081158/http://www.downloadic.com/v4erizonb8usin4essa17com/Enterprise-communications-the-next-decade.html">"Enterprise Communications: The Next Decade"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2158699/cisco-sets-sail">the original</a> on 2007-09-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cisco+Sets+Sail+For+Teleconferencing&rft.date=2006-06-21&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vnunet.com%2Fvnunet%2Fnews%2F2158699%2Fcisco-sets-sail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepresence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steuer1992-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steuer1992_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteuer1992" class="citation journal cs1">Steuer, Jonathan (1992). "Defining Virtual Reality: Dimensions Determining Telepresence". <i>Journal of Communication</i>. <b>42</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">73–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1992.tb00812.x">10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00812.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9916">0021-9916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=Defining+Virtual+Reality%3A+Dimensions+Determining+Telepresence&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1992.tb00812.x&rft.issn=0021-9916&rft.aulast=Steuer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepresence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Nerlich & U. Schächinger (Eds) - Integration of Health Telematics into Medical Practice - IOS Press, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Westwood et al. (Eds.) - Medicine meets Virtual Reality 12: Studies in Health Technology & Informatics - W. Kahled, S. Reichling, O.T. Bruhns, H. Böse, M. Baumann, S. Egersdörfer, D. Klein, A. Tunayer, H. Freimuth, A. Lorenz, A. Pessavento & H. Ermert - Palpation Imaging using a Haptic System for Virtual Reality applications in Medicine. - pp 147-153, IOS Press, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therenow.net/research.htm">"Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Telepresence-Enabled Cognitive Apprenticeship Model of Teacher Professional Development by R. Shawn Edmondson, Ph.D.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070418053154/http://www.therenow.net/research.htm">Archived</a> 2007-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeyboer2015" class="citation news cs1">Heyboer, Kelly (10 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.com/education/2015/04/why_is_rutgers_merging_its_law_schools_the_deans_a.html">"Why is Rutgers merging its law schools? The deans answer your questions"</a>. <i>The Star-Ledger</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star-Ledger&rft.atitle=Why+is+Rutgers+merging+its+law+schools%3F+The+deans+answer+your+questions&rft.date=2015-04-10&rft.aulast=Heyboer&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Feducation%2F2015%2F04%2Fwhy_is_rutgers_merging_its_law_schools_the_deans_a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepresence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rescen.net/Ghislaine_Boddington/theweave/item4.html%20The%20Weave">The Weave</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Virtual presence physical beings – from telegraph to telecast – a reflection on virtual beingness Ghislaine Boddington November 2000, commissioned by ResCen, Middlesex University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://on-the-move.org/library/article/13882/otm-excited-atoms-exploration-of-virtual-mobility/">"Excited Atoms"</a>, Excited Atoms outlines a history of virtual mobility in performance, presents the main types of work with inspiring current examples and traces some of the most critical issues and motivations for artists, cultural producers and promoters to collaborate, share, make, question, present and innovate using virtual mobility.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Telepresence" (Minsky 1980; Sheridan 1992a; Barfield, Zelter, Sheridan, & Slater 1995; Welch, Blackmon, Liu, Mellers, & Stark 1996)</li> <li>"Virtual Presence" (Barfield et al., 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Grau" title="Oliver Grau">Oliver Grau</a>: <i>Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion</i>, MIT-Press, Cambridge 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-57223-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-57223-0">0-262-57223-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Kac" title="Eduardo Kac">Eduardo Kac</a>: Telepresence and Bio Art—Networking Humans, Rabbits and Robot (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-06810-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06810-5">0-472-06810-5</a></li> <li>"Being There" (Reeves 1991; Heeter 1992; Barfield et al., 1995; Zhoa 2003)</li> <li>"A perceptual illusion of non-mediation" (Lombard & Ditton 1997)</li> <li>"The suspension of disbelief" (Slater & Ushoh 1994)</li> <li>Sheridan, Thomas B. (1992), "Telerobotics, Automation, and Human Supervisory Control, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Second edition (2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-51547-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-51547-4">0-262-51547-4</a></li> <li><i>unknown title</i> (Sheridan, 1992, 1992; Barfield & Weghorst, 1993; Slater & Usoh, 1994; Barfield, Sheridan, Zeltzer, Slater, 1995)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepresence&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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/></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Videotelephony#Telepresence_systems_and_components" class="extiw" title="commons:Videotelephony"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Videoconferencing telepresence</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff2010" class="citation news cs1">Markoff, John (September 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/05/science/05robots.html">"The Boss Is Robotic, and Rolling Up Behind You"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span 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reality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extended_reality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extended reality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extended_reality_(XR)1397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality (XR)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reality%E2%80%93virtuality_continuum" title="Reality–virtuality continuum">From least to most virtual:</a> <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality (AR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality (MR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality (VR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_virtual_reality" title="Cinematic virtual reality">Cinematic virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_reality" title="Computer-mediated reality">Computer-mediated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaverse" title="Metaverse">Metaverse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">Avatar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-set_virtual_production" title="On-set virtual production">On-set virtual production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_world" title="Persistent world">Persistent world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projection_augmented_model" title="Projection augmented model">Projection augmented model</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Room-scale" title="Room-scale">Room-scale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_degrees_of_freedom" title="Six degrees of freedom">Six degrees of freedom (6DoF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_computing" title="Spatial computing">Spatial computing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telepresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_applications" title="Virtual reality applications">Virtual reality applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_sickness" title="Virtual reality sickness">Virtual reality sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">Virtual world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filter_(social_media)" title="Filter (social media)">Camera filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantified_self" title="Quantified self">Quantified self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_life" title="Real life">Real life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen-door_effect" title="Screen-door effect">Screen-door effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis" title="Simulation hypothesis">Simulation hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTuber" title="VTuber">VTuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web3" title="Web3">Web3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EyeTap" title="EyeTap">EyeTap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_head-mounted_display" title="Optical head-mounted display">optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancake_lens#Other_uses" title="Pancake lens">Pancake lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virtual_reality_headsets" title="List of virtual reality headsets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3D interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">Eye tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motion_capture" title="Facial motion capture">Facial motion capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">Finger/hand tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pose_tracking" title="Pose tracking">Pose tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_reprojection" title="Asynchronous reprojection">Asynchronous reprojection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveated_rendering" title="Foveated rendering">Foveated rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image-based_modeling_and_rendering" title="Image-based modeling and rendering">Image-based modeling and rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_audio_effect" title="3D audio effect">Spatial audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/360-degree_video" title="360-degree video">360-degree video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_viewpoint_television" title="Free viewpoint television">Free viewpoint television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera" title="Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera">Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR_photography" title="VR photography">VR photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_suit" title="Haptic suit">Haptic suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_treadmill" title="Omnidirectional treadmill">Omnidirectional treadmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality_accessories" title="Category:Virtual reality accessories">Peripherals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberith_Virtualizer" title="Cyberith Virtualizer">Cyberith Virtualizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_Motion" title="Leap Motion">Leap Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Touch" title="Oculus Touch">Oculus Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Move" title="PlayStation Move">PlayStation Move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razer_Hydra" title="Razer Hydra">Razer Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuix_Omni" title="Virtuix Omni">Virtuix Omni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wired_glove" title="Wired glove">Wired glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizdish_ROVR" title="Wizdish ROVR">Wizdish ROVR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality_organizations" title="Category:Virtual reality organizations">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliant_Labs" title="Brilliant Labs">Brilliant Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ByteDance" title="ByteDance">ByteDance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Leap" title="Magic Leap">Magic Leap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reality_Labs" title="Reality Labs">Reality Labs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niantic,_Inc." title="Niantic, Inc.">Niantic, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimax" title="Pimax">Pimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokoko_(company)" title="Rokoko (company)">Rokoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Electronics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_Corporation" title="Valve Corporation">Valve Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varjo" title="Varjo">Varjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuzix" title="Vuzix">Vuzix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality_headsets" title="Category:Virtual reality headsets">Devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">Apple Vision Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden-i" title="Golden-i">Golden-i headsets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC_Vive" title="HTC Vive">HTC Vive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Leap" title="Magic Leap">Magic Leap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Quest_3" title="Meta Quest 3">Meta Quest 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Quest_3S" title="Meta Quest 3S">3S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Virtual_Reality" title="Open Source Virtual Reality">Open Source Virtual Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICO_4" title="PICO 4">PICO 4 Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimax" title="Pimax">Pimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_VR2" title="PlayStation VR2">PlayStation VR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_Index" title="Valve Index">Valve Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuzix" title="Vuzix">Vuzix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AntVR" title="AntVR">AntVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CastAR" title="CastAR">castAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPL_Research" title="VPL Research">EyePhone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Google Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Google Daydream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Image" title="Liquid Image">Liquid Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Quest_Pro" title="Meta Quest Pro">Meta Quest Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_HoloLens" title="Microsoft HoloLens">Microsoft HoloLens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HoloLens_2" title="HoloLens 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Go" title="Oculus Go">Oculus Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Quest" title="Oculus Quest">Oculus Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_2" title="Quest 2">Oculus/Meta Quest 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Rift" title="Oculus Rift">Oculus Rift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Rift_CV1" title="Oculus Rift CV1">CV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Rift_S" title="Oculus Rift S">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICO_4" title="PICO 4">PICO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_VR" title="PlayStation VR">PlayStation VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Gear_VR" title="Samsung Gear VR">Samsung Gear VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensorama" title="Sensorama">Sensorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SixthSense" title="SixthSense">SixthSense</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_of_Damocles_(virtual_reality)" title="The Sword of Damocles (virtual reality)">The Sword of Damocles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VFX1_Headgear" title="VFX1 Headgear">VFX1 Headgear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_fixture" title="Virtual fixture">Virtual fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuality_(product)" title="Virtuality (product)">Virtuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR-1" title="VR-1">VR-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unreleased</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Iris" title="Project Iris">Project Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_VR" title="Sega VR">Sega VR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality_works" title="Category:Virtual reality works">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_graffiti" title="Virtual graffiti">Virtual graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaverse" title="Metaverse">Metaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_game" title="Pervasive game">Pervasive game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_related_to_augmented_reality" title="List of software related to augmented reality">Software related to augmented reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_game" title="Virtual reality game">Virtual reality game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems and<br />desktop environments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_XR" title="Android XR">Android XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Horizon OS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_OS_version_history" title="Meta Horizon OS version history">version history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mixed_Reality" title="Windows Mixed Reality">Windows Mixed Reality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development tools and<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Video_game_engines" title="Category:Video game engines">game engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Frame_(virtual_reality_framework)" title="A-Frame (virtual reality framework)">A-Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCore" title="ARCore">ARCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARKit" title="ARKit">ARKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARToolKit" title="ARToolKit">ARToolKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godot_(game_engine)" title="Godot (game engine)">Godot Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetpack_Compose" title="Jetpack Compose">Jetpack Compose XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Spatial SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVR" title="OpenVR">OpenVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenXR" title="OpenXR">OpenXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">RealityKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%26box" title="S&box">S&box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SwiftUI" title="SwiftUI">SwiftUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="VisionOS 2">TabletopKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(game_engine)" title="Unity (game engine)">Unity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Scene_Description" title="Universal Scene Description">Universal Scene Description</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreal_Engine" title="Unreal Engine">Unreal Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuforia_Augmented_Reality_SDK" title="Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK">Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality_games" title="Category:Virtual reality games">Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HTC_Vive_games" title="List of HTC Vive games">List of HTC Vive games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Meta_Quest_games" title="List of Meta Quest games">List of Meta Quest games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oculus_Rift_games" title="List of Oculus Rift games">List of Oculus Rift games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PlayStation_VR_games" title="List of PlayStation VR games">List of PlayStation VR games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PlayStation_VR2_games" title="List of PlayStation VR2 games">VR2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality_communities" title="Category:Virtual reality communities">Communities and<br />social networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AltspaceVR" title="AltspaceVR">AltspaceVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a> for visionOS</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Worlds" title="Horizon Worlds">Horizon Worlds</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeosVR" title="NeosVR">NeosVR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rec_Room_(video_game)" title="Rec Room (video game)">Rec Room</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonite" title="Resonite">Resonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansar_(video_game)" title="Sansar (video game)">Sansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensorium_Corporation" title="Sensorium Corporation">Sensorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinespace" title="Sinespace">Sinespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VRChat" title="VRChat">VRChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTime_XR" title="VTime XR">VTime XR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality_pioneers" title="Category:Virtual reality pioneers">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Bekaert" title="Philippe Bekaert">Philippe Bekaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Benayoun" title="Maurice Benayoun">Maurice Benayoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Birrell" title="Simon Birrell">Simon Birrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bolas" title="Mark Bolas">Mark Bolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Bradley_(actor)" title="Brendan Bradley (actor)">Brendan Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%A1tjan_Burger" title="Boštjan Burger">Boštjan Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Cruz-Neira" title="Carolina Cruz-Neira">Carolina Cruz-Neira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ela_Darling" title="Ela Darling">Ela Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Davies" title="Char Davies">Char Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_K._Feiner" title="Steven K. Feiner">Steven K. Feiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Fisher_(technologist)" title="Scott Fisher (technologist)">Scott Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Foster_II" title="Jerome Foster II">Jerome Foster II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuchs" title="Henry Fuchs">Henry Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Furness_III" title="Thomas A. Furness III">Thomas A. Furness III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Heilig" title="Morton Heilig">Morton Heilig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Howlett" title="Eric Howlett">Eric Howlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Iribe" title="Brendan Iribe">Brendan Iribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_W._Krueger" title="Myron W. Krueger">Myron W. Krueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaron_Lanier" title="Jaron Lanier">Jaron Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Laurel" title="Brenda Laurel">Brenda Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_C._Lin" title="Ming C. Lin">Ming C. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Bowen_Loftin" title="R. Bowen Loftin">R. Bowen Loftin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Luckey" title="Palmer Luckey">Palmer Luckey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Stephen_Meadows" title="Mark Stephen Meadows">Mark Stephen Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_and_Uri_Kranot" title="Michelle and Uri Kranot">Michelle and Uri Kranot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Parisi_(software_developer)" title="Tony Parisi (software developer)">Tony Parisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonny_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Nonny de la Peña">Nonny de la Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Petridis" title="Elia Petridis">Elia Petridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar Pichai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Robinett" title="Warren Robinett">Warren Robinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Sandin" title="Daniel J. Sandin">Daniel J. Sandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Schmalstieg" title="Dieter Schmalstieg">Dieter Schmalstieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Sproull" title="Bob Sproull">Bob Sproull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Stenger" title="Nicole Stenger">Nicole Stenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tachi" title="Susumu Tachi">Susumu Tachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpei_Yokoi" title="Gunpei Yokoi">Gunpei Yokoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_virtual_reality" title="Category:Fiction about virtual reality">In</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_augmented_reality" title="Category:Fiction about augmented reality">fiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Accel_World" title="Accel World">Accel World</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Accel_World:_Infinite_Burst" title="Accel World: Infinite Burst">Infinite Burst</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Attack_of_the_Killer_App" title="Attack of the Killer App">Attack of the Killer App</a></i></li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/List_of_Black_Mirror_episodes" title="List of Black Mirror episodes">episodes</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mirror" title="Black Mirror">Black Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Code_Lyoko" title="Code Lyoko">Code Lyoko</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Code_Lyoko:_Evolution" title="Code Lyoko: Evolution">Evolution</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Den-noh_Coil" title="Den-noh Coil">Den-noh Coil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digimon" title="Digimon">Digimon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dreamland_Chronicles" title="The Dreamland Chronicles">The Dreamland Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gundam_Build_Divers" title="Gundam Build Divers">Gundam Build Divers</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gundam_Build_Divers_Re:Rise" title="Gundam Build Divers Re:Rise">Re:Rise</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gundam_Build_Metaverse" title="Gundam Build Metaverse">Gundam Build Metaverse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a>'</i>s <a href="/wiki/Holodeck" title="Holodeck">Holodeck</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jumanji_(franchise)" title="Jumanji (franchise)">Jumanji</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jumanji:_The_Next_Level" title="Jumanji: The Next Level">The Next Level</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jumanji:_Welcome_to_the_Jungle" title="Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle">Welcome to the Jungle</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiss_Me_First_(TV_series)" title="Kiss Me First (TV series)">Kiss Me First</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)" title="The Matrix (franchise)">The Matrix</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Netrunner" title="Netrunner">Netrunner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ready_Player_One" title="Ready Player One">Ready Player One</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ready_Player_One_(film)" title="Ready Player One (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ready_Player_Two" title="Ready Player Two">Ready Player Two</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snow_Crash" title="Snow Crash">Snow Crash</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superhot" title="Superhot">Superhot</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Superhot:_Mind_Control_Delete" title="Superhot: Mind Control Delete">Mind Control Delete</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superhuman_Samurai_Syber-Squad" title="Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad">Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/SSSS.Gridman" title="SSSS.Gridman">Gridman</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sword_Art_Online" title="Sword Art Online">Sword Art Online</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> Portals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Extended_reality" title="Category:Extended reality">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Augmented_reality" title="Category:Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mixed_reality" title="Category:Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality" title="Category:Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metaverse" title="Category:Metaverse">Metaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spatial_computing" title="Category:Spatial computing">Spatial computing</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extended_Reality" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Extended Reality">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Augmented_reality" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mixed_reality" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Metaverse" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Metaverse">Metaverse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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