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href="#End_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>End of life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instruction_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruction_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Instruction execution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruction_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Memory architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Architectural changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">IA-64</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IA-64" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itanium-Architektur" title="Itanium-Architektur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Itanium-Architektur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_Intel_Itanium" title="Arquitectura Intel Itanium – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura Intel Itanium" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="IA-64" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IA-64" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IA-64" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IA-64" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IA-64" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IA-64" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="IA-64" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li 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lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="IA-64" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="IA-64" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q916994#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Microprocessor instruction set architecture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, AMD's 64-bit extension of the IA-32 ISA.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Intel Itanium architecture</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bits</th><td class="infobox-data">64-bit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">2001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Design</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing" title="Explicitly parallel instruction computing">EPIC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store" class="mw-redirect" title="Load–store">Load–store</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">Encoding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fixed</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Branch_(computer_science)" title="Branch (computer science)">Branching</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Condition register</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Selectable</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">Registers</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_register" class="mw-redirect" title="General-purpose register">General-purpose</a></th><td class="infobox-data">128 (64 bits plus 1 <a href="/wiki/Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">trap bit</a>; 32 are static, 96 use <a href="/wiki/Register_window" title="Register window">register windows</a>); 64 1-bit predicate registers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">Floating point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">128</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>IA-64</b> (<b>Intel Itanium architecture</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction set architecture</a> (ISA) of the discontinued <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a> family of 64-bit <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>. The basic ISA specification originated at <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> (HP), and was subsequently implemented by Intel in collaboration with HP. The first Itanium processor, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_codenames" title="List of Intel codenames">codenamed</a> <i>Merced</i>, was released in 2001. </p><p>The Itanium architecture is based on explicit <a href="/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">instruction-level parallelism</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> decides which instructions to execute in parallel. This contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Superscalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Superscalar">superscalar</a> architectures, which depend on the processor to manage instruction dependencies at runtime. In all Itanium models, up to and including <i><a href="/wiki/Tukwila_(processor)" title="Tukwila (processor)">Tukwila</a></i>, cores execute up to six <a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle" title="Instructions per cycle">instructions per cycle</a>. </p><p>In 2008, Itanium was the fourth-most deployed microprocessor architecture for <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">enterprise-class systems</a>, behind <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ITJungle_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITJungle-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Intel announced the discontinuation of the last of the CPUs supporting the IA-64 architecture. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IA-64&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Itanium_architecture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Itanium_architecture.svg/220px-Itanium_architecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Itanium_architecture.svg/330px-Itanium_architecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Itanium_architecture.svg/440px-Itanium_architecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The Intel Itanium architecture</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IA-64&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1989, HP began to become concerned that <a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced instruction set computing">reduced instruction set computing</a> (RISC) architectures were approaching a processing limit at one <a href="/wiki/Instruction_per_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction per cycle">instruction per cycle</a>. Both Intel and HP researchers had been exploring computer architecture options for future designs and separately began investigating a new concept known as <a href="/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word" title="Very long instruction word">very long instruction word</a> (VLIW)<sup id="cite_ref-HP_Labs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_Labs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which came out of research by <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VLIW is a computer architecture concept (like RISC and <a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex instruction set computing">CISC</a>) where a single instruction word contains multiple instructions encoded in one very long instruction word to facilitate the processor executing multiple <a href="/wiki/Instruction_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction (computer science)">instructions</a> in each clock cycle. Typical VLIW implementations rely heavily on sophisticated compilers to determine at compile time which instructions can be executed at the same time and the proper scheduling of these instructions for execution and also to help predict the direction of branch operations. The value of this approach is to do more useful work in fewer clock cycles and to simplify processor instruction scheduling and branch prediction hardware requirements, with a penalty in increased processor complexity, cost, and energy consumption in exchange for faster execution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IA-64&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this time, HP had begun to believe that it was no longer cost-effective for individual enterprise systems companies such as itself to develop proprietary microprocessors. Intel had also been researching several architectural options for going beyond the x86 ISA to address high-end enterprise server and high-performance computing (HPC) requirements. </p><p>Intel and HP partnered in 1994 to develop the IA-64 ISA, using a variation of VLIW design concepts which Intel named <a href="/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing" title="Explicitly parallel instruction computing">explicitly parallel instruction computing</a> (EPIC). Intel's goal was to leverage the expertise HP had developed in their early VLIW work along with their own to develop a volume product line targeted at the aforementioned high-end systems that could be sold to all original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), while HP wished to be able to purchase off-the-shelf processors built using Intel's volume manufacturing and contemporary process technology that were better than their PA-RISC processors. </p><p>Intel took the lead on the design and commercialization process, while HP contributed to the ISA definition, the Merced/Itanium microarchitecture, and Itanium 2. The original goal year for delivering the first Itanium family product, Merced, was 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-HP_Labs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_Labs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing">Marketing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IA-64&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intel's product marketing and industry engagement efforts were substantial and achieved design wins with the majority of enterprise server OEMs, including those based on RISC processors at the time. Industry analysts predicted that IA-64 would dominate in servers, workstations, and high-end desktops, and eventually supplant both RISC and CISC architectures for all general-purpose applications.<sup id="cite_ref-anand_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anand-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Venturebeat_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venturebeat-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a> decided to abandon further development of the <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a> architectures respectively in favor of migrating to IA-64.<sup id="cite_ref-cautionary_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cautionary-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1997, it was apparent that the IA-64 architecture and the compiler were much more difficult to implement than originally thought, and the delivery of Itanium began slipping.<sup id="cite_ref-geek1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geek1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Itanium was the first ever EPIC processor, the development effort encountered more unanticipated problems than the team was accustomed to. In addition, the EPIC concept depended on compiler capabilities that had never been implemented before, so more research was needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Research_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Research-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several groups developed operating systems for the architecture, including <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems such as <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Solaris-Merced1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solaris-Merced1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solaris-Merced2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solaris-Merced2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solaris-Merced3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solaris-Merced3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cautionary_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cautionary-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Monterey/64" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey/64">Monterey/64</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the last three were canceled before reaching the market). In 1999, Intel led the formation of an open-source industry consortium to port Linux to IA-64 they named "Trillium" (and later renamed "Trillian" due to a trademark issue), which was led by Intel and included <a href="/wiki/Caldera_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldera Systems">Caldera Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_Solutions" title="Cygnus Solutions">Cygnus Solutions</a>, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">SGI</a>, <a href="/wiki/SUSE_S.A." title="SUSE S.A.">SuSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/TurboLinux" class="mw-redirect" title="TurboLinux">TurboLinux</a> and <a href="/wiki/VA_Linux_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="VA Linux Systems">VA Linux Systems</a>. As a result, a working IA-64 Linux was delivered ahead of schedule and was the first OS to run on the new Itanium processors. </p><p>Intel announced the official name of the processor, <i>Itanium</i>, on October 4, 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within hours, the name <i>Itanic</i> had been coined on a <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> newsgroup as a <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">pun</a> on the name <a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic"><i>Titanic</i></a>, the "unsinkable" <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">ocean liner</a> that sank on its maiden voyage in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The very next day on 5th October 1999, AMD announced their plans to extend Intel's x86 instruction set to include a fully downward compatible 64-bit mode, additionally revealing AMD's newly coming x86 64-bit architecture, which the company had already worked on, to be incorporated into AMD's upcoming eighth-generation microprocessor, code-named <a href="/wiki/Opteron" title="Opteron"><i>SledgeHammer</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AMD64-announcement_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMD64-announcement-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AMD also signaled a full disclosure of the architecture's specifications and further details to be available in August 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-AMD-spec-x86-64_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMD-spec-x86-64-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As AMD was never invited to be a contributing party for the IA-64 architecture and any kind of licensing seemed unlikely, AMD's <a href="/wiki/AMD64" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD64">AMD64</a> architecture-extension was positioned from the beginning as an evolutionary way to add <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit computing</a> capabilities to the existing x86 architecture, while still supporting legacy 32-bit x86 <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">code</a>, as opposed to Intel's approach of creating an entirely new, completely x86-incompatible 64-bit architecture with IA-64. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_life">End of life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IA-64&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: End of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2019, Intel announced that Kittson would be discontinued, with a last order date of January 2020, and a last ship date of July 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Anton_Shilov_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anton_Shilov-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2023, IA-64 support was removed from the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> and is since then maintained <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/out-of-tree" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:out-of-tree">out-of-tree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IA-64&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intel has extensively documented the Itanium <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction set</a><sup id="cite_ref-manual_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the technical press has provided overviews.<sup id="cite_ref-anand_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anand-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-geek1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geek1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The architecture has been renamed several times during its history. HP originally called it <i>PA-WideWord</i>. Intel later called it <i>IA-64</i>, then <i>Itanium Processor Architecture</i> (IPA),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before settling on <i>Intel Itanium Architecture</i>, but it is still widely referred to as <i>IA-64</i>. </p><p>It is a 64-bit register-rich explicitly parallel architecture. The base data word is 64 bits, byte-addressable. The <a href="/wiki/Logical_address" title="Logical address">logical address</a> space is 2<sup>64</sup> bytes. The architecture implements <a href="/wiki/Branch_predication" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch predication">predication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">speculation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Branch_prediction" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch prediction">branch prediction</a>. It uses variable-sized register windowing for parameter passing. The same mechanism is also used to permit parallel execution of loops. Speculation, prediction, predication, and renaming are under control of the compiler: each instruction word includes extra bits for this. This approach is the distinguishing characteristic of the architecture. </p><p>The architecture implements a large number of registers:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>128 general integer <a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">registers</a>, which are 64-bit plus one trap bit ("NaT", which stands for "not a thing") used for <a href="/wiki/Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">speculative execution</a>. 32 of these are static, the other 96 are stacked using variably-sized <a href="/wiki/Register_window" title="Register window">register windows</a>, or rotating for pipelined loops. <code>gr<sub>0</sub></code> always reads 0.</li> <li>128 <a href="/wiki/Floating-point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point">floating-point</a> registers. The floating-point registers are 82 bits long to preserve precision for intermediate results. Instead of a dedicated "NaT" trap bit like the integer registers, floating-point registers have a trap value called "NaTVal" ("Not a Thing Value"), similar to (but distinct from) <a href="/wiki/NaN" title="NaN">NaN</a>. These also have 32 static registers and 96 windowed or rotating registers. <code>fr<sub>0</sub></code> always reads +0.0, and <code>fr<sub>1</sub></code> always reads +1.0.</li> <li>64 one-bit predicate registers. These have 16 static registers and 48 windowed or rotating registers. <code>pr<sub>0</sub></code> always reads 1 (true).</li> <li>8 branch registers, for the addresses of indirect jumps. <code>br<sub>0</sub></code> is set to the return address when a function is called with <code>br.call</code>.</li> <li>128 special purpose (or "application") registers, which are mostly of interest to the kernel and not ordinary applications. For example, one register called <code>bsp</code> points to the second stack, which is where the hardware will automatically spill registers when the register window wraps around.</li></ul> <p>Each 128-bit instruction word is called a <i>bundle</i>, and contains three <i>slots</i> each holding a 41-bit <a href="/wiki/Instruction_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction (computer science)">instruction</a>, plus a 5-bit <i>template</i> indicating which type of instruction is in each slot. Those types are M-unit (memory instructions), I-unit (integer ALU, non-ALU integer, or long immediate extended instructions), F-unit (floating-point instructions), or B-unit (branch or long branch extended instructions). The template also encodes <i>stops</i> which indicate that a data dependency exists between data before and after the stop. All instructions between a pair of stops constitute an <i>instruction group</i>, regardless of their bundling, and must be free of many types of data dependencies; this knowledge allows the processor to execute instructions in parallel without having to perform its own complicated data analysis, since that analysis was already done when the instructions were written. </p><p>Within each slot, all but a few instructions are predicated, specifying a predicate register, the value of which (true or false) will determine whether the instruction is executed. Predicated instructions which should always execute are predicated on <code>pr<sub>0</sub></code>, which always reads as true. </p><p>The IA-64 assembly language and instruction format was deliberately designed to be written mainly by compilers, not by humans. Instructions must be grouped into bundles of three, ensuring that the three instructions match an allowed template. Instructions must issue stops between certain types of data dependencies, and stops can also only be used in limited places according to the allowed templates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruction_execution">Instruction execution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IA-64&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Instruction execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fetch mechanism can read up to two bundles per clock from the L1 <a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">cache</a> into the pipeline. When the compiler can take maximum advantage of this, the processor can execute six instructions per clock cycle. The processor has thirty functional execution units in eleven groups. Each unit can execute a particular subset of the <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction set</a>, and each unit executes at a rate of one instruction per cycle unless execution stalls waiting for data. While not all units in a group execute identical subsets of the instruction set, common instructions can be executed in multiple units. </p><p>The execution unit groups include: </p> <ul><li>Six general-purpose ALUs, two integer units, one shift unit</li> <li>Four data cache units</li> <li>Six multimedia units, two parallel shift units, one parallel multiply, one <a href="/wiki/Hamming_weight" title="Hamming weight">population count</a></li> <li>Two 82-bit floating-point <a href="/wiki/Multiply%E2%80%93accumulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiply–accumulate">multiply–accumulate</a> units, two <a href="/wiki/SIMD" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMD">SIMD</a> floating-point multiply–accumulate units (two 32-bit operations each)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Three branch units</li></ul> <p>Ideally, the compiler can often group instructions into sets of six that can execute at the same time. Since the floating-point units implement a <a href="/wiki/Multiply%E2%80%93accumulate_operation" title="Multiply–accumulate operation">multiply–accumulate operation</a>, a single floating-point instruction can perform the work of two instructions when the application requires a multiply followed by an add: this is very common in scientific processing. When it occurs, the processor can execute four <a href="/wiki/FLOP" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOP">FLOPs</a> per cycle. For example, the 800 MHz Itanium had a theoretical rating of 3.2 <a href="/wiki/GFLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GFLOPS">GFLOPS</a> and the fastest Itanium 2, at 1.67 GHz, was rated at 6.67 GFLOPS. </p><p>In practice, the processor may often be underutilized, with not all slots filled with useful instructions due to e.g. data dependencies or limitations in the available bundle templates. The densest possible code requires 42.6 bits per instruction, compared to 32 bits per instruction on traditional RISC processors of the time, and no-ops due to wasted slots further decrease the density of code. Additional instructions for speculative loads and hints for branches and cache are impractical to generate optimally, because a compiler cannot predict the contents of the different cache levels on a system running multiple processes and taking interrupts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory_architecture">Memory architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IA-64&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Memory architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2002 to 2006, Itanium 2 processors shared a common cache hierarchy. They had 16 KB of Level 1 instruction cache and 16 KB of Level 1 data cache. The L2 cache was unified (both instruction and data) and is 256 KB. The Level 3 cache was also unified and varied in size from 1.5 MB to 24 MB. The 256 KB L2 cache contains sufficient logic to handle <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_(programming)" title="Semaphore (programming)">semaphore</a> operations without disturbing the main <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU). </p><p>Main memory is accessed through a <a href="/wiki/Computer_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer bus">bus</a> to an off-chip <a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipset</a>. The Itanium 2 bus was initially called the McKinley bus, but is now usually referred to as the Itanium bus. The speed of the bus has increased steadily with new processor releases. The bus transfers 2×128 bits per clock cycle, so the 200 MHz McKinley bus transferred 6.4 GB/s, and the 533 MHz Montecito bus transfers 17.056 GB/s<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_changes">Architectural changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IA-64&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architectural changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Intel VT-i" redirects here. For the x86 virtualization extensions, see <a href="/wiki/Intel_VT-x" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel VT-x">Intel VT-x</a>.</div> <p>Itanium processors released prior to 2006 had hardware support for the <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> architecture to permit support for legacy server applications, but performance for IA-32 code was much worse than for native code and also worse than the performance of contemporaneous x86 processors. In 2005, Intel developed the <a href="/wiki/IA-32_Execution_Layer" title="IA-32 Execution Layer">IA-32 Execution Layer</a> (IA-32 EL), a software emulator that provides better performance. With Montecito, Intel therefore eliminated hardware support for IA-32 code. </p><p>In 2006, with the release of <a href="/wiki/Montecito_(processor)" title="Montecito (processor)">Montecito</a>, Intel made a number of enhancements to the basic processor architecture including:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Hardware multithreading: Each processor core maintains context for two threads of execution. When one thread stalls during memory access, the other thread can execute. Intel calls this "coarse multithreading" to distinguish it from the "<a href="/wiki/Hyper-threading" title="Hyper-threading">hyper-threading</a> technology" Intel integrated into some <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> and <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> microprocessors.</li> <li>Hardware support for <a href="/wiki/Hardware-assisted_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware-assisted virtualization">virtualization</a>: Intel added Intel Virtualization Technology (Intel VT-i), which provides hardware assists for core virtualization functions. Virtualization allows a software "<a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisor</a>" to run multiple operating system instances on the processor concurrently.</li> <li>Cache enhancements: Montecito added a split L2 cache, which included a dedicated 1 MB L2 cache for instructions. The original 256 KB L2 cache was converted to a dedicated data cache. Montecito also included up to 12 MB of on-die L3 cache.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IA-64&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Itanium_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Itanium microprocessors">List of Intel Itanium microprocessors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IA-64&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ITJungle-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITJungle_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2008" class="citation web cs1">Morgan, Timothy (2008-05-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itjungle.com/tlb/tlb052708-story03.html">"The Server Biz Enjoys the X64 Upgrade Cycle in Q1"</a>. <i>IT Jungle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203839/http://www.itjungle.com/tlb/tlb052708-story03.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Itanium+processor%2C+part+2%3A+Instruction+encoding%2C+templates%2C+and+stops&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.microsoft.com%2Foldnewthing%2F20150728-00%2F%3Fp%3D90811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIA-64" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2015" class="citation web cs1">Chen, Raymond (2015-07-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20150729-00/?p=90801">"The Itanium processor, part 3: The Windows calling convention, how parameters are passed"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015652/https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20150729-00/?p=90801">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Itanium+processor%2C+part+3%3A+The+Windows+calling+convention%2C+how+parameters+are+passed&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.microsoft.com%2Foldnewthing%2F20150729-00%2F%3Fp%3D90801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIA-64" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharangpani, Harsh; Arora, Ken (2000). "Itanium Processor Microarchitecture". <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Micro" title="IEEE Micro">IEEE Micro</a></i>. pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCataldo2001" class="citation web cs1">Cataldo, Anthony (2001-08-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eetimes.com/intel-outfits-itanium-processor-for-faster-runs/">"Intel outfits Itanium processor for faster runs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EE_Times" title="EE Times">EE Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801201320/https://www.eetimes.com/intel-outfits-itanium-processor-for-faster-runs/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EE+Times&rft.atitle=Intel+outfits+Itanium+processor+for+faster+runs&rft.date=2001-08-30&rft.aulast=Cataldo&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eetimes.com%2Fintel-outfits-itanium-processor-for-faster-runs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIA-64" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107044019/http://www.intel.com/products/processor/itanium/index.htm">"Intel product announcement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> web site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel.com/products/processor/itanium/index.htm">the original</a> on November 7, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intel+web+site&rft.atitle=Intel+product+announcement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.com%2Fproducts%2Fprocessor%2Fitanium%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIA-64" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IA-64&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/itanium/itanium-processor-9000-sequence.html?">Intel Itanium Home Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hpe.com/us/en/product-catalog/servers/integrity-servers.hits-12.html">Hewlett Packard Enterprise Integrity Servers Home Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel.com/design/itanium/arch_spec.htm">Intel Itanium Specifications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223234225/http://www.gelato.unsw.edu.au/IA64wiki/ItaniumInternals">Some undocumented Itanium 2 microarchitectural information</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2007-02-23)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706223150/http://sverre.web.cern.ch/sverre/IA64_1.pdf">IA-64 tutorial, including code examples</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hp.com/go/integrity">Itanium Docs at HP</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intel_processors" title="Template:Intel processors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intel_processors" title="Template talk:Intel processors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intel_processors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intel processors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intel_processors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_processors" title="List of Intel processors">Intel processors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_processors" title="List of Intel processors">Processors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors" title="List of Intel Atom processors">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Celeron_processors" title="List of Intel Celeron processors">Celeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium processors">Pentium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_Pro_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium Pro processors">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_II_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium II processors">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium III processors">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_4_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium 4 processors">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_D_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium D processors">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_M_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium M processors">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_processors" title="List of Intel Core processors">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core 2 processors">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i3_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i3 processors">i3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i5_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i5 processors">i5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i7_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i7 processors">i7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i9_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i9 processors">i9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_M_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core M processors">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors" title="List of Intel Xeon processors">Xeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Quark#List_of_Intel_Quark_processors" title="Intel Quark">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Itanium_processors" title="List of Intel Itanium processors">Itanium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures" title="List of Intel CPU microarchitectures">Microarchitectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_chipsets" title="List of Intel chipsets">Chipsets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures" title="List of Intel CPU microarchitectures">Microarchitectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> (<a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> x86)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P5_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="P5 (microarchitecture)">P5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P6_(microarchitecture)" title="P6 (microarchitecture)">P6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_M" title="Pentium M">P6 variant (Pentium M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonah_(microprocessor)" title="Yonah (microprocessor)">P6 variant (Enhanced Pentium M)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBurst" title="NetBurst">NetBurst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core_(microarchitecture)" title="Intel Core (microarchitecture)">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penryn_(microarchitecture)" title="Penryn (microarchitecture)">Penryn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehalem_(microarchitecture)" title="Nehalem (microarchitecture)">Nehalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westmere_(microarchitecture)" title="Westmere (microarchitecture)">Westmere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bridge" title="Sandy Bridge">Sandy Bridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)" title="Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture)">Ivy Bridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)" title="Haswell (microarchitecture)">Haswell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadwell_(microarchitecture)" title="Broadwell (microarchitecture)">Broadwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)" title="Skylake (microarchitecture)">Skylake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Lake_(microprocessor)" title="Cannon Lake (microprocessor)">Cannon Lake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_Cove_(microarchitecture)" title="Sunny Cove (microarchitecture)">Sunny Cove</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Cove_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypress Cove (microarchitecture)">Cypress Cove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Cove" title="Willow Cove">Willow Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Cove" title="Golden Cove">Golden Cove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">ULV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonnell_(microarchitecture)" title="Bonnell (microarchitecture)">Bonnell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saltwell_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwell (microarchitecture)">Saltwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvermont" title="Silvermont">Silvermont</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldmont" title="Goldmont">Goldmont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldmont_Plus" title="Goldmont Plus">Goldmont Plus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremont_(microarchitecture)" title="Tremont (microarchitecture)">Tremont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracemont_(microarchitecture)" title="Gracemont (microarchitecture)">Gracemont</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="x86-64_(64-bit)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron" title="Celeron">Celeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#10th_generation" title="Intel Core">10th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#11th_generation" title="Intel Core">11th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#12th_generation" title="Intel Core">12th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#13th_generation" title="Intel Core">13th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#14th_generation" title="Intel Core">14th gen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">BCD</a> oriented (<a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">4004</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_4040" title="Intel 4040">4040</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pre-x86 (<a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8008" title="Intel 8008">8008</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">8080</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">8085</a> (1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> (<a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">8086</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">8088</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">80186</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80188" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80188">80188</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">80286</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X87" title="X87">x87</a> (external <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">FPUs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>8/16-bit databus</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_8087" title="Intel 8087">8087</a> (1980)</dd> <dt>16-bit databus</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80C187" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80C187">80C187</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80287" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80287">80287</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80387SX" title="Intel 80387SX">80387SX</a></dd> <dt>32-bit databus</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80387" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80387">80387DX</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80487" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80487">80487</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> (<a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> x86)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I386" title="I386">i386</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80386SX" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386SX">SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80376" title="Intel 80376">376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80386EX" title="Intel 80386EX">EX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I486" title="I486">i486</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I486SX" title="I486SX">SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_DX2" title="Intel DX2">DX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_DX4" title="Intel DX4">DX4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I486SL" title="I486SL">SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidCAD" title="RapidCAD">RapidCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I486_OverDrive" title="I486 OverDrive">OverDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealey" title="Stealey">A100/A110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Atom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors#CE_SoCs" title="List of Intel Atom processors">CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(system_on_a_chip)" title="Atom (system on a chip)">SoC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron" title="Celeron">Celeron</a> (1998) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#P6-based_Mobile_Celerons" title="Celeron">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#Prescott-256" title="Celeron">D</a> (2004)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_(original)" title="Pentium (original)">Original i586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_OverDrive" title="Pentium OverDrive">OverDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_Pro" title="Pentium Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_II" title="Pentium II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_III" title="Pentium III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_4" title="Pentium 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_M" title="Pentium M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_Dual-Core" title="Pentium Dual-Core">Dual-Core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_P6-based_Xeon_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel P6-based Xeon microprocessors">P6-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_NetBurst-based_Xeon_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel NetBurst-based Xeon microprocessors">NetBurst-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core-based_Xeon_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core-based Xeon microprocessors">Core-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Quark" title="Intel Quark">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolapai" title="Tolapai">Tolapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Atom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(system_on_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (system on chip)">SoC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors#CE_SoCs" title="List of Intel Atom processors">CE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron" title="Celeron">Celeron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#Prescott-256" title="Celeron">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#Celeron_Dual-Core" title="Celeron">Dual-Core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_4#Prescott_2M_(Extreme_Edition)" title="Pentium 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_D" title="Pentium D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_D#Smithfield_XE" title="Pentium D">Extreme Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_Dual-Core" title="Pentium Dual-Core">Dual-Core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core_2" title="Intel Core 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#1st_generation" title="Intel Core">1st gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#2nd_generation" title="Intel Core">2nd gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#3rd_generation" title="Intel Core">3rd gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#4th_generation" title="Intel Core">4th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#5th_generation" title="Intel Core">5th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#6th_generation" title="Intel Core">6th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#7th_generation" title="Intel Core">7th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#8th_generation" title="Intel Core">8th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#9th_generation" title="Intel Core">9th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#10th_generation" title="Intel Core">10th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#11th_generation" title="Intel Core">11th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_M_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core M processors">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Nehalem-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Nehalem-based)">Nehalem-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Sandy_Bridge-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Sandy Bridge-based)">Sandy Bridge-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Ivy_Bridge-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Ivy Bridge-based)">Ivy Bridge-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Haswell-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Haswell-based)">Haswell-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Broadwell-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Broadwell-based)">Broadwell-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Skylake-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Skylake-based)">Skylake-based</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">CISC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_iAPX_432" title="Intel iAPX 432">iAPX 432</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing" title="Explicitly parallel instruction computing">EPIC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_i860" title="Intel i860">i860</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_i960" title="Intel i960">i960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/StrongARM" title="StrongARM">StrongARM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/XScale" title="XScale">XScale</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tick%E2%80%93tock_model" title="Tick–tock model">Tick–tock model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process%E2%80%93architecture%E2%80%93optimization_model" title="Process–architecture–optimization model">Process–architecture–optimization model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Intel graphics processing units">Intel GPUs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_GMA" title="Intel GMA">GMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Graphics_Technology" title="Intel Graphics Technology">Intel HD, UHD, and Iris Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Xe" title="Intel Xe">Xe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Arc" title="Intel Arc">Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub" title="Platform Controller Hub">PCHs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Controller_Hub" title="System Controller Hub">SCHs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I/O_Controller_Hub" title="I/O Controller Hub">ICHs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_IDE_ISA_Xcelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI IDE ISA Xcelerator">PIIXs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratix" title="Stratix">Stratix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_codenames" title="List of Intel codenames">Codenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larrabee_(microarchitecture)" title="Larrabee (microarchitecture)">Larrabee</a></li></ul> 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