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Unit Cooperative)</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: KUD (Rural Unit Cooperative)"> <meta name="keywords" content="KUD (Rural Unit Cooperative)"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="KUD (Rural Unit Cooperative)"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4298</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: KUD (Rural Unit Cooperative)</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4298</span> Increasing Participation of KUD (Rural Unit Cooperative) Through 'Kemal Propuri' System to Independence Farmers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ikrima%20Zaleda%20Zia">Ikrima Zaleda Zia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devi%20Fitri%20Kumalasari"> Devi Fitri Kumalasari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosita%20Khusna"> Rosita Khusna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farah%20Hidayati"> Farah Hidayati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilham%20Fajrul%20Haq"> Ilham Fajrul Haq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amin%20Yusuf%20Efendi"> Amin Yusuf Efendi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fertilizer is one of the production factors that are important to agriculture. Fertilizers contribution to the agricultural sector improvement is quite high. Fertilizers scarcity on the society are giving effect to agricultural sector, that is decreasing farmers production. Through a system called Kemal Propuri, society will be taught how to be independent, especially in terms of supplying the fertilizer and how to earn extra income besides of relying on the agriculture production. This research aims to determine implementation measures of Kemal Propuri in realizing farmers independence. This research was designed to use descriptive research with a qualitative approach. In this case, writers are trying to make an illustration of the increasing role of KUD (rural unit cooperative) through Kemal Propuri system (Independence System Through Individual Fertilizer Production) towards farmer independence. It can be concluded that Kemal Propuri system can contribute in order to achieve farmers independence. Independence fertilizer production will overcome farmers dependence of the subsidized fertilizer from the government. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kemal%20Propuri" title="Kemal Propuri">Kemal Propuri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=KUD%20%28Rural%20Unit%20Cooperative%29" title=" KUD (Rural Unit Cooperative)"> KUD (Rural Unit Cooperative)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=independence%20farmers" title=" independence farmers"> independence farmers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fertilizer%20production" title=" fertilizer production"> fertilizer production</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54169/increasing-participation-of-kud-rural-unit-cooperative-through-kemal-propuri-system-to-independence-farmers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54169.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">386</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4297</span> Prioritization of the Failure Factors of Rural Cooperatives in Iran: The Case of Isfahan Province</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Najafi">Maryam Najafi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahdi%20Rajabi"> Mahdi Rajabi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although the rural cooperatives are an effective way for rural development in Iran, their potential is not applied effectively. The investigation of the failures of rural cooperatives helps the authorities to improve the routine procedures and eliminate the current barriers to the success of these cooperatives, and to remove the defects in order to have a more efficient policy. Therefore, this research aims to prioritize the failure factors of rural cooperatives in Isfahan province via the survey research method. For this purpose, the effective factors of these failures were investigated by the available research documents and then by the new information which was obtained from 20 questionnaires from the experts of Central Organization Rural Cooperatives in Isfahan province. The questionnaire results were analyzed by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Excel, and Expert Choice software. The results of this research showed that the most important failure factor of these cooperatives is the lack of the participation culture of cooperative members and then the performance of Central Organization Rural Cooperatives, and also loss of confidence of the members in the cooperation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative" title="cooperative">cooperative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20cooperatives" title=" rural cooperatives"> rural cooperatives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=failure%20factors" title=" failure factors"> failure factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytical%20hierarchy%20process" title=" analytical hierarchy process"> analytical hierarchy process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141008/prioritization-of-the-failure-factors-of-rural-cooperatives-in-iran-the-case-of-isfahan-province" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141008.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4296</span> Cooperative Game Theory and Small Hold Farming: Towards A Conceptual Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abel%20Kahuni">Abel Kahuni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cooperative game theory (CGT) postulates that groups of players are crucial units of the decision-making and impose cooperative behaviour. Accordingly, cooperative games are regarded as competition between coalitions of players, rather than between individual players. However, the basic supposition in CGT is that the cooperative is formed by all players. One of the emerging questions in CGT is how to develop cooperatives and fairly allocate the payoff. Cooperative Game Theory (CGT) may provide a framework and insights into the ways small holder farmers in rural resettlements may develop competitive advantage through marketing cooperatives. This conceptual paper proposes a non-competition model for small holder farmers of homogenous agri-commodity under CGT conditions. This paper will also provide brief insights into to the theory of cooperative games in-order to generate an understanding of CGT, cooperative marketing gains and its application in small holder farming arrangements. Accordingly, the objective is to provide a basic introduction to this theory in connection with economic competitive theories in the context of small holder farmers. The key value proposition of CGT is the equitable and fair sharing of cooperative gains. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=game%20theory" title="game theory">game theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20game%20theory" title=" cooperative game theory"> cooperative game theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperatives" title=" cooperatives"> cooperatives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competition" title=" competition"> competition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168075/cooperative-game-theory-and-small-hold-farming-towards-a-conceptual-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168075.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4295</span> Revitalization Strategy of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Rural Areas Organized by Production-Living-Ecology Spatial Network at Township Level</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liuhui%20Zhu">Liuhui Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peng%20Zeng"> Peng Zeng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rural revitalization strategy means to take the country and the city on the same level, and achieve urban-rural integration and comprehensive development of rural areas. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei rural areas have always been the weak links in the region, with prominently uneven development between urban and rural areas. The rural areas need to join the overall regional synergy. Based on the analysis of the characteristics and problems of rural development in the region from the perspective of production-living-ecology space, the paper proposes the township as the basic unit for rural revitalization according to the overall requirements of the rural revitalization strategy. The basic unit helps to realize resource arrangement, functional organization, and collaborative governance organized by the production-living-ecology spatial network. The paper summarizes the planning strategies for the basic unit. Through spatial cognition and spatial reconstruction, the three space is networked through the base, nodes, and connections to improve the comprehensive value of rural areas and achieve the multiple goals of rural revitalization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20revitalization" title="rural revitalization">rural revitalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei%20region" title=" Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region"> Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=township%20level" title=" township level"> township level</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=production-living-ecology%20spatial%20network" title=" production-living-ecology spatial network"> production-living-ecology spatial network</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116760/revitalization-strategy-of-beijing-tianjin-hebei-rural-areas-organized-by-production-living-ecology-spatial-network-at-township-level" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116760.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4294</span> An Improved Transmission Scheme in Cooperative Communication System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Jun%20Yu">Seung-Jun Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young-Min%20Ko"> Young-Min Ko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoung-Kyu%20Song"> Hyoung-Kyu Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently developed cooperative diversity scheme enables a terminal to get transmit diversity through the support of other terminals. However, most of the introduced cooperative schemes have a common fault of decreased transmission rate because the destination should receive the decodable compositions of symbols from the source and the relay. In order to achieve high data rate, we propose a cooperative scheme that employs hierarchical modulation. This scheme is free from the rate loss and allows seamless cooperative communication. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20communication" title="cooperative communication">cooperative communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hierarchical%20modulation" title=" hierarchical modulation"> hierarchical modulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20data%20rate" title=" high data rate"> high data rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmission%20scheme" title=" transmission scheme"> transmission scheme</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43021/an-improved-transmission-scheme-in-cooperative-communication-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43021.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">426</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4293</span> Governance Disclosure Quality and Cooperative Performance in Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Intan%20Waheedah%20Othman">Intan Waheedah Othman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maslinawati%20Mohamad"> Maslinawati Mohamad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azizah%20Abdullah"> Azizah Abdullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Few discussions were made on cooperative governance reforms despite the fact that cooperative movements operate and compete in an identical business environment as the private as well as the public corporations. Due to the scarcity of research examining the issue of governance among cooperatives, this paper is motivated to examine the extent of governance compliance and disclosure among cooperatives, hence the relationship between cooperative governance and its firm performance. Results from the study provide empirical evidence that disclosure on ownership structure and exercise of control rights was found to have significant negative relationship with cooperative firm performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative" title="cooperative">cooperative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance" title=" governance"> governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=firm%20performance" title=" firm performance"> firm performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malaysia" title=" Malaysia"> Malaysia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5371/governance-disclosure-quality-and-cooperative-performance-in-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5371.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">541</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4292</span> Capacity Optimization in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahdi%20Pirmoradian">Mahdi Pirmoradian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olayinka%20Adigun"> Olayinka Adigun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christos%20Politis"> Christos Politis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cooperative spectrum sensing is a crucial challenge in cognitive radio networks. Cooperative sensing can increase the reliability of spectrum hole detection, optimize sensing time and reduce delay in cooperative networks. In this paper, an efficient central capacity optimization algorithm is proposed to minimize cooperative sensing time in a homogenous sensor network using OR decision rule subject to the detection and false alarm probabilities constraints. The evaluation results reveal significant improvement in the sensing time and normalized capacity of the cognitive sensors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20networks" title="cooperative networks">cooperative networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=normalized%20capacity" title=" normalized capacity"> normalized capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensing%20time" title=" sensing time"> sensing time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25670/capacity-optimization-in-cooperative-cognitive-radio-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25670.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">633</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4291</span> The Development of Shariah-Based Cooperative and Its Governance System: Cases in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zurina%20Shafii">Zurina Shafii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Obaidullah"> Mohamed Obaidullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rochania%20Ayu%20Yunanda"> Rochania Ayu Yunanda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nor%20Farha%20Zubair"> Nor Farha Zubair </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cooperative members (also known as user-owners) are responsible in running the cooperative businesses in order to improve their socio economic well-being. Cooperatives have always been recognized as a vehicle to elevate the standard of living of the poor and low-income earners by improving their ability to mobilize resources among the people within the urban and rural sectors of the population. To improve its performance and role, the cooperative should ensure the existence of its specific governance. Using narrative analysis and quasi-statistics, this paper describes the state of operation, growth and nature of products and services offered in Sakofah Savings Co-op (the largest Islamic cooperative in Krabi), Koperasi Muslimin Malaysia Berhad (KMMB) in Malaysia and KOSPIN Jasa Keuangan in Indonesia. Furthermore, it identifies and evaluates the current governance system in each cooperatives and proposes governance framework which may enhance the performance of the cooperatives. The paper, in turn discusses the challenges to cooperative growth and investment from the aspects of governance and monitoring, transparency and human capital. The paper will be useful for regulators and governance organs of cooperatives, namely Board of Members, Management and Shariah Committee in order for these parties to strengthen the governance within cooperatives to further grow this economic sector. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20cooperatives" title="Islamic cooperatives">Islamic cooperatives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance" title=" governance"> governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shariah%20governance" title=" Shariah governance"> Shariah governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20study" title=" case study "> case study </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41116/the-development-of-shariah-based-cooperative-and-its-governance-system-cases-in-thailand-malaysia-and-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41116.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">361</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4290</span> Cost Efficiency of European Cooperative Banks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karol%C3%ADna%20Vozkov%C3%A1">Karolína Vozková</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mat%C4%9Bj%20Kuc"> Matěj Kuc</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper analyzes recent trends in cost efficiency of European cooperative banks using efficient frontier analysis. Our methodology is based on stochastic frontier analysis which is run on a set of 649 European cooperative banks using data between 2006 and 2015. Our results show that average inefficiency of European cooperative banks is increasing since 2008, smaller cooperative banks are significantly more efficient than the bigger ones over the whole time period and that share of net fee and commission income to total income surprisingly seems to have no impact on bank cost efficiency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20banks" title="cooperative banks">cooperative banks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20efficiency" title=" cost efficiency"> cost efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficient%20frontier%20analysis" title=" efficient frontier analysis"> efficient frontier analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stochastic%20frontier%20analysis" title=" stochastic frontier analysis"> stochastic frontier analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=net%20fee%20and%20commission%20income" title=" net fee and commission income"> net fee and commission income</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80418/cost-efficiency-of-european-cooperative-banks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80418.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">211</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4289</span> Performance Improvement of Cooperative Scheme in Wireless OFDM Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ki-Ro%20Kim">Ki-Ro Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Jun%20Yu"> Seung-Jun Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoung-Kyu%20Song"> Hyoung-Kyu Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, the wireless communication systems are required to have high quality and provide high bit rate data services. Researchers have studied various multiple antenna scheme to meet the demand. In practical application, it is difficult to deploy multiple antennas for limited size and cost. Cooperative diversity techniques are proposed to overcome the limitations. Cooperative communications have been widely investigated to improve performance of wireless communication. Among diversity schemes, space-time block code has been widely studied for cooperative communication systems. In this paper, we propose a new cooperative scheme using pre-coding and space-time block code. The proposed cooperative scheme provides improved error performance than a conventional cooperative scheme using space-time block coding scheme. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20communication" title="cooperative communication">cooperative communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space-time%20block%20coding" title=" space-time block coding"> space-time block coding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-coding" title=" pre-coding"> pre-coding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3515/performance-improvement-of-cooperative-scheme-in-wireless-ofdm-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3515.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4288</span> A Cooperative Space-Time Transmission Scheme Based On Symbol Combinations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keunhong%20Chae">Keunhong Chae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seokho%20Yoon"> Seokho Yoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper proposes a cooperative Alamouti space time transmission scheme with low relay complexity for the cooperative communication systems. In the proposed scheme, the source node combines the data symbols to construct the Alamouti-coded form at the destination node, while the conventional scheme performs the corresponding operations at the relay nodes. In simulation results, it is shown that the proposed scheme achieves the second order cooperative diversity while maintaining the same bit error rate (BER) performance as that of the conventional scheme. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Space-time%20transmission" title="Space-time transmission">Space-time transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20communication%20system" title=" cooperative communication system"> cooperative communication system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIMO." title=" MIMO."> MIMO.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14616/a-cooperative-space-time-transmission-scheme-based-on-symbol-combinations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14616.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4287</span> Cooperative CDD Scheme Based On Hierarchical Modulation in OFDM System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Jun%20Yu">Seung-Jun Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yeong-Seop%20Ahn"> Yeong-Seop Ahn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young-Min%20Ko"> Young-Min Ko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoung-Kyu%20Song">Hyoung-Kyu Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to achieve high data rate and increase the spectral efficiency, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system has been proposed. However, multiple antennas are limited by size and cost. Therefore, recently developed cooperative diversity scheme, which profits the transmit diversity only with the existing hardware by constituting a virtual antenna array, can be a solution. However, most of the introduced cooperative techniques have a common fault of decreased transmission rate because the destination should receive the decodable compositions of symbols from the source and the relay. In this paper, we propose a cooperative cyclic delay diversity (CDD) scheme that uses hierarchical modulation. This scheme is free from the rate loss and allows seamless cooperative communication. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20communication" title=" cooperative communication"> cooperative communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CDD" title=" CDD"> CDD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hierarchical%20modulation" title=" hierarchical modulation"> hierarchical modulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32286/cooperative-cdd-scheme-based-on-hierarchical-modulation-in-ofdm-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32286.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">549</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4286</span> Performance Comparison of Cooperative Banks in the EU, USA and Canada</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mat%C4%9Bj%20Kuc">Matěj Kuc</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper compares different types of profitability measures of cooperative banks from two developed regions: the European Union and the United States of America together with Canada. We created balanced dataset of more than 200 cooperative banks covering 2011-2016 period. We made series of tests and run Random Effects estimation on panel data. We found that American and Canadian cooperatives are more profitable in terms of return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). There is no significant difference in net interest margin (NIM). Our results show that the North American cooperative banks accommodated better to the current market environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20banking" title="cooperative banking">cooperative banking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=panel%20data" title=" panel data"> panel data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=profitability%20measures" title=" profitability measures"> profitability measures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20effects" title=" random effects"> random effects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112679/performance-comparison-of-cooperative-banks-in-the-eu-usa-and-canada" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112679.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4285</span> Analysis of Cooperative Learning Behavior Based on the Data of Students' Movement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wang%20Lin">Wang Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li%20Zhiqiang"> Li Zhiqiang </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to analyze the cooperative learning behavior pattern based on the data of students' movement. The study firstly reviewed the cooperative learning theory and its research status, and briefly introduced the k-means clustering algorithm. Then, it used clustering algorithm and mathematical statistics theory to analyze the activity rhythm of individual student and groups in different functional areas, according to the movement data provided by 10 first-year graduate students. It also focused on the analysis of students' behavior in the learning area and explored the law of cooperative learning behavior. The research result showed that the cooperative learning behavior analysis method based on movement data proposed in this paper is feasible. From the results of data analysis, the characteristics of behavior of students and their cooperative learning behavior patterns could be found. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavior%20pattern" title="behavior pattern">behavior pattern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20learning" title=" cooperative learning"> cooperative learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20analyze" title=" data analyze"> data analyze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=k-means%20clustering%20algorithm" title=" k-means clustering algorithm"> k-means clustering algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97916/analysis-of-cooperative-learning-behavior-based-on-the-data-of-students-movement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97916.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4284</span> Net Interest Margin of Cooperative Banks in Low Interest Rate Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karol%C3%ADna%20Vozkov%C3%A1">Karolína Vozková</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mat%C4%9Bj%20Kuc"> Matěj Kuc</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper deals with the impact of decrease in interest rates on the performance of commercial and cooperative banks in the Eurozone measured by net interest margin. The analysis was performed on balanced dataset of 268 commercial and 726 cooperative banks spanning the 2008-2015 period. We employed Fixed Effects estimation panel method. As expected, we found a negative relationship between market rates and net interest margin. Our results suggest that the impact of negative interest income differs across individual banking business models. More precisely, those cooperative banks were much more hit by the decrease of market interest rates which might be due to their ownership structure and more restrictive business regulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20banks" title="cooperative banks">cooperative banks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negative%20interest%20rates" title=" negative interest rates"> negative interest rates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20management" title=" risk management"> risk management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100544/net-interest-margin-of-cooperative-banks-in-low-interest-rate-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100544.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4283</span> Cooperative Communication of Energy Harvesting Synchronized-OOK IR-UWB Based Tags</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Mulatu">M. A. Mulatu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20C.%20Chang"> L. C. Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20S.%20Han"> Y. S. Han</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Energy harvesting tags with cooperative communication capabilities are emerging as possible infrastructure for internet of things (IoT) applications. This paper studies about the \ cooperative transmission strategy for a network of energy harvesting active networked tags (EnHANTs), that is adapted to the available energy resource and identification request. We consider a network of EnHANT-equipped objects to communicate with the destination either directly or by cooperating with neighboring objects. We formulate the the problem as a Markov decision process (MDP) under synchronised On/Off keying (S-OOK) pulse modulation format. The simulation results are provided to show the the performance of the cooperative transmission policy and compared against the greedy and conservative policies of single-link transmission. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20communication" title="cooperative communication">cooperative communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmission%20strategy" title=" transmission strategy"> transmission strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20harvesting" title=" energy harvesting"> energy harvesting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Markov%20decision%20process" title=" Markov decision process"> Markov decision process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=value%20iteration" title=" value iteration"> value iteration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22300/cooperative-communication-of-energy-harvesting-synchronized-ook-ir-uwb-based-tags" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22300.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">492</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4282</span> Adaptive Cooperative Scheme Considering the User Location</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bit-Na%20Kwon">Bit-Na Kwon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyun-Jee%20Yang"> Hyun-Jee Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong-Hyun%20Ha"> Dong-Hyun Ha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoung-Kyu%20Song"> Hyoung-Kyu Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, an adaptive cooperative scheme in the cell edge is proposed. The proposed scheme considers the location of a user and applies the suitable cooperative scheme. In cellular systems, the performance of communication is degraded if the user is located in the cell edge. In conventional scheme, two base stations are used in order to obtain diversity gain. However, the performance of communication is not sufficiently improved since the distance between each base station and a user is still distant. Therefore, we propose a scheme that the relays are used and the cooperative scheme is adaptively applied according to the user location. Through simulation results, it is confirmed that the proposed scheme has better performance than the conventional scheme. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20transmission" title="adaptive transmission">adaptive transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20communication" title=" cooperative communication"> cooperative communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diversity%20gain" title=" diversity gain"> diversity gain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OFDM" title=" OFDM"> OFDM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32518/adaptive-cooperative-scheme-considering-the-user-location" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32518.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">572</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4281</span> The Position of Cooperatives and Social Economy in Solving the Problems of Today's Society</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Abbasi">Mohammad Abbasi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cooperatives around the world, relying on the policy of mutual self-help, are a natural tool for Social and economic development, and securing the interests of local communities and social systems has changed. The social economy consists of institutions, cooperatives, bilateral organizations, and unions and associations and their activities have social and economic aspects. Due to the nature of cooperative companies, it can be claimed that all cooperatives have social and economic goals; Because every company A cooperative is formed with the aim of meeting the common needs of society members. These needs sometimes It is aimed at housing or health services, and sometimes cooperative members want to go through it Products and services, employment, and continuous income (for example, in most rural areas of Iran, needs are of this type) to have access. This article also examines the broad methods of participation of Iran's cooperatives in the economy It deals with social issues and provides innovative solutions to solve social issues and problems, and the potential for innovation and growth in using the cooperative model in order to meet economic needs and It proves the sociality of Canadians. In this article, cooperatives whose activities are mostly "social" are mentioned And the activity of many of them in cooperation with government programs in the fields of health, housing, etc. It is a kindergarten and they have proven that they have a cost-effective model in providing services. The conclusion of this discussion shows that the cooperative model for economic activity, with A hundred years of history in Iran has been able to show its value as a tool of innovation in the fields to to prove social, technological, and economic. Cooperatives with about 10 million members in Iran have shown that they are well-known and trusted by the people. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=types%20of%20cooperatives" title="types of cooperatives">types of cooperatives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20economy" title=" social economy"> social economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-governmental%20organizations" title=" non-governmental organizations"> non-governmental organizations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=justice" title=" justice"> justice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumption%20pattern" title=" consumption pattern"> consumption pattern</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191693/the-position-of-cooperatives-and-social-economy-in-solving-the-problems-of-todays-society" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191693.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">24</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4280</span> Cooperative Scheme Using Adjacent Base Stations in Wireless Communication</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young-Min%20Ko">Young-Min Ko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Jun%20Yu"> Seung-Jun Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang-Bin%20Ha"> Chang-Bin Ha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoung-Kyu%20Song"> Hyoung-Kyu Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In a wireless communication system, the failure of base station can result in a communication disruption in the cell. This paper proposes a way to deal with the failure of base station in a wireless communication system based on OFDM. Cooperative communication of the adjacent base stations can be a solution of the problem. High performance is obtained by the configuration of transmission signals which is applied CDD scheme in the cooperative communication. The Cooperative scheme can be a effective solution in case of the particular situation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=base%20station" title="base station">base station</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CDD" title=" CDD"> CDD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OFDM" title=" OFDM"> OFDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diversity%20gain" title=" diversity gain"> diversity gain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIMO" title=" MIMO"> MIMO</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43012/cooperative-scheme-using-adjacent-base-stations-in-wireless-communication" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43012.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">485</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4279</span> Improved Cooperative Communication Scheme in the Edge of Cell Coverage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Myoung-Jin%20Kim">Myoung-Jin Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yeong-Seop%20Ahn"> Yeong-Seop Ahn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyun-Jee%20Yang"> Hyun-Jee Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoung-Kyu%20Song"> Hyoung-Kyu Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper proposes the new cooperative communication scheme for the wireless communication system. When the receiver is located in the edge of coverage, the signal from the transmitter is distorted by the inter-cell interference (ICI) and power reduction by distance. In order to improve communication performance, the proposed scheme adds the relay. By using the relay, the receiver receives the signal from the transmitter and relay at the same time. Therefore, the new cooperative communication scheme obtains diversity gain and is improved by the relay. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20communication" title="cooperative communication">cooperative communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diversity%20gain" title=" diversity gain"> diversity gain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OFDM" title=" OFDM"> OFDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIMO" title=" MIMO"> MIMO</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33098/improved-cooperative-communication-scheme-in-the-edge-of-cell-coverage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33098.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">609</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4278</span> Cooperative CDD scheme Based on Adaptive Modulation in Wireless Communiation System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Jun%20Yu">Seung-Jun Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hwan-Jun%20Choi"> Hwan-Jun Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoung-Kyu%20Song"> Hyoung-Kyu Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Among spatial diversity scheme, orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC) and cyclic delay diversity (CDD) have been widely studied for the cooperative wireless relaying system. However, conventional OSTBC and CDD cannot cope with change in the number of relays owing to low throughput or error performance. In this paper, we propose a cooperative cyclic delay diversity (CDD) scheme that use hierarchical modulation at the source and adaptive modulation based on cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code at the relays. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20modulation" title="adaptive modulation">adaptive modulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20communication" title=" cooperative communication"> cooperative communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CDD" title=" CDD"> CDD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OSTBC" title=" OSTBC"> OSTBC</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3513/cooperative-cdd-scheme-based-on-adaptive-modulation-in-wireless-communiation-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3513.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">431</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4277</span> Analysis of Cooperative Hybrid ARQ with Adaptive Modulation and Coding on a Correlated Fading Channel Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Ozkan">Ibrahim Ozkan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, a cross-layer design which combines adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) techniques for a cooperative wireless network is investigated analytically. Previous analyses of such systems in the literature are confined to the case where the fading channel is independent at each retransmission, which can be unrealistic unless the channel is varying very fast. On the other hand, temporal channel correlation can have a significant impact on the performance of HARQ systems. In this study, utilizing a Markov channel model which accounts for the temporal correlation, the performance of non-cooperative and cooperative networks are investigated in terms of packet loss rate and throughput metrics for Chase combining HARQ strategy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20network" title="cooperative network">cooperative network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20modulation%20and%20coding" title=" adaptive modulation and coding"> adaptive modulation and coding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20ARQ" title=" hybrid ARQ"> hybrid ARQ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlated%20fading" title=" correlated fading"> correlated fading</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108916/analysis-of-cooperative-hybrid-arq-with-adaptive-modulation-and-coding-on-a-correlated-fading-channel-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108916.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4276</span> The Cooperative Learning Management in the Course of Principles of Mathematics for Graduate Level </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Komon%20Paisal">Komon Paisal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this research was to create collaborative learning activities in the course of Principles of Mathematics for graduate level by investigating the students’ ability in proving the mathematics principles as well as their attitudes towards the activities. The samples composed of 2 main group; lecturers and students. The lecturers consisted of 3 teachers who taught the course of Principles of Mathematics at Rajabhat Suan Sunandha Unicersity in the academic year 2012. The students consisted of 32 students joining the cooperative learning activities in the subject of Principles of Mathematics in the academic year 2012. The research tools included activity plan for cooperative learning, testing on mathematics with the reliability of 0.8067 and the attitude questionnaires reported by the students. The results showed that: 1) the efficiency of the developed cooperative learning activities was 69.76/ 68.57 which was lower than the set criteria at 70/70. 2) The students joining the cooperative learning activities were able to prove the principles of mathematics at the average of 70%. 3) The students joining the cooperative learning activities reported moderate attitude towards the activities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instructional%20design" title="instructional design">instructional design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pedagogical" title=" pedagogical"> pedagogical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teaching%20strategies" title=" teaching strategies"> teaching strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20strategies" title=" learning strategies"> learning strategies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3883/the-cooperative-learning-management-in-the-course-of-principles-of-mathematics-for-graduate-level" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3883.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">272</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4275</span> Integrating Cooperative Education Experience into Engineering Curriculum: An Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robin%20Lok-Wang%20Ma">Robin Lok-Wang Ma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Center/Unit for Industry Engagement and Collaboration, as well as Internship, play a significant role at university. In general, the Center serves as the official interface between the industry and the School or Department to cultivate students’ early exposure to professional experience. The missions of the Center are not limited to provide a communication channel and collaborative platform for the industries and the university but also to assist students to build up their career paths early while still in the university. In recent years, a cooperative education experience (commonly known as a co-op) has been strongly advocated for students to make the school-to-work transition. The nature of the co-op program is not only consistent with the internships/final year design projects, but it is also more industrial-oriented with academic support from faculty at the university. The purpose of this paper is to describe an approach to how cooperative education experience can be integrated into Engineering Curriculum. It provides a mutual understanding and exchange of ideas for the approach between the university and the industry. A suggested format in terms of timeline, duration, selection of candidates, students, and companies’ expectations for the co-op program is described. Also, feedbacks from employers/industries show that a longer-term co-op program is well suited for students compared with a short-term internship. To this end, it provides a new insight into collaboration and/or partnership between the university and the industries to prepare professional work-ready graduates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20education" title="cooperative education">cooperative education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industry" title=" industry"> industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engagement" title=" engagement"> engagement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collaboration" title=" collaboration"> collaboration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153626/integrating-cooperative-education-experience-into-engineering-curriculum-an-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153626.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">95</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4274</span> Cost Benefit Analysis of Adoption of Climate Change Adaptation Options among Rural Rice Farmers in Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niranjan%20Devkota">Niranjan Devkota </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ram%20Kumar%20Phuya"> Ram Kumar Phuya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Durga%20Lal%20Shreshta"> Durga Lal Shreshta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper estimates cost and benefit of adoption of climate change adaptation options available to the rural rice farmers of Nepal. Adoption of adaptation strategies, intensity of use of adaptation options, identification of labor and non-labor cost and finally per unit cost and benefit analysis of climate change adaptation were made. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to source respondents for the study and used structured questionnaire techniques to collect data from 773 households from seven districts; 3 from Terai and 4 from Hilly region of Nepal. The result revealed that there are 13 major adaptation options rice farmers practice in order to protect themselves from climatic risk. Among the given adaptation options, the first three popular adaptation options practiced by rice farmers are (i) increasing use of chemical fertilizer (60.93%) (ii) use of climate smart verities (49.29%) and (iii) change in nursery date (32.08%). Adaptation cost is obvious, based on that, the first three costly adaptation options are the alternative irrigation practice which incurred average cost of US $69.95 (US$ 1 = 102.84 Nepalese Rupees) followed by a denser plantation of local seeds ($ 20.69) and using climate smart varieties ($ 18.06). 88% farmers practiced more than one adaptation strategies on the same farm with the aim of reducing the effect of extreme climatic conditions. Total cost and revenue revealed that per unit total cost ranges from $28.34 to $32.79 whereas per unit total revenue ranges $33.4 to $49.02. Surprisingly, it is observed that farmers who do not adopt any adaptation options are able to receive highest income from per unit production. As Net Present Value (NPV) is positive and Benefit Cost Ration (BCR) is greater than one for every adaptation options that indicates the available adaptation options are profitable to the rice farmers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title="climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptation%20options" title=" adaptation options"> adaptation options</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20benefit%20analysis" title=" cost benefit analysis"> cost benefit analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20rice%20farmers" title=" rural rice farmers"> rural rice farmers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title=" Nepal"> Nepal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81059/cost-benefit-analysis-of-adoption-of-climate-change-adaptation-options-among-rural-rice-farmers-in-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81059.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">262</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4273</span> Impact of Vehicle Travel Characteristics on Level of Service: A Comparative Analysis of Rural and Urban Freeways</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anwaar%20Ahmed">Anwaar Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Bilal%20Khurshid"> Muhammad Bilal Khurshid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20Labi"> Samuel Labi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effect of trucks on the level of service is determined by considering passenger car equivalents (PCE) of trucks. The current version of Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) uses a single PCE value for all tucks combined. However, the composition of truck traffic varies from location to location; therefore a single PCE-value for all trucks may not correctly represent the impact of truck traffic at specific locations. Consequently, present study developed separate PCE values for single-unit and combination trucks to replace the single value provided in the HCM on different freeways. Site specific PCE values, were developed using concept of spatial lagging headways (the distance from the rear bumper of a leading vehicle to the rear bumper of the following vehicle) measured from field traffic data. The study used data from four locations on a single urban freeway and three different rural freeways in Indiana. Three-stage-least-squares (3SLS) regression techniques were used to generate models that predicted lagging headways for passenger cars, single unit trucks (SUT), and combination trucks (CT). The estimated PCE values for single-unit and combination truck for basic urban freeways (level terrain) were: 1.35 and 1.60, respectively. For rural freeways the estimated PCE values for single-unit and combination truck were: 1.30 and 1.45, respectively. As expected, traffic variables such as vehicle flow rates and speed have significant impacts on vehicle headways. Study results revealed that the use of separate PCE values for different truck classes can have significant influence on the LOS estimation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=level%20of%20service" title="level of service">level of service</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacity%20analysis" title=" capacity analysis"> capacity analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lagging%20headway" title=" lagging headway"> lagging headway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trucks" title=" trucks"> trucks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10791/impact-of-vehicle-travel-characteristics-on-level-of-service-a-comparative-analysis-of-rural-and-urban-freeways" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10791.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">355</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4272</span> The Extent of Rural Women’s Awareness of Gender Issues and Discrimination Against Woman</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norhan%20Anwar%20Elshikh">Norhan Anwar Elshikh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study aimed to identify the extent of rural women’s awareness of gender issues and discrimination against women. The study also investigated the relationship between the extent of that awareness and the social and economic characteristics of the surveyed women. The study aimed to find both the related factors and the affecting factors of the surveyed women's awareness of gender issues and the discrimination against them. The study then proposed some recommendations that can raise rural women's ability to understand gender issues and discrimination against women. To achieve the study goals, a field study was conducted in the Al-Buhaira governorate. Abu Homs township was chosen as one of the traditional rural areas closest in its characteristics to most rural areas in Egypt, and the Abu Homs township consists of one town and seven rural local units. The local unit of Baraka Ghattas was chosen, as it is considered on average level in human development. Baraka Ghattas local unit includes five villages. Alherfah village and Barakat Ghatas village were chosen to conduct the study as they represent the high and the low levels of human development, respectively. The study included households of women who were in their fertile period in the sample’s villages. The volume of the sample was divided among the two villages according to the number of families in each village, so that each village is represented in the sample space by the same percentage of its presence in the original community. The size of the sample was determined, which is 385 women, According to the Crijsey and Morgen equation. To execute the study, a questionnaire was designed and collected through personal interviews. The results showed that the independent variables most influencing the dependent variable are, from high to low, the economic level of the respondent's family, the number of children of the respondent, the level of formal education of the husband, then leadership ability and the level of ambition, respectively. These variables are responsible for explaining 52% of the change in the extent of rural women's awareness of gender issues and discrimination against women. The study was concluded by providing suggestions and recommendations to improve rural women's awareness of gender issues and discrimination against women. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title="gender">gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20women" title=" rural women"> rural women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrimination" title=" discrimination"> discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrimination%20against%20women" title=" discrimination against women"> discrimination against women</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186415/the-extent-of-rural-womens-awareness-of-gender-issues-and-discrimination-against-woman" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186415.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">42</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4271</span> An Improved Cooperative Communication Scheme for IoT System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eui-Hak%20Lee">Eui-Hak Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae-Hyun%20Ro"> Jae-Hyun Ro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoung-Kyu%20Song"> Hyoung-Kyu Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In internet of things (IoT) system, the communication scheme with reliability and low power is required to connect a terminal. Cooperative communication can achieve reliability and lower power than multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. Cooperative communication increases the reliability with low power, but decreases a throughput. It has a weak point that the communication throughput is decreased. In this paper, a novel scheme is proposed to increase the communication throughput. The novel scheme is a transmission structure that increases transmission rate. And a decoding scheme according to the novel transmission structure is proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme increases the throughput without bit error rate (BER) performance degradation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20communication" title="cooperative communication">cooperative communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IoT" title=" IoT"> IoT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STBC" title=" STBC"> STBC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmission%20rate" title=" transmission rate"> transmission rate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32937/an-improved-cooperative-communication-scheme-for-iot-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32937.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">396</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4270</span> Rural Electrification in India-Challenges and Solutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Chandhra%20Sekhar">P. Chandhra Sekhar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20A.%20Deshpande"> R. A. Deshpande</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Raghunatha"> T. Raghunatha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The government of India has given special attention on rural electrification under Rajiv Gandhi Grameena Vidyuthikarana Yojana (RGGVY) during 10th plan and 11th plan. Government of India electrified about 107523 villages and 21164003 BPL Households. This paper briefs about various rural electrification programs initiated by government of India and status of RGGVY in India. The paper mainly describes about challenges in the rural electrification, new ideas recently implemented and suggestions for improvement in the rural electrification. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20electrification" title="rural electrification">rural electrification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RGGVY" title=" RGGVY"> RGGVY</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NJY" title=" NJY"> NJY</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BPL" title=" BPL"> BPL</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2255/rural-electrification-in-india-challenges-and-solutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2255.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4269</span> The Maldistribution of Doctors and the Responsibility of Medical Education: A Literature Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Catherine%20Bernard">Catherine Bernard</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The maldistribution of clinicians within countries is well documented. It is a common theme throughout the world that rural areas often struggle to recruit and retain health workers resulting in inadequate healthcare for many. This paper will concentrate on the responsibilities that medical schools may have in addressing this shortage of rural health workers. Recommendations are made with regards to targeted rural student admissions, rurally-based medical schools, rural clinical rotations and a curriculum orientated towards rural health issues. The evidence gathered suggests that individual factors are positive in encouraging health workers to practice in rural locations. However, there is strength in numbers, and combining all the recommendations will likely result in a synergistic effect, thereby increasing numbers of rural health workers and achieving accessible healthcare for those living in rural populations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20education" title="medical education">medical education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20education%20design" title=" medical education design"> medical education design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20health" title=" public health"> public health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20health" title=" rural health "> rural health </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85021/the-maldistribution-of-doctors-and-the-responsibility-of-medical-education-a-literature-review" class="btn btn-primary 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