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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranbir_Singh" title="Ranbir Singh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ranbir Singh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranbir_Singh" title="Ranbir Singh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ranbir Singh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="महाराज रणबीर सिंह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महाराज रणबीर सिंह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranbir_Singh" title="Ranbir Singh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ranbir Singh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%90%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF%DA%BE" title="مہاراجا رنبیٖر سِنٛگھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مہاراجا رنبیٖر سِنٛگھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="महाराजा रणबीर सिंह – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="महाराजा रणबीर सिंह" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ランビール・シング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ランビール・シング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98" title="ਮਹਾਰਾਜਾ ਰਣਬੀਰ ਸਿੰਘ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਾਰਾਜਾ ਰਣਬੀਰ ਸਿੰਘ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE" title="رنبیر سنگھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رنبیر سنگھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%85" title="Ранбир Сингх – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ранбир Сингх" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="ரண்பீர் சிங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரண்பீர் சிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D1%85" title="Ранбір Сінґх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ранбір Сінґх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE_(%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%81)" title="رنبیر سنگھ (مہاراجہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رنبیر سنگھ (مہاراجہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir from 1856–1885</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Ranbir Singh</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharajah_Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Maharajah_Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.jpg/220px-Maharajah_Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Maharajah_Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.jpg/330px-Maharajah_Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Maharajah_Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.jpg/440px-Maharajah_Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Maharaja_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir">Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">20 February 1856 – 12 September 1885</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir">Pratap Singh</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1830-08-00</span>)</span>August 1830<br /><a href="/wiki/Ramgarh,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Ramgarh, Jammu and Kashmir">Ramgarh</a>, (present-day <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 September 1885<span style="display:none">(1885-09-12)</span> (aged 55)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir">Pratap Singh</a> and 5 others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dogra_dynasty" title="Dogra dynasty">Rajput</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Rani Rakwal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERai2004115_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERai2004115-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ranbir Singh</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">GCIE</a></span></span> (August 1830 – 12 September 1885) was <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir">Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir</a> from 1856 until his death in 1885. </p><p>Ranbir Singh was the third son of <a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> state. Ranbir Singh ascended the throne in 1856 after Gulab Singh's abdication due to his poor health. Unlike European women and children, Indian mutineers were not allowed to take refuge in his state. He also sent his troops to help the British to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">besiege Delhi</a>. He was subsequently rewarded for his behaviour during the mutiny. He went on to annex <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> which had previously witnessed a rebellion against the state. The princely states of <a href="/wiki/Hunza_(princely_state)" title="Hunza (princely state)">Hunza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagar_(princely_state)" title="Nagar (princely state)">Nagar</a> started paying tributes to Jammu and Kashmir during his reign. He also established a modern judicial system. Civil and criminal laws were compiled into the <a href="/wiki/Ranbir_Penal_Code" title="Ranbir Penal Code">Ranbir Penal Code</a> during his reign. Ranbir Singh was a scholar of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> languages and had many books translated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Suchet_Singh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Raja_Suchet_Singh.jpg/150px-Raja_Suchet_Singh.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Raja_Suchet_Singh.jpg/224px-Raja_Suchet_Singh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Raja_Suchet_Singh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Raja Suchet Singh, the issueless uncle of Ranbir Singh whom adopted him</figcaption></figure> <p>Singh was born at <a href="/wiki/Ramgarh,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Ramgarh, Jammu and Kashmir">Ramgarh, Jammu and Kashmir</a> in August 1830. He was the third son of Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_Times_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_Times-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198537_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharak198537-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother Rakwal Maharani was the first wife of Gulab Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198537_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharak198537-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ranbir Singh was adopted by Raja Suchet Singh, his childless uncle,<sup id="cite_ref-DE_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inherited all his <i><a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagirs</a></i> upon his death in 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198528_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharak198528-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ranbir Singh's father Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a> suffered from <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>. With his health deteriorating, he decided to abdicate in early 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakshi1998222_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakshi1998222-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Ranbir Singh ascended the throne of Jammu and Kashmir on 20 February 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-DE_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gulab Singh was appointed governor of Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakshi1998222_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakshi1998222-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sepoy_Mutiny">Sepoy Mutiny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sepoy Mutiny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1857, the <a href="/wiki/Sepoy_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepoy Mutiny">Sepoy Mutiny</a>, an uprising against the British rule broke mainly in present-day <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. Under the leadership of Ranbir and Gulab Singh, the state allied with the British. They sent money to the British troops stationed at <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>. The mutineers were not allowed to take asylum in the state, which bordered the then British India. British women and children took refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir valley">Kashmir valley</a>. After the death of Gulab Singh, Ranbir Singh sent a battalion of Jammu and Kashmiri soldiers to help the British to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">besiege Delhi</a>. He was subsequently rewarded for his loyalty to the British. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar</a> was amended in 1860 and a new provision was inserted which allowed a Dogra ruler to adopt a child from a collateral branch of the family. Previously, according to the treaty, the state would have been annexed by the British if a ruler did not have a natural heir. He was also rewarded with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Most Exalted Order of the Star of India</a> in 1862. His <a href="/wiki/Gun_salute" title="Gun salute">gun salute</a> was increased from 19 to 21 guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchofield20039_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchofield20039-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annexation_of_Gilgit">Annexation of Gilgit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Annexation of Gilgit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Return_visit_of_the_Viceroy_to_the_Maharaja_of_Cashmere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Return_visit_of_the_Viceroy_to_the_Maharaja_of_Cashmere.jpg/250px-Return_visit_of_the_Viceroy_to_the_Maharaja_of_Cashmere.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Return_visit_of_the_Viceroy_to_the_Maharaja_of_Cashmere.jpg/375px-Return_visit_of_the_Viceroy_to_the_Maharaja_of_Cashmere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Return_visit_of_the_Viceroy_to_the_Maharaja_of_Cashmere.jpg/500px-Return_visit_of_the_Viceroy_to_the_Maharaja_of_Cashmere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3997" data-file-height="2799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lord_Canning" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Canning">Lord Canning</a> meets Maharaja Ranbir Singh, March 9, 1860.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the final years of Gulab Singh's reign, a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> caused heavy casualties to the Dogra troops. In 1860, Ranbir Singh sent his army under the leadership of Colonel Devi Singh Narania, Colonel Bijai Singh and General Hoshiara Singh to Gilgit. They successfully recaptured Gilgit. By the end of 1870, the states of <a href="/wiki/Hunza_(princely_state)" title="Hunza (princely state)">Hunza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagar_(princely_state)" title="Nagar (princely state)">Nagar</a> started paying tributes to Jammu and Kashmir. In return, they received an annual subsidy.<sup id="cite_ref-DE_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchofield200311_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchofield200311-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms">Reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ranbir Singh established a modern judicial system. Civil and criminal laws were written and consolidated into the <a href="/wiki/Ranbir_Penal_Code" title="Ranbir Penal Code">Ranbir Penal Code</a> which were followed in the Indian part of Jammu and Kashmir. Now it has been removed as the Parliament of India has passed the bill to scrap provisions of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution on 5 August 2019. The judicial system was handed over to the executive officers. Separate prisons were built for political prisoners. Ranbir Singh organized two <i><a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">durbars</a></i> in a day in which he heard petitions.<sup id="cite_ref-DE_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ranbir Singh founded separate departments for foreign affairs, home affairs, civil affairs and army.<sup id="cite_ref-DE_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded a silk factory in the state. He also promoted its trade. The <i><a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">shawl</a></i> industry flourished during his reign which provided employment and a minimum income to his subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaina2014305_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaina2014305-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_a_Resident">Opposition to a Resident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opposition to a Resident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As per the Treaty of Amritsar, there was no provision for the appointment of a <a href="/wiki/Resident_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident (title)">Resident</a> in the state. With the appointment of an Officer-on-Special-Duty in 1851, the idea of appointing a Resident started dominating amongst the British government. In 1873, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_George_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Northbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas George Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook">The Lord Northbrook</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a> wrote to Ranbir Singh about a proposal to appoint a British Resident in Kashmir. However, Singh rejected such a proposal. He submitted a memorandum and reminded the services of Gulab Singh to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYasin198422_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYasin198422-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also reminded the British that unlike most of the monarchs of princely states, he refused to take any <i><a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagir</a></i> as a gift in lieu of his services during the Sepoy Mutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYasin198423_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYasin198423-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="float:right;clear:right"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_Shrines_for_Gulab_Singh_and_Ranbir_Singh,_Jammu,_India,_ca.1875-ca.1940_(imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS10-008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Memorial_Shrines_for_Gulab_Singh_and_Ranbir_Singh%2C_Jammu%2C_India%2C_ca.1875-ca.1940_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS10-008%29.jpg/220px-Memorial_Shrines_for_Gulab_Singh_and_Ranbir_Singh%2C_Jammu%2C_India%2C_ca.1875-ca.1940_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS10-008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Memorial_Shrines_for_Gulab_Singh_and_Ranbir_Singh%2C_Jammu%2C_India%2C_ca.1875-ca.1940_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS10-008%29.jpg/330px-Memorial_Shrines_for_Gulab_Singh_and_Ranbir_Singh%2C_Jammu%2C_India%2C_ca.1875-ca.1940_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS10-008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Memorial_Shrines_for_Gulab_Singh_and_Ranbir_Singh%2C_Jammu%2C_India%2C_ca.1875-ca.1940_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS10-008%29.jpg/440px-Memorial_Shrines_for_Gulab_Singh_and_Ranbir_Singh%2C_Jammu%2C_India%2C_ca.1875-ca.1940_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS10-008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4855" data-file-height="4863" /></a><figcaption>Memorial shrines at Jammu for Gulab Singh and Ranbir Singh, about 1910</figcaption></figure></div> <p>In 1882, Ranbir Singh wrote to the British government and requested them to nominate his younger son Amar Singh as his successor. He felt that Amar Singh was more wise than his siblings - <a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir">Pratap Singh</a> and Ram Singh. On 12 September 1885, Ranbir Singh died. Governor-general <a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">The Lord Ripon</a> announced that Pratap Singh would succeed him. In return, Pratap Singh yielded to the British demand of appointing a Resident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYasin198425_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYasin198425-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interests">Interests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ranbir Singh followed the footsteps of <a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin_the_Great" title="Zayn al-Abidin the Great">Zain-ul-Abidin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avantivarman_(Utpala_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avantivarman (Utpala dynasty)">Avantivarman</a>, who were former rulers of Kashmir. He employed <i><a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">pandits</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mawlawi_(Islamic_title)" title="Mawlawi (Islamic title)">maulvis</a></i> to translate and transliterate religious texts. <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stein" title="Aurel Stein">Sir Aurel Stein</a> catalogued 5,000 such works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakshi199888_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakshi199888-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides religious books, books on medical sciences were also translated into <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalla198580_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalla198580-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ranbir Singh was a scholar of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> languages. He was also fond of speaking <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>. He conversed with his Afghan bodyguards in Pashto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalla198576_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalla198576-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established a Sanskrit <i>pathshaala</i> in the complex of the <a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Temple" title="Raghunath Temple">Raghunath Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranveer_Sanskrit_Vidyalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranveer Sanskrit Vidyalaya">Ranveer Sanskrit Vidyalaya</a> in Varanasi.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grammar, philosophy, poetry, algebra, Euclidean geometry and <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> were taught in it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalla198577_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalla198577-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Ranbir Singh received semi-formal education, he was interested in spreading education amongst the masses. He donated <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>100,000</span> (equivalent to <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>54 million or US$650,000 in 2023) to <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">University of the Punjab</a> at the time of its establishment in 1882. In return he was made the first fellow of the university. Ranbir Singh frequently met scholars of various subjects and discussed the subjects with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalla198577_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalla198577-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1843, Ranbir Singh married Subh Devi Sahiba, the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">raja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Siba_State" title="Siba State">Siba State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198552_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharak198552-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1848, he married a princess of Bilaspur state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198552_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharak198552-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1871, he married for a third time to Charak Maharani Krishna Devi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198552_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharak198552-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1880, he married twice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198552_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharak198552-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Singh had six children including four sons: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Mother</th> <th>Born</th> <th>Died</th> <th>Children </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir">Pratap Singh</a></td> <td>Subh Devi Sahiba</td> <td>18 July 1848</td> <td>23 September 1925</td> <td>One son, one daughter </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sir Ram Singh</td> <td>Kahluriya Maharani</td> <td>31 May 1861</td> <td>22 June 1899</td> <td>Bahawal Singh, Narayan Singh, one daughter </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sir Amar Singh</td> <td>Subh Devi Sahiba</td> <td>14 January 1864</td> <td>26 March 1909</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh" title="Hari Singh">Hari Singh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lakshman Singh</td> <td>Krishna Devi</td> <td>1870</td> <td>September 1875</td> <td>None </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198552–53_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharak198552–53-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERai2004115-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERai2004115_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRai2004">Rai 2004</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Early_Times-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Early_Times_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSingh2018" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Jamwal Mahadeep (7 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlytimesnews.com/newsdet.aspx?q=241931">"J&K - "Betwixt, March 16, 1846 & October 30, 1947"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Early Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J%26K+-+%22Betwixt%2C+March+16%2C+1846+%26+October+30%2C+1947%22&rft.pub=Early+Times&rft.date=2018-09-07&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jamwal+Mahadeep&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlytimesnews.com%2Fnewsdet.aspx%3Fq%3D241931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanbir+Singh+of+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharak198537-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198537_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198537_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharak1985">Charak 1985</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DE-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DE_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DE_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DE_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DE_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DE_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/remembering-ranbir-singh/">"Remembering Ranbir Singh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Excelsior" title="Daily Excelsior">Daily Excelsior</a>. 12 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+Ranbir+Singh&rft.pub=Daily+Excelsior&rft.date=2018-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyexcelsior.com%2Fremembering-ranbir-singh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanbir+Singh+of+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharak198528-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198528_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharak1985">Charak 1985</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakshi1998222-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakshi1998222_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakshi1998222_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakshi1998">Bakshi 1998</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchofield20039-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchofield20039_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield2003">Schofield 2003</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchofield200311-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchofield200311_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield2003">Schofield 2003</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaina2014305-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaina2014305_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaina2014">Raina 2014</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYasin198422-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYasin198422_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYasin1984">Yasin 1984</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYasin198423-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYasin198423_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYasin1984">Yasin 1984</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYasin198425-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYasin198425_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYasin1984">Yasin 1984</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakshi199888-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakshi199888_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakshi1998">Bakshi 1998</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalla198580-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalla198580_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalla1985">Kalla 1985</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalla198576-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalla198576_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalla1985">Kalla 1985</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.bhu.ac.in/Site/Page/1_3361_6471_Sri-Ranveer-Sanskrit-Vidyalaya-History#:~:text=Sri%20Ranveer%20Singh%20(Maharaja,%20Jammu%20Kashmir">"Banaras Hindu University, [BHU], Varanasi-221005, U.P., India. - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India"</a>. <i>new.bhu.ac.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=new.bhu.ac.in&rft.atitle=Banaras+Hindu+University%2C+%5BBHU%5D%2C+Varanasi-221005%2C+U.P.%2C+India.+-+Banaras+Hindu+University%2C+Varanasi%2C+India.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.bhu.ac.in%2FSite%2FPage%2F1_3361_6471_Sri-Ranveer-Sanskrit-Vidyalaya-History%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSri%2520Ranveer%2520Singh%2520%28Maharaja%2C%2520Jammu%2520Kashmir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanbir+Singh+of+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalla198577-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalla198577_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalla198577_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalla1985">Kalla 1985</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharak198552-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198552_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198552_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198552_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198552_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharak1985">Charak 1985</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharak198552–53-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharak198552–53_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharak1985">Charak 1985</a>, p. 52–53.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakshi1998" class="citation cs2">Bakshi, S.R. (1998), <i>Kashmir History and People</i>, New Delhi: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarup_and_Sons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarup and Sons (page does not exist)">Sarup and Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8185431965" title="Special:BookSources/8185431965"><bdi>8185431965</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir+History+and+People&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sarup+and+Sons&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=8185431965&rft.aulast=Bakshi&rft.aufirst=S.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanbir+Singh+of+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharak1985" class="citation cs2">Charak, Sukhdev Singh (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnaorg.com/books/english/maharaja-ranbir-singh/book.php?fldr=book"><i>Life and times of Maharaja Ranbir Singh, 1830-1885</i></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jay_and_Kay_Book_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jay and Kay Book House (page does not exist)">Jay and Kay Book House</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+times+of+Maharaja+Ranbir+Singh%2C+1830-1885&rft.pub=Jay+and+Kay+Book+House&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Charak&rft.aufirst=Sukhdev+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnaorg.com%2Fbooks%2Fenglish%2Fmaharaja-ranbir-singh%2Fbook.php%3Ffldr%3Dbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanbir+Singh+of+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalla1985" class="citation cs2">Kalla, Krishan Lal (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzozRa9wJ9kC&q=ranbir+singh+one+lakh+university"><i>The Literary Heritage of Kashmir</i></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mittal_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mittal Publications (page does not exist)">Mittal Publications</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Heritage+of+Kashmir&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Kalla&rft.aufirst=Krishan+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmzozRa9wJ9kC%26q%3Dranbir%2Bsingh%2Bone%2Blakh%2Buniversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanbir+Singh+of+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasin1984" class="citation cs2">Yasin, Madhvi (1984), <i>British Paramountcy in Kashmir, 1876-1894</i>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171560790" title="Special:BookSources/9788171560790"><bdi>9788171560790</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Paramountcy+in+Kashmir%2C+1876-1894&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9788171560790&rft.aulast=Yasin&rft.aufirst=Madhvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanbir+Singh+of+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRai2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mridu_Rai" title="Mridu Rai">Rai, Mridu</a> (2004), <i>Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Hurst & Co">C. Hurst & Co</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850656614" title="Special:BookSources/1850656614"><bdi>1850656614</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Rulers%2C+Muslim+Subjects%3A+Islam%2C+Rights%2C+and+the+History+of+Kashmir&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1850656614&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=Mridu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanbir+Singh+of+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaina2014" class="citation book cs1">Raina, Mohini Qasba (2014). <i>Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People</i>. <a href="/wiki/Partridge_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Partridge Publishing">Partridge Publishing</a> Singapore. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781482899450" title="Special:BookSources/9781482899450"><bdi>9781482899450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashur+The+Kashmiri+Speaking+People&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Partridge+Publishing+Singapore&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781482899450&rft.aulast=Raina&rft.aufirst=Mohini+Qasba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanbir+Singh+of+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Schofield" title="Victoria Schofield">Schofield, Victoria</a> (2003), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/00book584554548"><i>Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War</i></a></span>, London New York: <a href="/wiki/I.B.Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I.B.Tauris">I.B.Tauris</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860648984" title="Special:BookSources/9781860648984"><bdi>9781860648984</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir+in+Conflict%3A+India%2C+Pakistan+and+the+Unending+War&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781860648984&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F00book584554548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanbir+Singh+of+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranbir_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Dogra_dynasty" title="Dogra dynasty">Dogra dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> August 1830</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 12 September 1885</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Maharaja Gulab Singh I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir">Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir</a> </b><br />1857–1885 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir">Maharaja Pratap Singh I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jammu_and_Kashmir_state" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Template:Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Template talk:Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jammu_and_Kashmir_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maharaja_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir">Maharaja</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ranbir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh" title="Hari Singh">Hari Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Singh" title="Karan Singh">Karan Singh</a> <i>(titular)</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmir_Princely_State_CoA.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms"><img alt="Coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kashmir_Princely_State_CoA.png/50px-Kashmir_Princely_State_CoA.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kashmir_Princely_State_CoA.png/75px-Kashmir_Princely_State_CoA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kashmir_Princely_State_CoA.png/100px-Kashmir_Princely_State_CoA.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3694970#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3694970#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3694970#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000025316563">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/58046956">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/167275/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmy3kRfqr4JhJmvxPqCwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85108091">United 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