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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Cellular anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cellular_anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deep_nuclei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_nuclei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Deep nuclei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_nuclei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cortical_layers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cortical_layers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Cortical layers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cortical_layers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Molecular_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Molecular layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purkinje_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purkinje_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Purkinje layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purkinje_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Granular_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Granular_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Granular layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Granular_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_cerebral_cortex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_cerebral_cortex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Relationship with cerebral cortex</span> 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Structures in the cerebellum, a part of the brain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the anatomy of the Cerebellum. For function and physiology, see <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellum</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Cerebellum</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray677.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gray677.png/250px-Gray677.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gray677.png/375px-Gray677.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Gray677.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="370" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Drawing of the human brain, showing cerebellum and <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray704.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray704.png/250px-Gray704.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray704.png/375px-Gray704.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray704.png/500px-Gray704.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="416" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Mid-sagittal_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-sagittal plane">Vertical midline</a> cross-section of the human cerebellum, showing folding pattern of the cortex, and interior structures</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metencephalon" title="Metencephalon">Metencephalon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_artery" title="Superior cerebellar artery">SCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anterior_inferior_cerebellar_artery" title="Anterior inferior cerebellar artery">AICA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Posterior_inferior_cerebellar_artery" title="Posterior inferior cerebellar artery">PICA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior cerebellar veins">Superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior cerebellar veins">inferior</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_1489">birnlex_1489</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.07.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.07.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5788">5788</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4752310" class="extiw" title="d:Q4752310">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>anatomy of the cerebellum</b> can be viewed at three levels. At the level of <a href="/wiki/Gross_anatomy" title="Gross anatomy">gross anatomy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> consists of a tightly folded and crumpled layer of <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar cortex">cortex</a>, with white matter underneath, several deep nuclei embedded in the white matter, and a fluid-filled ventricle in the middle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the intermediate level, the cerebellum and its auxiliary structures can be broken down into several hundred or thousand independently functioning modules or compartments known as <a href="/wiki/Microzone" class="mw-redirect" title="Microzone">microzones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the microscopic level, each module consists of the same small set of neuronal elements, laid out with a highly stereotyped geometry.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gross_anatomy">Gross anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gross anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The human cerebellum is located at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>, with the large mass of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a> above it, and the portion of the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a> in front of it. It is separated from the overlying cerebrum by a <a href="/wiki/Dura_mater#Folds_and_reflections" title="Dura mater">layer of tough dura mater</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_tentorium" title="Cerebellar tentorium">cerebellar tentorium</a>; all of its connections with other parts of the brain travel through the pons. Anatomists classify the cerebellum as part of the <a href="/wiki/Metencephalon" title="Metencephalon">metencephalon</a>, which also includes the pons; the metencephalon in turn is the upper part of the <a href="/wiki/Rhombencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombencephalon">rhombencephalon</a> or "hindbrain". Like the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres; it also contains a narrow midline zone called the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_vermis" title="Cerebellar vermis">vermis</a>. A set of large folds are conventionally used to divide the overall structure into ten smaller <b>lobules</b>. </p><p>Because of its large number of tiny <a href="/wiki/Granule_cell" title="Granule cell">granule cells</a>, the cerebellum contains more <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> than the rest of the brain put together, but it only takes up 10% of total brain volume.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cerebellum receives nearly 200 million input fibers; in contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerve</a> is composed of a mere one million fibers. </p><p>The bulk of the cerebellum is made up of a very tightly folded layer of <a href="/wiki/Gray_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray matter">gray matter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar cortex">cerebellar cortex</a>. It has been estimated that if the human cerebellar cortex could be completely unfolded it would give rise to a layer of neural tissue about 1 meter long and 10 centimeters wide—a total surface area of 500-1000 square cm,<sup id="cite_ref-Lyu_Wu_Huynh_Ahmad_2024_p._4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyu_Wu_Huynh_Ahmad_2024_p.-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all packed within a volume of 100-150 cubic cm.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Underneath the gray matter of the cortex lies <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a>, made up largely of myelinated nerve fibers running to and from the cortex. The white matter of the cerebellum is known as the <a href="/wiki/Arbor_vitae_(anatomy)" title="Arbor vitae (anatomy)">arbor vitae</a> (tree of life) because of its branched, tree-like appearance. Embedded within this are four <a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebellar_nuclei" title="Deep cerebellar nuclei">deep cerebellar nuclei</a>. </p><p>The cerebellum can be divided according to three different criteria: gross anatomical, phylogenetical, and functional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gross_anatomical_divisions">Gross anatomical divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gross anatomical divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On gross inspection, three lobes can be distinguished in the cerebellum: the <a href="/wiki/Flocculonodular_lobe" title="Flocculonodular lobe">flocculonodular lobe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_lobe_of_cerebellum" title="Anterior lobe of cerebellum">anterior lobe</a> (rostral to the "primary fissure"), and the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_lobe_of_cerebellum" title="Posterior lobe of cerebellum">posterior lobe</a> (dorsal to the "primary fissure"). The latter two can be further divided in a midline <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_vermis" title="Cerebellar vermis">cerebellar vermis</a> and lateral cerebellar hemispheres. </p> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CerebellumRegions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/CerebellumRegions.jpg" decoding="async" width="309" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Figure 3: Cerebellum and surrounding regions; sagittal view of one hemisphere. A: <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">Midbrain</a>. B: <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">Pons</a>. C: <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">Medulla</a>. D: <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a>. E: <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">Fourth ventricle</a>. F: <a href="/wiki/Arbor_vitae_(anatomy)" title="Arbor vitae (anatomy)"><i>Arbor vitae</i></a>. G: <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_tonsils" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar tonsils">Tonsil</a>. H: Anterior lobe. I: Posterior lobe.</figcaption></figure></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CerebellumDiv.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CerebellumDiv.png/380px-CerebellumDiv.png" decoding="async" width="380" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CerebellumDiv.png/570px-CerebellumDiv.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CerebellumDiv.png/760px-CerebellumDiv.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Figure 4: Schematic representation of the major anatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum. Superior view of an "unrolled" cerebellum, placing the vermis in one plane.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions">Phylogenetic and functional divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phylogenetic and functional divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cerebellum can also be divided in three parts based on both <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> criteria (the evolutionary age of each part) and on functional criteria (the incoming and outgoing connections each part has and the role played in normal cerebellar function). From the phylogenetically oldest to the newest, the three parts are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Functional denomination</b> (<i>phylogenetic denomination)</i></td> <td><b>Anatomical parts</b></td> <td><b>Role</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Vestibulocerebellum</b> <i>(Archicerebellum)</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flocculonodular_lobe" title="Flocculonodular lobe">Flocculonodular lobe</a> (and immediately adjacent vermis)</td> <td>The vestibulocerebellum regulates balance and eye movements. It receives <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular</a> input from both the <a href="/wiki/Semicircular_canals" title="Semicircular canals">semicircular canals</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a>, and sends fibres back to the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei. It also receives <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual</a> input from the <a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculi" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior colliculi">superior colliculi</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a> (the latter via the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">pontine nuclei</a>, forming a cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway). Lesions of the vestibulocerebellum cause disturbances of balance and <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a>. There is another small region, known as the <a href="/wiki/Biventer_lobule" title="Biventer lobule">biventer lobule</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Spinocerebellum</b> <i>(Paleocerebellum)</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermis">Vermis</a> and intermediate parts of the hemispheres ("paravermis")</td> <td>The spinocerebellum regulates body and limb movements. It receives <a href="/wiki/Proprioceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprioceptive">proprioception</a> input from the dorsal columns of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinocerebellar tract">spinocerebellar tract</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a>, as well as from visual and <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory</a> systems. It sends fibres to deep cerebellar nuclei (including the <a href="/wiki/Fastigial_nucleus" title="Fastigial nucleus">fastigial nucleus</a>) which in turn project to both the cerebral cortex (via <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>) and the brain stem (via <a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">reticular formation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a>), thus providing modulation of descending motor systems. The spinocerebellum contains sensory maps as it receives data on the position of various body parts in space: in particular, the vermis receives fibres from the trunk and proximal portions of limbs, while the intermediate parts of the hemispheres receive fibres from the distal portions of limbs. The spinocerebellum is able to elaborate proprioceptive input in order to anticipate the future position of a body part during the course of a movement, in a "feed forward" manner. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Cerebrocerebellum</b> <i>(Neocerebellum, Pontocerebellum)</i></td> <td>Lateral parts of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemisphere" title="Cerebellar hemisphere">hemispheres</a></td> <td>The neocerebellum is involved in planning movement and evaluates sensory information for action. It receives input exclusively from the cerebral cortex (especially the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal lobe</a>) via the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">pontine nuclei</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a>, forming cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways) and <a href="/wiki/Dentate_nucleus" title="Dentate nucleus">dentate nucleus</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>), and sends fibres mainly to the ventrolateral <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> (in turn connected to motor areas of the <a href="/wiki/Premotor_cortex" title="Premotor cortex">premotor cortex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primary_motor_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary motor area">primary motor area</a> of the cerebral cortex) and to the <a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">red nucleus</a> (in turn connected to the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">inferior olivary nucleus</a>, which links back to the cerebellar hemispheres). The neocerebellum is involved in planning movement that is about to occur<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has purely cognitive functions as well. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Much of what is understood about the functions of the cerebellum stems from careful documentation of the effects of focal lesions in human patients who have suffered from injury or disease or through animal lesion research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cellular_anatomy">Cellular anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cellular anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As explained in more detail in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum#Function" title="Cerebellum">Function</a> section, the cerebellum differs from most other brain areas in that the flow of neural signals through it is almost entirely unidirectional: there are virtually no backward connections between its neuronal elements. Thus the most logical way to describe the cellular structure is to begin with the inputs and follow the sequence of connections through to the outputs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep_nuclei">Deep nuclei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Deep nuclei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebellar_nuclei" title="Deep cerebellar nuclei">Deep cerebellar nuclei</a></div> <p>The four <a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebellar_nuclei" title="Deep cerebellar nuclei">deep nuclei of the cerebellum</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Dentate_nucleus" title="Dentate nucleus">dentate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_emboliformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleus emboliformis">emboliform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globose_nucleus" title="Globose nucleus">globose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_fastigii" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleus fastigii">fastigii</a> nuclei and they act as the main centers of communication, sending and receiving information to and from specific parts of the brain. In addition, these nuclei receive both inhibitory and excitatory signals from other parts of the brain which in turn affect the nuclei's outgoing signals.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(The globose and the emboliform nuclei make up the <a href="/wiki/Interposed_nucleus" title="Interposed nucleus">interposed nucleus</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cortical_layers">Cortical layers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cortical layers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_Microanatomy_of_Human_Cerebellar_Cortex.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Diagram_of_the_Microanatomy_of_Human_Cerebellar_Cortex.svg/300px-Diagram_of_the_Microanatomy_of_Human_Cerebellar_Cortex.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Diagram_of_the_Microanatomy_of_Human_Cerebellar_Cortex.svg/450px-Diagram_of_the_Microanatomy_of_Human_Cerebellar_Cortex.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Diagram_of_the_Microanatomy_of_Human_Cerebellar_Cortex.svg/600px-Diagram_of_the_Microanatomy_of_Human_Cerebellar_Cortex.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Figure 5: Microcircuitry of the cerebellum. Excitatory synapses are denoted by (+) and inhibitory synapses by (-). MF: <a href="/wiki/Mossy_fiber_(cerebellum)" title="Mossy fiber (cerebellum)">Mossy fiber</a>. DCN: Deep cerebellar nuclei. IO: <a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">Inferior olive</a>. CF: <a href="/wiki/Climbing_fiber" title="Climbing fiber">Climbing fiber</a>. GC: Granule cell. PF: <a href="/wiki/Parallel_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel fiber">Parallel fiber</a>. PC: <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">Purkinje cell</a>. GgC: Golgi cell. SC: Stellate cell. BC: Basket cell.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L7cerebellum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/L7cerebellum.png/300px-L7cerebellum.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/L7cerebellum.png/450px-L7cerebellum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/L7cerebellum.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Figure 6: <a href="/wiki/Confocal_laser_scanning_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Confocal laser scanning microscopy">Confocal</a> <a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">micrograph</a> from mouse cerebellum expressing green-fluorescent protein in <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Purkinje cells">Purkinje cells</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cytoarchitectonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytoarchitectonics">cytoarchitecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cellular</a> organization) of the cerebellum is highly uniform, with connections organized into a rough, <a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">three-dimensional</a> array of perpendicular <a href="/wiki/Biological_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological neural network">circuit</a> elements. This organizational uniformity makes the nerve circuitry relatively easy to study. </p><p>There are three layers to the cerebellar cortex; from outer to inner layer, these are the molecular, Purkinje, and granular layers. The function of the cerebellar cortex is essentially to modulate information flowing through the deep nuclei. The microcircuitry of the cerebellum is schematized in Figure 5. <a href="/wiki/Mossy_fiber_(cerebellum)" title="Mossy fiber (cerebellum)">Mossy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climbing_fiber" title="Climbing fiber">climbing fibers</a> carry sensorimotor information into the deep nuclei, which in turn pass it on to various premotor areas, thus regulating the <a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)" title="Gain (electronics)">gain</a> and timing of motor actions. Mossy and climbing fibers also feed this information into the cerebellar cortex, which performs various computations, resulting in the regulation of Purkinje cell firing. Purkinje neurons feed back into the deep nuclei via a potent inhibitory <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapse</a>. This synapse regulates the extent to which mossy and climbing fibers activate the deep nuclei, and thus control the ultimate effect of the cerebellum on motor function. The synaptic strength of almost every synapse in the cerebellar cortex has been shown to undergo <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_plasticity" title="Synaptic plasticity">synaptic plasticity</a>. This allows the circuitry of the cerebellar cortex to continuously adjust and fine-tune the output of the cerebellum, forming the basis of some types of motor learning and coordination. Each layer in the cerebellar cortex contains the various cell types that comprise this circuitry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Molecular_layer">Molecular layer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Molecular layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex contains two types of inhibitory <a href="/wiki/Interneuron" title="Interneuron">interneurons</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Stellate_cell" title="Stellate cell">stellate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basket_cell" title="Basket cell">basket cells</a>. It also contains the dendritic arbors of Purkinje neurons and parallel fiber tracts from the granule cells. Both stellate and basket cells form <a href="/wiki/Gamma-aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-aminobutyric acid">GABAergic</a> synapses onto Purkinje cell dendrites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Purkinje_layer">Purkinje layer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Purkinje layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The middle layer contains only one type of cell body—that of the large <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">Purkinje cell</a>. Purkinje cells are the primary integrative neurons of the cerebellar cortex and provide its sole output. Purkinje cell dendrites are large arbors with hundreds of spiny branches reaching up into the molecular layer (Fig. 6). These dendritic arbors are flat—nearly all of them lie in planes—with neighboring Purkinje arbors in parallel planes. Each parallel fiber from the granule cells runs <a href="/wiki/Orthogonality" title="Orthogonality">orthogonally</a> through these arbors, like a wire passing through many layers. Purkinje neurons are GABAergic—meaning they have inhibitory synapses—with the neurons of the deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. Each Purkinje cell receives excitatory input from 100,000 to 200,000 parallel fibers. Parallel fibers are said to be responsible for the simple (all or nothing, <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> invariant) spiking of the Purkinje cell. </p><p>Purkinje cells also receive input from the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">inferior olivary nucleus</a> via <a href="/wiki/Climbing_fiber" title="Climbing fiber">climbing fibers</a>. A good mnemonic for this interaction is the phrase "climb the other olive tree", given that climbing fibers originate from the contralateral inferior olive. In striking contrast to the 100,000-plus inputs from parallel fibers, each Purkinje cell receives input from exactly one climbing fiber; but this single fiber "climbs" the dendrites of the Purkinje cell, winding around them and making a large number of synapses as it goes. The net input is so strong that a single <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a> from a climbing fiber is capable of producing a "complex spike" in the Purkinje cell: a burst of several spikes in a row, with diminishing amplitude,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by a pause during which simple spikes are suppressed. </p><p>Just underneath the Purkinje layer are the <a href="/wiki/Lugaro_cell" title="Lugaro cell">Lugaro cells</a> whose very long dendrites travel along the boundary between the Purkinje and the granular layers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Granular_layer">Granular layer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Granular layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The innermost layer contains the cell bodies of three types of cells: the numerous and tiny <a href="/wiki/Granule_cell" title="Granule cell">granule cells</a>, the slightly larger <a href="/wiki/Unipolar_brush_cell" title="Unipolar brush cell">unipolar brush cells</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the much larger <a href="/wiki/Golgi_cell" title="Golgi cell">Golgi cells</a>. Mossy fibers enter the granular layer from their main point of origin, the pontine nuclei. These fibers form excitatory synapses with the granule cells and the cells of the deep cerebellar nuclei. The granule cells send their T-shaped axons—known as <a href="/wiki/Parallel_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel fiber">parallel fibers</a>—up into the superficial molecular layer, where they form hundreds of thousands of synapses with Purkinje cell <a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">dendrites</a>. The human cerebellum contains on the order of 60 to 80 billion granule cells, making this single <a href="/wiki/Cell_type" title="Cell type">cell type</a> by far the most numerous neuron in the brain (roughly 70% of all neurons in the brain and spinal cord, combined). Golgi cells provide inhibitory feedback to granule cells, forming a synapse with them and projecting an axon into the molecular layer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_cerebral_cortex">Relationship with cerebral cortex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relationship with cerebral cortex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Local_field_potential" title="Local field potential">local field potentials</a> of the neocortex and cerebellum oscillate coherently at (6–40 Hz) in awake behaving animals.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These appear to be under the control of output from the cerebral cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-Ros_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ros-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This output would be mediated by a pathway from layer 5/6 neurons in the neocortex through that project either to the pons or the inferior olive. If through the pons this would go to mossy fibers that synapse with granule and Golgi neurons with the granule cells then targeting Purkinje neurons via their excitatory parallel fibers. If the inferior olive it would go via excitatory climbing fiber inputs to Purkinje neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-Ros_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ros-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These return this output back to the cerebral cortex through the ventrolateral thalamus completing the loop. </p><p>The corticopontocerebellar pathway is the largest pathway associated with the cerebellum. Arising in the cerebral cortex these fibers first terminate ipsilaterally in the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">pontine nuclei</a>. Then the fibers decussate and form the middle cerebellar peduncle, terminating in the cerebellar cortex as mossy fibers. This pathway transmits signals that inform the cerebellum about the movement in progress and the upcoming movement. This helps the continuous adjustment of motor activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Gartner_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gartner-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initiation of the movement is relayed to cerebellum via the corticoreticulocerebellar pathway. Those synapse ipsilaterally in the <a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">reticular formation</a>, then via the inferior and middle peduncles into the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_vermis" title="Cerebellar vermis">cerebellar vermis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gartner_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gartner-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">motor cortex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory cortex">somatosensory cortex</a> projects onto the ipsilateral inferior and accessory olivary nuclei, then forming the <a href="/wiki/Olivocerebellar_tract" title="Olivocerebellar tract">olivocerebellar tract</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cortico-olivary_fibers" title="Cortico-olivary fibers">Cortico-olivary fibers</a> synapse bilaterally in the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">inferior olivary nucleus</a>. The order is preserved in the olivocerebellar tract projections onto the 'body maps' in the contralateral cerebellar cortex. Under resting conditions in animal experiments, groups of olivary neurons discharge synchronously at 5 to 10 Hz (impulses/s). In the cerebellar cortex, the response of Purkinje cells takes the form of complex spikes.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cerebellum send its projections back to the cerebral cortex via the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellothalamic_tract" title="Cerebellothalamic tract">Cerebellothalamic tract</a>. </p><p>The cerebellar lateral expansion, or the neocerebellum, may be associated with cognitive functions, and it is anatomically linked with the lateral <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a>. It shows greatest activity during speech, with a one-sided predominance consistent with a possible linkage (via the thalamus) with the motor speech area.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When lesions occur in the association areas linked to the cerebellum by corticopontocerebellar fibres, the cognitive affective syndrome may occur. This results in cognitive defects in the form of diminished reasoning power, inattention, grammatical errors in speech, poor spatial sense, and patchy memory loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_supply">Blood supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Blood supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CerebellumArteries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CerebellumArteries.svg/300px-CerebellumArteries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CerebellumArteries.svg/450px-CerebellumArteries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CerebellumArteries.svg/600px-CerebellumArteries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Figure 7: The three major arteries of the cerebellum: the SCA, AICA, and PICA</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerebellar_blood-flow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cerebellar_blood-flow.png/300px-Cerebellar_blood-flow.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cerebellar_blood-flow.png/450px-Cerebellar_blood-flow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cerebellar_blood-flow.png/600px-Cerebellar_blood-flow.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>Figure 8: Illustration showing regions supplied by the three cerebellar arteries.</figcaption></figure> <p>Three arteries supply blood to the cerebellum (Fig. 7): the <a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_artery" title="Superior cerebellar artery">superior cerebellar artery</a> (SCA), <a href="/wiki/Anterior_inferior_cerebellar_artery" title="Anterior inferior cerebellar artery">anterior inferior cerebellar artery</a> (AICA), and <a href="/wiki/Posterior_inferior_cerebellar_artery" title="Posterior inferior cerebellar artery">posterior inferior cerebellar artery</a> (PICA). </p><p>The SCA branches off the lateral portion of the basilar artery, just inferior to its bifurcation into the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cerebral_artery" title="Posterior cerebral artery">posterior cerebral artery</a>. Here, it wraps posteriorly around the pons (to which it also supplies blood) before reaching the cerebellum. The SCA supplies blood to most of the cerebellar cortex, the cerebellar nuclei, and the superior cerebellar peduncles.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AICA branches off the lateral portion of the basilar artery, just superior to the junction of the vertebral arteries. From its origin, it branches along the inferior portion of the pons at the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellopontine_angle" title="Cerebellopontine angle">cerebellopontine angle</a> before reaching the cerebellum. This artery supplies blood to the anterior portion of the inferior cerebellum, the middle cerebellar peduncle, and to the <a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">facial</a> (CN VII) and <a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">vestibulocochlear nerves</a> (CN VIII). Obstruction of the AICA can cause <a href="/wiki/Paresis" title="Paresis">paresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>, and loss of sensation in the face; it can also cause <a href="/wiki/Hearing_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing impairment">hearing impairment</a>. Moreover, it could cause an infarct of the cerebellopontine angle. This could lead to <a href="/wiki/Hyperacusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperacusia">hyperacusia</a> (dysfunction of the <a href="/wiki/Stapedius" class="mw-redirect" title="Stapedius">stapedius muscle</a>, innervated by <a href="/wiki/CN_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="CN VII">CN VII</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertigo (medical)">vertigo</a> (wrong interpretation from the vestibular semi-circular canal's <a href="/wiki/Endolymph" title="Endolymph">endolymph</a> acceleration caused by alteration of <a href="/wiki/CN_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="CN VIII">CN VIII</a>). </p><p>The PICA branches off the lateral portion of the vertebral arteries just inferior to their junction with the basilar artery. Before reaching the inferior surface of the cerebellum, the PICA sends branches into the medulla, supplying blood to several <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial nerve">cranial nerve</a> nuclei. In the cerebellum, the PICA supplies blood to the posterior inferior portion of the cerebellum, the inferior cerebellar peduncle, the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">nucleus ambiguus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus</a> motor nucleus, the spinal <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal</a> nucleus, the <a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">solitary nucleus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">vestibulocochlear</a> nuclei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations_among_vertebrates">Variations among vertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Variations among vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is considerable variation in the size and shape of the cerebellum in different vertebrate species. It is generally largest in <a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous fish">cartilaginous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bony_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fish">bony fish</a>, birds, and mammals, but somewhat smaller in reptiles. The large paired and convoluted lobes found in humans are typical of mammals, but the cerebellum is generally a single median lobe in other groups, and is either smooth or only slightly grooved. In mammals, the neocerebellum is the major part of the cerebellum by mass, but in other vertebrates, it is typically the spinocerebellum.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a> the cerebellum is little developed; in the latter two groups it is barely distinguishable from the brain-stem. Although the spinocerebellum is present in these groups, the primary structures are small paired nuclei corresponding to the vestibulocerebellum.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peduncles">Peduncles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Peduncles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cerebellum follows the general groups-of-three pattern found in anatomy,<sup id="cite_ref-three_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-three-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with three major input and output <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_peduncle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar peduncle">cerebellar peduncles</a> (fiber bundles). These are the <a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">superior</a> (brachium conjunctivum), <a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Middle cerebellar peduncle">middle</a> (brachium pontis), and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">inferior</a> (restiform and <a href="/wiki/Juxtarestiform_body" title="Juxtarestiform body">juxtarestiform bodies</a>) cerebellar peduncles. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Peduncle</b></td> <td><b>Description</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncles" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior cerebellar peduncles">Superior</a></td> <td>While there are some afferent fibers from the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior spinocerebellar tract">anterior spinocerebellar tract</a> that are conveyed to the anterior cerebellar lobe via this peduncle, most of the fibers are efferents. Thus, the superior cerebellar peduncle is the major output pathway of the cerebellum. Most of the efferent fibers originate within the <a href="/wiki/Dentate_nucleus" title="Dentate nucleus">dentate nucleus</a> which in turn project to various <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> structures including the <a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">red nucleus</a>, the ventral lateral/ventral anterior nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dentatorubrothalamocortical" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentatorubrothalamocortical">dentatorubrothalamocortical</a> (dentate nucleus > <a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">red nucleus</a> > <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> > <a href="/wiki/Premotor_cortex" title="Premotor cortex">premotor cortex</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cerebellothalamocortical" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellothalamocortical">cerebellothalamocortical</a> (cerebellum > thalamus > premotor cortex) pathways are two major pathways that pass through this peduncle and are important in <a href="/wiki/Motor_planning" title="Motor planning">motor planning</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncles" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle cerebellar peduncles">Middle</a></td> <td>This is composed entirely of afferent fibers originating within the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">pontine nuclei</a> as part of the massive <a href="/wiki/Corticopontocerebellar_tract_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Corticopontocerebellar tract (disambiguation)">corticopontocerebellar tract</a> (cerebral cortex > pons > cerebellum). These fibers descend from the sensory and motor areas of the cerebral <a href="/wiki/Neopallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopallium">neocortex</a> and make the middle cerebellar peduncle the largest of the three cerebellar peduncles. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior</a></td> <td>This carries many types of input and output fibers that are mainly concerned with integrating <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioceptive</a> sensory input with motor <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular functions</a> such as balance and posture maintenance. Proprioceptive information from the body is carried to the cerebellum via the dorsal <a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinocerebellar tract">spinocerebellar tract</a>. This tract passes through the inferior cerebellar peduncle and synapses within the paleocerebellum. Vestibular information projects onto the archicerebellum.<br />The <a href="/wiki/Climbing_fiber" title="Climbing fiber">climbing fibers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">inferior olive</a> run through the inferior cerebellar peduncle.<br />This peduncle also carries information directly from the <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Purkinje cells">Purkinje cells</a> out to the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a> in the dorsal brainstem located at the junction between the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are three sources of input to the cerebellum, in two categories consisting of mossy and climbing fibers, respectively. Mossy fibers can originate from the pontine nuclei, which are clusters of neurons located in the pons that carry information from the contralateral cerebral cortex. They may also arise within the spinocerebellar tract whose origin is located in the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical position">ipsilateral</a> <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>. Most of the output from the cerebellum initially synapses onto the deep cerebellar nuclei before exiting via the three peduncles. The most notable exception is the direct inhibition of the vestibular nuclei by Purkinje cells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early stages of <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">embryonic development</a>, the brain starts to form in three distinct segments: the <a href="/wiki/Prosencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosencephalon">prosencephalon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesencephalon">mesencephalon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhombencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombencephalon">rhombencephalon</a>. The rhombencephalon is the most caudal (toward the tail) segment of the embryonic brain; it is from this segment that the cerebellum develops. Along the embryonic rhombencephalic segment develop eight swellings, called <a href="/wiki/Rhombomere" title="Rhombomere">rhombomeres</a>. The cerebellum arises from two rhombomeres located in the <a href="/wiki/Alar_plate" title="Alar plate">alar plate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube" title="Neural tube">neural tube</a>, a structure that eventually forms the brain and spinal cord. The specific rhombomeres from which the cerebellum forms are rhombomere 1 (Rh.1) caudally (near the tail) and the "isthmus" rostrally (near the front).<sup id="cite_ref-Muller_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two primary regions are thought to <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">give rise to the neurons</a> that make up the cerebellum. The first region is the <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_zone" title="Ventricular zone">ventricular zone</a> in the roof of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_ventricle" title="Fourth ventricle">fourth ventricle</a>. This area produces <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">Purkinje cells</a> and deep cerebellar <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">nuclear</a> neurons. These cells are the primary output neurons of the cerebellar cortex and cerebellum. The second germinal zone (cellular birthplace) is known as the <a href="/wiki/Rhombic_lip" title="Rhombic lip">rhombic lip</a>, neurons then move by human embryonic week 27 to the <a href="/wiki/External_granular_layer_(cerebellar_cortex)" class="mw-redirect" title="External granular layer (cerebellar cortex)">external granular layer</a>. This layer of cells—found on the exterior of the cerebellum—produces the granule neurons. The granule neurons migrate from this exterior layer to form an inner layer known as the internal granule layer.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The external granular layer ceases to exist in the mature cerebellum, leaving only granule cells in the internal granule layer. The cerebellar <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a> may be a third germinal zone in the cerebellum; however, its function as a germinal zone is controversial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray705.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dissection showing the projection fibers of the cerebellum"><img alt="Dissection showing the projection fibers of the cerebellum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gray705.png/120px-Gray705.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gray705.png/180px-Gray705.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gray705.png/240px-Gray705.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dissection showing the projection fibers of the cerebellum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray708.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scheme of roof of fourth ventricle. The arrow is in the foramen of Majendie."><img alt="Scheme of roof of fourth ventricle. The arrow is in the foramen of Majendie." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gray708.svg/120px-Gray708.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gray708.svg/180px-Gray708.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gray708.svg/240px-Gray708.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scheme of roof of fourth ventricle. The arrow is in the foramen of Majendie.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_brain_midsagittal_view_description.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Human brain midsagittal view"><img alt="Human brain midsagittal view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Human_brain_midsagittal_view_description.JPG/120px-Human_brain_midsagittal_view_description.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Human_brain_midsagittal_view_description.JPG/180px-Human_brain_midsagittal_view_description.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Human_brain_midsagittal_view_description.JPG/240px-Human_brain_midsagittal_view_description.JPG 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Human brain midsagittal view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_cerebellum_anterior_view_description.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Anterior view of the human cerebellum, with numbers indicating salient landmarks"><img alt="Anterior view of the human cerebellum, with numbers indicating salient landmarks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Human_cerebellum_anterior_view_description.JPG/120px-Human_cerebellum_anterior_view_description.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Human_cerebellum_anterior_view_description.JPG/180px-Human_cerebellum_anterior_view_description.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Human_cerebellum_anterior_view_description.JPG/240px-Human_cerebellum_anterior_view_description.JPG 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anterior view of the human cerebellum, with numbers indicating salient landmarks</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2723742">2723742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Development+and+death+of+external+granular+layer+cells+in+the+weaver+mouse+cerebellum%3A+a+quantitative+study.&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1608-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1989-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6569844%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2723742&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.09-05-01608.1989&rft.aulast=Smeyne&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.au=Goldowitz%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6569844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomy+of+the+cerebellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cerebellum" title="Template:Cerebellum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cerebellum" title="Template talk:Cerebellum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebellum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebellum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anatomy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lobes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_lobe_of_cerebellum" title="Anterior lobe of cerebellum">Anterior lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_lobe_of_cerebellum" title="Posterior lobe of cerebellum">Posterior lobe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_fissure_of_cerebellum" title="Horizontal fissure of cerebellum">Horizontal fissure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flocculonodular_lobe" title="Flocculonodular lobe">Flocculonodular lobe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flocculus_(cerebellar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flocculus (cerebellar)">Flocculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodule_of_vermis" title="Nodule of vermis">Nodule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_fissure_of_cerebellum" title="Primary fissure of cerebellum">Primary fissure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/lateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_vermis" title="Cerebellar vermis">Vermis</a>: <i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_lobule" title="Central lobule">Central lobule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culmen_(cerebellum)" title="Culmen (cerebellum)">Culmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingula_of_cerebellum" title="Lingula of cerebellum">Lingula</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>posterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folium_vermis" title="Folium vermis">Folium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuber_of_vermis" title="Tuber of vermis">Tuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvula_of_cerebellum" title="Uvula of cerebellum">Uvula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallecula_of_cerebellum" title="Vallecula of cerebellum">Vallecula of cerebellum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemisphere" title="Cerebellar hemisphere">Hemisphere</a>: <i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alar_central_lobule" class="mw-redirect" title="Alar central lobule">Alar central lobule</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>posterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biventer_lobule" title="Biventer lobule">Biventer lobule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_tonsil" title="Cerebellar tonsil">Cerebellar tonsil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebellar_nuclei" title="Deep cerebellar nuclei">Deep cerebellar nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentate_nucleus" title="Dentate nucleus">Dentate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interposed_nucleus" title="Interposed nucleus">interposed</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emboliform_nucleus" title="Emboliform nucleus">Emboliform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globose_nucleus" title="Globose nucleus">Globose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastigial_nucleus" title="Fastigial nucleus">Fastigial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellar cortex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Molecular layer</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellate_cell" title="Stellate cell">Stellate cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket_cell" title="Basket cell">Basket cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Purkinje cell layer</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">Purkinje cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocyte#Bergmann_glia" title="Astrocyte">Bergmann glia cell = Golgi epithelial cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%B1anas_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Fañanas cell">Fañanas cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Granule cell layer</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golgi_cell" title="Golgi cell">Golgi cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_cell" title="Granule cell">Granule cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unipolar_brush_cell" title="Unipolar brush cell">Unipolar brush cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Fibers: <a href="/wiki/Mossy_fiber_(cerebellum)" title="Mossy fiber (cerebellum)">Mossy fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_fiber" title="Climbing fiber">Climbing fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel fiber">Parallel fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_vitae_(anatomy)" title="Arbor vitae (anatomy)">Arbor vitae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_peduncles" title="Cerebellar peduncles">Peduncles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior</a> (medulla): <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal spinocerebellar tract">Dorsal spinocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivocerebellar_tract" title="Olivocerebellar tract">Olivocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_external_arcuate_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior external arcuate fibers">Cuneocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtarestiform_body" title="Juxtarestiform body">Juxtarestiform body</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminocerebellar_fibers" title="Trigeminocerebellar fibers">Trigeminocerebellar fibers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Middle cerebellar peduncle">Middle</a> (pons): <a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_fibers" title="Pontocerebellar fibers">Pontocerebellar fibers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">Superior</a> (midbrain): <a href="/wiki/Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral spinocerebellar tract">Ventral spinocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentatothalamic_tract" title="Dentatothalamic tract">Dentatothalamic tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox576" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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