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<li id="toc-Colonial_era_(late_19th_century_-_early_1960s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era_(late_19th_century_-_early_1960s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Colonial era (late 19th century - early 1960s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era_(late_19th_century_-_early_1960s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_Age_(late_1950s_-_late_1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Age_(late_1950s_-_late_1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Golden Age (late 1950s - late 1980s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_Age_(late_1950s_-_late_1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_Video_Boom_(late_1980s_-_mid_2010s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_Video_Boom_(late_1980s_-_mid_2010s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Home Video Boom (late 1980s - mid 2010s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_Video_Boom_(late_1980s_-_mid_2010s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Nigerian_Cinema_(mid_2000s_-_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Nigerian_Cinema_(mid_2000s_-_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>New Nigerian Cinema (mid 2000s - present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Nigerian_Cinema_(mid_2000s_-_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influx_of_Ghanaian_actors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influx_of_Ghanaian_actors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Influx of Ghanaian actors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influx_of_Ghanaian_actors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity_and_appeal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity_and_appeal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Popularity and appeal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popularity_and_appeal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popularity and appeal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popularity_and_appeal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations_and_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations_and_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Organizations and events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizations_and_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organizations and events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organizations_and_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cinema of Nigeria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="السينما النيجيرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السينما النيجيرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="নাইজেরিয়ার চলচ্চিত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাইজেরিয়ার চলচ্চিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Кінематограф Нігерыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кінематограф Нігерыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffilm_yn_Nigeria" title="Ffilm yn Nigeria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffilm yn Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerianischer_Film" title="Nigerianischer Film – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nigerianischer Film" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="سینمای نیجریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینمای نیجریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_nig%C3%A9rian" title="Cinéma nigérian – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cinéma nigérian" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="나이지리아 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나이지리아 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima_a_Najeriya" title="Sinima a Najeriya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sinima a Najeriya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="नाइजीरियाई सिनेमा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाइजीरियाई सिनेमा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihe_nkiri_nke_Na%E1%BB%8Bjir%E1%BB%8Ba" title="Ihe nkiri nke Naịjirịa – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ihe nkiri nke Naịjirịa" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="תעשיית הקולנוע בניגריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תעשיית הקולנוע בניגריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_da_Nig%C3%A9ria" title="Cinema da Nigéria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cinema da Nigéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Кинематограф Нигерии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кинематограф Нигерии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سینەمای نایجیریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سینەمای نایجیریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="நைஜீரியத் திரைப்படத்துறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நைஜீரியத் திரைப்படத்துறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Кінематограф Нігерії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кінематограф Нігерії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="尼日利亚电影 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼日利亚电影" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Cinema of Nigeria</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigeria_film_clapperboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nigeria_film_clapperboard.svg/150px-Nigeria_film_clapperboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nigeria_film_clapperboard.svg/225px-Nigeria_film_clapperboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nigeria_film_clapperboard.svg/300px-Nigeria_film_clapperboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="113" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of <a href="/wiki/Projection_screen" title="Projection screen">screens</a></th><td class="infobox-data">218 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">0.1 per 100,000 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-screens_uis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-screens_uis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main distributors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/FilmOne_Distributions" title="FilmOne Distributions">FilmOne Distributions</a> 45.0%<br /><a href="/wiki/Silverbird_Film_Distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Silverbird Film Distribution">Silverbird Film Distribution</a> 20.0%<br /><a href="/wiki/Blue_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Pictures">Blue Pictures</a> 5.0%<sup id="cite_ref-distributors_uis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distributors_uis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Produced feature films (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">2,599</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Number of admissions (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">5,432,537</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">0.03</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Gross box office (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-nationalmirror_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalmirror-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">$6.4 billion <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National films</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%E2%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="₦">₦</a>6.94 billion (<a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>16.65 million) <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-width:2px;border-style:ridge;border-color:black;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Culture of Nigeria">a series</a> in</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Culture of Nigeria">Culture of Nigeria</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #008B45;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Culture of Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg/195px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, 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Nigeria">Religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #8FBC8F; color:#000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Nigeria" title="Architecture of Nigeria">Architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Nigeria" title="List of festivals in Nigeria">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nigeria">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspapers_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers in 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Template:Culture of Nigeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Template talk:Culture of Nigeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Nigeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clapper_Lady.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Clapper_Lady.jpg/220px-Clapper_Lady.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Clapper_Lady.jpg/330px-Clapper_Lady.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Clapper_Lady.jpg/440px-Clapper_Lady.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Filming in Lagos</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">cinema</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></b>, often referred to informally as <b><a href="/wiki/Nollywood" title="Nollywood">Nollywood</a></b>, consists of films produced in Nigeria; its history dates back to as early as the late 19th century and into the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">colonial era</a> in the early 20th century. The history and development of the Nigerian motion picture industry is sometimes generally classified in four main eras: the <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking_in_Colonial_Nigeria" title="Filmmaking in Colonial Nigeria">Colonial era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Nigerian cinema">Golden Age era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_film_era" title="Video film era">Video film era</a> and the emerging <a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="New Nigerian cinema">New Nigerian cinema era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CCSU_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCSU-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Film as a medium first arrived in Nigeria in the late 19th century, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">peephole viewing of motion picture devices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Ghana_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Ghana-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were soon replaced in the early 20th century with improved motion picture exhibition devices, with the first set of films screened at the <a href="/wiki/Glover_Memorial_Hall" title="Glover Memorial Hall">Glover Memorial Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> from 12 to 22 August 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-CCSU_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCSU-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest feature film made in Nigeria is 1926's <i><a href="/wiki/Palaver_(1926_film)" title="Palaver (1926 film)">Palaver</a></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barkas" title="Geoffrey Barkas">Geoffrey Barkas</a>, which was also the first to feature Nigerian actors in substantial roles.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekenyerengozi,_Michael_Chima_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekenyerengozi,_Michael_Chima-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colonial_Film_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colonial_Film-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1954, mobile cinema vans played to at least 3.5 million people in Nigeria, and films being produced by the Nigerian Film Unit were screened for free at the 44 available cinemas. The first film entirely copyrighted to the Nigerian Film Unit is <i><a href="/wiki/Fincho" title="Fincho">Fincho</a></i> (1957) by Sam Zebba; which is also the first Nigerian film to be <a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">shot in colour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Nigeria's independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 1960, the cinema business rapidly expanded, with new cinema houses being established.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Nigerian films in theatres increased in the late 1960s into the 1970s, especially productions from <a href="/wiki/Western_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Nigeria">Western Nigeria</a>, owing to former <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a> practitioners such as <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Ogunde" title="Hubert Ogunde">Hubert Ogunde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moses_Olaiya" title="Moses Olaiya">Moses Olaiya</a> transitioning into the big screen.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adegbola,_Tunde_2011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adegbola,_Tunde_2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, the <i><a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon#Indigenization_Decree" title="Yakubu Gowon">Indigenization Decree</a></i> was issued by <a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Yakubu Gowon</a>, which demands the transfer of ownership of about a total of 300 film theatres from their foreign owners to Nigerians, which resulted in more Nigerians playing active roles in the cinema and film.<sup id="cite_ref-Obiaya,_Ikechukwu_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obiaya,_Ikechukwu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oil boom of 1973 through 1978 also contributed immensely to the spontaneous boost of the cinema culture in Nigeria, as the increased purchasing power in Nigeria made a wide range of citizens to have disposable income to spend on cinema going and on home television sets.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several moderately-performing films, <i>Papa Ajasco</i> (1984) by <a href="/wiki/Wale_Adenuga" title="Wale Adenuga">Wale Adenuga</a> became the first blockbuster, grossing approximately ₦61,000 (approx. ₦21,552,673 in 2015 value) in three days. A year later, <i>Mosebolatan</i> (1985) by <a href="/wiki/Moses_Olaiya" title="Moses Olaiya">Moses Olaiya</a> went ahead to gross ₦107,000 (approx. ₦44,180,499 in 2015 value) in five days.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the decline of the Golden era, Nigerian film industry experienced a second major boom in the 1990s, supposedly marked by the release of the <a href="/wiki/Direct-to-video" title="Direct-to-video">direct-to-video</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Living_in_Bondage" title="Living in Bondage">Living in Bondage</a></i> (1992); the industry peaked in the mid-2000s to become the second largest film industry in the world in terms of the number of annual film productions, placing it ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">United States</a> and behind only <a href="/wiki/Indian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian cinema">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It started dominating screens across the African continent, and by extension the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and the wider diaspora,<sup id="cite_ref-Nollywood:_Lights,_camera,_Africa_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nollywood:_Lights,_camera,_Africa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the movies significantly influencing cultures<sup id="cite_ref-academia_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the film actors becoming household names across the continent. The boom also led to backlash against Nigerian films in several countries, bordering on theories such as the "Nigerialization of Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-Onuzulike,_Uchenna_2007_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onuzulike,_Uchenna_2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nollywood:_What's_in_a_Name_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nollywood:_What's_in_a_Name-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the mid-2000s, during the decline of the video-film era, the Nigerian cinema has undergone some restructuring to promote quality in output and professionalism in the industry, with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Figurine" title="The Figurine">The Figurine</a></i> (2009) widely regarded as marking the major turnaround of contemporary Nigerian cinema. There has since been a resurgence in cinema establishments, and a steady <a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">return of the cinema culture in Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CCSU_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCSU-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013, Nigerian cinema is rated as the third most valuable film industry in the world based on its worth and revenues generated.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the movies significantly influencing cultures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of cinema in Nigeria dates back to as early as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_film" title="History of film">history of film</a> itself; notably in the late 19th century, with the use of <a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">peephole viewing of motion picture devices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Ghana_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Ghana-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were soon replaced in early 20th century with improved motion picture exhibition devices; the first set of films shown in Nigerian theatres were <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> films, with the first film screened at Glover Memorial Hall in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> from 12 to 22 August 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-CCSU_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCSU-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that year, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Macaulay" title="Herbert Macaulay">Herbert Macaulay</a> had invited to Nigeria, the <i>Balboa and Company</i>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to organize an exhibition tour of <a href="/wiki/Silent_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent films">silent films</a> in Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Mr Balboa later closed his exhibition in Lagos, while he continued showing films in other <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> countries, the success of his exhibition led to a European merchant, Stanley Jones, to begin showing films in the same Glover Memorial Hall, starting from November 1903. This brought about the influx of more European film exhibitors to Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first film hit in this early period came on 3 August 1904, when the documentary on the visit of the <i><a href="/wiki/Alake_of_Egba_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alake of Egba (title)">Alake</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egba_people" title="Egba people">Egba</a></i> to England was screened.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era_(late_19th_century_-_early_1960s)"><span id="Colonial_era_.28late_19th_century_-_early_1960s.29"></span>Colonial era (late 19th century - early 1960s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonial era (late 19th century - early 1960s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking_in_Colonial_Nigeria" title="Filmmaking in Colonial Nigeria">Filmmaking in Colonial Nigeria</a></div> <p>Colonial filmmakers started producing films for local audiences within Nigeria since the 1920s, mostly employing the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_cinema" title="Mobile cinema">mobile cinema</a> as a means of exhibition;<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the earliest feature film made in Nigeria is 1926's <i><a href="/wiki/Palaver_(1926_film)" title="Palaver (1926 film)">Palaver</a></i> produced by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barkas" title="Geoffrey Barkas">Geoffrey Barkas</a>. The film was also the first film ever to feature Nigerian actors in a speaking role.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekenyerengozi,_Michael_Chima_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekenyerengozi,_Michael_Chima-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colonial_Film_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colonial_Film-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigerian film actors featured in <i>Palaver</i> include Dawiya and Yilkuba. The film was shot amongst the Sura and Angas people of the present day <a href="/wiki/Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau States</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Nigeria">Northern Nigeria</a>, and narrates the rivalry between a British District Officer and a tin miner which leads to a war.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekenyerengozi,_Michael_Chima_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekenyerengozi,_Michael_Chima-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colonial_Film_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colonial_Film-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in this era there were several films set in Nigeria, one of the most notable being 1935's <i><a href="/wiki/Sanders_of_the_River" title="Sanders of the River">Sanders of the River</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Korda" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoltán Korda">Zoltán Korda</a>, featuring Nigerian actor <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Martins" title="Orlando Martins">Orlando Martins</a>. Martins also featured in other notable films including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Morocco" title="The Man from Morocco">The Man from Morocco</a></i> (1945), <i><a href="/wiki/Men_of_Two_Worlds" title="Men of Two Worlds">Men of Two Worlds</a></i> (1946) and so on, and this established Martins as one of the recognized Nigerian actors of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-CCSU_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCSU-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1921, there were four other halls showing films twice a week in <a href="/wiki/Lagos_Mainland" title="Lagos Mainland">Lagos Mainland</a> and one hall each in <a href="/wiki/Ebute_Metta" title="Ebute Metta">Ebute Metta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oshodi-Isolo" title="Oshodi-Isolo">Oshodi</a>. By this time, cinema had become popular in Lagos with crowds of young and old people usually waiting at the doors of theatre halls. Religion also aided in the expansion of cinema culture as the Christian missionaries used cinemas for religious propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As cinemas became a common feature of the social life in the then emerging city of <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, the late 1930s through 1940s marked the beginning of the establishment of big commercial cinema houses with branches in strategic parts of the country. One of the earliest cinema operators in Lagos was the "West African Pictures Company" owned by Mr. S. Khalil, a member of the Syrian community in Lagos.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He established the Rex Cinema in Ebute Metta, Regal Cinema and Royal Cinema. Other popular cinema chains include: Capitol Cinema, Casino Cinema, Kings Cinema, Central Cinema, Rialto Cinema, Corona Cinema, Odeon Cinema, Road House Cinema, Ikeja Arms Cinema and Glover Hall. In 1937, the colonial government set up a Board of Censorship to handle matters relating to the establishment and operations of cinema houses in the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigerian content in films made and shown in Nigerian cinemas during this period were however virtually non-existent as the production and distribution were controlled by foreigners. Motion picture entertainment was as a result complemented by the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Travelling_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba Travelling Theatre">Yoruba travel theatre</a> groups, which emerged in the 1930s through 1940s; One of the most prominent were the Agbegijo and Alarinjo theatre groups, which featured theatre actors such as <a href="/wiki/Duro_Ladipo" title="Duro Ladipo">Duro Ladipo</a>, Ishola Ogunmola, <a href="/wiki/Lere_Paimo" title="Lere Paimo">Lere Paimo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyin_Adejobi" title="Oyin Adejobi">Oyin Adejobi</a>, amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Obiaya,_Ikechukwu_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obiaya,_Ikechukwu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949 through 1950, the state of affairs changed a bit, with more Nigerian contents being exhibited in cinemas;<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a purported drive to "Africanize" film production,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Nigerian Film Unit was established in order to decentralize colonial film production. The <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Film_Unit" title="Colonial Film Unit">Colonial Film Unit</a>, throughout the decade, exhibited health and educational films to local audiences through its mobile cinema vans. It also produced newsreels and short documentaries, depicting celebrations and colonial achievements to domestic and overseas audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Age_(late_1950s_-_late_1980s)"><span id="Golden_Age_.28late_1950s_-_late_1980s.29"></span>Golden Age (late 1950s - late 1980s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Golden Age (late 1950s - late 1980s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Nigerian cinema">Golden Age of Nigerian cinema</a></div> <p>After Nigeria's independence from Britain in 1960, the cinema business rapidly expanded, with new cinema houses being established.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there came a significant influx of American, Indian, Chinese and Japanese films; posters of films from these countries were all over theatre halls and actors from these industries became very popular in Nigeria. Towards the late 1960s and into the 1970s Nigerian productions in movie houses increased gradually, especially productions from Western Nigeria, owing to former <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a> practitioners such as <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Ogunde" title="Hubert Ogunde">Hubert Ogunde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ola_Balogun" title="Ola Balogun">Ola Balogun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Olaiya" title="Moses Olaiya">Moses Olaiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jab_Adu" title="Jab Adu">Jab Adu</a>, Isola Ogunsola, <a href="/wiki/Ladi_Ladebo" title="Ladi Ladebo">Ladi Ladebo</a>, Sanya Dosumu and Sadiq Balewa amongst others, transitioning into the big screen.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adegbola,_Tunde_2011_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adegbola,_Tunde_2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first fully commercial Nigerian films, shot on <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a>, were also made by these filmmakers in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, concerned about the influx of foreign culture into Nigeria, the <i><a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon#Indigenization_Decree" title="Yakubu Gowon">Indigenization Decree</a></i> was issued by the then head of state <a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Yakubu Gowon</a>; which demands the transfer of ownership of about a total of 300 film theatres in the country from their foreign owners to Nigerians. Also, more Nigerians started playing active roles in cinema establishment as a result of this policy. This transfer also resulted in the emergence of Nigerian playwrights, screenwriters and film producers; popular literature and theatre works were adapted into motion pictures.<sup id="cite_ref-Obiaya,_Ikechukwu_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obiaya,_Ikechukwu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oil boom of 1973 through 1978 contributed immensely to the spontaneous boost of the cinema culture in Nigeria. The presence of foreign investments led to the erection of several cinema complexes. In 1976, The 5000-capacity <a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="National Arts Theatre">National Arts Theatre</a>, Iganmu was constructed in Lagos. The theatre was incorporated with two cinemas, each having a capacity of over 700 people.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time cinema business had become a notable employer of many people and also served as an important social function, as Nigerians visited cinemas for relaxation and entertainment purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdulkadir,_Shuaib_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdulkadir,_Shuaib-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increased purchasing power in Nigeria also made a wide range of citizens to have <a href="/wiki/Disposable_income" title="Disposable income">disposable income</a> to spend on cinema-going and on home television sets.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Television broadcasting in Nigeria began in the 1960s and received much government support in its early years. By the mid-1980s every state had its own broadcasting station. Law limited foreign content on television, so producers in Lagos began televising local popular theatre productions. Many of these were circulated on video as well, and a small-scale informal video movie trade developed.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of late 1980s, the cinema culture was beginning to face a major decline, and most Nigerian film producers had transitioned to television productions. The gradual decline of the Golden era of Nigerian cinema has been attributed to several factors, including the reduction in the value of <a href="/wiki/Naira" class="mw-redirect" title="Naira">Naira</a>, lack of finance and marketing support, lack of standard film studios and production equipment, frequent Government <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment" title="Structural adjustment">structural adjustment</a> programmes due to military dictatorships, as well as inexperience on the part of practitioners. The drastic decline in cinema culture resulted in some of the existing cinema houses being acquired by religious bodies and turned to churches; others were simply just closed down. In the early 1990s, only a few of the once vibrant cinema houses were still in operation, and all had collapsed before 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdulkadir,_Shuaib_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdulkadir,_Shuaib-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adelakun,_Abimbola_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelakun,_Abimbola-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_Video_Boom_(late_1980s_-_mid_2010s)"><span id="Home_Video_Boom_.28late_1980s_-_mid_2010s.29"></span>Home Video Boom (late 1980s - mid 2010s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Home Video Boom (late 1980s - mid 2010s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_film_era" title="Video film era">Video film era</a></div> <p>The emergence of the video film market in Nigeria is traced back to the 1980s when <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> productions thrived. Jimi Odumosu's <i>Evil Encounter</i>, a 1983 <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a> released directly on television, was the first production to be a pointer to how lucrative making film directly on video could be. The film was extensively promoted before being aired on television, and as a result, had streets flooded in the following morning with video copies of the recorded broadcast. It was reported that the film became an instant hit at <a href="/wiki/Alaba_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaba market">Alaba market</a>, a commercial district which later became the hub of video distribution in this period and also eventually became the hub of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">piracy</a> in Nigeria. Since <i>Evil Encounter</i>, it became common, especially in Southern Nigerian cities, to see video copies of recorded television programmes traded on the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This method was adopted and built on by producers and distributors at Alaba Market to reinvent the film industry, since the Nigerian cinema culture was facing a major decline. The first film produced on video in Nigeria was 1988's <i>Soso Meji</i>, produced by Ade Ajiboye. The film was also screened at the few available theatres at the time. Subsequently, Alade Aromire produced <i>Ekun</i> (1989) on video, which was screened at the National Theatre, Iganmu.<sup id="cite_ref-CCSU_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCSU-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the boom experienced in this era is generally believed to have been kickstarted by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nnebue" title="Kenneth Nnebue">Kenneth Nnebue's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Living_in_Bondage" title="Living in Bondage">Living in Bondage</a></i> (1992). Nnebue had an excess number of imported video cassettes which he then used to shoot his first film on a Video camera.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <i>Living in Bondage</i> is often touted in the media as the "first commercial video film", several historians have argued that the video film industry was already booming before <i>Living in Bondage</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2004, at least four to five films were produced every day in Nigeria. Nigerian movies had also already dominated television screens across the African continent and by extension, the diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-Nollywood:_Lights,_camera,_Africa_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nollywood:_Lights,_camera,_Africa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film actors also became household names across the continent, and the movies significantly influenced cultures in many African nations; from ways of dressing to speech and usage of Nigerian slangs.<sup id="cite_ref-academia_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was attributed to the fact that Nigerian films told "relatable" stories, which made foreign films to "gather dust" on the shelves of video stores, even though they cost much less.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Filmmakers Cooperative of Nigeria</i>, every film in Nigeria had a potential audience of 15 million people in Nigeria and about 5 million outside Nigeria. In no time, the industry became the third largest producer of films in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this didn't translate to an overtly commercial film industry when compared to other major film hubs across the world; the worth of the industry was approximated at just about US$250 million, since most of the films produced were cheaply made. The film industry regardless became a major employer in Nigeria. As of 2007, with a total number of 6,841 registered video parlours and an estimated 500,000 unregistered ones, the estimated revenue generated by sales and rentals of movies in <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos State</a> alone was estimated to be ₦804 million (US$5 million) per week, which adds up to an estimated ₦33.5 billion (US$209 million) revenue for Lagos State per annum. Approximately 700,000 discs were sold in <a href="/wiki/Alaba_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaba market">Alaba market</a> per day, with the total sales revenue generated by the film industry in Nigeria estimated at ₦522 billion (US$3 billion) per annum, with <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast content</a> valued at ₦250 billion (US$1.6 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-CCSU_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCSU-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Obiaya,_Ikechukwu_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obiaya,_Ikechukwu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nollywood:_Lights,_camera,_Africa_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nollywood:_Lights,_camera,_Africa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Okonkwo,_Kasie_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okonkwo,_Kasie-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the peak of the video era at around 2008, the industry had become the second largest producer of films,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> releasing approximately 200 video films monthly. However at this point, the Nigerian film industry had practically degenerated into a "visionless" industry, with the invasion of several people who did not know a thing about filmmaking, and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">piracy</a> was at its peak.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorburn,_Jane_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorburn,_Jane-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rice,_Andrew_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice,_Andrew-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dealing with the menace of piracy, amongst other problems, became a hard nut to crack; as a result of this, most investors of the "<i>Alaba cartel</i>", who control almost 90 percent stakes in the video industry, began to channel their money into other business ventures instead. The decline of the home video era has been attributed to several factors, such as the refusal of the Government to provide support and funding, the lack of a formal and effective indigenous film distribution infrastructure and the increase in the cost of production in Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekeanyanwu,_Nnamdi_Tobechukwu_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekeanyanwu,_Nnamdi_Tobechukwu-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Nigerian_Cinema_(mid_2000s_-_present)"><span id="New_Nigerian_Cinema_.28mid_2000s_-_present.29"></span>New Nigerian Cinema (mid 2000s - present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New Nigerian Cinema (mid 2000s - present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nigerian Cinema</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silverbird_cinema_building,_Lagos.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Silverbird_cinema_building%2C_Lagos.jpeg/220px-Silverbird_cinema_building%2C_Lagos.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Silverbird_cinema_building%2C_Lagos.jpeg/330px-Silverbird_cinema_building%2C_Lagos.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Silverbird_cinema_building%2C_Lagos.jpeg/440px-Silverbird_cinema_building%2C_Lagos.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Silverbird Galleria Cinemas, in Lagos</figcaption></figure> <p>This is an emerging phase in Nigerian cinema, in which there became a major shift in the method of film production, from the video format, back to the cinema method, which constituted the films produced in the Golden era. A few years into the 21st century, Nigeria began to experience the growth of cinemas, which was initially structured for the <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">middle and upper classes</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Silverbird_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The Silverbird Group">The Silverbird Group</a> is the first company to launch a series of modern cinema houses across major cities in Nigeria, mostly situated in affluent areas and districts.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adelakun,_Abimbola_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelakun,_Abimbola-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It launched its cinema chains in 2004, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Silverbird_Galleria" title="Silverbird Galleria">Silverbird Galleria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Island,_Lagos" title="Victoria Island, Lagos">Victoria Island, Lagos</a>. The Silverbird Galleria is a large shopping mall, with an upscale cinema facility and various outlets where mercantile activities take place. This provides more reasons to visit the place beyond just watching films, but more of a social activity and a modified sort of entertainment beyond film watching. This trend has given another probable explanation as to the demise of the Nigerian cinema culture in the 1980s, which might have been as a result of the unfashionable appearance of most cinemas of the Golden era.<sup id="cite_ref-Adelakun,_Abimbola_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelakun,_Abimbola-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silverbird cinemas upon establishment started screening Nigerian films with high production quality, as a result discouraging poor film production. The first New wave film to be shown at a cinema was the Yoruba-language film <i><a href="/wiki/Irapada" title="Irapada">Irapada</a></i> (2006) by <a href="/wiki/Kunle_Afolayan" title="Kunle Afolayan">Kunle Afolayan</a>, which was screened at the <a href="/wiki/Silverbird_Galleria" title="Silverbird Galleria">Silverbird Galleria</a> in Lagos. The Silverbird experiment became very successful, and as a result, the group launched a few more cinema branches in Lagos and other cities in the country. Not long after the establishment of Silverbird cinemas, Genesis Deluxe Cinemas and Ozone Cinemas were also launched creating a competition in the cinema business. Much later, in the 2010s, Filmhouse Cinemas also came into the picture, leading to the availability of more cinemas in the country, especially outside the affluent neighbourhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several grants have been launched by the Nigerian Government, in order to support quality content in Nigerian films. In 2006, "Project Nollywood" was launched by the Nigerian Government, in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Ecobank" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecobank">Ecobank</a>. The project provided ₦100 million (US$781,000) to Nigerian filmmakers to produce high quality films and to fund a multimillion Naira distribution network across the country during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Okonkwo,_Kasie_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okonkwo,_Kasie-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan</a> launched a ₦30 billion (US$200 million) "Creative and Entertainment Industry" Intervention Fund, financed by Bank of Industry (BOI), in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Export-Import_Bank" title="Nigerian Export-Import Bank">Nigerian Export and Import (NEXIM) Bank</a>. This grant, although dubbed as a spin-off of "Project Nollywood", was for the entire Nigerian Creative Arts and Entertainment sector. The vision of the grant for the film industry however is to help more Nigerian filmmakers in training, funding, and also help in creating necessary infrastructure for the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, a smaller new grant of ₦3 billion (US$20 million) was awarded once again solely for Nollywood, and specifically for the production of high quality films, and to sponsor filmmakers for formal training in film schools.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2015, Bank of Industry launched another "NollyFund" program for the purpose of giving financial support in form of loans to film producers.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popular 2009 thriller film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Figurine" title="The Figurine">The Figurine</a></i> is generally considered the game changer, which heightened the media attention towards the "<i>New Nigerian Cinema</i>" revolution. The film was a critical and commercial success in Nigeria, and it was also screened in international film festivals<sup id="cite_ref-Thorburn,_Jane_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorburn,_Jane-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2010 film <i><a href="/wiki/Ij%C3%A9" title="Ijé">Ijé</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Chineze_Anyaene" title="Chineze Anyaene">Chineze Anyaene</a>, overtook <i>The Figurine</i> to become the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest-grossing films in Nigeria">highest grossing Nigerian film</a>; a record it held for four years, until it was overtaken in 2014 by <i><a href="/wiki/Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun_(film)" title="Half of a Yellow Sun (film)">Half of a Yellow Sun</a></i> (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2016, this record was held by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_Party_(2016_film)" title="The Wedding Party (2016 film)">The Wedding Party</a></i>, a film by <a href="/wiki/Kemi_Adetiba" title="Kemi Adetiba">Kemi Adetiba</a>. </p><p>By the end of 2013, the film industry reportedly hit a record breaking revenue of ₦1.72 trillion (US$11 billion). As of 2014, the industry was worth ₦853.9 billion (<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>5.1 billion) making it the third most valuable film industry in the world, behind the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. It contributed about 1.4% to Nigeria's economy; this was attributed to the increase in the number of quality films produced and more formal distribution methods.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the home video era, films in the new wave are generally of much improved quality, with considerably bigger budgets;<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> averaging between ₦40 million (US$250,000) and ₦120 million ($750,000). These films' production periods take months and even span into years, a far cry from the films in video format which are usually shot in a matter of days or weeks. Other notable improvements in the New Nollywood include: more subtle performances from actors; different from the overt melodrama which constituted the video era, more practical, more logical and generally better stories.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Themes explored in these films are often characterized by consciously cosmopolitan themes, as most of the filmmakers are relatively young.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proper copyright and distribution system still remains one of the major challenges in the New Nigerian Cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-Rice,_Andrew_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice,_Andrew-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2023 Sundance Film Festival, the Nigerian film "Mami Wata" won the Special Jury Award for Cinematography.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The animated short film "Morèmi" by Lagosian Shof Coker<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was included in the anthology "<a href="/wiki/Kizazi_Moto:_Generation_Fire" title="Kizazi Moto: Generation Fire">Kizazi Moto: Generation Fire</a>" by Disney+ in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Morèmi" follows the ghost boy Luo, who is trapped in the realm of the gods and haunted by giants. When he is rescued by a scientist from future Nigeria, Luo connects with his lost memories and learns of the sacrifice once made to save his people.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_on_Buka_Street" title="Battle on Buka Street">Battle on Buka Street</a>"</i> from 2022 takes a humorous yet dramatic approach to the rivalry between two not-so-young sisters who vie for the distinction of being the best outdoor chef and hawker in their (fictional) street when it comes to culinary delights.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comedy has since surpassed <a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_Party_(2016_film)" title="The Wedding Party (2016 film)">Wedding Party</a> I and II, is (as of August 2023) the highest-grossing Nigerian film of all time, and has received critical acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the first Nigerian non-<a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">arthouse</a> film to screen in US box offices. According to Film One Entertainment, the lead film studio, "Battle" is the first ever film of its kind in the US. Its controlled release in 11 <a href="/wiki/Regal_Cinemas" title="Regal Cinemas">Regal theatres</a> with reduced screenings resulted in sold-out screenings nationwide. Film One adds that it is the first ever indigenous Nollywood release in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Buka" are (in <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>) gastronomic street vendors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influx_of_Ghanaian_actors">Influx of Ghanaian actors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influx of Ghanaian actors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around year 2006 through 2007, Nigerian filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rajah_Arase" title="Frank Rajah Arase">Frank Rajah Arase</a> signed a contract with a Ghanaian production company, <i>Venus Films</i>, which involved helping to introduce Ghanaian actors into mainstream Nollywood. This collaboration eventually led to extreme popularity of certain Ghanaian actors, such as <a href="/wiki/Van_Vicker" title="Van Vicker">Van Vicker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Appiah" title="Jackie Appiah">Jackie Appiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majid_Michel" title="Majid Michel">Majid Michel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Nelson" title="Yvonne Nelson">Yvonne Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dumelo" title="John Dumelo">John Dumelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Buari" title="Nadia Buari">Nadia Buari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Okoro" title="Yvonne Okoro">Yvonne Okoro</a>, arguably as much as their Nigerian counterparts. Furthermore, over the years; due to the high cost of film production in Nigeria, Nigerian filmmakers have been forced to make films outside Lagos in order to cut costs, mirroring the exodus of filmmaking in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a> from <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> to cities like <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a>, a process known as "<i><a href="/wiki/Runaway_production" title="Runaway production">Runaway production</a></i>". Several other producers as a result started shooting in cities like <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, channeling the savings into investing in better equipment, many of them trying to get their films onto the big screen.<sup id="cite_ref-Nollywood:_Lights,_camera,_Africa_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nollywood:_Lights,_camera,_Africa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Entertainment_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Entertainment Today">Nigerian Entertainment Today</a> revealed that Ghanaian actors had 60 percent of the total market share in the year. A survey carried out by the Newspaper showed that out of 184 films featured on <i>Nollytuned.com</i>, a Nigerian streaming website, between April and August 2013, Ghanaian actors played lead roles in at least 93 of them. It was also reported that there are high demands for Ghanaian acts in video stores.<sup id="cite_ref-Enengedi,_Victor_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enengedi,_Victor-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the first edition of <a href="/wiki/Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards" title="Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards">Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards</a> (AMVCA) in 2013, Ghana's <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Appiah" title="Jackie Appiah">Jackie Appiah</a> was awarded <i>Best Actress in a Lead Role</i>. Same year, Appiah again was awarded 'Best Actress' at the <a href="/wiki/Nollywood_and_African_Film_Critics_Awards" title="Nollywood and African Film Critics Awards">Nollywood and African Film Critics Awards</a> (NAFCA).<sup id="cite_ref-Enengedi,_Victor_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enengedi,_Victor-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghanaian actors like <a href="/wiki/Majid_Michel" title="Majid Michel">Majid Michel</a> have also been awarded at several Nollywood award ceremonies. </p><p>Sam Onanuga, a Nigerian script writer blames the trend on the reluctance of the established Nigerian acts to partake in more films on Video.<sup id="cite_ref-Enengedi,_Victor_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enengedi,_Victor-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the emergence of <a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nigerian Cinema</a>, more Nigerian acts wanted roles on the big screen in order to boost their resume, refusing to star in video films; Ghanaian actors as a result took advantage of this, as they become more prominent on Nigerian video films which were already taking a down turn at this time, but still very popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekeanyanwu,_Nnamdi_Tobechukwu_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekeanyanwu,_Nnamdi_Tobechukwu-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enengedi,_Victor_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enengedi,_Victor-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This development sparked media attention; mostly concerns that Ghanaians were taking over jobs meant for Nigerians.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebirim,_Juliet_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebirim,_Juliet-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some industry stakeholders such as <a href="/wiki/Bob_Manuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Manuel">Bob Manuel</a> were unwelcoming towards the development, others like <a href="/wiki/Mercy_Aigbe" title="Mercy Aigbe">Mercy Aigbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belinda_Effah" title="Belinda Effah">Belinda Effah</a>, and Yvonne Jegede saw it as a welcome development; noting that the industry is big enough for everyone, and that other major film hubs across the world also have presence of other nationalities. Theresa Edem commented: "A united Africa sells any day, anytime. It's been a great partnership so far. They've added colour to Nollywood and they've brought about healthy competition.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebirim,_Juliet_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebirim,_Juliet-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emem_Isong" title="Emem Isong">Emem Isong</a>, a Nigerian producer comments: "It fosters unity and integration and that's not a bad thing".<sup id="cite_ref-Enengedi,_Victor_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enengedi,_Victor-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Ghanaian media on the other hand described the trend as "<a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">Brain drain</a>" from Ghana.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ghanaian director <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Gharbin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Gharbin (page does not exist)">Frank Fiifi Gharbin</a>, expressed satisfaction with the development, saying: "there shouldn't be much fuss about Ghanaian actors in Nollywood. For us it is a good development. It shows that our actors are beginning to gain prominence and are being accepted worldwide".<sup id="cite_ref-Enengedi,_Victor_70-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enengedi,_Victor-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The increased collaboration between Nigeria and Ghana from the mid-2000s led to the resurgence of Ghana's film industry. However, many Ghanaian productions are copyrighted to Nollywood and distributed by Nigerian marketers due to Nigeria's bigger market. Nigerian filmmakers usually feature <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghanaian</a> actors in Nigerian movies as well and that has led to the popularity of Ghanaian actors almost like their Nigerian counterparts. Nigerian actors have also starred in some Ghanaian productions, in order for the film to capture wider audience.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Van_Vicker" title="Van Vicker">Van Vicker</a>, a popular Ghanaian actor, has starred in many Nigerian movies. As a result of these collaborations, Western viewers often confuse Ghanaian movies with Nigerian films and count their sales as one; however, they are two independent industries that sometimes share the colloquial "<a href="/wiki/Nollywood" title="Nollywood">Nollywood</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity_and_appeal">Popularity and appeal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Popularity and appeal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Unesco" class="mw-redirect" title="Unesco">Unesco</a> rated Nollywood as the second-biggest film industry in the world after <a href="/wiki/Indian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian cinema">Indian cinema</a> in terms of output.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The overwhelming popularity of Nollywood productions has also led to backlash against Nigerian films in several countries. For instance, there have been reported cases of shops selling Nigerian films being raided by the police in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>; according to them, "they are struggling not to be colonized by Nigerian movies".<sup id="cite_ref-academia_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Onuzulike,_Uchenna_2007_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onuzulike,_Uchenna_2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other governments have also introduced protectionist measures, some of which include introducing spurious taxes for production houses who want to shoot films in their countries. In July 2010, Ghana started demanding US$1,000 from visiting Nigerian actors and US$5,000 from producers and directors.<sup id="cite_ref-Nollywood:_Lights,_camera,_Africa_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nollywood:_Lights,_camera,_Africa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nollywood:_What's_in_a_Name_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nollywood:_What's_in_a_Name-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> had also tried to ban Nigerian films. Jean Rouch, a champion of indigenous art in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, compared Nollywood to AIDS. He stated that there seems to be a "Nigerianization" of Africa, worrying that the whole continent has come to "snap its fingers the Nigerian way".<sup id="cite_ref-Nollywood:_Lights,_camera,_Africa_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nollywood:_Lights,_camera,_Africa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nigerian film industry has a strong following in the African diaspora community in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations_and_events">Organizations and events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organizations and events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actors_Guild_of_Nigeria" title="Actors Guild of Nigeria">Actors Guild of Nigeria</a> (AGN): is a union, which regulates and represents the affairs of film actors in Nigeria and abroad. It is headed by an elected president.<sup id="cite_ref-Total_Facts_about_Nigeria_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Total_Facts_about_Nigeria-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_Designers_Guild_of_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Creative Designers Guild of Nigeria (page does not exist)">Creative Designers Guild of Nigeria</a> (CDGN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_Nigeria" title="Directors Guild of Nigeria">Directors Guild of Nigeria</a> (DGN)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edo_Artistes_Association_of_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edo Artistes Association of Nigeria (page does not exist)">Edo Artistes Association of Nigeria</a> (EAAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Film_Corporation" title="Nigerian Film Corporation">Nigerian Film Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screenwriters_Guild_of_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Screenwriters Guild of Nigeria (page does not exist)">Screenwriters Guild of Nigeria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_International_Film_Festival" title="Africa International Film Festival">Africa International Film Festival</a> (AFRIFF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards" title="Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards">Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_Movie%27s_Academy_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema Movie's Academy Awards (page does not exist)">Cinema Movie's Academy Awards</a> (CIMA): is an award event in Nigeria.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Movie_Academy_Awards" title="Africa Movie Academy Awards">Africa Movie Academy Awards</a> (AMAA): is an award event in Nigeria, which rewards excellent filmmaking in the African film industry. It was created in 2005 and has been considered to be the most prestigious award in Nollywood and on the African continent. It is also the most hungered after award and event in African movie world.<sup id="cite_ref-Total_Facts_about_Nigeria_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Total_Facts_about_Nigeria-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_Nollywood_Awards" title="Best of Nollywood Awards">Best of Nollywood Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nollywood_Movies_Awards" title="Nollywood Movies Awards">Nollywood Movies Awards</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nollywood" title="Nollywood">Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_films" title="List of Nigerian films">List of Nigerian films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Nigerian_films" title="List of highest-grossing Nigerian films">List of highest-grossing Nigerian films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_actors" title="List of Nigerian actors">List of Nigerian actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_film_producers" title="List of Nigerian film producers">List of Nigerian film producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Nigeria">Media in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Cinema of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Cinema of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film" title="List of Nigerian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film">List of Nigerian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.filmhouseng.com/books/jahx/#p=6">"Nigeria Box Office Year Book, 2019"</a>. <i>books.filmhouseng.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brain+Drain+In+Ghana+Movie+Industry%3F&rft.pub=Spy+Ghana&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.au=Ghana+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spyghana.com%2Fbrain-drain-in-ghana-movie-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelo,_Mike" class="citation web cs1">Angelo, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306123448/http://www.mikeangelonews.com/2014/02/ghanaian-actor-majid-michel-salutes-nollywood-berates-ghollywood/">"Ghanaian Actor, Majid Michel Salutes Nollywood, Berates Ghollywood"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Nollywood+success+puts+Nigeria%27s+film+industry+in+regional+spotlight&rft.date=2010-04-03&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Farticle7086248.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.ac.uk/arts/research/ferguson-centre/projects/archive-projects/Nollywood">"Nollywood Film Industry and the African Diaspora in the UK"</a>. Open University<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Total Facts about Nigeria<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+About+Nigerian+Movies+and+History&rft.pub=Total+Facts+about+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.total-facts-about-nigeria.com%2Fnigerian-movies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/">Nigerian Film Corporation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfvcb.gov.ng/">National Film & Video Censors Board</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.excelman.com/en/galerie/afrique/nigeria/nollywood.html">Nollywood : Nigeria's Prolific Film Industry : The Hollywood of Africa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0yyqulsC28">The Tragic Rise of Nollywood Documentary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Template:Cinema of Nigeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Template talk:Cinema of Nigeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cinema of Nigeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinema_of_Nigeria151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema of Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking_in_Colonial_Nigeria" title="Filmmaking in Colonial Nigeria">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Nigerian cinema">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_film_era" title="Video film era">Video film era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="New Nigerian cinema">New Nigerian cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigeria_film_clapperboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nigeria_film_clapperboard.svg/50px-Nigeria_film_clapperboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nigeria_film_clapperboard.svg/75px-Nigeria_film_clapperboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nigeria_film_clapperboard.svg/100px-Nigeria_film_clapperboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="113" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_films" title="Category:Nigerian films">A–Z of films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_films" title="List of Nigerian films">By year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_by_Nigerian_directors" title="Category:Films by Nigerian directors">By director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_LGBTQ-related_films" title="Category:Nigerian LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ-related</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_films_by_genre" title="Category:Nigerian films by genre">By genre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_action_films" title="Category:Nigerian action films">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_adventure_films" title="Category:Nigerian adventure films">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_biographical_films" title="Category:Nigerian biographical films">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_comedy_films" title="Category:Nigerian comedy films">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_crime_films" title="Category:Nigerian crime films">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_dance_films" title="Category:Nigerian dance films">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_documentary_films" title="Category:Nigerian documentary films">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_drama_films" title="Category:Nigerian drama films">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_epic_films" title="Category:Nigerian epic films">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_fantasy_films" title="Category:Nigerian fantasy films">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_horror_films" title="Category:Nigerian horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_musical_films" title="Category:Nigerian musical films">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_children%27s_films" title="Category:Nigerian children's films">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_road_movies" title="Category:Nigerian road movies">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_supernatural_films" title="Category:Nigerian supernatural films">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_romance_films" title="Category:Nigerian romance films">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_thriller_films" title="Category:Nigerian thriller films">Thriller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_film_people" title="Category:Nigerian film people">Personnel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_actors" title="List of Nigerian actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_cinematographers" title="Category:Nigerian cinematographers">Cinematographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_film_directors" title="Category:Nigerian film directors">Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_film_producers" title="List of Nigerian film producers">Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_screenwriters" title="Category:Nigerian screenwriters">Screenwriters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_film_awards" title="Category:Nigerian film awards">Awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Movie_Academy_Awards" title="Africa Movie Academy Awards">Africa Movie Academy Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards" title="Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards">Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_Nollywood_Awards" title="Best of Nollywood Awards">Best of Nollywood Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Icons_Academy_Movie_Awards" title="Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards">Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Entertainment_Awards" title="Nigeria Entertainment Awards">Nigeria Entertainment Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nollywood_Movies_Awards" title="Nollywood Movies Awards">Nollywood Movies Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nollywood_and_African_Film_Critics_Awards" title="Nollywood and African Film Critics Awards">Nollywood and African Film Critics Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_International_Film_Festival" title="Africa International Film Festival">Africa International Film Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest-grossing films in Nigeria">Box Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cinema_and_movie_theater_chains#Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cinema and movie theater chains">Cinema chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_film_studios" title="Category:Nigerian film studios">Film Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nigeria_articles574" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nigeria_topics" title="Template:Nigeria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nigeria_topics" title="Template talk:Nigeria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nigeria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nigeria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nigeria_articles574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nigeria-related_articles" title="Index of Nigeria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="KingdomsEmpires183" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div class="hlist"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Kingdoms</li><li>Empires</li></ul></div> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Kanem-Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Nri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausa kingdoms">Hausa kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kano" title="Kingdom of Kano">Kano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daura_Emirate" title="Daura Emirate">Daura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Katsina" title="History of Katsina">Katsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazzau" title="Zazzau">Zazzau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadejia" title="Hadejia">Biram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rano" title="Rano">Rano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebbi_Emirate" title="Kebbi Emirate">Kebbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwararafa" title="Kwararafa">Kwararafa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nigerian_history" title="Timeline of Nigerian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Nigeria">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria_before_1500" title="History of Nigeria before 1500">before 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Nigeria (1500–1800)">1500-1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colonial Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nigerian_Republic" title="First Nigerian Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Nigeria" title="Military dictatorship in Nigeria">Military dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nigerian_Republic" title="Second Nigerian Republic">Second Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Nigerian_Republic" title="Third Nigerian Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Nigerian_Republic" title="Fourth Nigerian Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Plateau" title="Adamawa Plateau">Adamawa Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Nigeria" title="Template:Borders of Nigeria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Nigeria" title="List of populated places in Nigeria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nigeria" title="Climate change in Nigeria">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Nigeria" title="List of ecoregions in Nigeria">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Environmental issues in the Niger Delta">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Islands of Nigeria">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos_Plateau" title="Jos Plateau">Jos Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Mountains of Nigeria">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Nigeria" title="List of national parks of Nigeria">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Rivers of Nigeria">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Benue" class="mw-redirect" title="River Benue">Benue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nigeria" title="Wildlife of Nigeria">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife conservation in Nigeria">Wildlife conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Nigeria" title="Subdivisions of Nigeria">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_villages_in_Nigeria" title="Lists of villages in Nigeria">Villages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nigeria" title="Cabinet of Nigeria">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nigeria" title="Elections in Nigeria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministries_of_Nigeria" title="Federal Ministries of Nigeria">Federal Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nigeria" title="Foreign relations of Nigeria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nigeria">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nigeria" title="Human trafficking in Nigeria">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Law enforcement in Nigeria">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces" title="Nigerian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Nigeria">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nigeria" title="List of political parties in Nigeria">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" title="Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress" title="All Progressives Congress">APC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of Nigeria">Vice-President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria" title="Supreme Court of Nigeria">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nigeria" title="Agriculture in Nigeria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Drain_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Drain in Nigeria">Brain Drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="Central Bank of Nigeria">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria" title="Corruption in Nigeria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nigeria" title="Economic history of Nigeria">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nigeria" title="Energy in Nigeria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Nigeria" title="Mining industry of Nigeria">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Naira <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum in Nigeria">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nigeria" title="Tourism in Nigeria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nigeria" title="Transport in Nigeria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Society of Nigeria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nigeria" title="Abortion in Nigeria">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nigeria" title="Censorship in Nigeria">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria#Baby_factories" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">Baby factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nigeria" title="Capital punishment in Nigeria">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nigeria" title="Child labour in Nigeria">Child labour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girl_child_labour_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl child labour in Nigeria">Girl child labour</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Nigeria">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria" title="Corruption in Nigeria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Nigeria" title="Crime in Nigeria">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Domestic violence in Nigeria">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Nigeria">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">MASSOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People" title="Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People">MOSOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oodua_Peoples_Congress" title="Oodua Peoples Congress">Oodua Peoples Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_in_Nigeria" title="Female genital mutilation in Nigeria">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Nigeria" title="Gender inequality in Nigeria">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nigeria" title="Health in Nigeria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Nigeria" title="Polygamy in Nigeria">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nigeria" title="Poverty in Nigeria">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Nigeria" title="Prostitution in Nigeria">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_in_Nigeria" title="List of protests in Nigeria">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of Nigeria">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Nigeria" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nigeria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Nigeria" title="Youth in Nigeria">Youth</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Conflicts203" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div class="hlist"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Conflicts in Nigeria">Conflicts</a></li></ul></div> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist insurgency in Nigeria">Islamist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Culture of Nigeria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria,_We_Hail_Thee" title="Nigeria, We Hail Thee">Anthem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria" title="Coat of arms of Nigeria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nigeria" title="Flag of Nigeria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerians" title="List of Nigerians">List of Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nigeria">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nigeria" title="Public holidays in Nigeria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria" title="Sharia in Nigeria">Sharia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Nigeria" title="Smoking in Nigeria">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Nigeria">Video gaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nigeria" title="Outline of Nigeria">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nigeria-related_articles" title="Index of Nigeria-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigeria" title="Category:Nigeria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinema_of_Africa270" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinema_of_Africa270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Cinema of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Angola" title="Cinema of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Benin" title="Cinema of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Botswana" title="Cinema of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Cinema of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burundi" title="Cinema of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cameroon" title="Cinema of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cape_Verde" title="Cinema of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cinema of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chad" title="Cinema of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Djibouti" title="Cinema of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Eritrea" title="Cinema of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ethiopia" title="Cinema of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Gabon" title="Cinema of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ghana" title="Cinema of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Cinema of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kenya" title="Cinema of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Liberia" title="Cinema of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Libya" title="Cinema of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Madagascar" title="Cinema of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mauritius" title="Cinema of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Morocco" title="Cinema of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mozambique" title="Cinema of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Namibia" title="Cinema of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Niger" title="Cinema of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cinema of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Senegal" title="Cinema of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Seychelles" title="Cinema of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia" title="Cinema of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Sudan" title="Cinema of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan" title="Cinema of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tanzania" title="Cinema of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Togo" title="Cinema of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tunisia" title="Cinema of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uganda" title="Cinema of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zambia" title="Cinema of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zimbabwe" title="Cinema of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_cinema464" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_cinema" title="Template:World cinema"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_cinema" title="Template talk:World cinema"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_cinema" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World cinema"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_cinema464" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">World cinema</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_cinema" title="National cinema">National cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Libya" title="Cinema of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Morocco" title="Cinema of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tunisia" title="Cinema of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Djibouti" title="Cinema of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Eritrea" title="Cinema of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ethiopia" title="Cinema of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kenya" title="Cinema of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Madagascar" title="Cinema of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mauritius" title="Cinema of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia" title="Cinema of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Sudan" title="Cinema of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan" title="Cinema of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tanzania" title="Cinema of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uganda" title="Cinema of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zambia" title="Cinema of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zimbabwe" title="Cinema of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Benin" title="Cinema of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Cinema of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cape_Verde" title="Cinema of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ghana" title="Cinema of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Liberia" title="Cinema of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Niger" title="Cinema of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Senegal" title="Cinema of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Togo" title="Cinema of Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Angola" title="Cinema of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cameroon" title="Cinema of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cinema of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chad" title="Cinema of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Gabon" title="Cinema of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cinema of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Botswana" title="Cinema of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Namibia" title="Cinema of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Asia" title="Cinema of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mongolia" title="Cinema of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bhutan" title="Cinema of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cinema" title="Chhattisgarhi cinema">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_film_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani film industry">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_cinema" title="Dogri cinema">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cinema" title="Haryanvi cinema">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cinema" title="Kashmiri cinema">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_cinema" title="Khasi cinema">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_cinema" title="Meitei cinema">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Oriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rajasthan" title="Cinema of Rajasthan">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_cinema" title="Sanskrit cinema">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_cinema" title="Tulu cinema">Tulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal" title="Cinema of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Lollywood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cinema" title="Southeast Asian cinema">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cambodia" title="Cinema of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Laos" title="Cinema of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnam" title="Cinema of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Central_Asia" title="Cinema of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Cinema of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tajikistan" title="Cinema of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkmenistan" title="Cinema of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uzbekistan" title="Cinema of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of West Asia">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bahrain" title="Cinema of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel" title="Cinema of Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish cinema">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jordan" title="Cinema of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kuwait" title="Cinema of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oman" title="Cinema of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Palestine" title="Cinema of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Qatar" title="Cinema of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Syria" title="Cinema of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cinema of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yemen" title="Cinema of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Cinema of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovakia" title="Cinema of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Denmark" title="Cinema of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Cinema of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lithuania" title="Cinema of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Cinema of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Scotland" title="Cinema of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Wales" title="Cinema of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_films" title="List of Bosnia and Herzegovina films">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maltese_films" title="List of Maltese films">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yugoslavia" title="Cinema of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan cinema">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Galicia" title="Cinema of Galicia">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Austria" title="Cinema of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-German_cinema" title="Turkish-German cinema">German Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Luxembourg" title="Cinema of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="North American cinema">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Quebec" title="Cinema of Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Costa_Rica" title="Cinema of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cuba" title="Cinema of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dominican_Republic_films" title="List of Dominican Republic films">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti" title="Cinema of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jamaica" title="Cinema of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Cinema of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of South America">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Argentina" title="Cinema of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bolivia" title="Cinema of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chile" title="Cinema of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ecuador" title="Cinema of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Paraguay" title="Cinema of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Peru" title="Cinema of Peru">Peru</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iquitos" title="Cinema of Iquitos">Iquitos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Suriname" title="Cinema of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uruguay" title="Cinema of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Venezuela" title="Cinema of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_films" title="List of Oceanian films">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Fiji" title="Cinema of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Samoa" title="Cinema of Samoa">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental<br />& transnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cinema" title="Arab cinema">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cinema" title="Balochi cinema">Balochi cinema</a></li> <li><a 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