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href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/cement/"><span class="breadcrumb-link-text-wrap">Cement</span></a><meta ></span> <span aria-label="breadcrumb separator">/</span> <span class="breadcrumb-current-title">The Cement Manufacturing Process</span></div></div></header> <section class="hero-banner" style="background-image:url(https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2023/12/iStock-1133989173_cementmfr.jpg)"> </section> <div class="site-inner"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content"><article class="post-4890 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-cement tag-cement-factory tag-cement-making tag-cement-manufacturing tag-cement-plant tag-cement-production tag-technologies-used-for-making-cement entry" aria-label="The Cement Manufacturing Process"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">The Cement Manufacturing Process</h1> <span class="post-info-author"> By <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/author/mgasdiacochrane/" title="Posts by Marlene Gasdia-Cochrane" rel="author">Marlene Gasdia-Cochrane</a> </span> <span class="post-info-date"> 12.20.2023 </span> </header><div class="entry-content"><p>Different minerals need to be mined in order to <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/cement-coal-minerals/cement-production.html?icid=CAD_blog_mining_2023Dec">make cement</a>. Limestone (containing the mineral calcite), clay, and gypsum make up most of it. The US Geological Survey notes that cement raw materials, especially limestone, are geologically widespread and (luckily) abundant. In 2022, U.S. portland cement production increased slightly to an estimated 92 million tons, and masonry cement production increased to an estimated 2.5 million tons, according to the <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2023/mcs2023-cement.pdf">U.S. Geological Survey 2023 Cement Mineral Commodity Summary</a>. The overall value of sales of cement was about $14.6 billion, with an estimated 70% to 75% of sales were to ready-mixed concrete producers, 11% to concrete product manufacturers, 8% to 10% to contractors, and 5% to 12% to other customer types.</p> <p>The Minerals Summary also noted that “cement is not recycled, but significant quantities of concrete are recycled for use as a construction aggregate. Cement kilns can use waste fuels, recycled cement kiln dust, and recycled raw materials such as slags and fly ash. Various secondary materials can be incorporated as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in blended cements and in the cement paste in concrete.”</p> <p>There are more than twenty types of cement used to make various specialty concrete, however the most common is Portland cement.</p> <h2>How cement is made</h2> <p>Cement manufacturing is a complex process that begins with mining and then grinding raw materials that include limestone and clay, to a fine powder, called raw meal, which is then heated to a sintering temperature as high as 1450 °C in a cement kiln. In this process, the chemical bonds of the raw materials are broken down and then they are recombined into new compounds. The result is called clinker, which are rounded nodules between 1mm and 25mm across. The clinker is ground to a fine powder in a cement mill and mixed with gypsum to create cement. The powdered cement is then mixed with water and aggregates to form concrete that is used in construction.</p> <p><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/cement-coal-minerals/cement-production/solutions.html?icid=CAD_blog_mining_2023Dec#clinker-control">Clinker quality</a> depends on raw material composition, which has to be closely monitored to ensure the quality of the cement. Excess free lime, for example, results in undesirable effects such as volume expansion, increased setting time or reduced strength. Several laboratory and online systems can be employed to ensure process control in each step of the cement manufacturing process, including clinker formation.</p> <h2><span style="font-size: 18pt">How cement manufacturers can help ensure cement quality</span></h2> <p>From the limestone mine, to crushing, blending, the raw mill, kiln and beyond, elemental analysis is a critical component to driving process control, efficiencies, and higher quality end products. Powerful analyzers can help you better understand the composition of your raw materials, and give you more control over downstream production processes.</p> <p>Handheld XRF analyzers can identify material composition and contaminants or obtain geochemical data in the field, or anywhere in the plant. <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/cement-coal-minerals/cement-production/solutions.html#laboratory-materials-analysis">Laboratory X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)</a> systems are used by cement QC laboratories to determine major and minor oxides in clinker, cement and raw materials such as limestone, sand and bauxite.* Combination X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) systems accomplish both chemical phase analysis for a more complete characterization of the sample. Clinker phase analysis ensures consistent clinker quality. Such instrumentation can be fitted with several XRF monochromators for major oxides analysis and a compact diffraction (XRD) system which has the capability of measuring quartz in raw meal, free lime (CaO) and clinker phases as well as calcite (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) in cement.</p> <p>Cross Belt Analyzers based on<a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/cement-coal-minerals/cement-production/technologies.html?icid=CAD_blog_mining_2023Dec#quality-assurance"> Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis</a> (PGNAA) technology provide high frequency online elemental analysis of an entire raw material process stream. Analyzers using PGNAA/PFTNA are situated directly on the conveyor belt and penetrate the whole raw material cross-section, delivering minute-by-minute, uniform measurement of the entire material stream, not just a sample or surface reading. The key elemental components for cement are calcium, aluminum, iron, and silicon. However, sometimes unwanted elements such as magnesium oxide, and alkalis such as sodium, potassium, and sulfur exist within the limestone, clay, and sandstone that are adverse to the process. In these cases, PGNAA technology allows the end user to monitor MgO levels in the limestone and adjust accordingly.</p> <p>Accurate cement production also depends on belt scale systems to monitor output and inventory or regulate product loadout, as well as tramp metal detectors to protect equipment and keep the operation running smoothly. The <a href="http://www.thermoscientific.com/content/dam/tfs/ATG/CAD/CAD%20Documents/Product%20Manuals%20&%20Specifications/Elemental%20Analysis/Cement-Manufacturing-Process-A3.pdf?icid=CAD_blog_mining_2015Aug">Cement Manufacturing Process</a> flow chart sums up where in the process each type of technology is making a difference.</p> <p>Cement operators also use these analysis systems to analyze and adjust the coal mix in-stream, which enables the plant to reduce energy consumption by using exactly the amount of coal fuel required to meet the specific heating values required to process materials in the kiln and mill. Kiln feed material with high chemistry variations requires more fuel to properly react and more energy at the finish mill to grind over-reacted clinker.</p> <h2>Additional Resources:</h2> <ul> <li>Website resources: <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/cement-coal-minerals/cement-production.html?icid=CAD_blog_mining_2023Dec">Technology and Solutions to Improve Cement Manufacturing</a></li> <li>Application Note: <em><a href="http://www.thermoscientific.com/content/dam/tfs/ATG/CAD/CAD%20Documents/Application%20&%20Technical%20Notes/Cement,%20Coal,%20Minerals%20Sampling%20and%20Online%20Analysis/Cement%20Online%20Elemental%20Analyzers/Analysis-Clinker-Cement-ARL-OPTIM'X.pdf?icid=CAD_blog_mining_2015Aug">Analysis of Clinker and Cement with Thermo Scientific ARL OPTIM’X WDXRF Sequential Spectrometer</a> </em>to learn why XRF is the technique of choice for elemental analysis in cement industry.</li> <li>Blog article: <em><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/xrfxrd-combined-instrumentation-can-provide-complete-quality-control-of-clinker-and-cement?icid=CAD_blog_mining_2015Aug">XRF/XRD Combined Instrumentation Can Provide Complete Quality Control of Clinker and Cement</a></em> to learn more about technology that combines the advantages of both XRF and XRD together.</li> <li>Blog article: <em><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/pgnaa-improves-process-and-quality-control-in-cement-production/">PGNAA Improves Process and Quality Control in Cement Production</a></em> to learn what makes PGNAA particularly suited for cement analysis.</li> </ul> <p><em>Editor’s Note: This article was originally published 8/20/15 under the author Darrell Leetham but has been updated and refreshed with new information.</em></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <aside class="mashsb-container mashsb-main "><div class="mashsb_above_buttons">Share this article </div><div class="mashsb-box"><div class="mashsb-count mash-large" style="float:left"><div class="counts mashsbcount">405</div><span class="mashsb-sharetext">SHARES</span></div><div class="mashsb-buttons"><a class="mashicon-facebook mash-large mashsb-noshadow" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thermofisher.com%2Fblog%2Fmining%2Fthe-cement-manufacturing-process%2F" target="_top" rel="nofollow"><span class="icon"></span><span class="text">Facebook</span></a><a class="mashicon-linkedin mash-large mashsb-noshadow" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?trk=The+Cement+Manufacturing+Process&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thermofisher.com%2Fblog%2Fmining%2Fthe-cement-manufacturing-process%2F" target="_top" rel="nofollow"><span class="icon"></span><span class="text">Linkedin</span></a><a class="mashicon-twitter mash-large mashsb-noshadow" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=The%20Cement%20Manufacturing%20Process&url=https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/?p=4890&via=thermofisher" target="_top" rel="nofollow"><span class="icon"></span><span class="text">Twitter</span></a><a class="mashicon-mail mash-large mashsb-noshadow" href="mailto:?subject=Check%20out%20this%20article%20from%20Accelerating%20Science&body=Check%20out%20this%20article%20I%20just%20read%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thermofisher.com%2Fblog%2Fmining%2Fthe-cement-manufacturing-process%2F" target="_top" rel="nofollow"><span class="icon"></span><span class="text">Mail</span></a><div class="onoffswitch2 mash-large mashsb-noshadow" style="display:none"></div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div><div class="mashsb-toggle-container"></div></aside> <div class="jp-relatedposts"> <div class="related-post related-1"> <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/did-you-miss-our-most-popular-articles-here-are-our-top-5-mining-articles-this-year/"><img width="310" height="274" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/12/iStock-1281079154-310x274.jpg" class="attachment-grid size-grid wp-post-image" alt="Computer as book eleaning concept - laptop with alphabet letters idea" decoding="async" /></a> <span class="grid-content"> <h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/did-you-miss-our-most-popular-articles-here-are-our-top-5-mining-articles-this-year/">Did You Miss Our Most Popular Articles? 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Guide to Improving Cement Manufacturing</a></h3> <a class="button" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/global/forms/industrial/cement-manufacturing-processes-production-ebook-registration-form.html?icid=CAD_blog_mining_banner" target="_blank">Download Guide</a> </div> </div> <div class="webinars__webinar webinars__webinar-two"> <div class="webinars__webinar__image"> <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/global/forms/industrial/ebook-mining-mineral-operations-registration-form.html?icid=CAD_blog_mining_banner" target="_blank"><img width="350" height="238" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/02/miningebookthumb-1-e1625171605527.jpg" class="attachment-webinar size-webinar wp-post-image" alt="Mining ebook" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a> </div> <div class="webinars__webinar_content"> <h3><a 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decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">alinjavwa silomba</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/the-cement-manufacturing-process/#comment-165204">January 27, 2020 at 9:00 am</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>ineed cement procesing machines for manfuctier cemet 500000 machines industries thanks?</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-165204" data-commentid="165204" data-postid="4890" data-belowelement="article-comment-165204" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to alinjavwa silomba" aria-label="Reply to alinjavwa silomba">Reply</a></div> </article> <ul class="children"> <li class="comment byuser comment-author-mgasdiacochrane bypostauthor odd alt depth-2" id="comment-165218"> <article id="article-comment-165218"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/abea46e024ce507a3fcbc7ddbec992ee?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/abea46e024ce507a3fcbc7ddbec992ee?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">Marlene Gasdia-Cochrane, Editor</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/the-cement-manufacturing-process/#comment-165218">January 27, 2020 at 2:28 pm</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>We are not in the business of selling cement machines but maybe our readers can help.</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-165218" data-commentid="165218" data-postid="4890" data-belowelement="article-comment-165218" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Marlene Gasdia-Cochrane, Editor" aria-label="Reply to Marlene Gasdia-Cochrane, Editor">Reply</a></div> </article> <ul class="children"> <li class="comment even depth-3" id="comment-168246"> <article id="article-comment-168246"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2cd9c1e7d6c61c50e863887887163265?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2cd9c1e7d6c61c50e863887887163265?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">John Kempf</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/the-cement-manufacturing-process/#comment-168246">March 20, 2020 at 8:00 pm</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Are klinkers switching to Natural gas and away from coal?</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-168246" data-commentid="168246" data-postid="4890" data-belowelement="article-comment-168246" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to John Kempf" aria-label="Reply to John Kempf">Reply</a></div> </article> <ul class="children"> <li class="comment byuser comment-author-mgasdiacochrane bypostauthor odd alt depth-4" id="comment-177093"> <article id="article-comment-177093"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/abea46e024ce507a3fcbc7ddbec992ee?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/abea46e024ce507a3fcbc7ddbec992ee?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">Marlene Gasdia-Cochrane, Editor</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/the-cement-manufacturing-process/#comment-177093">September 22, 2020 at 3:22 pm</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Learn more about clinker here: <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/cement-coal-minerals/cement-production/material-chemistry-analysis.html" rel="nofollow ugc">https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/cement-coal-minerals/cement-production/material-chemistry-analysis.html</a></p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-177093" data-commentid="177093" data-postid="4890" data-belowelement="article-comment-177093" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Marlene Gasdia-Cochrane, Editor" aria-label="Reply to Marlene Gasdia-Cochrane, Editor">Reply</a></div> </article> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="comment even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-168548"> <article id="article-comment-168548"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7959fe5bd019701b178b8baadfc4d1b1?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7959fe5bd019701b178b8baadfc4d1b1?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">Yaw</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/the-cement-manufacturing-process/#comment-168548">March 27, 2020 at 8:59 am</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>We deal in clinker and gypsum and supply to any part of the world ,you may contact us for business.</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-168548" data-commentid="168548" data-postid="4890" data-belowelement="article-comment-168548" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Yaw" aria-label="Reply to Yaw">Reply</a></div> </article> </li> <li class="comment odd alt thread-even depth-1" id="comment-170327"> <article id="article-comment-170327"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3f469ea7a00654d323bbefc71391f495?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3f469ea7a00654d323bbefc71391f495?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">Edison.Abby</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/the-cement-manufacturing-process/#comment-170327">May 4, 2020 at 7:17 pm</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Don’t ask what others have done for you, but ask what you have done for others</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-170327" data-commentid="170327" data-postid="4890" data-belowelement="article-comment-170327" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Edison.Abby" aria-label="Reply to Edison.Abby">Reply</a></div> </article> </li> <li class="comment even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-175375"> <article id="article-comment-175375"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1b7b9f2ae1b81260e2a84a9d90387322?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1b7b9f2ae1b81260e2a84a9d90387322?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">Sara Hardy</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/the-cement-manufacturing-process/#comment-175375">August 12, 2020 at 9:24 am</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Thanks for the blog. I got exactly the thing that I searching for. You describe it very well….. I’ll wait for the further information in your next blogs.</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-175375" data-commentid="175375" data-postid="4890" data-belowelement="article-comment-175375" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Sara Hardy" aria-label="Reply to Sara Hardy">Reply</a></div> </article> </li> <li class="comment odd alt thread-even depth-1" id="comment-180827"> <article id="article-comment-180827"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2d10c7685379ef7448d57fb046898c91?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2d10c7685379ef7448d57fb046898c91?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">Andy Haun</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/the-cement-manufacturing-process/#comment-180827">November 24, 2020 at 6:41 pm</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>re: natural gas vs. coal (above)… The cost of natural gas is still around 3$ per million btu, while coal is 2$. So for a process like this that just needs heating value coal would be much preferred, and worth the cost for back end pollution control. Gas is becoming preferred for electric generation because a combined cycle plant has around 65% cycle efficiency, vs. 38% for coal-fired.</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-180827" data-commentid="180827" data-postid="4890" data-belowelement="article-comment-180827" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Andy Haun" aria-label="Reply to Andy Haun">Reply</a></div> </article> </li> <li class="comment even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-190616"> <article id="article-comment-190616"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/88e82fae7b15d4477292e00838cfcf8e?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/88e82fae7b15d4477292e00838cfcf8e?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">Boniface</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/the-cement-manufacturing-process/#comment-190616">July 9, 2021 at 4:36 pm</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Thanks…. Am a student of Ali Tatari Polytechnic bauchi state, studying civil engineering.<br /> I’ll be visiting this for more research</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-190616" data-commentid="190616" data-postid="4890" data-belowelement="article-comment-190616" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Boniface" aria-label="Reply to Boniface">Reply</a></div> </article> </li> <li class="comment odd alt thread-even depth-1" id="comment-191128"> <article id="article-comment-191128"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e3835779d0f3c12969f6b939951409c2?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e3835779d0f3c12969f6b939951409c2?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">zubair</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/the-cement-manufacturing-process/#comment-191128">August 1, 2021 at 1:45 am</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>This is an interesting article and the writer have collected a unique data<br /> The article is generally well written and structured.</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-191128" data-commentid="191128" data-postid="4890" data-belowelement="article-comment-191128" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to zubair" aria-label="Reply to zubair">Reply</a></div> </article> </li> <li class="comment even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-191976"> <article id="article-comment-191976"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bd871a14bea64c7c561824277fc346d2?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bd871a14bea64c7c561824277fc346d2?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">Casing Centralizer</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/the-cement-manufacturing-process/#comment-191976">September 6, 2021 at 8:24 am</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>This is in interesting article and and worth the cost for back end pollution control. Casing Centralizer</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-191976" data-commentid="191976" data-postid="4890" data-belowelement="article-comment-191976" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Casing Centralizer" aria-label="Reply to Casing Centralizer">Reply</a></div> </article> </li> <li class="comment odd alt thread-even depth-1" id="comment-192447"> <article id="article-comment-192447"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4b9fc8405f5b88486f789500241d9303?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4b9fc8405f5b88486f789500241d9303?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">Dilip semil</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/the-cement-manufacturing-process/#comment-192447">September 24, 2021 at 7:03 am</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>this artical is very useful thank for sharing information</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-192447" data-commentid="192447" data-postid="4890" data-belowelement="article-comment-192447" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Dilip semil" aria-label="Reply to Dilip semil">Reply</a></div> </article> </li> <li class="comment even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-204304"> <article id="article-comment-204304"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4ed3d2c521b3ba0dab7101fe0636726?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4ed3d2c521b3ba0dab7101fe0636726?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">syedzaman</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/the-cement-manufacturing-process/#comment-204304">September 24, 2022 at 6:50 am</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>interesting piece of information. Thanks for sharing</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-204304" data-commentid="204304" data-postid="4890" data-belowelement="article-comment-204304" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to syedzaman" aria-label="Reply to syedzaman">Reply</a></div> </article> </li> <li class="comment odd alt thread-even depth-1" id="comment-206956"> <article id="article-comment-206956"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/83ae0f295e0e161a32fd7e4288bc6bfc?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/83ae0f295e0e161a32fd7e4288bc6bfc?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">Kennewick Concrete King</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/the-cement-manufacturing-process/#comment-206956">March 21, 2023 at 4:14 am</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>The complex process of making cement starts with the mining of raw materials like limestone and clay, which are then ground into a fine powder known as raw meal and heated in a cement kiln to a sintering temperature as high as 1450 °C.</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-206956" data-commentid="206956" data-postid="4890" data-belowelement="article-comment-206956" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Kennewick Concrete King" aria-label="Reply to Kennewick Concrete King">Reply</a></div> </article> </li> <li class="comment even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-211363"> <article id="article-comment-211363"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0a61b2f9be3b0a8272802bde25588117?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0a61b2f9be3b0a8272802bde25588117?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">Gangadhar Goud Kaki</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/the-cement-manufacturing-process/#comment-211363">October 18, 2023 at 7:54 am</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Interesting this artical is very useful thank for sharing</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-211363" data-commentid="211363" data-postid="4890" data-belowelement="article-comment-211363" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Gangadhar Goud Kaki" aria-label="Reply to Gangadhar Goud 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