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margin: .1em .5em;"><b>[<span class="plainlinks plainlinksneverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Japanese_party_government_before_World_War_Two&action=edit&section=0"><font size="2">edit intro</font></a></span>]</b></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 0.3em; padding:0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em;"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Compromise"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Compromise</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ideologies"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Ideologies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#End_of_party_government"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">End of party government</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p>While political parties were introduced to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, <b>Japanese party government before World War Two</b> never was the dominant factor as in parliaments under the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>. The first party cabinet was formed in 1900, but Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> advised abandoning them after the <a href="/wiki/March_1931_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1931 incident">March 1931 incident</a>. Cabinets had varied in having military or party leadership. The last parties dissolved themselves in 1940. </p><p>After the Restoration, <a href="/wiki/Taisuke_Itagaki" title="Taisuke Itagaki">Taisuke Itagaki</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Sojiro_Goto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sojiro Goto (page does not exist)">Sojiro Goto</a>, <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Taneomi_Soejima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taneomi Soejima (page does not exist)">Taneomi Soejima</a>, <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Shinpei_Eto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shinpei Eto (page does not exist)">Shinpei Eto</a> and <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Shigeru_Furusawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shigeru Furusawa (page does not exist)">Shigeru Furusawa</a>, formed <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Aikoku_Koto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aikoku Koto (page does not exist)">Aikoku Koto</a> (Public Party of Patriots), in 1874. It advocated a directly elected parliamentary system, but dissolved itself several months later. It was a predecessor of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, and then the Liberal Party.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>In 1882, <a href="/wiki/Shigenobu_Okuma" title="Shigenobu Okuma">Shigenobu Okuma</a> founded the Rikken Kaishinto party (Constitutional Reform Party). This party, however, was not to have any governing role on its own. It was, however, an ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Kenseito" title="Kenseito">Kenseito</a>, an operational constitutional party. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Compromise">Compromise</span></h2> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Taisuke_Itagaki" title="Taisuke Itagaki">Taisuke Itagaki</a>, Okuma cofounded the <a href="/wiki/Kenseito" title="Kenseito">Kenseito</a> (Constitutional Government Party) in 1898. It soon split into factions, the members of the old Liberal Party retaining the Kenseito , and the old Shinpoto (Progressive Party) faction calling itself the Kensei Honto (Real Constitutional Party). Nevertheless, Kenseito was a working party. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Seiyukai" title="Seiyukai">Seiyukai</a> party, formed in 1900 by <a href="/wiki/Hirabumi_Ito" title="Hirabumi Ito">Hirabumi Ito</a>, combined Ito's faction of government with the more liberal group under Itagakai. By 1918, <a href="/wiki/Yoshimichi_Hara" title="Yoshimichi Hara">Yoshimichi Hara</a> founded a government because he controlled a Diet majority, not that he was simply the Emperor's choice.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ideologies">Ideologies</span></h2> <p>While the parties were more or less democratic, this did not equate to liberal. Even so, there were national leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a>, that preferred a unified authority to parties. </p><p>Even the liberal parties often had nationalistic and imperialistic views. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="End_of_party_government">End of party government</span></h2> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/May_15_incident" title="May 15 incident">May 15 incident</a> of 1931, in which radical young officers assassinated the Prime Minister, Hirohito and his advisers chose to move away from party government to help stabilize the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> During the second <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Konoe government</a> in 1940, the political parties dissolved themselves. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><div class="references" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="external text" id="CITEREF">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/modern/e/cha1/description09.html">1-9 White Paper for Establishment of Popularly elected Assembly</a>, <i>Modern Japan in Archives: Initial Steps toward a Constitutional State</i>, National Diet Library</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="external text" id="CITEREF"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/modern/e/cha2/description18.html">2-18 Birth of the "Waihan" (OKUMA-ITAGAKI) Cabinets</a></i>, National Diet Library</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="external text" id="CITEREFEdwin_O._Reichshauer1977">Edwin O. Reichshauer (1977), <i>The Japanese</i>, Harvard University Press</cite>, p. 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="external text" id="CITEREFWilliam_Theodore_De_Bary2005">William Theodore De Bary (2005), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=6wS_ijD6DSgC&pg=PA826&lpg=PA826&dq=%22Aikoku+Koto%22+Japan&source=bl&ots=Myl1OhPPmM&sig=tVOhZOwACZrSk7azh8Wq4e3x1o0&hl=en&ei=w56OTOyiC4H78AbtkaTQCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CDEQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22Aikoku%20Koto%22%20Japan&f=false">Sources of Japanese tradition: From earliest times to 1600</a></i>, Columbia University Press</cite>, p. 826</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="external text" id="CITEREFHerbert_P._Bix2001">Herbert P. Bix (2001), <i>Hirohito and the making of modern Japan</i>, Harper Perennial, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060931308" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0060931308</a></cite>, pp. 252-254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="external text" id="CITEREFDavid_Bergamini1971">David Bergamini (1971), <i>Japan's Imperial Conspiracy</i>, Morrow</cite>, p. 715</span> </li> </ol></div></div></span> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key citiz_2022:pcache:idhash:176324-0!canonical and timestamp 20241016161012 and revision id 976869. --> </div> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Japanese_party_government_before_World_War_Two&oldid=976869">https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Japanese_party_government_before_World_War_Two&oldid=976869</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="Category:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CZ_Live" title="Category:CZ Live">CZ Live</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_Workgroup" title="Category:History Workgroup">History Workgroup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_Workgroup" title="Category:Politics Workgroup">Politics Workgroup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacific_War_Subgroup" title="Category:Pacific War Subgroup">Pacific War Subgroup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:Articles written in American English">Articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Content" title="Category:All Content">All Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_Content" title="Category:History Content">History Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_Content" title="Category:Politics Content">Politics Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_tag" title="Category:History tag">History tag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacific_War_tag" title="Category:Pacific War tag">Pacific War tag</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_tag" title="Category:Politics tag">Politics tag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suggestion_Bot_Tag" title="Category:Suggestion Bot Tag">Suggestion Bot Tag</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Japanese+party+government+before+World+War+Two" title="To edit pages, [[Special:RequestAccount|get a contributor account]]. 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