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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy:_against_Fascism_and_Mussolini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy:_against_Fascism_and_Mussolini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Italy: against Fascism and Mussolini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy:_against_Fascism_and_Mussolini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenians_and_Croats_under_Italianization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenians_and_Croats_under_Italianization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Slovenians and Croats under Italianization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenians_and_Croats_under_Italianization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany:_against_the_NSDAP_and_Hitlerism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany:_against_the_NSDAP_and_Hitlerism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Germany: against the NSDAP and Hitlerism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany:_against_the_NSDAP_and_Hitlerism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain:_Civil_War_against_the_Nationalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain:_Civil_War_against_the_Nationalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Spain: Civil War against the Nationalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain:_Civil_War_against_the_Nationalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France:_against_Action_Française_and_Vichy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France:_against_Action_Française_and_Vichy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>France: against <i>Action Française</i> and Vichy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France:_against_Action_Française_and_Vichy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom:_against_Mosley's_BUF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom:_against_Mosley's_BUF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>United Kingdom: against Mosley's BUF</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom:_against_Mosley's_BUF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States,_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States,_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>United States, World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States,_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burma,_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burma,_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Burma, World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burma,_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland,_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland,_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Poland, World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland,_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>After World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.1</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.2</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.3</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.5</span> <span>Elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-fascism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="معاداة الفاشية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاداة الفاشية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascismu" title="Antifascismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antifascismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%9Fist_h%C9%99r%C9%99kat%C4%B1" title="Antifaşist hərəkatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antifaşist hərəkatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антыфашызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антыфашызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Антифашизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антифашизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1izam" title="Antifašizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antifašizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enepfaskouriezh" title="Enepfaskouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enepfaskouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антифашизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Антифашизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifeixisme" title="Antifeixisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antifeixisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1ismus" title="Antifašismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antifašismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascisme" title="Antifascisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antifascisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifaschismus" title="Antifaschismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antifaschismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1ism" title="Antifašism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antifašism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascismo" title="Antifascismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antifascismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADfa%C5%9Dismo" title="Kontraŭfaŝismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭfaŝismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifaxismo" title="Antifaxismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antifaxismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="ضدفاشیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضدفاشیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascisme" title="Antifascisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antifascisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascismo" title="Antifascismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antifascismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%ED%8C%8C%EC%8B%9C%EC%A6%98" title="반파시즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반파시즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Հակաֆաշիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակաֆաշիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1izam" title="Antifašizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antifašizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifasisme" title="Antifasisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antifasisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascismo" title="Antifascismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antifascismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99-%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אנטי-פשיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטי-פשיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антифашизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антифашизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1isms" title="Antifašisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antifašisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifassism" title="Antifassism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Antifassism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifasizmus" title="Antifasizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antifasizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Антифашизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антифашизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fasisme" title="Anti-fasisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anti-fasisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascisme" title="Antifascisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antifascisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="反ファシズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反ファシズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascisme" title="Antifascisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antifascisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifaissisme" title="Antifaissisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antifaissisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A7" title="ਫਾਸ਼ੀਵਾਦ-ਵਿਰੋਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਾਸ਼ੀਵਾਦ-ਵਿਰੋਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%B6%D8%AF" title="د فاشيزم ضد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فاشيزم ضد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antyfaszyzm" title="Antyfaszyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antyfaszyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascismo" title="Antifascismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antifascismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascism" title="Antifascism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antifascism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антифашизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антифашизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifashizmi" title="Antifashizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antifashizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="ෆැසිස්ට් විරෝධය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෆැසිස්ට් විරෝධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anti-fascism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1izmus" title="Antifašizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antifašizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1izem" title="Antifašizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antifašizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Антифашизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антифашизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1izam" title="Antifašizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antifašizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifasismi" title="Antifasismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antifasismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascism" title="Antifascism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antifascism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%9Fizm" title="Antifaşizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antifaşizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антифашизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антифашизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifasizmo" title="Antifasizmo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Antifasizmo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg/220px-An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg/329px-An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg/439px-An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="5141" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Italian_partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian partisan">Italian partisan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, 14 August 1944, during the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">liberation of 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-fascism" title="Category:Anti-fascism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-fascism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg/100px-Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg/150px-Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg/200px-Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="1781" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interwar</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lions" title="Black Lions">Black Lions</a></li></ul> <p>Central Europe </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbeiter-Schutzbund" title="Arbeiter-Schutzbund">Arbeiter-Schutzbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republikanischer_Schutzbund" title="Republikanischer Schutzbund">Republikanischer Schutzbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(Poland)" title="Socialist Action (Poland)">Socialist Action</a></li></ul> <p>Germany </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion" title="Antifaschistische Aktion">Antifaschistische Aktion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Band_(resistance_group)" title="Black Band (resistance group)">Black Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany">Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Front" title="Iron Front">Iron Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold" title="Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold">Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roter_Frontk%C3%A4mpferbund" title="Roter Frontkämpferbund">Roter Frontkämpferbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Arrows" title="Three Arrows">Three Arrows</a></li></ul> <p>Italy </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Italian_general_strike" title="1922 Italian general strike">1922 Italian general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana" title="Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana">Concentrazione Antifascista<br />Italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Anti-Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volante_Rossa" title="Volante Rossa">Volante Rossa</a></li></ul> <p>Spain (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>) </p> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Antifascist_Worker_and_Peasant_Militias" title="Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias">Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederal_militias" title="Confederal militias">Confederal militias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Brigade">Abraham Lincoln Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Battalion" title="British Battalion">British Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabrowski_Battalion" title="Dabrowski Battalion">Dabrowski Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILP_Contingent" title="ILP Contingent">ILP Contingent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie-Papineau_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palafox_Battalion" title="Palafox Battalion">Palafox Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A4lmann_Battalion" title="Thälmann Battalion">Thälmann Battalion</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> <p>Albania </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">National Liberation Movement</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Austria </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austrian resistance</a></li></ul> <p>Baltic states </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonian resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45">Latvian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuanian resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a></li></ul> <p>Belgium </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgian Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_National_Movement" title="Belgian National Movement">Belgian National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_de_l%27Ind%C3%A9pendance" title="Front de l'Indépendance">Front de l'Indépendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Army_(Belgium)" title="Secret Army (Belgium)">Secret Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witte_Brigade" title="Witte Brigade">Witte Brigade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Bulgaria </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian resistance movement">Bulgarian resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Bulgaria)" title="Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Insurgent_Army" title="People's Liberation Insurgent Army">People's Liberation Insurgent Army</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Burma </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Organisation">Anti-Fascist Organisation</a></li></ul> <p>Czechia </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka_partisan_brigade" title="Jan Žižka partisan brigade">Jan Žižka partisan brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Denmark </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Danish resistance movement</a></li></ul> <p>France </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">Maquis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_Juive" title="Armée Juive">Armée Juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Armée secrète">Armée secrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_(French_Resistance)" title="Combat (French Resistance)">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franc-Tireur_(movement)" title="Franc-Tireur (movement)">Franc-Tireur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration-Nord" title="Libération-Nord">Libération-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration-sud" title="Libération-sud">Libération-sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvements_Unis_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvements Unis de la Résistance">Mouvements Unis<br />de la Résistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Resistance" title="National Council of the Resistance">National Council<br />of the Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(French_Resistance)" title="National Front (French Resistance)">National Front</a></li></ul> <p>Germany </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany">Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_German_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance">Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="National Committee for a Free Germany">National Committee for a Free Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany">AKFD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Orchestra_(espionage)" title="Red Orchestra (espionage)">Rote Kapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saefkow-Jacob-B%C3%A4stlein_Organization" title="Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization">Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarze_Kapelle" title="Schwarze Kapelle">Schwarze Kapelle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Greece </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_resistance" title="Cretan resistance">Cretan resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greek resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ELAS" title="ELAS">ELAS</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Italy </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a></li></ul> <p>Japan </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Chinese_resistance_to_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan">Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_People%27s_Emancipation_League" title="Japanese People's Emancipation League">Japanese People's Emancipation League</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Jewish </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee">Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish<br />partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_during_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish resistance during the Holocaust">Jewish resistance<br />during the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labor_Committee" title="Jewish Labor Committee">Jewish Labor Committee</a></li></ul> <p>Luxembourg </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg resistance">Luxembourg resistance</a></li></ul> <p>Netherlands </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binnenlandse_Strijdkrachten" title="Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten">Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Norway </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norwegian resistance movement</a></li></ul> <p>Poland </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Bloc" title="Anti-Fascist Bloc">Anti-Fascist<br />Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Armia Krajowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia<br />Ludowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">Gwardia<br />Ludowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgruppe_Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampfgruppe Auschwitz">Kampfgruppe Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimp_(organization)" title="Olimp (organization)">Olimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialists" title="Polish Socialists">Polscy Socjaliści</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw<br />Ghetto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Żydowska<br />Organizacja Bojowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">Zydowski<br />Zwiazek Walki</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Romania </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romanian resistance movement during World War II</a></li></ul> <p>Slovakia </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_partisans" title="Slovak partisans">Slovak partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Spain </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a></li></ul> <p>Soviet Union </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Moldovan resistance movement</a></li></ul> <p>Yugoslavia </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslav resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia">Anti-fascist Assembly for the National<br />Liberation of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Serbia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia">Anti-fascist<br />Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia">Anti-Fascist Council for the National<br />Liberation of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Partisans" title="Croatian Partisans">Croatian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Front_of_the_Slovenian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Front of the Slovenian People">Liberation Front of the Slovenian People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovene Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Postwar</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_anti-fascism" title="Post–World War II anti-fascism">Post–World War II anti-fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a>) <p>Germany </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(Germany)" title="Antifa (Germany)">Antifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsch_huh,_Z%C3%A4ng_ussenander" title="Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander">Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander</a></li></ul> <p>Italy </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANPI" title="ANPI">ANPI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)" title="Liberation Day (Italy)">Liberation Day</a></li></ul> <p>Netherlands </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_research_group_Kafka" title="Anti-fascist research group Kafka">Anti-fascist research group Kafka</a></li></ul> <p>Portugal </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Movement" title="Armed Forces Movement">Armed Forces Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation<br />Revolution</a></li></ul> <p>Spain </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a></li></ul> <p>Sweden </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifascistisk_Aktion" title="Antifascistisk Aktion">Antifascistisk Aktion</a></li></ul> <p>Switzerland </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Kinder_des_Holocaust" title="Aktion Kinder des Holocaust">Aktion Kinder des Holocaust</a></li></ul> <p>United Kingdom </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/43_Group" title="43 Group">43 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62_Group" title="62 Group">62 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Action" title="Anti-Fascist Action">Anti-Fascist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nazi_League" title="Anti-Nazi League">Anti-Nazi League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_Against_Fascism" title="Unite Against Fascism">Unite Against Fascism</a></li></ul> <p>United States </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Racist_Action" title="Anti-Racist Action">Anti-Racist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuse_Fascism" title="Refuse Fascism">Refuse Fascism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Music and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/%C2%A1Ay_Carmela!_(song)" title="¡Ay Carmela! (song)">¡Ay Carmela!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/First_they_came_..." title="First they came ...">First they came ...</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fischia_il_vento" title="Fischia il vento">Fischia il vento</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A2ndola,_Vila_Morena" title="Grândola, Vila Morena">Grândola, Vila Morena</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Punks_Fuck_Off" title="Nazi Punks Fuck Off">Nazi Punks Fuck Off</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rock_gegen_Rechts" title="Rock gegen Rechts">Rock gegen Rechts</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinheads_Against_Racial_Prejudice" title="Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice">Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_machine_kills_fascists" title="This machine kills fascists">This machine kills fascists</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/(We_Don%27t_Need_This)_Fascist_Groove_Thang" title="(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang">(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_and_anarchist_black_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Red and anarchist black metal">Red and anarchist black metal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Tactics and methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_tactics" title="Diversity of tactics">Diversity of tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshaking" title="Milkshaking">Milkshaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadism" title="Squadism">Squadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Germans_(political_current)" title="Anti-Germans (political current)">Anti-Germans (political current)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japaneseism" title="Anti-Japaneseism">Anti-Japaneseism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-fascism_sidebar" title="Template:Anti-fascism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-fascism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anti-fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-fascism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anti-fascism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> ideologies, groups and individuals. Beginning in European countries in the 1920s, it was at its most significant shortly before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> were opposed by many countries forming the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> and dozens of <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movements</a> worldwide. Anti-fascism has been an element of movements across the political spectrum and holding many different political positions such as <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalism</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Centrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrist">centrist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> viewpoints. </p><p>Fascism, a <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultra-nationalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-nationalistic">ultra-nationalistic</a> ideology best known for its use by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascists">Italian Fascists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a>, became prominent beginning in the 1910s. Organization against fascism began around 1920. Fascism became the state ideology of Italy in 1922 and of Germany in 1933, spurring a large increase in anti-fascist action, including <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a>. Anti-fascism was a major aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, which foreshadowed World War II. </p><p>Before World War II, <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a> had not taken seriously the threat of fascism, and anti-fascism was sometimes associated with communism. However, the <a href="/wiki/Outbreak_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Outbreak of World War II">outbreak of World War II</a> greatly changed Western perceptions, and fascism was seen as an existential threat by not only the <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist</a> Soviet Union but also by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal-democratic">liberal-democratic</a> United States and United Kingdom. The Axis Powers of World War II were generally fascist, and the fight against them was characterized in anti-fascist terms. <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> to fascism occurred in every occupied country, and came from across the ideological spectrum. The defeat of the Axis powers generally ended fascism as a state ideology. </p><p>After World War II, the anti-fascist movement continued to be active in places where organized fascism continued or re-emerged. There was a resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Antifa_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifa in Germany">antifa in Germany</a> in the 1980s, as a response to the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Punk_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk scene">punk scene</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazis">neo-Nazis</a>. This influenced the <a href="/wiki/Antifa_movement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifa movement in the United States">antifa movement in the United States</a> in the late 1980s and 1990s, which was similarly carried by punks. In the 21st century, this greatly increased in prominence as a response to the resurgence of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">radical right</a>, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Election_of_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Election of Donald Trump">election of Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fascist_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fascist_symbol.svg/170px-Fascist_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fascist_symbol.svg/255px-Fascist_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fascist_symbol.svg/340px-Fascist_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="89" data-file-height="206" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a></i> as depicted in the logo of the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a>. It is an axe bound in a bundle of wooden rods, symbolizing a <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a>'s power over life or death through the death penalty. In the 20th century, it became the premier fascist symbol.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the development and spread of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a>, i.e. the original fascism, the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a>'s ideology was met with increasingly militant opposition by Italian communists and socialists. Organizations such as <i><a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Arditi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arditi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Anarchist_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Anarchist Union">Italian Anarchist Union</a> emerged between 1919 and 1921, to combat the nationalist and fascist surge of the post-World War I period. </p><p>In the words of historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a>, as fascism developed and spread, a "nationalism of the left" developed in those nations threatened by Italian <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentism</a> (e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> in particular).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the outbreak of World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian resistance during World War II">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav</a> resistances were instrumental in antifascist action and underground resistance. This combination of irreconcilable nationalisms and <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftist</a> partisans constitute the earliest roots of European anti-fascism. Less militant forms of anti-fascism arose later. During the 1930s in Britain, "Christians – especially the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> – provided both a language of opposition to fascism and inspired anti-fascist action".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a> believed that <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> was a forerunner of anti-fascism due to his derision for nationalism and racism.<sup id="cite_ref-LaCoss_2001_p._6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaCoss_2001_p.-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michael Seidman argues that traditionally anti-fascism was seen as the purview of the <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a> but that in recent years this has been questioned. Seidman identifies two types of anti-fascism, namely revolutionary and counterrevolutionary:<sup id="cite_ref-Seidman_2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seidman_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Revolutionary anti-fascism was expressed amongst communists and anarchists, where it identified fascism and capitalism as its enemies and made little distinction between fascism and other forms of right-wing authoritarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-i006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It did not disappear after the Second World War but was used as an official ideology of the Soviet bloc, with the "fascist" West as the new enemy.</li> <li>Counterrevolutionary anti-fascism was much more conservative in nature, with Seidman arguing that Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill represented examples of it and that they tried to win the masses to their cause. Counterrevolutionary antifascists desired to ensure the restoration or continuation of the prewar old regime and conservative antifascists disliked fascism's erasure of the distinction between the public and private spheres. Like its revolutionary counterpart, it would outlast fascism once the Second World War ended.</li></ul> <p>Seidman argues that despite the differences between these two strands of anti-fascism, there were similarities. They would both come to regard violent expansion as intrinsic to the fascist project. They both rejected any claim that the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Versailles Treaty</a> was responsible for the rise of Nazism and instead viewed fascist dynamism as the cause of conflict. Unlike fascism, these two types of anti-fascism did not promise a quick victory but an extended struggle against a powerful enemy. During World War II, both anti-fascisms responded to fascist aggression by creating a cult of heroism which relegated victims to a secondary position.<sup id="cite_ref-Seidman_2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seidman_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after the war, conflict arose between the revolutionary and counterrevolutionary anti-fascisms; the victory of the Western Allies allowed them to restore the old regimes of liberal democracy in Western Europe, while Soviet victory in Eastern Europe allowed for the establishment of new revolutionary anti-fascist regimes there.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg/220px-101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg/330px-101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg/440px-101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch resistance</a> members with U.S. <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne</a> troops in <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, September 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Anti-fascist movements emerged first in Italy during the rise of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they soon spread to other European countries and then globally. In the early period, Communist, socialist, anarchist and Christian workers and intellectuals were involved. Until 1928, the period of the <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a>, there was significant collaboration between the Communists and non-Communist anti-fascists. </p><p>In 1928, the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> instituted its <a href="/wiki/Ultra-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-left">ultra-left</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a> policies, ending co-operation with other left groups, and denouncing social democrats as "<a href="/wiki/Social_fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Social fascists">social fascists</a>". From 1934 until the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, the Communists pursued a <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Front">Popular Front</a> approach, of building broad-based coalitions with liberal and even conservative anti-fascists. As fascism consolidated its power, and especially during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, anti-fascism largely took the form of <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">resistance</a> movements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy:_against_Fascism_and_Mussolini">Italy: against Fascism and Mussolini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Italy: against Fascism and Mussolini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Flag of <i><a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a></i>, an axe cutting a <i><a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a></i>. <i>Arditi del Popolo</i> was a militant anti-fascist group founded in 1921 in Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>In Italy, Mussolini's <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist</a> regime used the term <i>anti-fascist</i> to describe its opponents. Mussolini's <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> was officially known as the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Vigilance_and_Repression_of_Anti-Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism">Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism</a>. During the 1920s in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, anti-fascists, many of them from the <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">labor movement</a>, fought against the violent <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a> and against the rise of the fascist leader Benito Mussolini. After the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (PSI) signed a <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Pacification" title="Pact of Pacification">pacification pact</a> with Mussolini and his <a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasces of Combat</a> on 3 August 1921,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and trade unions adopted a legalist and pacified strategy, members of the workers' movement who disagreed with this strategy formed <i><a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour" title="Italian General Confederation of Labour">Italian General Confederation of Labour</a> (CGL) and the PSI refused to officially recognize the anti-fascist militia and maintained a non-violent, legalist strategy, while the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Italy">Communist Party of Italy</a> (PCd'I) ordered its members to quit the organization. The PCd'I organized some militant groups, but their actions were relatively minor.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian anarchist <a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Severino Di Giovanni</a>, who exiled himself to Argentina following the 1922 <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a>, organized several bombings against the Italian fascist community.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian liberal anti-fascist <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a> wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Anti-Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals</a></i>, which was published in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable Italian liberal anti-fascists around that time were <a href="/wiki/Piero_Gobetti" title="Piero Gobetti">Piero Gobetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo Rosselli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg/220px-Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg/330px-Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg/440px-Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>1931 badge of a member of <a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana" title="Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana">Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana" title="Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana">Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana</a> (English: <span lang="en">Italian Anti-Fascist Concentration</span>), officially known as Concentrazione d'Azione Antifascista (Anti-Fascist Action Concentration), was an Italian coalition of Anti-Fascist groups which existed from 1927 to 1934. Founded in <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9rac" title="Nérac">Nérac</a>, France, by expatriate Italians, the CAI was an alliance of non-communist anti-fascist forces (republican, socialist, nationalist) trying to promote and to coordinate expatriate actions to fight fascism in Italy; they published a propaganda paper entitled <i>La Libertà</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg/220px-Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg/330px-Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg/440px-Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Flag of <a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a>, anti-fascist movement active from 1929 to 1945</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a> (English: <span lang="en">Justice and Freedom</span>) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a>, active from 1929 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-jam_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jam-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement was cofounded by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo Rosselli</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-jam_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jam-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri" title="Ferruccio Parri">Ferruccio Parri</a>, who later became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini">Sandro Pertini</a>, who became <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a>, were among the movement's leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement's members held various political beliefs but shared a belief in active, effective opposition to fascism, compared to the older Italian anti-fascist parties. <i>Giustizia e Libertà</i> also made the international community aware of the realities of fascism in Italy, thanks to the work of <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a>. </p><p>Many Italian anti-fascists participated in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> with the hope of setting an example of armed resistance to <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>'s dictatorship against Mussolini's regime; hence their motto: "Today in Spain, tomorrow in Italy".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1920 and 1943, several anti-fascist movements were active among the <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> in the territories annexed to Italy after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most influential was the militant insurgent organization <a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a>, which carried out numerous sabotages, as well as attacks on representatives of the Fascist Party and the military.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the underground structure of the organization was discovered and dismantled by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Vigilance_and_Repression_of_Anti-Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism">Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism</a> (OVRA) in 1940 and 1941,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after June 1941 most of its former activists joined the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovene Partisans</a>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many members of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian resistance">Italian resistance</a> left their homes and went to live in the mountains, fighting against Italian fascists and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Nazi</a> soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a>. Many cities in Italy, including <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, were freed by anti-fascist uprisings.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovenians_and_Croats_under_Italianization">Slovenians and Croats under Italianization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Slovenians and Croats under Italianization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Front_of_the_Slovenian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Front of the Slovenian People">Liberation Front of the Slovenian People</a> and <a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a></div> <p>The anti-fascist resistance emerged within the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy_(1920%E2%80%931947)" title="Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)">Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)</a>, whom the Fascists meant to <a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">deprive</a> of their culture, language and ethnicity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The 1920 burning of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hall,_Trieste" class="mw-redirect" title="National Hall, Trieste">National Hall in Trieste</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy" title="Slovene minority in Italy">Slovene</a> center in the multi-cultural and multi-ethnic <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> by the Blackshirts,<sup id="cite_ref-Primorski90let2010_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primorski90let2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was praised by Benito Mussolini (yet to become Il Duce) as a "masterpiece of the Triestine fascism" (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">capolavoro del fascismo triestino</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sestani2012-02_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sestani2012-02-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of Slovene in public places, including churches, was forbidden, not only in multi-ethnic areas, but also in the areas where the population was exclusively Slovene.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children, if they spoke Slovene, were punished by Italian teachers who were brought by the Fascist State from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>. Slovene teachers, writers, and clergy were sent to the other side of Italy. </p><p>The first anti-fascist organization, called <a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a>, was formed by Slovenes and Croats in 1927 in order to fight Fascist violence. Its guerrilla fight continued into the late 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1930s, 70,000 Slovenes had fled Italy, mostly to <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (then part of Yugoslavia) and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Slovene anti-fascist resistance in <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> during World War II was led by <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Front_of_the_Slovenian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Front of the Slovenian People">Liberation Front of the Slovenian People</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana" title="Province of Ljubljana">Province of Ljubljana</a>, occupied by Italian Fascists, saw the deportation of 25,000 people, representing 7.5% of the total population, filling up the <a href="/wiki/Rab_concentration_camp" title="Rab concentration camp">Rab concentration camp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonars_concentration_camp" title="Gonars concentration camp">Gonars concentration camp</a> as well as other <a href="/wiki/Italian_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian concentration camps">Italian concentration camps</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany:_against_the_NSDAP_and_Hitlerism">Germany: against the NSDAP and Hitlerism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germany: against the NSDAP and Hitlerism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976,_Berlin,_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976%2C_Berlin%2C_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976%2C_Berlin%2C_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976%2C_Berlin%2C_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976%2C_Berlin%2C_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976%2C_Berlin%2C_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976%2C_Berlin%2C_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>1928 <i><a href="/wiki/Roter_Frontk%C3%A4mpferbund" title="Roter Frontkämpferbund">Roter Frontkämpferbund</a></i> rally in Berlin. Organized by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a>, the RFB had at its height over 100,000 members.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3arrows_Anti-fascist.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/3arrows_Anti-fascist.png/220px-3arrows_Anti-fascist.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/3arrows_Anti-fascist.png/330px-3arrows_Anti-fascist.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/3arrows_Anti-fascist.png/440px-3arrows_Anti-fascist.png 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1127" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iron_Front" title="Iron Front">Iron Front</a> <a href="/wiki/Three_Arrows" title="Three Arrows">Three Arrows</a> through the NSDAP Swastika</figcaption></figure> <p>The specific term anti-fascism was primarily used<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (KPD), which held the view that it was the only anti-fascist party in Germany. The KPD formed several explicitly anti-fascist groups such as <i><a href="/wiki/Roter_Frontk%C3%A4mpferbund" title="Roter Frontkämpferbund">Roter Frontkämpferbund</a></i> (formed in 1924 and banned by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> in 1929) and <i>Kampfbund gegen den Faschismus</i> (a <i>de facto</i> successor to the latter).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (May 2020)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (May 2020)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> At its height, <i>Roter Frontkämpferbund</i> had over 100,000 members. In 1932, the KPD established the <a href="/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion" title="Antifaschistische Aktion">Antifaschistische Aktion</a> as a "red united front under the leadership of the only anti-fascist party, the KPD".<sup id="cite_ref-Pieroth_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pieroth-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the leadership of the committed <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a>, the KPD primarily viewed fascism as the final stage of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> rather than as a specific movement or group, and therefore applied the term broadly to its opponents, and in the name of anti-fascism the KPD focused in large part on attacking its main adversary, the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>, whom they referred to as <a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">social fascists</a> and regarded as the "main pillar of the dictatorship of Capital."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, which grew ever more influential in the last years of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, was opposed for different ideological reasons by a wide variety of groups, including groups which also opposed each other, such as social democrats, centrists, conservatives and communists. The SPD and centrists formed <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold" title="Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold">Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold</a></i> in 1924 to defend <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> against both the Nazi Party and the KPD, and their affiliated organizations. Later, mainly SPD members formed the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Front" title="Iron Front">Iron Front</a> which opposed the same groups.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name and logo of <i>Antifaschistische Aktion</i> remain influential. Its two-flag logo, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Gebhard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Gebhard (page does not exist)">Max Gebhard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Gebhard_(Grafiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Max Gebhard (Grafiker)">de</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Keilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Keilson (page does not exist)">Max Keilson</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Keilson" class="extiw" title="de:Max Keilson">de</a>]</span>, is still widely used as a symbol of militant anti-fascists in Germany and globally,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is the Iron Front's <a href="/wiki/Three_Arrows" title="Three Arrows">Three Arrows</a> logo.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain:_Civil_War_against_the_Nationalists">Spain: Civil War against the Nationalists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spain: Civil War against the Nationalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg/220px-Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg/330px-Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg/440px-Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption>Anarchists in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. The civil war was fought between the anarchist territories and stateless lands that achieved <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a>, and capitalist areas of Spain controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist faction</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a> wrote: "The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish civil war</a> was both at the centre and on the margin of the era of anti-fascism. It was central, since it was immediately seen as a European war between fascism and anti-fascism, almost as the first battle in the coming world war, some of the characteristic aspects of which – for example, air raids against civilian populations – it anticipated."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_(3334194838).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_%283334194838%29.jpg/220px-Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_%283334194838%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_%283334194838%29.jpg/330px-Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_%283334194838%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_%283334194838%29.jpg/440px-Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_%283334194838%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Woman with a rifle, soldier of <a href="/wiki/Mujeres_Libres" title="Mujeres Libres">Mujeres Libres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederal_militias" title="Confederal militias">Confederal militias</a> Barcelona, 1936 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Spain, there were histories of popular uprisings in the late 19th century through to the 1930s against the deep-seated military dictatorships.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of General Prim and the Primo de la Rivieras<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These movements further coalesced into large-scale anti-fascist movements in the 1930s, many in the Basque Country, before and during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">republican</a> government and army, the <a href="/wiki/Antifascist_Worker_and_Peasant_Militias" title="Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias">Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias</a> (MAOC) linked to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain_(main)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Spain (main)">Communist Party</a> (PCE),<sup id="cite_ref-Histo_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Histo-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Marxist_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party of Marxist Unification">Workers' Party of Marxist Unification</a> (POUM), <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spanish anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Militias">militias</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Column" title="Iron Column">Iron Column</a> and the autonomous governments of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a>, fought the rise of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> with military force. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Durruti" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends of Durruti">Friends of Durruti</a>, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarquista_Ib%C3%A9rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Anarquista Ibérica">Federación Anarquista Ibérica</a> (FAI), were a particularly militant group. Thousands of people from many countries went to Spain in support of the anti-fascist cause, joining units such as the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Brigade">Abraham Lincoln Brigade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Battalion" title="British Battalion">British Battalion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dabrowski_Battalion" title="Dabrowski Battalion">Dabrowski Battalion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie-Papineau_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palafox_Battalion#Naftali_Botwin_Company" title="Palafox Battalion">Naftali Botwin Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A4lmann_Battalion" title="Thälmann Battalion">Thälmann Battalion</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s nephew, <a href="/wiki/Esmond_Romilly" title="Esmond Romilly">Esmond Romilly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable anti-fascists who worked internationally against Franco included: <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> (who fought in the POUM militia and wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a></i> about his experience), <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> (a supporter of the International Brigades who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a></i> about his experience), and the radical journalist <a href="/wiki/Martha_Gellhorn" title="Martha Gellhorn">Martha Gellhorn</a>. </p><p>The Spanish anarchist <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Sabat%C3%A9_Llopart" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Sabaté Llopart">Francesc Sabaté Llopart</a> fought against Franco's regime until the 1960s, from a base in France. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a>, linked to the PCE, also fought the Franco regime long after the Spanish Civil war had ended.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France:_against_Action_Française_and_Vichy"><span id="France:_against_Action_Fran.C3.A7aise_and_Vichy"></span>France: against <i>Action Française</i> and Vichy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: France: against Action Française and Vichy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg/220px-Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg/330px-Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg/440px-Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6829" data-file-height="4819" /></a><figcaption>1934 demonstration in Paris, with a sign reading "Down with fascism"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg/220px-Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg/330px-Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg/440px-Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">Maquis</a> members in 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1920s and 1930s in the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>, anti-fascists confronted aggressive <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a> movement in France, which dominated the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter,_Paris" title="Latin Quarter, Paris">Latin Quarter</a> students' neighborhood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After fascism triumphed via invasion, the French Resistance (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">La Résistance française</i>) or, more accurately, <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movements</a> fought against the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> occupation and against the collaborationist <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy régime</a>. Resistance cells were small groups of armed men and women (called the <a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)"><i>maquis</i></a> in rural areas), who, in addition to their <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> activities, were also publishers of <a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">underground newspapers and magazines</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Arbeiter_und_Soldat" title="Arbeiter und Soldat">Arbeiter und Soldat</a></i> (<i>Worker and Soldier</i>) during World War Two, providers of first-hand intelligence information, and maintainers of escape networks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom:_against_Mosley's_BUF"><span id="United_Kingdom:_against_Mosley.27s_BUF"></span>United Kingdom: against Mosley's BUF</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United Kingdom: against Mosley's BUF"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> (BUF) in the 1930s was challenged by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> dockmen and <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">London's East End</a>. A high point in the struggle was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">Battle of Cable Street</a>, when thousands of local residents and others turned out to stop the BUF from marching. Initially, the national Communist Party leadership wanted a mass demonstration at <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a> in solidarity with <a href="/wiki/Republican_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Spain">Republican Spain</a>, instead of a mobilization against the BUF, but local party activists argued against this. Activists rallied support with the slogan <i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a>,</i> adopted from Republican Spain. </p><p>There were debates within the anti-fascist movement over tactics. While many East End ex-servicemen participated in violence against fascists,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communist Party leader <a href="/wiki/Phil_Piratin" title="Phil Piratin">Phil Piratin</a> denounced these tactics and instead called for large demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the militant anti-fascist movement, there was a smaller current of liberal anti-fascism in Britain; Sir <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Barker" title="Ernest Barker">Ernest Barker</a>, for example, was a notable English liberal anti-fascist in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States,_World_War_II"><span id="United_States.2C_World_War_II"></span>United States, World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States, World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Anti-fascism in the United States" redirects here. For the contemporary anti-fascist movement, see <a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa (United States)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg/170px-Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg/255px-Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg/340px-Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2926" data-file-height="3677" /></a><figcaption>American singer-songwriter and anti-fascist <a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a> and his guitar labelled "<a href="/wiki/This_machine_kills_fascists" title="This machine kills fascists">This machine kills fascists</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>Anti-fascist Italian expatriates in the United States founded the <a href="/wiki/Mazzini_Society" title="Mazzini Society">Mazzini Society</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton, Massachusetts</a> in September 1939 to work toward ending Fascist rule in Italy. As political refugees from Mussolini's regime, they disagreed among themselves whether to ally with Communists and anarchists or to exclude them. The Mazzini Society joined with other anti-Fascist Italian expatriates in the Americas at a conference in <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, Uruguay in 1942. They unsuccessfully promoted one of their members, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Sforza" title="Carlo Sforza">Carlo Sforza</a>, to become the post-Fascist leader of a republican Italy. The Mazzini Society dispersed after the overthrow of Mussolini as most of its members returned to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">Second Red Scare</a> which occurred in the United States in the years that immediately followed the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the term "premature anti-fascist" came into currency and it was used to describe Americans who had strongly agitated or worked against fascism, such as Americans who had fought for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republicans</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, before fascism was seen as a proximate and existential threat to the United States (which only occurred generally after the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and only occurred universally after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>). The implication was that such persons were either Communists or Communist sympathizers whose loyalty to the United States was suspect.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the historians <a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a> have written that no documentary evidence has been found of the US government referring to American members of the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a> as "premature antifascists": the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> records used terms such as "Communist", "Red", "subversive", and "radical" instead. Indeed, Haynes and Klehr indicate that they have found many examples of members of the <a href="/wiki/XV_International_Brigade" title="XV International Brigade">XV International Brigade</a> and their supporters referring to themselves sardonically as "premature antifascists".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burma,_World_War_II"><span id="Burma.2C_World_War_II"></span>Burma, World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Burma, World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Organisation">Anti-Fascist Organisation</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Organisation">Anti-Fascist Organisation</a> (AFO) was a <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a> which advocated the independence of Burma and fought against the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation of Burma</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It was the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_People%27s_Freedom_League" title="Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League">Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League</a>. The AFO was formed during a meeting which was held in <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Bago, Burma">Pegu</a> in August 1944, the meeting was held by the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Burma" title="Communist Party of Burma">Communist Party of Burma</a> (CPB), the <a href="/wiki/Burma_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma National Army">Burma National Army</a> (BNA) led by General <a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a>, and the People's Revolutionary Party (PRP), later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Socialist_Party" title="Burma Socialist Party">Burma Socialist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oh_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oh-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ms_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ms-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst in Insein prison in July 1941, CPB leaders <a href="/wiki/Thakin_Than_Tun" title="Thakin Than Tun">Thakin Than Tun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thakin_Soe" title="Thakin Soe">Thakin Soe</a> had co-authored the <i>Insein Manifesto</i>, which, against the prevailing opinion in the Burmese nationalist movement led by the <i><a href="/wiki/Dobama_Asiayone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobama Asiayone">Dobama Asiayone</a></i>, identified world <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> as the main enemy in the coming war and called for temporary cooperation with the British in a broad allied coalition that included the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Soe had already gone underground to organise resistance against the Japanese occupation, and Than Tun as Minister of Land and Agriculture was able to pass on Japanese intelligence to Soe, while other Communist leaders Thakin Thein Pe and Thakin Tin Shwe made contact with the exiled colonial government in <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Simla</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Aung San was War Minister in the puppet administration which was set up on 1 August 1943 and included the Socialist leaders <a href="/wiki/Thakin_Nu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thakin Nu">Thakin Nu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thakin_Mya" title="Thakin Mya">Thakin Mya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oh_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oh-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ms_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ms-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a meeting which was held between 1 and 3 March 1945, the AFO was reorganized as a multi-party front which was named the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_People%27s_Freedom_League" title="Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League">Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland,_World_War_II"><span id="Poland.2C_World_War_II"></span>Poland, World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Poland, World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Bloc" title="Anti-Fascist Bloc">Anti-Fascist Bloc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Military_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Military Organisation">Anti-Fascist Military Organisation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Anti-Fascist_Congress_of_Cultural_Workers" title="Lviv Anti-Fascist Congress of Cultural Workers">Lviv Anti-Fascist Congress of Cultural Workers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg/220px-Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg/330px-Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg/440px-Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>Proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Bloc" title="Anti-Fascist Bloc">Anti-Fascist Bloc</a>, 15 May 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>The Anti-Fascist Bloc was an organization of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a> formed in the March 1942 in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a>. It was created after an alliance between <a href="/wiki/Left_Zionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Zionism">leftist-Zionist</a>, communist and socialist Jewish parties was agreed upon. The initiators of the bloc were <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Lewartowski" title="Józef Lewartowski">Józef Lewartowski</a> (Aron Finkelstein) from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Kaplan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Kaplan (page does not exist)">Josef Kaplan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Szachno_Sagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szachno Sagan (page does not exist)">Szachno Sagan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a>-Left, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jozef_Sak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jozef Sak (page does not exist)">Jozef Sak</a> as a representative of socialist-Zionists and <a href="/wiki/Izaak_Cukierman" class="mw-redirect" title="Izaak Cukierman">Izaak Cukierman</a> with his wife <a href="/wiki/Cywia_Lubetkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cywia Lubetkin">Cywia Lubetkin</a> from <a href="/wiki/Habonim_Dror" title="Habonim Dror">Dror</a>. The <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Jewish Bund</a> did not join the bloc though they were represented at its first conference by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Blum" title="Abraham Blum">Abraham Blum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurycy_Orzech" title="Maurycy Orzech">Maurycy Orzech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_anti-fascism" title="Post–World War II anti-fascism">Post–World War II anti-fascism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antifa_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Antifa_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="87" /></a><figcaption>Anti-fascist <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trnava" title="Trnava">Trnava</a>, Slovakia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlepa_antify,_Warszawa_(2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg/220px-Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg/330px-Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg/440px-Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2958" /></a><figcaption>Antifascist sticker in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The anti-fascist movements which emerged during the period of classical fascism, both liberal and militant, continued to operate after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> in response to the resilience and mutation of fascism both in Europe and elsewhere. In Germany, as Nazi rule crumbled in 1944, veterans of the 1930s anti-fascist struggles formed <i>Antifaschistische Ausschüsse</i>, <i>Antifaschistische Kommittees</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion" title="Antifaschistische Aktion">Antifaschistische Aktion</a></i> groups, all typically abbreviated to "antifa".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The socialist government of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> built the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in 1961, and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> referred to it officially as the "Anti-fascist Protection Rampart". Resistance to fascists dictatorships in Spain and Portugal continued, including the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a> and others, leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>, respectively, as well as to similar dictatorships in <a href="/wiki/Armed_resistance_in_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" title="Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)">Chile</a> and elsewhere. Other notable anti-fascist mobilisations in the first decades of the post-war period include the <a href="/wiki/43_Group" title="43 Group">43 Group</a> in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the start of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between the former World War II allies of the United States and the Soviet Union, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> became prominent in Western <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> political discourse as a tool to convert pre-war anti-fascism into post-war anti-communism.<sup id="cite_ref-defty_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defty-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-siegel_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegel-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guilhot_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guilhot-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-caute_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caute-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reisch_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reisch-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern antifa politics can be traced to opposition to the infiltration of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> scene by <a href="/wiki/White_power_skinheads" class="mw-redirect" title="White power skinheads">white power skinheads</a> in the 1970s and 1980s, and the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazism</a> in Germany following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a>. In Germany, young leftists, including anarchists and punk fans, renewed the practice of street-level anti-fascism. Columnist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Beinart" title="Peter Beinart">Peter Beinart</a> writes that "in the late '80s, left-wing punk fans in the United States began following suit, though they initially called their groups <a href="/wiki/Anti-Racist_Action" title="Anti-Racist Action">Anti-Racist Action</a> (ARA) on the theory that Americans would be more familiar with fighting racism than they would be with fighting fascism".<sup id="cite_ref-Beinart_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beinart-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antifa_(Germany)" title="Antifa (Germany)">Antifa (Germany)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:343px;max-width:343px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antifalogo_alt2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Antifalogo_alt2.svg/200px-Antifalogo_alt2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Antifalogo_alt2.svg/300px-Antifalogo_alt2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Antifalogo_alt2.svg/400px-Antifalogo_alt2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Logo of <i><a href="/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion" title="Antifaschistische Aktion">Antifaschistische Aktion</a></i>, the militant anti-fascist network in 1930s Germany that inspired the antifa movement</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/135px-Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/203px-Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/270px-Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The logo as it appears on a flag held by an antifa protester in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, 2008</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The contemporary antifa movement in Germany comprises different anti-fascist groups which usually use the abbreviation antifa and regard the historical <i><a href="/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion" title="Antifaschistische Aktion">Antifaschistische Aktion</a></i> (Antifa) of the early 1930s as an inspiration, drawing on the historic group for its aesthetics and some of its tactics, in addition to the name. Many new antifa groups formed from the late 1980s onward. According to Loren Balhorn, contemporary antifa in Germany "has no practical historical connection to the movement from which it takes its name but is instead a product of West Germany's squatter scene and autonomist movement in the 1980s".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the biggest antifascist campaigns in Germany in recent years was the ultimately successful effort to <a href="/wiki/The_nazi_marches_and_counter-mobilization_in_Dresden" class="mw-redirect" title="The nazi marches and counter-mobilization in Dresden">block the annual Nazi-rallies</a> in the east German city of Dresden in Saxony which had grown into "Europe's biggest gathering of Nazis".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the original Antifa which had links to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> and which was concerned with industrial working-class politics, the late 1980s and early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">autonomists</a> were independent <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxists">libertarian Marxists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communists">anarcho-communists</a> not associated with any particular party. The publication <i><a href="/wiki/Antifaschistisches_Infoblatt" title="Antifaschistisches Infoblatt">Antifaschistisches Infoblatt</a></i>, in operation since 1987, sought to expose <a href="/wiki/Radical_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical nationalists">radical nationalists</a> publicly.<sup id="cite_ref-Bray_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bray-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/German_government" class="mw-redirect" title="German government">German government</a> institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Civic_Education" title="Federal Agency for Civic Education">Federal Agency for Civic Education</a> describe the contemporary antifa movement as part of the extreme left and as partially violent. Antifa groups are monitored by the federal office in the context of its legal mandate to combat <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bpb_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpb-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GermanGovernment_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GermanGovernment-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GermanGovernment2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GermanGovernment2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Verfassungsschutz2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verfassungsschutz2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal office states that the underlying goal of the antifa movement is "the struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democratic_basic_order" title="Liberal democratic basic order">liberal democratic basic order</a>" and capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-GermanGovernment_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GermanGovernment-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GermanGovernment2_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GermanGovernment2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, the movement was accused by German authorities of engaging in <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> acts of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Schöppner_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schöppner-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Greece, anti-fascism is a popular part of leftist and anarchist culture, September 2013 anti-fascist hip-hop artist <a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Fyssas" title="Pavlos Fyssas">Pavlos 'Killah P' Fyssas</a> was accosted and attacked with bats and knives by a large group of <a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a> affiliated people leaving Pavlos to be pronounced dead at the hospital. The attack lead international protests and riots, the retaliatory <a href="/wiki/2013_Neo_Irakleio_Golden_Dawn_office_shooting" title="2013 Neo Irakleio Golden Dawn office shooting">shooting of three Golden Dawn members</a> outside of their <a href="/wiki/Neo_Irakleio" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Irakleio">Neo Irakleio</a> as well as condemnations against the party by politicians and other public figures, including <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonis_Samaras" title="Antonis Samaras">Antonis Samaras</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This episode led to Golden Dawn to being criminally investigated, with the result in sixty-eight members of Golden Dawn being declared part of a criminal organization whilst fifteen out of the seventeen members accused in Pavlos's murder were convicted,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Effectively banning" the party.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg/220px-2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg/330px-2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg/440px-2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>Anti-fascist demonstration at <a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo" title="Porta San Paolo">Porta San Paolo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, on the occasion of the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)" title="Liberation Day (Italy)">Liberation Day</a> on 25 April 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Today's <a href="/wiki/Italian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian constitution">Italian constitution</a> is the result of the work of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a>, which was formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">liberation of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)" title="Liberation Day (Italy)">Liberation Day</a> is a national holiday in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> that commemorates the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a> against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of the Nazis and <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a> of the fascists, in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> in Italy fought during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, which takes place on 25 April. The date was chosen by convention, as it was the day of the year 1945 when the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a> of Upper Italy (CLNAI) officially proclaimed the insurgency in a radio announcement, propounding the seizure of power by the CLNAI and proclaiming the death sentence for all fascist leaders (including <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, who was shot three days later).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANPI_LOGO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ANPI_LOGO.svg/220px-ANPI_LOGO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ANPI_LOGO.svg/330px-ANPI_LOGO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ANPI_LOGO.svg/440px-ANPI_LOGO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ANPI" title="ANPI">ANPI</a> logo</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/ANPI" title="ANPI">Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia</a></i> (ANPI; "National Association of Italian <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">Partisans</a>") is an association founded by participants of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascist">Italian Fascist</a> regime and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> occupation during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. ANPI was founded in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 1944<sup id="cite_ref-Chi_Siamo_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chi_Siamo-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the war continued in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>. It was constituted as a <a href="/wiki/Charitable_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charitable foundation">charitable foundation</a> on 5 April 1945. It persists due to the activity of its antifascist members. ANPI's objectives are the maintenance of the historical role of the partisan war by means of research and the collection of personal stories. Its goals are a continued defense against <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a> and the ideal and ethical support of the high values of freedom and democracy expressed in the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">constitution</a>, in which the ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance</a> were collected.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2008, every two years ANPI organizes its national festival. During the event, meetings, debates, and musical concerts that focus on antifascism, peace, and democracy are organized.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="118" data-mwtitle="Bella_ciao,_Representative_Orchestra_of_Serbian_Guards_(ROG).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bella_ciao,_Representative_Orchestra_of_Serbian_Guards_(ROG).ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Bella_ciao%2C_Representative_Orchestra_of_Serbian_Guards_%28ROG%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Bella_ciao%2C_Representative_Orchestra_of_Serbian_Guards_%28ROG%29.ogg/Bella_ciao%2C_Representative_Orchestra_of_Serbian_Guards_%28ROG%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a></i> (instrumental only version performed by the <a href="/wiki/Band_of_the_Guard_of_the_Serbian_Armed_Forces" title="Band of the Guard of the Serbian Armed Forces">Band of the Guard of the Serbian Armed Forces</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈbɛlla<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈtʃaːo]</a></span>; "Goodbye beautiful") is an <a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Italian folk song</a> modified and adopted as an anthem of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a> by the partisans who opposed <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">nazism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, and fought against the occupying forces of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, who were allied with the fascist and collaborationist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> between 1943 and 1945 during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a>. Versions of this Italian anti-fascist song continue to be sung worldwide as a hymn of freedom and resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an internationally known hymn of freedom, it was intoned at many historic and revolutionary events. The song originally aligned itself with Italian partisans fighting against Nazi German occupation troops, but has since become to merely stand for the inherent rights of all people to be liberated from tyranny.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa (United States)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> historian Mark Bray, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Antifa:_The_Anti-Fascist_Handbook" title="Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook">Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook</a></i>, credits the ARA as the precursor of modern antifa groups in the United States. In the late 1980s and 1990s, ARA activists toured with popular punk rock and skinhead bands in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Klansmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Klansmen">Klansmen</a>, neo-Nazis and other assorted white supremacists from recruiting.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their motto was "We go where they go" by which they meant that they would confront <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> activists in concerts and actively remove their materials from public places.<sup id="cite_ref-bray-wapo_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bray-wapo-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, the ARA disrupted a speech in Pennsylvania by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._Hale" title="Matthew F. Hale">Matthew F. Hale</a>, the head of the white supremacist group <a href="/wiki/World_Church_of_the_Creator" class="mw-redirect" title="World Church of the Creator">World Church of the Creator</a>, resulting in a fight and twenty-five arrests. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Rose_City_Antifa" title="Rose City Antifa">Rose City Antifa</a>, likely the first group to utilize the name antifa, was formed in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bogelburroughs2_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bogelburroughs2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sacco_20202_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacco_20202-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other antifa groups in the United States have other genealogies. In 1987 in <a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a>, the Northwest Coalition Against Malicious Harassment (NWCAMH) was created in response to the Aryan Nation's annual meeting near <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Lake,_Idaho" title="Hayden Lake, Idaho">Hayden Lake, Idaho</a>. The NWCAMH brought together over 200 affiliated public and private organizations, and helped people, across six states--Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington and Wyoming.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a>, a group called the Baldies was formed in 1987 with the intent to fight neo-Nazi groups directly. In 2013, the "most radical" chapters of the ARA formed the <a href="/wiki/Torch_Antifa_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Torch Antifa Network">Torch Antifa Network</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has chapters throughout the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other antifa groups are a part of different associations such as NYC Antifa or operate independently.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern antifa in the United States is a highly <a href="/wiki/Decentralized" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized">decentralized</a> movement. Antifa <a href="/wiki/Political_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Political activists">political activists</a> are <a href="/wiki/Anti-racists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-racists">anti-racists</a> who engage in <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protest</a> tactics, seeking to combat <a href="/wiki/Fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascists">fascists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racists" class="mw-redirect" title="Racists">racists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazis">neo-Nazis</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_supremacists" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacists">white supremacists</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Extremists" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremists">extremists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may involve <a href="/wiki/Digital_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital activism">digital activism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical violence">physical violence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Property_damage" title="Property damage">property damage</a><sup id="cite_ref-SLPC_June_2020_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLPC_June_2020-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against those whom they identify as belonging to the far-right.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to antifa historian Mark Bray, most antifa activity is nonviolent, involving poster and flyer campaigns, delivering speeches, marching in protest, and community organizing on behalf of anti-racist and anti-<a href="/wiki/White_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="White nationalist">white nationalist</a> causes.<sup id="cite_ref-Beauchamp_2020_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beauchamp_2020-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sacco_20202_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacco_20202-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A June 2020 study by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a> of 893 terrorism incidents in the United States since 1994 found one attack staged by an anti-fascist that led to a fatality (the <a href="/wiki/2019_Tacoma_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Tacoma attack">2019 Tacoma attack</a>, in which the attacker, who identified as an anti-fascist, was killed by police), while attacks by white supremacists or other right-wing extremists resulted in 329 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckett_2020_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckett_2020-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the study was published, one <a href="/wiki/Killings_of_Aaron_Danielson_and_Michael_Reinoehl" title="Killings of Aaron Danielson and Michael Reinoehl">homicide</a> has been connected to anti-fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckett_2020_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckett_2020-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">DHS</a> draft report from August 2020 similarly did not include "antifa" as a considerable threat, while noting white supremacists as the top domestic terror threat.<sup id="cite_ref-Swan_2020_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swan_2020-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been multiple efforts to discredit antifa groups via hoaxes on social media, many of them <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> attacks originating from <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> and <a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> users posing as antifa backers on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vice_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vice-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some hoaxes have been picked up and reported as fact by right-leaning media.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-masslive_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masslive-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a> in May and June 2020, the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> blamed antifa for orchestrating the mass protests. Analysis of federal arrests did not find links to antifa.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_antifa_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_antifa-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There had been repeated calls by the Trump administration to designate antifa as a terrorist organization,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a move that academics, legal experts and others argued would both exceed the authority of the presidency and violate the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HabermanSavage_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HabermanSavage-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perez_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bray_2020_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bray_2020-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Elsewhere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some post-war anti-fascist action took place in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Committee_of_German_Workers_in_Romania" title="Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania">Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania</a>, founded in March 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-a_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Swedish group, <i><a href="/wiki/Antifascistisk_Aktion" title="Antifascistisk Aktion">Antifascistisk Aktion</a></i>, was formed in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_the_term">Use of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Use of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (insult)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_analogies" title="Nazi analogies">Nazi analogies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_Hitlerum" title="Reductio ad Hitlerum">Reductio ad Hitlerum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Tim_Peters_(political_scientist)" title="Tim Peters (political scientist)">Tim Peters</a> notes that the term is one of the most controversial terms in <a href="/wiki/Political_discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Political discourse">political discourse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Richter_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Richter (historian) (page does not exist)">Michael Richter</a>, a researcher at the <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt_Institute_for_Research_on_Totalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannah Arendt Institute for Research on Totalitarianism">Hannah Arendt Institute for Research on Totalitarianism</a>, highlights the ideological use of the term in the Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc, in which the term <i>fascism</i> was applied to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc_dissidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc dissidents">Eastern bloc dissidents</a> regardless of any connection to historical fascism, and where the term <i>anti-fascism</i> served to legitimize the ruling government.<sup id="cite_ref-Richter_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-<i>Chinilpa</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Germans_(political_current)" title="Anti-Germans (political current)">Anti-Germans (political current)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia">Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Serbia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia">Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Committee_of_Cham_Immigrants" title="Anti-Fascist Committee of Cham Immigrants">Anti-Fascist Committee of Cham Immigrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia">Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifascist_Front_of_Slavs_in_Hungary" title="Antifascist Front of Slavs in Hungary">Antifascist Front of Slavs in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee">Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Slavic_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="All-Slavic Anti-Fascist Committee">All-Slavic Anti-Fascist Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_against_Holocaust_denial" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws against Holocaust denial">Laws against Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redskin_(subculture)" title="Redskin (subculture)">Redskin (subculture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadism" title="Squadism">Squadism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeinart2017" class="citation web cs1">Beinart, Peter (6 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/the-rise-of-the-violent-left/534192/">"The Rise of the Violent Left"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Violent+Left&rft.date=2017-08-06&rft.aulast=Beinart&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2017%2F09%2Fthe-rise-of-the-violent-left%2F534192%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp2020" class="citation web cs1">Beauchamp, Zack (8 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/6/8/21277320/antifa-anti-fascist-explained">"Antifa, explained"</a>. <i>Vox</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Antifa%2C+explained&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft.aulast=Beauchamp&rft.aufirst=Zack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fpolicy-and-politics%2F2020%2F6%2F8%2F21277320%2Fantifa-anti-fascist-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arditi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arditi_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romacivica.net/anpiroma/antifascismo/antifascismo3a.html">Gli Arditi del Popolo (Birth)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807125621/http://www.romacivica.net/anpiroma/antifascismo/antifascismo3a.html">Archived</a> 7 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawm1992" class="citation book cs1">Hobsbawm, Eric (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofextremeshis00hobs"><i>The Age of Extremes</i></a></span>. Vintage. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofextremeshis00hobs/page/136">136</a>–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394585758" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394585758"><bdi>978-0394585758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Extremes&rft.pages=136-37&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0394585758&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofextremeshis00hobs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2010" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Tom (2010). <i>Varieties of Anti-Fascism: Britain in the Inter-War Period</i>. 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Cambridge University Press, 2017, pp.1–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i006-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i006_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway_IIIZubrodChanMcFarland2023" class="citation journal cs1">Conway III, Lucian Gideon; Zubrod, Alivia; Chan, Linus; McFarland, James D.; Van de Vliert, Evert (8 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9944136">"Is the myth of left-wing authoritarianism itself a myth?"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>13</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2022.1041391">10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1041391</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078">1664-1078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9944136">9944136</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36846476">36846476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Is+the+myth+of+left-wing+authoritarianism+itself+a+myth%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.date=2023-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9944136%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-1078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36846476&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2022.1041391&rft.aulast=Conway+III&rft.aufirst=Lucian+Gideon&rft.au=Zubrod%2C+Alivia&rft.au=Chan%2C+Linus&rft.au=McFarland%2C+James+D.&rft.au=Van+de+Vliert%2C+Evert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9944136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seidman, Michael. <i>Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2017, p. 252 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf">"Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919–22"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319044401/https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Delzell, edit., <i>Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945</i>, New York, NY, Walker and Company, 1971, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf">"Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919–22"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319044401/https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Working+Class+Defence+Organization%2C+Anti-Fascist+Resistance+and+the+Arditi+Del+Popolo+in+Turin%2C+1919%E2%80%9322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Flibalt%2Fjournals%2Fswetsfulltext%2F17283245.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf">Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919–22</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319044401/https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf">Archived</a> 19 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Antonio Sonnessa, in the <i><a href="/wiki/European_History_Quarterly" title="European History Quarterly">European History Quarterly</a></i>, Vol. 33, No. 2, 183–218 (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anarchist_century.tripod.com/timeline.html">"Anarchist Century"</a>. 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Pugliese (1999). <i>Carlo Rosselli: socialist heretic and antifascist exile</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collettiva.it/rubriche/buona-memoria/2023/05/07/news/_oggi_in_spagna_domani_in_italia_-2984121/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Oggi in Spagna, domani in Italia"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Oggi+in+Spagna%2C+domani+in+Italia%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collettiva.it%2Frubriche%2Fbuona-memoria%2F2023%2F05%2F07%2Fnews%2F_oggi_in_spagna_domani_in_italia_-2984121%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Milica_Kacin_Wohinz" title="Milica Kacin Wohinz">Milica Kacin Wohinz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%BEe_Pirjevec" title="Jože Pirjevec">Jože Pirjevec</a>, <i>Storia degli sloveni in Italia : 1866–1998</i> (Venice: Marsilio, 1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milica Kacin Wohinz, <i>Narodnoobrambno gibanje primorskih Slovencev : 1921–1928</i> (Trieste: Založništvo tržaškega tiska, 1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Milica_Kacin_Wohinz" title="Milica Kacin Wohinz">Milica Kacin Wohinz</a>, <i>Prvi antifašizem v Evropi</i> (Koper: Lipa, 1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mira Cenčič, <i>TIGR : Slovenci pod Italijo in TIGR na okopih v boju za narodni obstoj</i> (Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vid Vremec, Pinko Tomažič in drugi tržaški proces 1941 (Trieste: Založništvo tržaškega tiska, 1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darbysrangers.tripod.com/id102.htm">"Intelligence and Operational Support for the Anti-Nazi Resistance"</a>. Darbysrangers.tripod.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intelligence+and+Operational+Support+for+the+Anti-Nazi+Resistance&rft.pub=Darbysrangers.tripod.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarbysrangers.tripod.com%2Fid102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Primorski90let2010-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Primorski90let2010_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014012348/http://www.primorski.eu/dossiers/dossier/10/31/130144/">"90 let od požiga Narodnega doma v Trstu"</a> [90 Years From the Arson of the National Hall in Trieste]. <i>Primorski dnevnik [The Littoral Daily]</i> (in Slovenian). 2010. pp. 14–15. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/COBISS_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="COBISS (identifier)">COBISS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/bib/11683661">11683661</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primorski.eu/dossiers/dossier/10/31/130144/">the original</a> on 14 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2012</span>. <q>Požig Narodnega doma ali šentjernejska noč tržaških Slovencev in Slovanov [Arson of the National Hall or the St. Bartholomew's Night of the Triestine Slovenes and Slavs]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primorski+dnevnik+%5BThe+Littoral+Daily%5D&rft.atitle=90+let+od+po%C5%BEiga+Narodnega+doma+v+Trstu&rft.pages=14-15&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primorski.eu%2Fdossiers%2Fdossier%2F10%2F31%2F130144%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sestani2012-02-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sestani2012-02_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSestani,_Armando2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sestani, Armando, ed. (10 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.provincia.lucca.it/scuolapace/uploads/quaderni/ricordo2012.pdf">"Il confine orientale: una terra, molti esodi"</a> [The Eastern Border: One Land, Multiple Exoduses] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>I profugi istriani, dalmati e fiumani a Lucca</i> [<i>The Istrian, Dalmatian and Rijeka Refugees in Lucca</i>] (in Italian). Instituto storico della Resistenca e dell'Età Contemporanea in Provincia di Lucca. pp. 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Il+confine+orientale%3A+una+terra%2C+molti+esodi&rft.btitle=I+profugi+istriani%2C+dalmati+e+fiumani+a+Lucca&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Instituto+storico+della+Resistenca+e+dell%27Et%C3%A0+Contemporanea+in+Provincia+di+Lucca&rft.date=2012-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.provincia.lucca.it%2Fscuolapace%2Fuploads%2Fquaderni%2Fricordo2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHehn2005" class="citation book cs1">Hehn, Paul N. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nOALhEZkYDkC&q=%22signed%20a%20treaty%20on%20November%2012%2C%201920%2C%20at%20Rapallo&pg=PA45"><i>A low dishonest decade: the great powers, Eastern Europe, and the economic origins of World War II, 1930–1941</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1761-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1761-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-1761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+low+dishonest+decade%3A+the+great+powers%2C+Eastern+Europe%2C+and+the+economic+origins+of+World+War+II%2C+1930%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1761-9&rft.aulast=Hehn&rft.aufirst=Paul+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnOALhEZkYDkC%26q%3D%2522signed%2520a%2520treaty%2520on%2520November%252012%252C%25201920%252C%2520at%2520Rapallo%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cresciani, Gianfranco (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B1aAzmXBjZO5eFQySUlrdTBYRkk">Clash of civilisations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506152156/https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B1aAzmXBjZO5eFQySUlrdTBYRkk">Archived</a> 6 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Italian Historical Society Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jože Pirjevec, Milica Kacin-Wohinz: Zgodovina primorskih Slovencev (The history of the Slovenians living on the Coast), Nova revija, Ljubljana 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eve Rosenhaft, <i>Beating the Fascists?: The German Communists and Political Violence 1929–1933</i>, Cambridge University Press, 25 Aug 1983, pp. 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich August Winkler: <i>Der Weg in die Katastrophe. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimarer Republik 1930–1933</i>. Bonn 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8012-0095-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-8012-0095-7">3-8012-0095-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoppe, Bert (2011). <i>In Stalins Gefolgschaft: Moskau und die KPD 1928–1933</i>. Oldenbourg Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783486711738" title="Special:BookSources/9783486711738">9783486711738</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pieroth-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pieroth_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephan1994" class="citation book cs1">Stephan, Pieroth (1994). <i>Parteien und Presse in Rheinland-Pfalz 1945–1971: ein Beitrag zur Mediengeschichte unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Mainzer SPD-Zeitung 'Die Freiheit'<span></span></i>. v. Hase & Koehler Verlag. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783775813266" title="Special:BookSources/9783775813266"><bdi>9783775813266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parteien+und+Presse+in+Rheinland-Pfalz+1945%E2%80%931971%3A+ein+Beitrag+zur+Mediengeschichte+unter+besonderer+Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung+der+Mainzer+SPD-Zeitung+%27Die+Freiheit%27&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=v.+Hase+%26+Koehler+Verlag&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9783775813266&rft.aulast=Stephan&rft.aufirst=Pieroth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braunthal, Julius (1963). <i>Geschichte der Internationale: 1914–1943</i>. Vol. 2, p. 414. Dietz.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siegfried Lokatis: <i>Der rote Faden. Kommunistische Parteigeschichte und Zensur unter Walter Ulbricht</i>. Böhlau Verlag, Köln 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-04603-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-412-04603-5">3-412-04603-5</a> (<i>Zeithistorische Studien</i> series, vol. 25), p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loren Balhorn <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/05/antifascist-movements-hitler-nazis-kpd-spd-germany-cold-war">"The Lost History of Antifa"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134555/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/05/antifascist-movements-hitler-nazis-kpd-spd-germany-cold-war">Archived</a> 24 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Jacobin</i> May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmann2017" class="citation web cs1">Friedmann, Sarah (15 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/what-do-the-antifa-symbols-mean-the-flags-often-feature-three-arrows-76629">"This Is What The Antifa Flag Symbols Mean"</a>. <i>Bustle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bustle&rft.atitle=This+Is+What+The+Antifa+Flag+Symbols+Mean&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft.aulast=Friedmann&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bustle.com%2Fp%2Fwhat-do-the-antifa-symbols-mean-the-flags-often-feature-three-arrows-76629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawm2007" class="citation news cs1">Hobsbawm, Eric (17 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/feb/17/historybooks.featuresreviews">"The Spanish civil war united a generation of young writers, poets and artists in political fervour, says Eric Hobsbawm"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+civil+war+united+a+generation+of+young+writers%2C+poets+and+artists+in+political+fervour%2C+says+Eric+Hobsbawm&rft.date=2007-02-17&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2007%2Ffeb%2F17%2Fhistorybooks.featuresreviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2008" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, David R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bpq-zsLq7k4C&q=general+prim+military+dictatorship&pg=PA86"><i>Sin Perdón</i></a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4343-8094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4343-8094-4"><bdi>978-1-4343-8094-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sin+Perd%C3%B3n&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4343-8094-4&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbpq-zsLq7k4C%26q%3Dgeneral%2Bprim%2Bmilitary%2Bdictatorship%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NR85AQAAIAAJ&q=uprisings+against+primo+de+la+rivera&pg=PA15"><i>The Literary Digest</i></a>. Funk & Wagnalls. April 1929.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Digest&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1929-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNR85AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Duprisings%2Bagainst%2Bprimo%2Bde%2Bla%2Brivera%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Histo-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Histo_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Miguel, Jesús y Sánchez, Antonio: <i>Batalla de Madrid,</i> in his <i>Historia Ilustrada de la Guerra Civil Española.</i> Alcobendas, Editorial Libsa, 2006, pp. 189–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boadilla by <a href="/wiki/Esmond_Romilly" title="Esmond Romilly">Esmond Romilly</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Clapton_Press" title="The Clapton Press">The Clapton Press</a> Limited, London. 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1999654306" title="Special:BookSources/978-1999654306">978-1999654306</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Wolf Moon</i> by <a href="/wiki/Julio_Llamazares" title="Julio Llamazares">Julio Llamazares</a>, Peter Owen Publications, London 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0720619454" title="Special:BookSources/978-0720619454">978-0720619454</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1991" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Joe (1991) [1977]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/tags/joe-jacobs"><i>Out of the Ghetto</i></a>. London: Phoenix Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Ghetto&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Ftags%2Fjoe-jacobs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phil Piratin <i>Our Flag Stays Red</i>. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrzej Olechnowicz, 'Liberal anti-fascism in the 1930s the case of Sir Ernest Barker', <i>Albion</i> 36, 2005, pp. 636–660</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTirabassi1984–1985" class="citation journal cs1">Tirabassi, Maddalena (1984–1985). "Enemy Aliens or Loyal Americans?: the Mazzini Society and the Italian-American Communities". <i>Rivista di Studi Anglo-Americani</i> (4–5): 399–425.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+di+Studi+Anglo-Americani&rft.atitle=Enemy+Aliens+or+Loyal+Americans%3F%3A+the+Mazzini+Society+and+the+Italian-American+Communities&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=399-425&rft.date=1984%2F1985&rft.aulast=Tirabassi&rft.aufirst=Maddalena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow1943" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Morrow" title="Felix Morrow">Morrow, Felix</a> (June 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/morrow-felix/1943/06/italy.htm">"Washington's Plans for Italy"</a>. <i>Fourth International</i>. <b>4</b> (6): 175–179<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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King Juan Carlos I of Spain Center at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, 1998. Retrieved 9 August 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Knox" title="Bernard Knox">Knox, Bernard</a> (Spring 1999). 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Capital Times (Madision, Wisconsin)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cap+Times&rft.atitle=Clarence+Kailin%3A+%27Premature+Antifascist%27+%E2%80%93+and+proudly+so&rft.date=2009-10-26&rft.au=John+Nichols&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhost.madison.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fgovt_and_politics%2Fclarence-kailin-premature-antifascist----and-proudly-so%2Farticle_a1f96356-c21c-11de-a1da-001cc4c03286.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynesKlehr2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">Haynes, John Earl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Klehr, Harvey</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBSbKS1FlegC&q=%22premature%20anti-fascist%22&pg=PA277"><i>In Denial: Historians, Communism & Espionage</i></a>. San Francisco: Encounter Books. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594030888" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594030888"><bdi>978-1594030888</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Denial%3A+Historians%2C+Communism+%26+Espionage&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1594030888&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=John+Earl&rft.au=Klehr%2C+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBSbKS1FlegC%26q%3D%2522premature%2520anti-fascist%2522%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oh-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oh_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oh_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Hensengerth2005" class="citation book cs1">Oliver Hensengerth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528034733/http://www.smlc.leeds.ac.uk/eas/eas_content/resources/documents/67LEAP.pdf#search=%22%22Thakin%20Than%20Tun%22%22"><i>The Burmese Communist Party and the State-to-State Relations between China and Burma</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Leeds East Asia Papers. pp. 10–12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smlc.leeds.ac.uk/eas/eas_content/resources/documents/67LEAP.pdf#search=%22%22Thakin%20Than%20Tun%22%22">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burmese+Communist+Party+and+the+State-to-State+Relations+between+China+and+Burma&rft.pages=10-12&rft.pub=Leeds+East+Asia+Papers&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Oliver+Hensengerth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smlc.leeds.ac.uk%2Feas%2Feas_content%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2F67LEAP.pdf%23search%3D%2522%2522Thakin%2520Than%2520Tun%2522%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ms-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ms_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ms_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Smith1991" class="citation book cs1">Martin Smith (1991). <i>Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity</i>. 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Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20511-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20511-7"><bdi>978-0-253-20511-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Warsaw%2C+1939%E2%80%931943%3A+Ghetto%2C+Underground%2C+Revolt&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20511-7&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Yisrael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4U_OcvXvhF4C%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassow2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Kassow" title="Samuel Kassow">Kassow, Samuel D.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zJ3IzEy8sB0C&pg=PA294"><i>Who Will Write Our History?: Emanuel Ringelblum, the Warsaw Ghetto, and the Oyneg Shabes Archive</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00003-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00003-3"><bdi>978-0-253-00003-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Will+Write+Our+History%3F%3A+Emanuel+Ringelblum%2C+the+Warsaw+Ghetto%2C+and+the+Oyneg+Shabes+Archive&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00003-3&rft.aulast=Kassow&rft.aufirst=Samuel+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzJ3IzEy8sB0C%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>. Vol. 16. Keter Publishing House. 1972. p. 349.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Keter+Publishing+House&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Zuckerman" title="Yitzhak Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Yitzhak</a> (1993). Harshav, Barbara (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CVGI15EjM2IC&pg=PA183"><i>A Surplus of Memory: Chronicle of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91259-5"><bdi>978-0-520-91259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Surplus+of+Memory%3A+Chronicle+of+the+Warsaw+Ghetto+Uprising&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91259-5&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCVGI15EjM2IC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalhorn2017" class="citation web cs1">Balhorn, Loren (8 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/05/antifascist-movements-hitler-nazis-kpd-spd-germany-cold-war">"The Lost History of Antifa"</a>. <i>Jacobin</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=The+Lost+History+of+Antifa&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft.aulast=Balhorn&rft.aufirst=Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacobinmag.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fantifascist-movements-hitler-nazis-kpd-spd-germany-cold-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bray" title="Mark Bray">Mark Bray</a> (2017). "'Never Again': The Development of Modern Antifa, 1945–2003". In <i>Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook</i>. Melville House Publishing. pp. 39–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-defty-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-defty_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefty2007" class="citation book cs1">Defty, Brook (2007). <i>Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda 1945–1953</i>. Chapters 2–5. The Information Research Department.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%2C+America+and+Anti-Communist+Propaganda+1945%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=The+Information+Research+Department&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Defty&rft.aufirst=Brook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siegel-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-siegel_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siegel, Achim (1998). <i>The Totalitarian Paradigm after the End of Communism: Towards a Theoretical Reassessment</i>. Rodopi. p. 200. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042005525" title="Special:BookSources/9789042005525">9789042005525</a>. "Concepts of totalitarianism became most widespread at the height of the Cold War. Since the late 1940s, especially since the Korean War, they were condensed into a far-reaching, even hegemonic, ideology, by which the political elites of the Western world tried to explain and even to justify the Cold War constellation."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guilhot-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guilhot_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guilhot, Nicholas (2005). <i>The Democracy Makers: Human Rights and International Order</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 33. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231131247" title="Special:BookSources/9780231131247">9780231131247</a>. "The opposition between the West and Soviet totalitarianism was often presented as an opposition both moral and epistemological between truth and falsehood. The democratic, social, and economic credentials of the Soviet Union were typically seen as 'lies' and as the product of a deliberate and multiform propaganda. [...] In this context, the concept of totalitarianism was itself an asset. As it made possible the conversion of prewar anti-fascism into postwar anti-communism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caute-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caute_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaute2010" class="citation book cs1">Caute, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttmCWwuxX8cC&pg=PA95"><i>Politics and the Novel during the Cold War</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. pp. 95–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412831369" title="Special:BookSources/9781412831369"><bdi>9781412831369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+the+Novel+during+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=95-99&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781412831369&rft.aulast=Caute&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttmCWwuxX8cC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reisch-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reisch_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reisch, George A. (2005). <i>How the Cold War Transformed Philosophy of Science: To the Icy Slopes of Logic</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 153–154. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521546898" title="Special:BookSources/9780521546898">9780521546898</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beinart-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beinart_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeinart2017" class="citation news cs1">Beinart, Peter (16 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/what-trump-gets-wrong-about-antifa/537048/">"What Trump Gets Wrong About Antifa"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+Trump+Gets+Wrong+About+Antifa&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft.aulast=Beinart&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2017%2F08%2Fwhat-trump-gets-wrong-about-antifa%2F537048%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/05/antifascist-movements-hitler-nazis-kpd-spd-germany-cold-war">"The Lost History of Antifa"</a>. <i>Jacobin Mag</i>. 15 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin+Mag&rft.atitle=The+Lost+History+of+Antifa&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacobinmag.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fantifascist-movements-hitler-nazis-kpd-spd-germany-cold-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFocus-Online" class="citation web cs1">Focus-Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focus.de/regional/dresden/einschraenkungen-in-der-innenstadt-demo-samstag-in-dresden-nazi-aufmaersche-und-linke-treffen-aufeinander_id_6631107.html">"Demo-Samstag in Dresden: Nazi-Aufmärsche und Linke treffen aufeinander"</a>. Focus-Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demo-Samstag+in+Dresden%3A+Nazi-Aufm%C3%A4rsche+und+Linke+treffen+aufeinander&rft.pub=Focus-Online&rft.au=Focus-Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.focus.de%2Fregional%2Fdresden%2Feinschraenkungen-in-der-innenstadt-demo-samstag-in-dresden-nazi-aufmaersche-und-linke-treffen-aufeinander_id_6631107.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bray-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bray_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bray_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Bray (historian)">Bray, Mark</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_C5DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34"><i>Antifa: The Antifascist Handbook</i></a>. Melville House Publishing. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612197043" title="Special:BookSources/9781612197043"><bdi>9781612197043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antifa%3A+The+Antifascist+Handbook&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Melville+House+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781612197043&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_C5DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpb-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bpb_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfahl-Traughber2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Armin_Pfahl-Traughber" title="Armin Pfahl-Traughber">Pfahl-Traughber, Armin</a> (6 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/linksextremismus/33612/antifaschismus?p=all">"Antifaschismus als Thema linksextremistischer Agitation, Bündnispolitik und Ideologie"</a> [Anti-fascism as a topic of far-left extremist agitation, political alliances and ideology]. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Civic_Education" title="Federal Agency for Civic Education">Federal Agency for Civic Education</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antifaschismus+als+Thema+linksextremistischer+Agitation%2C+B%C3%BCndnispolitik+und+Ideologie&rft.pub=Federal+Agency+for+Civic+Education&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft.aulast=Pfahl-Traughber&rft.aufirst=Armin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fpolitik%2Fextremismus%2Flinksextremismus%2F33612%2Fantifaschismus%3Fp%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GermanGovernment-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GermanGovernment_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GermanGovernment_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200515202725/https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/print/de/arbeitsfelder/af-linksextremismus/zahlen-und-fakten-linksextremismus/aktionsfelder-von-linksextremisten-2017/aktionsfeld-antifaschismus-2017">"Aktionsfeld 'Antifaschismus'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [The field of "anti-fascism"]. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/arbeitsfelder/af-linksextremismus/zahlen-und-fakten-linksextremismus/aktionsfelder-von-linksextremisten-2017/aktionsfeld-antifaschismus-2017">the original</a> on 15 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>Das Aktionsfeld "Antifaschismus" ist seit Jahren ein zentrales Element der politischen Arbeit von Linksextremisten, insbesondere aus dem gewaltorientierten Spektrum. [...] Die Aktivitäten von Linksextremisten in diesem Aktionsfeld zielen aber nur vordergründig auf die Bekämpfung rechtsextremistischer Bestrebungen. Im eigentlichen Fokus steht der Kampf gegen die freiheitliche demokratische Grundordnung, die als "kapitalistisches System" diffamiert wird, und deren angeblich immanente "faschistische" Wurzeln beseitigt werden sollen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aktionsfeld+%27Antifaschismus%27&rft.pub=Federal+Office+for+the+Protection+of+the+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verfassungsschutz.de%2Fde%2Farbeitsfelder%2Faf-linksextremismus%2Fzahlen-und-fakten-linksextremismus%2Faktionsfelder-von-linksextremisten-2017%2Faktionsfeld-antifaschismus-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GermanGovernment2-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GermanGovernment2_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GermanGovernment2_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200602075325/https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/broschuere-2016-05-linksextremismus.pdf"><i>Linksextremismus: Erscheinungsformen und Gefährdungspotenziale</i></a> [<i>Far-left extremism: Manifestations and danger potential</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution</a>. 2016. pp. 33–35. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/broschuere-2016-05-linksextremismus.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 June 2020. <q>Die Aktivitäten "antifaschistischer" Linksextremisten (Antifa) dienen indes nur vordergründig der Bekämpfung rechtsextremistischer Bestrebungen. Eigentliches Ziel bleibt der "bürgerlich-demokratische Staat", der in der Lesart von Linksextremisten den "Faschismus" als eine mögliche Herrschaftsform akzeptiert, fördert und ihn deshalb auch nicht ausreichend bekämpft. Letztlich, so wird argumentiert, wurzle der "Faschismus" in den gesellschaftlichen und politischen Strukturen des "Kapitalismus". Dementsprechend rücken Linksextremisten vor allem die Beseitigung des "kapitalistischen Systems" in den Mittelpunkt ihrer "antifaschistischen" Aktivitäten.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linksextremismus%3A+Erscheinungsformen+und+Gef%C3%A4hrdungspotenziale&rft.pages=33-35&rft.pub=Federal+Office+for+the+Protection+of+the+Constitution&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verfassungsschutz.de%2Fdownload%2Fbroschuere-2016-05-linksextremismus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verfassungsschutz2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Verfassungsschutz2_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Linksextremismus" [Far-left extremism]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200902112330/https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/vsbericht-2018.pdf"><i>Verfassungsschutzbericht 2018</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior,_Building_and_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community">Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community</a>. 2019. pp. 106–167. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/vsbericht-2018.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linksextremismus&rft.btitle=Verfassungsschutzbericht+2018&rft.pages=106-167&rft.pub=Federal+Ministry+of+the+Interior%2C+Building+and+Community&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verfassungsschutz.de%2Fdownload%2Fvsbericht-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schöppner-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schöppner_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horst Schöppner: <i>Antifa heißt Angriff: Militanter Antifaschismus in den 80er Jahren</i> (pp. 129–132). Unrast, Münster 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89771-823-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-89771-823-5">3-89771-823-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsroom2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Newsroom (7 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.gr/ellada/liveblog/237415/diki-xrysis-aygis-live-enimerosi-apo-to-cnn-greece">"Δίκη Χρυσής Αυγής: Ένοχοι για εγκληματική οργάνωση Μιχαλολιάκος και πολιτικά στελέχη"</a>. <i>CNN.gr</i> (in Greek)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Republican&rft.atitle=Fake+Boston+Antifa+group%2C+which+claimed+credit+for+anti-racism+banner+at+Red+Sox+game%2C+is+actually+run+by+right+wing+trolls&rft.date=2017-09-14&rft.aulast=Glaun&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F09%2Ffake_boston_antifa_group_who_c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes_antifa-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_antifa_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuerGoldmanMacFarquhar2020" class="citation news cs1">Feuer, Alan; Goldman, Adam; MacFarquhar, Neil (11 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/us/antifa-protests-george-floyd.html">"Federal Arrests Show No Sign That Antifa Plotted Protests"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>Despite claims by President Trump and Attorney General William P. Barr, there is scant evidence that loosely organized anti-fascists are a significant player in protests. [...] A review of the arrests of dozens of people on federal charges reveals no known effort by antifa to perpetrate a coordinated campaign of violence. Some criminal complaints described vague, anti-government political leanings among suspects, but a majority of the violent acts that have taken place at protests have been attributed by federal prosecutors to individuals with no affiliation to any particular group.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Federal+Arrests+Show+No+Sign+That+Antifa+Plotted+Protests&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft.aulast=Feuer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Adam&rft.au=MacFarquhar%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F06%2F11%2Fus%2Fantifa-protests-george-floyd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeiser2020" class="citation news cs1">Peiser, Jaclyn (10 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/08/10/barr-fox-antifa-blm/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Their tactics are fascistic': Barr slams Black Lives Matter, accuses the left of 'tearing down the system'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Trump+tweets+Antifa+will+be+labeled+a+terrorist+organization+but+experts+believe+that%27s+unconstitutional&rft.date=2020-05-31&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F05%2F31%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-antifa-protests%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bray_2020-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bray_2020_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2020" class="citation news cs1">Bray, Mark (1 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/06/01/trump-antifa-terrorist-organization/">"Antifa isn't the problem. Trump's bluster is a distraction from police violence"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer. pp. 33–37, 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783531901268" title="Special:BookSources/9783531901268"><bdi>9783531901268</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Antifaschismus+der+PDS+aus+antiextremistischer+Sicht&rft.pages=33-37%2C+186&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783531901268&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYLRrg_SjPyIC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richter-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richter_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2006" class="citation book cs1">Richter, Michael (2006). "Die doppelte Diktatur: Erfahrungen mit Diktatur in der DDR und Auswirkungen auf das Verhältnis zur Diktatur heute (<i>"The double dictatorship: experiences with dictatorship in the GDR and effects on the relationship to the dictatorship today"</i>)". In Besier, Gerhard; Stoklosa, Katarzyna (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222195717/http://www.vemdl-sachsen.de/vortraege/richter/"><i>Lasten diktatorischer Vergangenheit – Herausforderungen demokratischer Gegenwart</i></a> [<i>Burdens of a dictatorial past – challenges of a democratic present</i>]. LIT Verlag. pp. 195–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825887896" title="Special:BookSources/9783825887896"><bdi>9783825887896</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vemdl-sachsen.de/vortraege/richter/">the original</a> on 22 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+doppelte+Diktatur%3A+Erfahrungen+mit+Diktatur+in+der+DDR+und+Auswirkungen+auf+das+Verh%C3%A4ltnis+zur+Diktatur+heute+%28%22The+double+dictatorship%3A+experiences+with+dictatorship+in+the+GDR+and+effects+on+the+relationship+to+the+dictatorship+today%22%29&rft.btitle=Lasten+diktatorischer+Vergangenheit+%E2%80%93+Herausforderungen+demokratischer+Gegenwart&rft.pages=195-208&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783825887896&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vemdl-sachsen.de%2Fvortraege%2Frichter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopsey2016" class="citation book cs1">Copsey, Nigel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzQlDwAAQBAJ"><i>Anti-Fascism in Britain</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39762-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39762-5"><bdi>978-1-317-39762-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Fascism+in+Britain&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-39762-5&rft.aulast=Copsey&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzQlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinerGundermann1996" class="citation journal cs1">Diner, Dan; Gundermann, Christian (1996). "On the Ideology of Antifascism". <i>New German Critique</i> (67): 123–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F827781">10.2307/827781</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-033X">0094-033X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/827781">827781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+German+Critique&rft.atitle=On+the+Ideology+of+Antifascism&rft.issue=67&rft.pages=123-132&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0094-033X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F827781%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F827781&rft.aulast=Diner&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Gundermann%2C+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEley1996" class="citation journal cs1">Eley, Geoff (1996). "Legacies of Antifascism: Constructing Democracy in Postwar Europe". <i>New German Critique</i> (67): 73–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F827778">10.2307/827778</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-033X">0094-033X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/827778">827778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+German+Critique&rft.atitle=Legacies+of+Antifascism%3A+Constructing+Democracy+in+Postwar+Europe&rft.issue=67&rft.pages=73-100&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0094-033X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F827778%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F827778&rft.aulast=Eley&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarausch1991" class="citation journal cs1">Jarausch, Konrad H. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/37910">"The Failure of East German Antifascism: Some Ironies of History as Politics"</a>. <i>German Studies Review</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 85–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1430155">10.2307/1430155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-7952">0149-7952</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1430155">1430155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+Failure+of+East+German+Antifascism%3A+Some+Ironies+of+History+as+Politics&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-102&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0149-7952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1430155%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1430155&rft.aulast=Jarausch&rft.aufirst=Konrad+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssoar.info%2Fssoar%2Fhandle%2Fdocument%2F37910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMammone2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mammone, Andrea (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/daily-revision-of-the-past-fascism-antifascism-and-memory-in-contemporary-italy/8BC4BD75B0E4874F1EAAE7958EA7D177">"A Daily Revision of the Past: Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and Memory in Contemporary Italy"</a>. <i>Modern Italy</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 211–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13532940600709338">10.1080/13532940600709338</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-2944">1353-2944</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145602289">145602289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Italy&rft.atitle=A+Daily+Revision+of+the+Past%3A+Fascism%2C+Anti-Fascism%2C+and+Memory+in+Contemporary+Italy&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-226&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145602289%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1353-2944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13532940600709338&rft.aulast=Mammone&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fmodern-italy%2Farticle%2Fdaily-revision-of-the-past-fascism-antifascism-and-memory-in-contemporary-italy%2F8BC4BD75B0E4874F1EAAE7958EA7D177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinbach1996" class="citation journal cs1">Rabinbach, Anson (1996). "Introduction: Legacies of Antifascism". <i>New German Critique</i> (67): 3–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F827774">10.2307/827774</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-033X">0094-033X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/827774">827774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+German+Critique&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Legacies+of+Antifascism&rft.issue=67&rft.pages=3-17&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0094-033X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F827774%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F827774&rft.aulast=Rabinbach&rft.aufirst=Anson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Anti-fascism</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Anti-fascism&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Anti-fascism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Anti-fascism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>David Berry "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821183723/http://raforum.info/spip.php?article238">'Fascism or Revolution!' Anarchism and Antifascism in France, 1933–39</a>" <i>Contemporary European History</i> Volume 8, Issue 1 March 1999, pp. 51–71</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirchall,_Sean2013" class="citation book cs1">Birchall, Sean, ed. (2013). <i>Beating The Fascists: The Untold Story of Anti-Fascist Action</i>. Freedom Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904491-12-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904491-12-5"><bdi>978-1-904491-12-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beating+The+Fascists%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Anti-Fascist+Action&rft.pub=Freedom+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-904491-12-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brasken, Kasper. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/making-antifascism-transnational-the-origins-of-communist-and-socialist-articulations-of-resistance-in-europe-19231924/B2A05C6190FFE23C7D3CA06A99D08FF3">Making Anti-Fascism Transnational: The Origins of Communist and Socialist Articulations of Resistance in Europe, 1923–1924</a>." <i>Contemporary European History</i> 25.4 (2016): 573–596.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2017" class="citation book cs1">Bray, Mark (2017). <i>Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook</i>. New York: Melville House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612197036" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612197036"><bdi>978-1612197036</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1016082358">1016082358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antifa%3A+The+Anti-Fascist+Handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Melville+House&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1016082358&rft.isbn=978-1612197036&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brinks, J. H. “Political Anti-Fascism in the German Democratic Republic.” Journal of Contemporary History 32, no. 2 (1997): 207–17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/261241">[1]</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullstreet2001" class="citation book cs1">Bullstreet, K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/library/bash-the-fash-anti-fascist-recollections-1984-1993"><i>Bash the Fash: Anti-Fascist Recollections 1984–1993</i></a>. Kate Sharpley Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873605-87-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873605-87-5"><bdi>978-1-873605-87-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bash+the+Fash%3A+Anti-Fascist+Recollections+1984%E2%80%931993&rft.pub=Kate+Sharpley+Library&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-873605-87-5&rft.aulast=Bullstreet&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Fbash-the-fash-anti-fascist-recollections-1984-1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Class War/3WayFight/Kate Sharpley Library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anarkismo.net/newswire.php?story_id=1583">Interview from <i>Beating Fascism: Anarchist Anti-Fascism in Theory and Practice</i></a>, anarkismo.net</li> <li>Copsey, N. (2011) "From direct action to community action: The changing dynamics of anti-fascist opposition", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopsey2011" class="citation book cs1">Copsey, Nigel (2011). <i>The British National Party : contemporary perspectives</i>. Abingdon, Oxon New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48384-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48384-1"><bdi>978-0-415-48384-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/657270952">657270952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+National+Party+%3A+contemporary+perspectives&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F657270952&rft.isbn=978-0-415-48384-1&rft.aulast=Copsey&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nigel Copsey & Andrzej Olechnowicz (eds.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230282674">Varieties of Anti-fascism. Britain in the Inter-war Period</a></i>, Palgrave Macmillan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Dauv%C3%A9" title="Gilles Dauvé">Gilles Dauvé</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/dst">Fascism/Antifascism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100130144309/http://libcom.org/dst">Archived</a> 30 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", libcom.org</li> <li>David Featherstone "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00045608.2013.779551">Black Internationalism, Subaltern Cosmopolitanism, and the Spatial Politics of Antifascism</a>" <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i> Volume 103, 2013, Issue 6, pp. 1406–1420</li> <li>Fisher, David James. “Malraux: Left Politics and Anti-Fascism in the 1930’s.” Twentieth Century Literature 24, no. 3 (1978): 290–302. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/441270">[2]</a>.</li> <li>Joseph Fronczak <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/dh/article/39/2/245/468665/Local-People-s-Global-Politics-A-Transnational">"Local People's Global Politics: A Transnational History of the Hands Off Ethiopia Movement of 1935"</a> <i>Diplomatic History</i>, Volume 39, Issue 2, 1 April 2015, pp. 245–274</li> <li>Hugo Garcia, ed, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/issue/transnational-antifascism-agents-networks-circulations/66C7BB6E0DA823AE3712837108CFCE10">Transnational Anti-Fascism: Agents, Networks, Circulations</a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/issue/transnational-antifascism-agents-networks-circulations/66C7BB6E0DA823AE3712837108CFCE10"> <i>Contemporary European History</i></a> Volume 25, Issue 4 November 2016, pp. 563–572</li> <li>Gottfried, Paul. Antifascism: The Course of a Crusade. Cornell University Press, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1fkgbr1">[3]</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKey,_Anna2005" class="citation book cs1">Key, Anna, ed. (2005). <i>Beating Fascism: Anarchist anti-fascism in theory and practice</i>. Kate Sharpley Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873605-88-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873605-88-2"><bdi>978-1-873605-88-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beating+Fascism%3A+Anarchist+anti-fascism+in+theory+and+practice&rft.pub=Kate+Sharpley+Library&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-873605-88-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Renton, Dave. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9780333760857">Fascism, Anti-fascism and Britain in the 1940s</a></i>. Springer, 2016.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStout2020" class="citation web cs1">Stout, James (24 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/brief-history-anti-fascism-180975152/">"A Brief History of Anti-Fascism"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Anti-Fascism&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fbrief-history-anti-fascism-180975152%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Traverso" title="Enzo Traverso">Enzo Traverso</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newpol.org/content/intellectuals-and-anti-fascism-critical-historization">"Intellectuals and Anti-Fascism: For a Critical Historization"</a> <i>New Politics</i>, vol. 9, no. 4 (new series), whole no. 36, Winter 2004</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenhategroupsco0000unse/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>When Hate Groups Come to Town: A Handbook of Effective Community Responses</i></a>. Atlanta: Center for Democratic Renewal. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881320-05-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881320-05-0"><bdi>978-1-881320-05-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Hate+Groups+Come+to+Town%3A+A+Handbook+of+Effective+Community+Responses&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Center+for+Democratic+Renewal&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-881320-05-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenhategroupsco0000unse%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External 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href="http://www.anarkismo.net/newswire.php?story_id=87">Remembering the Anarchist Resistance to fascism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fascism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism" title="Template:Fascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism" title="Template talk:Fascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fascism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Themes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Core_tenets" title="Fascism">Core tenets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Fascism worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Variants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union#Ideology" title="National Synarchist Union">Mexican synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_fascism" title="Confucian fascism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a> <ul><li>Neo-Pétainism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation#Ideology" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise#Ideology" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fascism" title="Jewish fascism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#Korean_Peninsula" title="Fascism in Asia">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">Nyulaiteu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">LaRoucheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts#Principles_and_ideology" title="Pērkonkrusts">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mystical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia#Ideology" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">NRx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism#Eurasianism_as_ideology" title="Eurasianism">Neo-Eurasianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Positionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Movements</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_the_Lictor" title="Muslim Association of the Lictor">Muslim Association of the Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Egypt_Party_(1933)" title="Young Egypt Party (1933)">Young Egypt Party (1933)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Al-Muthanna Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Party" title="Aria Party">Aria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Democrat_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Democrat Party">Azerbaijan National Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Party" title="Azure Party">Azure Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_HaBirionim" title="Brit HaBirionim">Brit HaBirionim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Association" title="Concordia Association">Concordia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">Iran-e-No Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Front" title="Jewish National Front">Jewish National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasyonal_Aktivite_ve_Zinde_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf" title="Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf">Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_Association" title="National Socialism Association">National Socialism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Japanese_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party">National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Task_Party" title="Nationalist Task Party">Nationalist Task Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_of_Iran" title="Nation Party of Iran">Nation Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranist_Party" title="Pan-Iranist Party">Pan-Iranist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Party" title="Palestine Arab Party">Palestine Arab Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_36" title="Patrol 36">Patrol 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Falange" title="Philippine Falange">Philippine Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" title="Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal">Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Makkal_Katchi" title="Hindu Makkal Katchi">Hindu Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Praja_Parishad" title="Jammu Praja Parishad">Jammu Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Union_Party_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Turkish Union Party (Northern Cyprus)">Turkish Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">Wang Jingwei Kuomintang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Northern / Northwestern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Karelia_Society" title="Academic Karelia Society">Academic Karelia Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Ailtirí na hAiséirghe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bases_Aut%C3%B3nomas" title="Bases Autónomas">Bases Autónomas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Social-National_Workers%27_Movement" title="Breton Social-National Workers' Movement">Breton Social-National Workers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(2013)" title="British Democratic Party (2013)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascists" title="British Fascists">British Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_League_of_Ex-Servicemen_and_Women" title="British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women">British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960)" title="British National Party (1960)">British National Party (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(2005)" title="British People's Party (2005)">British People's Party (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_People%27s_Party" title="Clerical People's Party">Clerical People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_National_Association" title="English National Association">English National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberation_Front" title="European Liberation Front">European Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_National_Socialist_Labor_Organisation" title="Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation">Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Organisation" title="Finnish People's Organisation">Finnish People's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish-Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party">Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaamsch_Nationaal_Verbond" title="Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond">Flemish National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationalist Party">French Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Britain_Movement" title="Greater Britain Movement">Greater Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Collaboration" title="Groupe Collaboration">Groupe Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_Front" title="Heathen Front">Heathen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Third_Position" title="International Third Position">International Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalli_Alliance_of_Finland" title="Lalli Alliance of Finland">Lalli Alliance of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Saint_George" title="League of Saint George">League of Saint George</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_d%27Action_Civique" title="Mouvement d'Action Civique">Mouvement d'Action Civique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Sweden)" title="National Alliance (Sweden)">National Alliance (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascisti" title="National Fascisti">National Fascisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Iceland)" title="Nationalist Party (Iceland)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Bloc" title="National Socialist Bloc">National Socialist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(UK,_1962)" title="National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)">National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)">National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Norway" title="National Socialist Movement of Norway">National Socialist Movement of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Union_of_Finland" title="National Socialist Union of Finland">National Socialist Union of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Sweden)" title="National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)">National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialists_of_Finland" title="National Socialists of Finland">National Socialists of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_League" title="Nordic League">Nordic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nordic_Realm_Party" title="The Nordic Realm Party">The Nordic Realm Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (United Kingdom)">Northern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Norwegian_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Norwegian Defence League</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_National_Front" title="Official National Front">Official National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Flemish_Militants" title="Order of Flemish Militants">Order of Flemish Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_National_Socialists" title="Organisation of National Socialists">Organisation of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Communautaire_National-Europ%C3%A9en" title="Parti Communautaire National-Européen">Parti Communautaire National-Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Finnish_Labor" title="Party of Finnish Labor">Party of Finnish Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Swedes" title="Party of the Swedes">Party of the Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(1993)" title="Patriotic People's Movement (1993)">Patriotic People's Movement (1993)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts" title="Pērkonkrusts">Pērkonkrusts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Finland" title="Rising Finland">Rising Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Scottish Democratic Fascist Party">Scottish Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_League" title="Scottish Protestant League">Scottish Protestant League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormers_(Finland)" title="Stormers (Finland)">Stormers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Third Way (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(UK_organisation)" title="Third Way (UK organisation)">Third Way (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigrid_(Norway)" title="Vigrid (Norway)">Vigrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance_(Sweden)" title="White Aryan Resistance (Sweden)">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Central Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Osten" title="Bund Deutscher Osten">Bund Deutscher Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Socialist_Front" title="Christian National Socialist Front">Christian National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Sammlung" title="Eidgenössische Sammlung">Eidgenössische Sammlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)">German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Front" title="Hungarian National Front">Hungarian National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Agricultural_Labourers%27_and_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party">Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfbund_Deutscher_Sozialisten" title="Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten">Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Homeland_Service" title="Liechtenstein Homeland Service">Liechtenstein Homeland Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Austria)" title="National Democratic Party (Austria)">National Democratic Party (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Hungary)" title="National Front (Hungary)">National Front (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Switzerland)" title="National Front (Switzerland)">National Front (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_of_Switzerland" title="National Movement of Switzerland">National Movement of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp#Modern_incarnation_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Switzerland)" title="National Union (Switzerland)">National Union (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(Germany)" title="Nationalist Front (Germany)">Nationalist Front (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Working_Association" title="National Socialist Working Association">National Socialist Working Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Germany)" title="New Order (Germany)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="United Hungarian National Socialist Party">United Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Bewegung" title="Volksdeutsche Bewegung">Volksdeutsche Bewegung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssozialistische_Bewegung_Deutschlands/Partei_der_Arbeit" title="Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit">Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD%C3%91%E2%80%93Spanish_Identity" title="ADÑ–Spanish Identity">ADÑ–Spanish Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEDADE" title="CEDADE">CEDADE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Democratic Fascist Party">Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nation_State" title="European Nation State">European Nation State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina" title="Sección Femenina">Sección Femenina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Falange_(1999)" title="La Falange (1999)">La Falange (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Auténtica">Falange Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Española Auténtica">Falange Española Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS_(1976)" title="Falange Española de las JONS (1976)">Falange Española de las JONS (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Independiente" title="Falange Española Independiente">Falange Española Independiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangist_Movement_of_Spain" title="Falangist Movement of Spain">Falangist Movement of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethinkers%27_Party" title="Freethinkers' Party">Freethinkers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista" title="Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista">Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Juntas Españolas">Juntas Españolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Spain)" title="National Alliance (Spain)">National Alliance (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_July_18" title="National Alliance July 18">National Alliance July 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Spain)" title="National Democracy (Spain)">National Democracy (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_1986)" title="National Front (Spain, 1986)">National Front (Spain, 1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_2006)" title="National Front (Spain, 2006)">National Front (Spain, 2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Italy,_1923)" title="National Union (Italy, 1923)">National Union (Italy, 1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Spain)" title="National Union (Spain)">National Union (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Social_Movement" title="Republican Social Movement">Republican Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Italy)" title="The Right (Italy)">The Right (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Fascist_Party" title="Sammarinese Fascist Party">Sammarinese Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Military_Union" title="Spanish Military Union">Spanish Military Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Struggle of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_Posizione" title="Terza Posizione">Terza Posizione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidad_Falangista_Monta%C3%B1esa" title="Unidad Falangista Montañesa">Unidad Falangista Montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Eastern and Southeastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autochthonous_Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights">Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Movement_of_National_Pride" title="Bosnian Movement of National Pride">Bosnian Movement of National Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party">Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Liberation_Movement" title="Croatian Liberation Movement">Croatian Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_National_Union" title="Ethnic National Union">Ethnic National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Movement">Eurasia Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falanga_(organisation)" title="Falanga (organisation)">Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format18" title="Format18">Format18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Native_Language!" title="For the Native Language!">For the Native Language!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_National_Revolutionary_Action" title="Front of National Revolutionary Action">Front of National Revolutionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEPEN_(political_party)" title="LEPEN (political party)">LEPEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Nationalist_Union" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Union">Lithuanian Nationalist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Front" title="National Bolshevik Front">National Bolshevik Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Community" title="National Fascist Community">National Fascist Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_%E2%80%93_Greeks" title="National Party – Greeks">National Party – Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Patriotic_Organisation" title="National Socialist Patriotic Organisation">National Socialist Patriotic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Pedophilia" title="Occupy Pedophilia">Occupy Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_(Greece)" title="Patriotic Alliance (Greece)">Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(interwar_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (interwar Romania)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine">Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Fascist_Movement" title="Russian Women's Fascist Movement">Russian Women's Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Action" title="Serbian Action">Serbian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">Steel Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgarian_National_Legions" title="Union of Bulgarian National Legions">Union of Bulgarian National Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_in_Australia" title="Ustaše in Australia">Ustaše in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union" title="Yugoslav Radical Union">Yugoslav Radical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">ZBOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Fascism in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_for_Free_Expression" title="Canadian Association for Free Expression">Canadian Association for Free Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Foreign_Aid_Reform" title="Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform">Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">Parti national social chrétien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America#United_States" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_League_of_North_America" title="Fascist League of North America">Fascist League of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyim_Defense_League" title="Goyim Defense League">Goyim Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRouche_movement" title="LaRouche movement">LaRouche movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Social_Club-131" title="Nationalist Social Club-131">Nationalist Social Club-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Legion" title="National Socialist Legion">National Socialist Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(United_States,_1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)">Christian Party (United States, 1930s)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Democratic_Party" title="Mexican Democratic Party">Mexican Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Fascist_Party" title="Mexican Fascist Party">Mexican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pro_Patria_Party" title="National Pro Patria Party">National Pro Patria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union" title="National Synarchist Union">National Synarchist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_of_Mexico" title="Nationalist Front of Mexico">Nationalist Front of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Zealandia" title="Action Zealandia">Action Zealandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Movement" title="Australia First Movement">Australia First Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party" title="Australia First Party">Australia First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_League" title="Australian Defence League">Australian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Australian National Socialist Party">Australian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(New_South_Wales)" title="Centre Party (New South Wales)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Australia)" title="National Action (Australia)">National Action (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_Australia" title="National Socialist Party of Australia">National Socialist Party of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Nationalist_Party" title="Progressive Nationalist Party">Progressive Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Labor_Party" title="Agrarian Labor Party">Agrarian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Fascist_Party" title="Argentine Fascist Party">Argentine Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Nationalist_Action" title="Argentine Nationalist Action">Argentine Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Patriotic_League" title="Argentine Patriotic League">Argentine Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange" title="Bolivian Socialist Falange">Bolivian Socialist Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Peronist_Party" title="Female Peronist Party">Female Peronist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_(Argentina)" title="Iron Guard (Argentina)">Iron Guard (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party_(Argentina)" title="National Fascist Party (Argentina)">National Fascist Party (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Union" title="National Fascist Union">National Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Liberation_Alliance" title="Nationalist Liberation Alliance">Nationalist Liberation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Guatemala)" title="National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)">National Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Universitary_Concentration" title="National Universitary Concentration">National Universitary Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Triumph_Party" title="New Triumph Party">New Triumph Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front_(Argentina)" title="Patriot Front (Argentina)">Patriot Front (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Dignity" title="Popular Dignity">Popular Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Freedom_Alliance" title="Popular Freedom Alliance">Popular Freedom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Vanguard" title="Popular Socialist Vanguard">Popular Socialist Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_League" title="Republican League">Republican League</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Resistencia_Dios,_Patria_y_Familia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia (page does not exist)">La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">Campbell (Eric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Campbell_(politician)" title="Graeme Campbell (politician)">Campbell (Graeme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Cottrell" title="Blair Cottrell">Cottrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Groot" title="Francis de Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rud_Mills" title="Alexander Rud Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Saleam" title="Jim Saleam">Saleam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Miklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pfrimer" title="Walter Pfrimer">Pfrimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Planetta" title="Otto Planetta">Planetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staf_Declercq" class="mw-redirect" title="Staf Declercq">Declercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis_(politician)" title="Jean Denis (politician)">Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Elias" title="Hendrik Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Eriksson" title="Bert Eriksson">Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hermans" title="Ward Hermans">Hermans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">Lagrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poulet" title="Robert Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">van de Wiele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Boban" title="Rafael Boban">Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Francetić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Kraljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Pavičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Rover" title="Srećko Rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Servatzy" title="Vjekoslav Servatzy">Servatzy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilho_Helanen" title="Vilho Helanen">Helanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Isotalo_(J%C3%A4ger)" title="Antti Isotalo (Jäger)">Isotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvi_Kalsta" title="Arvi Kalsta">Kalsta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Konkka" title="Juhani Konkka">Konkka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihtori_Kosola" title="Vihtori Kosola">Kosola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Orko" title="Risto Orko">Orko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Simojoki" title="Elias Simojoki">Simojoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Somersalo" title="Arne Somersalo">Somersalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rni" title="Lauri Törni">Törni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_Varjonen" title="Unto Varjonen">Varjonen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Augier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Alphonse de Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrae" title="Alexander Andrae">Andrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Berger" title="Gottlob Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Falkenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Hocke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Hocke">Hocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Franz,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Franz V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gesche" title="Bruno Gesche">Gesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Graf" title="Ulrich Graf">Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Hanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Klintzsch" title="Hans Ulrich Klintzsch">Klintzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn">Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Maurice" title="Emil Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rahn" title="Rudolf Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Reitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cil_von_Renthe-Fink" title="Cécil von Renthe-Fink">Renthe-Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Skorzeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Terboven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Thadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Zündel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis" title="Ion Dragoumis">Dragoumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Kasidiaris" title="Ilias Kasidiaris">Kasidiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Koryzis" title="Alexandros Koryzis">Koryzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Lagos" title="Ioannis Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Michaloliakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Papadopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Godse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">Golwalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Hedgewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar" title="Dariush Forouhar">Forouhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" title="Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Pezeshkpour" title="Mohsen Pezeshkpour">Pezeshkpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Teymourtash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Ben-Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Ben-Gvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Eldad" title="Aryeh Eldad">Eldad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amihai_Eliyahu" title="Amihai Eliyahu">Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein" title="Baruch Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Gopstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ha%27ivri" title="David Ha'ivri">Ha'ivri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Heruti" title="Yaakov Heruti">Heruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Marzel" title="Baruch Marzel">Marzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Natan-Zada" title="Eden Natan-Zada">Natan-Zada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Yeivin" title="Yehoshua Yeivin">Yeivin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Acerbo" title="Giacomo Acerbo">Acerbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Alfieri" title="Dino Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Azara" title="Antonio Azara">Azara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianini" title="Giuseppe Bastianini">Bastianini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bianchi" title="Michele Bianchi">Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)" title="Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Boselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano" title="Costanzo Ciano">Ciano (Costanzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano (Galeazzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Freda" title="Franco Freda">Freda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giuriati" title="Giovanni Giuriati">Giuriati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Gozi" title="Giuliano Gozi">Gozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Graziani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Buffarini_Guidi" title="Guido Buffarini Guidi">Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Morgagni" title="Manlio Morgagni">Morgagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pino_Rauti" title="Pino Rauti">Rauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Ricci" title="Renato Ricci">Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Ridruejo" title="Dionisio Ridruejo">Ridruejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Rossoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Sarfatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Chō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Honj%C5%8D" title="Shigeru Honjō">Honjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" title="Yoshio Kodama">Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Nonaka" title="Shirō Nonaka">Nonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Sasakawa" title="Ryōichi Sasakawa">Sasakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Gigurtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Moța">Moța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gavril%C4%83_Ogoranu" title="Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu">Ogoranu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benes_Ayo" title="Benes Ayo">Ayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radas%C5%82a%C5%AD_Astro%C5%ADski" title="Radasłaŭ Astroŭski">Astroŭski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Barkashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Borovikov" title="Dmitry Borovikov">Borovikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina" title="Darya Dugina">Dugina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski" title="Bronislav Kaminski">Kaminski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Kuryokhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Letov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Martsinkevich" title="Maxim Martsinkevich">Martsinkevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Milchakov" title="Alexey Milchakov">Milchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Oktan" title="Mikhail Oktan">Oktan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Prilepin" title="Zakhar Prilepin">Prilepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Stojadinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_de_Arrese" title="José Luis de Arrese">Arrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Bau_Nolla" title="Joaquín Bau Nolla">Bau Nolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_de_Bilbao_Egu%C3%ADa" title="Esteban de Bilbao Eguía">Bilbao Eguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cuesta" title="Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta">Fernández-Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco y Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Gim%C3%A9nez_Caballero" title="Ernesto Giménez Caballero">Giménez Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Mazas" title="Rafael Sánchez Mazas">Sánchez Mazas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano Suñer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky" title="Andriy Biletsky">Biletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Dontsov" title="Dmytro Dontsov">Dontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Gubarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Klyachkivsky" title="Dmytro Klyachkivsky">Klyachkivsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Rebet" title="Lev Rebet">Rebet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulas_Samchuk" title="Ulas Samchuk">Samchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych" title="Roman Shukhevych">Shukhevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Stetsko" title="Yaroslav Stetsko">Stetsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Tyahnybok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliya_Vitrenko" title="Nataliya Vitrenko">Vitrenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beckett_(politician)" title="John Beckett (politician)">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Leese" title="Arnold Leese">Leese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley (Diana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley (Oswald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Maule_Ramsay" title="Archibald Maule Ramsay">Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_5th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington">Wellesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Auernheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Auernheimer">Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Carto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Frankhouser" title="Roy Frankhouser">Frankhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michale_Graves" title="Michale Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jeff_Hall" title="Murder of Jeff Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mills_(Aryan_Brotherhood)" title="Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Minadeo_II" title="Jon Minadeo II">Minadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patsalos" title="John Patsalos">Patsalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irv_Rubin" title="Irv Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Unz" title="Ron Unz">Unz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsiatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsiatsky">Vonsyatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Yockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Arana_Osorio" title="Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio">Arana Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_D%27Aubuisson" title="Roberto D'Aubuisson">D'Aubuisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Bahçeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq_Bushati" title="Maliq Bushati">Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Caetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Carrasco" title="Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco">Carrasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Castillo Armas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavs_Celmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Gustavs Celmiņš">Celmiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Clausen" title="Frits Clausen">Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Coughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C4%8Eur%C4%8Dansk%C3%BD" title="Ferdinand Ďurčanský">Ďurčanský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Genoud" title="François Genoud">Genoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gustloff" title="Wilhelm Gustloff">Gustloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Hácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Linderman" title="Vladimir Linderman">Linderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Lukov" title="Hristo Lukov">Lukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mach" title="Alexander Mach">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Emilio_Madero" title="Pablo Emilio Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Merlika-Kruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Noreika" title="Jonas Noreika">Noreika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Piasecki" title="Bolesław Piasecki">Piasecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Phibunsongkhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Puyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin-Gioro Puyi">Puyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_y_Osma" title="José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma">Riva-Agüero y Osma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Rupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez Sayigh">Sayigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Šešelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov" title="Aleksandar Tsankov">Tsankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Weinstein" title="Meir Weinstein">Weinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Works" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">The Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_(book)" title="Defiance (book)">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Man" title="Impeachment of Man">Impeachment of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium:_The_Philosophy_of_History_and_Politics" title="Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics">Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutairon_and_Pure_Socialism" title="Kokutairon and Pure Socialism">Kokutairon and Pure Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Will_of_a_Russian_Fascist" title="The Last Will of a Russian Fascist">The Last Will of a Russian Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Mosley_autobiography)" title="My Life (Mosley autobiography)">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPROP!" title="OPROP!">OPROP!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantische_Rompilger" title="Protestantische Rompilger">Protestantische Rompilger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Racial_Program_for_the_Twentieth_Century" title="A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century">A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Warning_to_the_Hindus" title="A Warning to the Hindus">A Warning to the Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Are_the_Mind_Benders%3F" title="Who Are the Mind Benders?">Who Are the Mind Benders?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajan_Suunta" title="Ajan Suunta">Ajan Suunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Alba" title="L'Alba">L'Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Deutsche_M%C3%A4del" title="Das Deutsche Mädel">Das Deutsche Mädel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Difesa_della_Razza" title="La Difesa della Razza">La Difesa della Razza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheros_Kosmos" title="Eleftheros Kosmos">Eleftheros Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_(1953_magazine)" title="The European (1953 magazine)">The European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashizmi" title="Fashizmi">Fashizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_au_travail" title="La France au travail">La France au travail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritt_Folk" title="Fritt Folk">Fritt Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronten" title="Fronten">Fronten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Fascista" title="Gioventù Fascista">Gioventù Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(magazine)" title="Golden Dawn (magazine)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaas" title="Hamaas">Hamaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Domobran" title="Hrvatski Domobran">Hrvatski Domobran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansallissosialisti" title="Kansallissosialisti">Kansallissosialisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonka_(newspaper)" title="Limonka (newspaper)">Limonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada2000" title="Masada2000">Masada2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Beobachter" title="Münchener Beobachter">Münchener Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Anthropologie" title="Neue Anthropologie">Neue Anthropologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Nieuwe_Volk" title="Het Nieuwe Volk">Het Nieuwe Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopress" class="mw-redirect" title="Novopress">Novopress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_der_Woche" title="Parole der Woche">Parole der Woche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Pimpf" title="Der Pimpf">Der Pimpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_du_fascisme" title="Revue d'histoire du fascisme">Revue d'histoire du fascisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(magazine)" title="Signal (magazine)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniristi" title="Siniristi">Siniristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhead_(magazine)" title="Spearhead (magazine)">Spearhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Post" title="Türkische Post">Türkische Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Umbruch" title="Der Umbruch">Der Umbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairas" title="Vairas">Vairas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Wehrmacht" title="Die Wehrmacht">Die Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochenspruch_der_NSDAP" title="Wochenspruch der NSDAP">Wochenspruch der NSDAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Armata_Azzurra" title="L'Armata Azzurra">L'Armata Azzurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengasi_(film)" title="Bengasi (film)">Bengasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri_(film)" title="Condottieri (film)">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_the_Samurai" title="The Daughter of the Samurai">The Daughter of the Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbkrank" title="Erbkrank">Erbkrank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Appeal" title="The Great Appeal">The Great Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Guard_(1934_film)" title="The Old Guard (1934 film)">The Old Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_(film)" title="Raza (film)">Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus:_The_Defeat_of_Hannibal" title="Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal">Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">Der Sieg des Glaubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_the_Alcazar" title="The Siege of the Alcazar">The Siege of the Alcazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_squadrone_bianco" title="Lo squadrone bianco">Lo squadrone bianco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_der_Freiheit:_Unsere_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht">Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Third Reich">Art of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Fascist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_pop" title="Hindutva pop">Hindutva pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrumvirs" title="Quadrumvirs">Quadrumvirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Trade_Union_Federation" title="Agrarian Trade Union Federation">Agrarian Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">DeVlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Movement" title="European Social Movement">European Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Realm_Union" title="Finnish Realm Union">Finnish Realm Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_New_Germany" title="Friends of New Germany">Friends of New Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Link_(UK_organization)" title="The Link (UK organization)">The Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladorossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladorossi">Mladorossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Europe" title="National Party of Europe">National Party of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Consciousness" title="National Popular Consciousness">National Popular Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" title="People's Party Our Slovakia">People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Force_Party" title="Popular Force Party">Popular Force Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (Slovakia)">Republic (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Records" title="Resistance Records">Resistance Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Club" title="Right Club">Right Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Organization" title="Russian Fascist Organization">Russian Fascist Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_und_Falke" title="Adler und Falke">Adler und Falke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Lictor_Youth" title="Albanian Lictor Youth">Albanian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Lictor_Youth" title="Arab Lictor Youth">Arab Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Blacks" title="Blue-and-Blacks">Blue-and-Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Lictor_Youth" title="Ethiopian Lictor Youth">Ethiopian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Union_of_Youth" title="Fascist Union of Youth">Fascist Union of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Juventudes" title="Frente de Juventudes">Frente de Juventudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Futuwwa_(Palestine)" title="Al-Futuwwa (Palestine)">Al-Futuwwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio" title="Gioventù Italiana del Littorio">Gioventù Italiana del Littorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Beauty_Society" title="Faith and Beauty Society">Faith and Beauty Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4delbund" title="Jungmädelbund">Jungmädelbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventudes_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular" title="Juventudes de Acción Popular">Juventudes de Acción Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Jeugdstorm" title="Nationale Jeugdstorm">Nationale Jeugdstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth" title="National Youth">National Youth</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_(Italy)" title="National Youth (Italy)">National Youth (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Alliance" title="National Youth Alliance">National Youth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Organisation_(Greece)" title="National Youth Organisation (Greece)">National Youth Organisation (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Jungvolk" title="Österreichisches Jungvolk">Österreichisches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party#Patriotic/Eureka_Youth_League" title="Australia First Party">Patriotic/Eureka Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Fascist_Little_Ones" title="Union of Fascist Little Ones">Union of Fascist Little Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(boys)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(girls)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Paramilitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">terrorist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Organization_of_Russian_Nationalists" title="Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists">Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(Usta%C5%A1e_militia)" title="Black Legion (Ustaše militia)">Black Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_of_Canada" title="National Unity Party of Canada">Blueshirts (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_88" title="Column 88">Column 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Terrorist_Organization" title="Combat Terrorist Organization">Combat Terrorist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Nation" title="Confederation of the Nation">Confederation of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugojno_group" title="Bugojno group">Bugojno group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_di_Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Armata" title="Falange Armata">Falange Armata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Militia" title="Falange Militia">Falange Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEAR_(terrorist_group)" title="FEAR (terrorist group)">FEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Guard" title="Flemish Guard">Flemish Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">Flemish Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbann" title="Frontbann">Frontbann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Gold Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilfspolizei" title="Hilfspolizei">Hilfspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Greenshirts (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirden" title="Hirden">Hirden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard" title="Hlinka Guard">Hlinka Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Defence_Association" title="Hungarian National Defence Association">Hungarian National Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbrigades" title="Interbrigades">Interbrigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(organization)" title="Iron Wolf (organization)">Iron Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_Organization" title="Jewish Defense Organization">Jewish Defense Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces" title="Kataeb Regulatory Forces">Kataeb Regulatory Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83ncieri" title="Lăncieri">Lăncieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_Wasa" title="Legion Wasa">Legion Wasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Blanca" title="Mano Blanca">Mano Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Guard_(Italy)" title="National Republican Guard (Italy)">National Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard">New Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostm%C3%A4rkische_Sturmscharen" title="Ostmärkische Sturmscharen">Ostmärkische Sturmscharen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodobrana" title="Rodobrana">Rodobrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity_(2000)" title="Russian National Unity (2000)">Russian National Unity (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S14_(Ukrainian_group)" title="S14 (Ukrainian group)">S14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii_(1989)" title="Sicarii (1989)">Sicarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sich_Battalion" title="Sich Battalion">Sich Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Sudetendeutsches Freikorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Against_Terror" title="Terror Against Terror">Terror Against Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militsiya" title="Ukrainian People's Militsiya">Ukrainian People's Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Militia" title="Ustaše Militia">Ustaše Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssport" title="Volkssport">Volkssport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Guard" title="Walloon Guard">Walloon Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weerbaarheidsafdeling" title="Weerbaarheidsafdeling">Weerbaarheidsafdeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_New_Post" title="Westland New Post">Westland New Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanguardia_Giovanile_Fascista" title="Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista">Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Estudiantes_Sindicalistas" title="Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas">Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Student_Union" title="German Student Union">German Student Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Espa%C3%B1ol_Universitario" title="Sindicato Español Universitario">Sindicato Español Universitario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide#Link_between_the_Herero_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_battles" title="Italian economic battles">Italian economic battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">March of the Iron Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">End in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Tokyo Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books about Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_fascist_parties" title="List of British fascist parties">British fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country" title="List of fascist movements by country">Fascist movements by country</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of fascist movements by country A–F">A-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of fascist movements by country G–M">G-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_N%E2%80%93T" title="List of fascist movements by country N–T">N-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_U%E2%80%93Z" title="List of fascist movements by country U–Z">U-Z</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_Italian_fascist_parties" title="List of secretaries of Italian fascist parties">Secretaries of Italian fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches by Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (epithet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Fascist mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale (personality test)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">of Poles during the Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol" title="Italianization of South Tyrol">of South Tyrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosocialism" title="Neosocialism">Neosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para/semi-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance" title="Red–green–brown alliance">Red–green–brown alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansepolcrismo" title="Sansepolcrismo">Sansepolcrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">Synarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li>Anti-fascism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and 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title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" 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