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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Decision to pursue philosophy and writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decision_to_pursue_philosophy_and_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Anarchism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialectics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialectics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dialectics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialectics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Free association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mutualism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_property_and_the_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_property_and_the_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Private property and the state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_property_and_the_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Social ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversial_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Controversial positions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversial_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversial positions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversial_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proto-fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Proto-fascism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Semitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Semitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Anti-Semitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Semitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Anti-feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="بيير جوزيف برودون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيير جوزيف برودون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyer-Jozef_Prudon" title="Pyer-Jozef Prudon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pyer-Jozef Prudon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%81" title="পিয়ের-জোসেফ প্রুদোঁ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিয়ের-জোসেফ প্রুদোঁ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%84_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="П’ер-Жазэф Прудон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="П’ер-Жазэф Прудон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пиер-Жозеф Прудон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиер-Жозеф Прудон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="པི་ཨེར་ཇོ་སེ་ཧྥེ་པུ་རུ་དོང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པི་ཨེར་ཇོ་སེ་ཧྥེ་པུ་རུ་དོང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Pierre_Proudhon" title="Joseph-Pierre Proudhon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Joseph-Pierre Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81-%CE%96%CE%BF%CE%B6%CE%AD%CF%86_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Πιερ-Ζοζέφ Προυντόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πιερ-Ζοζέφ Προυντόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1-%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="پیر-ژوزف پرودون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیر-ژوزف پرودون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4%EC%A1%B0%EC%A0%9C%ED%94%84_%ED%94%84%EB%A3%A8%EB%8F%99" title="피에르조제프 프루동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피에르조제프 프루동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BC_%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%86_%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Պիեռ Ժոզեֆ Պրուդոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիեռ Ժոզեֆ Պրուդոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82" title="पिएर जोसेफ प्रूधों – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पिएर जोसेफ प्रूधों" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8-%D7%96%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פייר-ז'וזף פרודון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פייר-ז'וזף פרודון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პიერ-ჟოზეფ პრუდონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიერ-ჟოზეფ პრუდონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пьер Жозеф Прудон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пьер Жозеф Прудон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Iosephus_Proudhon" title="Petrus Iosephus Proudhon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Iosephus Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pj%C4%93rs_%C5%BDozefs_Prudons" title="Pjērs Žozefs Prudons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pjērs Žozefs Prudons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пјер Жозеф Прудон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пјер Жозеф Прудон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="بيير جوزيف برودون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيير جوزيف برودون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%81" title="पियर जोसेफ प्रुदोँ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पियर जोसेफ प्रुदोँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3" title="ピエール・ジョゼフ・プルードン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピエール・ジョゼフ・プルードン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82" title="ਪਿਏਰ ਜੋਸਿਫ਼ ਪਰੂਧੋਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਏਰ ਜੋਸਿਫ਼ ਪਰੂਧੋਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%E2%80%93_%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="پیر – ژوزف پرودون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پیر – ژوزف پرودون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Прудон, Пьер-Жозеф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прудон, Пьер-Жозеф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пјер Жозеф Прудон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пјер Жозеф Прудон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%27%D1%94%D1%80_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="П'єр Жозеф Прудон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="П'єр Жозеф Прудон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94-%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E4%B8%9C" title="皮埃尔-约瑟夫·普鲁东 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="皮埃尔-约瑟夫·普鲁东" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE-%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E6%9D%B1" title="皮埃爾-約瑟夫·普魯東 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="皮埃爾-約瑟夫·普魯東" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="What is Property?">What is Property?</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French politician, philosopher, anarchist and socialist (1809–1865)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the biography by George Woodcock, see <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon_(Woodcock_biography)" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (Woodcock biography)">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (Woodcock biography)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, 1865</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1809-01-15</span>)</span>15 January 1809<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 January 1865<span style="display:none">(1865-01-19)</span> (aged 56)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Passy" title="Passy">Passy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> theory</li><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft">Property is theft</a></li> <li>Order without power</li> <li>Economic federalism</li> <li>Anarchist gradualism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">Dual power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon_signature.svg/150px-Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon_signature.svg/225px-Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon_signature.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist template-anarchism-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy-symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol"><img alt=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/75px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/113px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/150px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anarchism" title="Glossary of anarchism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="African anarchism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parecon" class="mw-redirect" title="Parecon">Parecon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Methodology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis</a></li></ul> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Theory</a></li> <li>Practice</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">By region</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Lists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackFlagSymbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/15px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" 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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism" title="Category:Libertarianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">Age of consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">De Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman (Milton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">Friedman (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Van_Dun" title="Frank Van Dun">Van Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Lottieri" title="Carlo Lottieri">Lottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Polis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_possibilism" title="Libertarian possibilism">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/16px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/24px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/32px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Template:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #d33; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/75px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/113px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/150px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:0px solid;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Freed market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labour-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#P2P_economic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Peer‑to‑peer economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Spontaneism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">To each according to his contribution</a>/<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Relationship_with_socialism" title="Planned economy">Socialist planned economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lange_model" title="Lange model">Lange model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_road_to_socialism" title="Democratic road to socialism">Democratic road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-utopianism" title="Cyber-utopianism">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary socialism">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Marhaenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_socialism" title="Municipal socialism">Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular socialism">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon#Ideas" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_socialism" title="Sewer socialism">Sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_socialism" title="Yellow socialism">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Blanqui</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Saltykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federica_Montseny" title="Federica Montseny">Montseny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracchi">Gracchi Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Martov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tage_Erlander" title="Tage Erlander">Erlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">van der Lubbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Kreisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_economists" title="List of socialist economists">List of socialist economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party" title="Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɒ̃/: nasal 'an' in 'vin blanc'">ɒ̃</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɒ̃/: nasal 'an' in 'vin blanc'">ɒ̃</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[pjɛʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒozɛf<span class="wrap"> </span>pʁudɔ̃]</a></span>; <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 1809 – 19 January 1865) was a French <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> who founded <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualist</a> philosophy and is considered by many to be the "father of anarchism".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first person to call himself an <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using that term, and is widely regarded as one of anarchism's most influential theorists. Proudhon became a member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a> after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a>, whereafter he referred to himself as a <i><a href="/wiki/Federalist" title="Federalist">federalist</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon described the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(socialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (socialism)">liberty</a> he pursued as the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">community</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>. Some consider his mutualism to be part of <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist anarchism</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others regard it to be part of <a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social anarchism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proudhon, who was born in <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a>, was a printer who taught himself <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> in order to better print books in the language. His best-known assertion is that "<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">property is theft!</a>", contained in his first major work, <i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_Property%3F_Or,_an_Inquiry_into_the_Principle_of_Right_and_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right and Government">What Is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right and Government</a></i> (<i>Qu'est-ce que la propriété? Recherche sur le principe du droit et du gouvernement</i>), published in 1840. The book's publication attracted the attention of the French authorities. It also attracted the scrutiny of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, who started a correspondence with its author. The two influenced each other and they met in Paris while Marx was exiled there. Their friendship finally ended when Marx responded to Proudhon's <i>The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty</i> with the provocatively titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Philosophy" title="The Poverty of Philosophy">The Poverty of Philosophy</a></i>. The dispute became one of the sources of the split between the anarchist and <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> wings of the <a href="/wiki/International_Working_Men%27s_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="International Working Men's Association">International Working Men's Association</a>. Some such as <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a> have contended that Marx's attack on Proudhon had its origin in the latter's defense of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Gr%C3%BCn" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Grün">Karl Grün</a>, whom Marx bitterly disliked, but who had been preparing translations of Proudhon's work.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman_1967_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman_1967-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1979_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard_1979-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proudhon favored <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a> and associations or <a href="/wiki/Cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperatives">cooperatives</a> as well as individual worker/peasant possession over private ownership or the <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of land and workplaces. He considered <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a> to be achievable in a peaceful manner. Proudhon unsuccessfully tried to create a <a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">national bank</a>, to be funded by what became an abortive attempt at an <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> on <a href="/wiki/Capitalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalists">capitalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a>. Similar in some respects to a <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">credit union</a>, it would have given interest-free <a href="/wiki/Loans" class="mw-redirect" title="Loans">loans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of his follower <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, Proudhon's <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a> diverged into <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a>, with notable proponents such as <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cafiero" title="Carlo Cafiero">Carlo Cafiero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proudhon was born in <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a>, France, on 15 January 1809 at 23 Rue du Petit Battant in the suburb of Battant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage1_1]_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage1_1]-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father Claude-François Proudhon, who worked as a brewer and a cooper,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage3_3]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage3_3]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was originally from the village of <a href="/wiki/Chasnans" title="Chasnans">Chasnans</a>, near the border with Switzerland. His mother Catherine Simonin was from Cordiron.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage1_1]_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage1_1]-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claude-François and Catherine had five boys together, two of whom died at a very young age. Proudhon's brothers Jean-Etienne and Claude were born in 1811 and 1816 respectively and both maintained a very close relationship with Proudhon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage3_3]_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage3_3]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a boy, he mostly worked in the family tavern, helped with basic agricultural work and spent time playing outdoors in the countryside. Although Proudhon received no formal education as a child, he was taught to read by his mother, who had him spelling words by age three. The only books that Proudhon was exposed to until he was 10 were the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon" title="The Four Sons of Aymon">Four Aymon Brothers</a> and some local <a href="/wiki/Almanacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Almanacs">almanacs</a>. In 1820, Proudhon's mother began trying to get him admitted into the city college in Besançon. The family was far too poor to afford the tuition, but with the help of one of Claude-François' former employers, she managed to gain a bursary which deducted 120 francs a year from the cost. Proudhon was unable to afford basic things like books or shoes to attend school which caused him great difficulties and often made him the object of scorn by his wealthier classmates. Despite this, Proudhon showed a strong will to learn and spent much time in the school library with a pile of books, exploring a variety of subjects in his free time outside of class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage5_5–6]_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage5_5–6]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entrance_into_the_printing_trade">Entrance into the printing trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Entrance into the printing trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1827, Proudhon began an apprenticeship at a printing press in the house of Bellevaux in Battant. On Easter of the following year, he transferred to a press in Besançon owned by the family of one of his schoolmates, Antoine Gauthier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage9_9]_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage9_9]-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besançon was an important center of religious thought at the time and most of the works published at Gauthier were <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> works. During the course of his work, Proudhon spent hours every day reading this Christian literature and began to question many of his long-held religious beliefs which eventually led him to reject Christianity altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage11_11–12]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage11_11–12]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his first book, <i>What is Property?</i>, he revealed that his religious journey began with Protestantism and ended with being a Neo Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-Proudhon_2022_p._446_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proudhon_2022_p._446-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perkins_2015_p._86_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perkins_2015_p._86-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, Proudhon rose to be a corrector for the press, <a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">proofreading</a> publications. By 1829, he had become more interested in social issues than in religious theory. Of particular importance during this period was his encounter with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a>, who in 1829 came to Gauthier as a customer seeking to publish his work <i>Le Nouveau Monde Industriel et Sociétaire</i>. Proudhon supervised the printing of the book, which gave him ample opportunity to talk with Fourier about a variety of social and philosophical issues. These discussions left a strong impression on Proudhon and influenced him throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage13_13]_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage13_13]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also during this time that Proudhon formed one of his closest friendships with <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Fallot" title="Gustave Fallot">Gustave Fallot</a>, a scholar from Montebéliard who came from a family of wealthy French industrialists. Impressed by Proudhon's corrections of one of his Latin manuscripts, Fallot sought out his friendship and the two were soon regularly spending their evenings together discussing French literature by <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a> and many other authors to whom Proudhon had not been exposed during his years of theological readings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage14_14–15]_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage14_14–15]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decision_to_pursue_philosophy_and_writing">Decision to pursue philosophy and writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decision to pursue philosophy and writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_natale_-_Proudhon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Maison_natale_-_Proudhon.jpg/250px-Maison_natale_-_Proudhon.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Maison_natale_-_Proudhon.jpg/375px-Maison_natale_-_Proudhon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Maison_natale_-_Proudhon.jpg/500px-Maison_natale_-_Proudhon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>The house in Besançon in which Proudhon was born</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1830, Proudhon became certified as a <a href="/wiki/Journeyman" title="Journeyman">journeyman</a> compositor. The period following this was marked by unemployment and poverty, with Proudhon travelling around France (also briefly to <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, Switzerland) where he unsuccessfully sought stable employment in printing and as a schoolteacher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage15_15]_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage15_15]-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Fallot offered financial assistance to Proudhon if he came to Paris to study philosophy. Proudhon accepted his offer despite concerns about how it might disrupt his career in the printing trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage16_16]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage16_16]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He walked from Besançon to Paris, arriving in March at the Rue Mazarin in the Latin Quarter, where Fallot was living at the time. Proudhon began mingling amongst the circle of metropolitan scholars surrounding Fallot, but he felt out of place and uncomfortable amidst people who were both wealthier and more accustomed to scholarly debate. Ultimately, Proudhon found that he preferred to spend the majority of his time studying alone and was not fond of urban life, longing to return home to Besançon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage17_17]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage17_17]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> outbreak in Paris granted him his wish as Fallot was struck with the illness, making him unable to financially support Proudhon any longer. After Proudhon left, he never saw Fallot (who died in 1836) again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage18_18]_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage18_18]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this friendship was one of the most important events in Proudhon's life as it is what motivated him to leave the printing trade and pursue his studies of philosophy instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage19_19]_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage19_19]-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After an unsuccessful printing business venture in 1838, Proudhon decided to dedicate himself fully to scholarly pursuits. He applied for the Suard Pension, a bursary that would enable him to study at the Academy of Besançon. Proudhon was selected out of several candidates primarily due to the fact that his income was much lower than the others and the judges were extremely impressed by his writing and the level of education he had given himself while working as an artisan. Proudhon arrived in Paris towards the end of autumn in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage28_28–30]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage28_28–30]-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_writings">Early writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1839, the Academy of Besançon held an essay competition on the subject of the utility of the celebration of Sunday regarding hygiene, morality and the relationship of the family and the city. Proudhon's entry, titled <i>De la Célébration du dimanche</i>, essentially used the essay subject as a pretext for discussing a variety of political and philosophical ideas and in it one can find the seeds of his later revolutionary ideas. Many of his ideas on authority, morality and property disturbed the essay judges at the Academy and Proudhon was only awarded the bronze medal (something in which Proudhon took pride because he felt that this was an indicator that his writing made elite academics uncomfortable).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage39_39–42]_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage39_39–42]-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1840, Proudhon published his first work <i>Qu'est-ce que la propriété?</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_Property%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is Property?">What Is Property?</a></i> His third memoir on property was a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Fourierist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourierist">Fourierist</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Consid%C3%A9rant" class="mw-redirect" title="Considérant">Considérant</a>, published in 1842 under the title <i>Warning to Proprietors</i>. Proudhon was tried for it at Besançon, but he was acquitted when the jury found that they could not condemn him for a philosophy that they themselves could not understand.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1846, he published the <i>Système des contradictions économiques ou Philosophie de la misère</i> (<i>The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty</i>) which prompted a book-length critique from <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Philosophy" title="The Poverty of Philosophy">The Poverty of Philosophy</a></i>, commencing a rift between <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and Marxism">anarchism and Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxists</a> that would be continued by the Bakuninists and <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivist anarchists">collectivist anarchists</a> (the followers of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a> and that lasts to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For some time, Proudhon ran a small printing establishment at Besançon, but without success. Afterwards, he became connected as a kind of manager with a commercial firm in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France. In 1847, he left this job and finally settled in Paris, where he was now becoming celebrated as a leader of innovation. In this year, he also became a <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proudhon-children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Proudhon-children.jpg/220px-Proudhon-children.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Proudhon-children.jpg/330px-Proudhon-children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Proudhon-children.jpg/440px-Proudhon-children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4647" data-file-height="3543" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Proudhon_and_His_Children" title="Proudhon and His Children">Proudhon and His Children</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>In Spain, Ramón de la Sagra established the anarchist journal <i>El Porvenir</i> in La Coruña in 1845 which was inspired by Proudhon's ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catalan politician <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Francesc Pi i Margall</a> became the principal translator of Proudhon's works into Spanish<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later briefly became <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_(Spain)" title="President of the Republic (Spain)">President of Spain</a> in 1873 while being the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Democratic_Republican_Party" title="Federal Democratic Republican Party">Federal Democratic Republican Party</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a>, "[t]hese translations were to have a profound and lasting effect on the development of Spanish anarchism after 1870, but before that time Proudhonian ideas, as interpreted by Pi, already provided much of the inspiration for the federalist movement which sprang up in the early 1860s".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, "[d]uring the Spanish revolution of 1873, Pi i Margall attempted to establish a decentralized, or 'cantonalist,' political system on Proudhonian lines".<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proudhon died in <a href="/wiki/Passy" title="Passy">Passy</a> on 19 January 1865 and was buried in Paris at <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Montparnasse cemetery">Montparnasse cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchism">Anarchism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anarchism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarian_socialism" title="Category:Libertarian socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism#Red_and_black_flag" title="Communist symbolism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/100px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/150px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/200px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Political concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Revolutionary spontaneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Maragall" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Pi i Maragall">Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Pallis" title="Chris Pallis">Pallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Rühle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophies and tendencies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchist</a> tendencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> tendencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Chaulieu–Montal tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> Other tendencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_municipalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian municipalism">Libertarian municipalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Association_in_Manchuria" title="Korean People's Association in Manchuria">Korean People's Association in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">New social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_uprising" title="Zapatista uprising">Zapatista uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAREZ" class="mw-redirect" title="MAREZ">MAREZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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<p>Proudhon was the first person known to refer to himself as an "<a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon's <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_mutualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist mutualism">anarchist mutualism</a> is considered as a middle way or synthesis between <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist anarchism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social anarchism</a>. According to Larry Gambone, Proudhon was a "social individualist anarchist".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both anarcho-communist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> and individualist anarchist <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> defined anarchism as "the no-government form of socialism" and "the abolition of the State and the abolition of usury", respectively. In this, Kropotkin and Tucker were following the definition of Proudhon, who stated that "[w]e do not admit the government of man by man any more than the exploitation of man by man."<sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>What Is Property?</i>, published in 1840, Proudhon defined <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a></i> as "the absence of a master, of a sovereign" and wrote that "[a]s man seeks justice in equality, so society seeks order in anarchy".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1849, Proudhon declared in <i>Confessions of a Revolutionary</i> that "[w]hoever lays his hand on me to govern me is a usurper and tyrant, and I declare him my enemy".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon was critical of state authority and supported freedom of religion, speech, and assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_General_Idea_of_the_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="The General Idea of the Revolution">The General Idea of the Revolution</a></i> (1851), Proudhon urged a "society without authority". In a subchapter called "What is Government?", Proudhon wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To be GOVERNED is to be watched, inspected, spied upon, directed, law-driven, numbered, regulated, enrolled, indoctrinated, preached at, controlled, checked, estimated, valued, censured, commanded, by creatures who have neither the right nor the wisdom nor the virtue to do so. To be GOVERNED is to be at every operation, at every transaction noted, registered, counted, taxed, stamped, measured, numbered, assessed, licensed, authorized, admonished, prevented, forbidden, reformed, corrected, punished. It is, under pretext of public utility, and in the name of the general interest, to be place[d] under contribution, drilled, fleeced, exploited, monopolized, extorted from, squeezed, hoaxed, robbed; then, at the slightest resistance, the first word of complaint, to be repressed, fined, vilified, harassed, hunted down, abused, clubbed, disarmed, bound, choked, imprisoned, judged, condemned, shot, deported, sacrificed, sold, betrayed; and to crown all, mocked, ridiculed, derided, outraged, dishonored. That is government; that is its justice; that is its morality.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Towards the end of his life, Proudhon modified some of his earlier views. In <i>The Principle of Federation</i> (1863), Proudhon modified his earlier anti-state position, arguing for "the balancing of authority by liberty" and put forward a decentralized "theory of federal government". Proudhon also defined anarchy differently as "the government of each by himself" which meant "that political functions have been reduced to industrial functions, and that social order arises from nothing but transactions and exchanges". This work also saw Proudhon call his economic system an "agro-industrial federation", arguing that it would provide "specific federal arrangements [...] to protect the citizens of the federated states from capitalist and financial feudalism, both within them and from the outside" and so stop the re-introduction of "wage labour". This was because "political right requires to be buttressed by economic right". In the posthumously published <i>Theory of Property</i>, Proudhon argued that "property is the only power that can act as a counterweight to the State". Hence, "Proudhon could retain the idea of property as theft, and at the same time offer a new definition of it as liberty. There is the constant possibility of abuse, exploitation, which spells theft. At the same time property is a spontaneous creation of society and a bulwark against the ever-encroaching power of the State."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Daniel Guérin</a> criticized Proudhon's later life by stating that "many of these masters were not anarchists throughout their lives and their complete works include passages which have nothing to do with anarchism. To take an example: in the second part of his career Proudhon's thinking took a conservative turn. His verbose and monumental <i>De la Justice dans la Revolution et dans l'Eglise</i> (1858) was mainly concerned with the problem of religion and its conclusion was far from libertarian."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialectics">Dialectics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dialectics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>What Is Property?</i>, Proudhon moved on from the rejection of communism and private property in a dialectical manner, looking for a "third form of society. [...] This third form of society, the synthesis of communism and property, we will call liberty."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>System of Economic Contradiction</i>, Proudhon described mutuality as "the synthesis of the notions of private property and collective ownership."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proudhon's rejection of compulsory communism and privileged property led him towards a synthesis of libertarian communism and possession, just as the apparent contradiction between his theories of property represents an antithesis which still needs synthesizing. Proudhon stated that in presenting the "property is liberty" theory, he is not changing his mind about the earlier "property is theft" definition. Proudhon did not only rely on "synthesis", but also emphasized "balance" between approaches such as communism and property that apparently cannot be fully reconciled.<sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American mutualist <a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a> took a similar approach in his 1849–1850 works.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilbur_2018_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilbur_2018-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_association">Free association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Free association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Proudhon, <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a> involved <a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">free association</a> by creating <a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">industrial democracy</a>, a system where workplaces would be "handed over to democratically organised workers' associations. [...] We want these associations to be models for agriculture, industry and trade, the pioneering core of that vast federation of companies and societies woven into the common cloth of the democratic social Republic."<sup id="cite_ref-Guérin_2006,_p._62_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guérin_2006,_p._62-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under mutualism, workers would no longer sell their labour to a capitalist but rather work for themselves in co-operatives. Proudhon urged "workers to form themselves into democratic societies, with equal conditions for all members, on pain of a relapse into feudalism". This would result in "[c]apitalistic and proprietary exploitation, stopped everywhere, the wage system abolished, equal and just exchange guaranteed".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graham_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Graham (historian)">Robert Graham</a> notes, "Proudhon's market socialism is indissolubly linked to his notions of industrial democracy and workers' self-management".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> K. Steven Vincent notes in his in-depth analysis of this aspect of Proudhon's ideas that "Proudhon consistently advanced a program of industrial democracy which would return control and direction of the economy to the workers". For Proudhon, "strong workers' associations [...] would enable the workers to determine jointly by election how the enterprise was to be directed and operated on a day-to-day basis".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVincent1984156,_230_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincent1984156,_230-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutualism">Mutualism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mutualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proudhon adopted the term <i>mutualism</i> for his brand of anarchism and socialism which involved control of the means of production by the workers. In his vision, self-employed artisans, peasants and cooperatives would trade their products on the market. For Proudhon, factories and other large workplaces would be run by "labor associations" operating on directly democratic principles. The state would be abolished and instead society would be organized by a federation of "free communes" (a <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">commune</a> is a local municipality in French). In 1863, Proudhon wrote: "All my economic ideas as developed over twenty-five years can be summed up in the words: agricultural-industrial federation. All my political ideas boil down to a similar formula: political federation or decentralization".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proudhon-Grab.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Proudhon-Grab.JPG/220px-Proudhon-Grab.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Proudhon-Grab.JPG/330px-Proudhon-Grab.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Proudhon-Grab.JPG/440px-Proudhon-Grab.JPG 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Proudhon's grave in Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Proudhon called this use-ownership possession (<i>possession</i>) and this economic system mutualism (<i>mutualisme</i>), having many arguments against entitlement to land and capital, including reasons based on morality, economics, politics and individual liberty. One such argument was that it enabled profit which in turn led to social instability and war by creating cycles of debt that eventually overcame the capacity of labor to pay them off. Another was that it produced despotism and turned workers into wage workers subject to the authority of a boss. In <i>What Is Property?</i>, Proudhon described the liberty he pursued as "the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further writing: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Property, acting by exclusion and encroachment, while population was increasing, has been the life-principle and definitive cause of all revolutions. Religious wars, and wars of conquest, when they have stopped short of the extermination of races, have been only accidental disturbances, soon repaired by the mathematical progression of the life of nations. The downfall and death of societies are due to the power of accumulation possessed by property.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Proudhon continued to oppose both capitalist and state property. In <i>Theory of Property</i>, Proudhon maintained that "[n]ow in 1840, I categorically rejected the notion of property for both the group and the individual", but then he also states his new theory of property that "property is the greatest revolutionary force which exists, with an unequaled capacity for setting itself against authority" and the "principal function of private property within the political system will be to act as a counterweight to the power of the State, and by so doing to insure the liberty of the individual". However, the authors of <i>An Anarchist FAQ</i> write that "this is a common anarchist position. Anarchists are well aware that possession is a source of independence within capitalism and so should be supported".<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2012_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2012-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Proudhon continued to oppose concentrations of wealth and property, arguing for small-scale property ownership associated with peasants and artisans. Proudhon also still opposed private property in land, writing: "What I cannot accept, regarding land, is that the work put in gives a right to ownership of what has been worked on." In addition, Proudhon still believed that property should be more equally distributed and limited in size to that actually used by individuals, families and workers associations.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon supported the right of inheritance and defended it "as one of the foundations of the family and society",<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he refused to extend this beyond personal possessions, arguing that "[u]nder the law of association, transmission of wealth does not apply to the instruments of labour".<sup id="cite_ref-Guérin_2006,_p._62_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guérin_2006,_p._62-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence of his opposition to profit, wage labour, worker exploitation, ownership of land and capital as well as to state property, Proudhon rejected both <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">authoritarian socialism</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> and compulsory forms of communism which advocated state property. The authors of <i>An Anarchist FAQ</i> argue that his opposition to "communism" was because "<a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">libertarian communism</a>", while having some forerunners such as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">François-Noël Babeuf</a>, would not be as widespread until after his death and so, like <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a>, "he was directing his critique against the various forms of state communism which did [exist]".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While opposed to the charging of interest and rent, Proudhon did not seek to abolish them by law, writing: "I protest that when I criticized the complex of institutions of which property is the foundation stone, I never meant to forbid or suppress, by sovereign decree, ground rent and interest on capital. I think that all these manifestations of human activity should remain free and voluntary for all: I ask for them no modifications, restrictions or suppressions, other than those which result naturally and of necessity from the universalization of the principle of reciprocity which I propose."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism">Nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proudhon opposed <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, arguing that the "end of militarism is the mission of the nineteenth century, under pain of indefinite decadence"<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the "workers alone are capable of putting an end to war by creating economic equilibrium. This presupposes a radical revolution in ideas and morals."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Robert L. Hoffman notes, <i>War and Peace</i> "ends by condemning war without reservation" and its "conclusion [is] that war is obsolete".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffman1972210–211_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1972210–211-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marxist philosopher John Ehrenberg summarized Proudhon's position that "[i]f injustice was the cause of war, it followed that conflict could not be eliminated until society was reorganised along egalitarian lines. Proudhon had wanted to prove that the reign of political economy would be the reign of peace, finding it difficult to believe that people really thought he was defending militarism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenberg1996145_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrenberg1996145-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proudhon argued that under mutualism "[t]here will no longer be nationality, no longer fatherland, in the political sense of the words: they will mean only places of birth. Man, of whatever race or colour he may be, is an inhabitant of the universe; citizenship is everywhere an acquired right."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon also rejected dictatorship, stating in the 1860s that "what I will always be [...] a republican, a democrat even, and a socialist into the bargain".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henri-Marie_de_Lubac" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri-Marie de Lubac">Henri-Marie de Lubac</a> argued that in terms of Proudhon's critique of democracy "we must not allow all this to hoodwink us. His invectives against democracy were not those of a counter-revolutionary. They were aimed at what he himself called 'the false democracy'. [...] They attacked an apparently liberal 'pseudo-democracy' which 'was not economic and social', [...] 'a Jacobinical democracy.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" Proudhon "did not want to destroy, but complete, the work of 1789" and while "he had a grudge against the 'old democracy', the democracy of Robespierre and Marat", he repeatedly contrasted it "with a 'young democracy', which was a 'social democracy.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Lubac197828–29_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Lubac197828–29-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian of anarchism <a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a>, some positions Proudhon took "sorted oddly with his avowed anarchism". Woodcock cited as an example Proudhon's proposition that each citizen perform one or two years militia service.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal appeared in the <i>Programme Revolutionaire</i>, an electoral manifesto issued by Proudhon after he was asked to run for a position in the provisional government. The text reads: "7° 'L'armée. – Abolition immédiate de la conscription et des remplacements; obligation pour tout citoyen de faire, pendant un ou deux ans, le service militaire; application de l'armée aux services administratifs et travaux d'utilité publique" ("Military service by all citizens is proposed as an alternative to conscription and the practice of 'replacement', by which those who could avoided such service"). In the same document, Proudhon also described the "form of government" he was proposing as "a centralization analogous with that of the State, but in which no one obeys, no one is dependent, and everyone is free and sovereign".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_property_and_the_state">Private property and the state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Private property and the state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proudhon advocated the destruction of the centralized state,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus enunciating a central tenet of anarchism.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote: "When the mass of the People becomes the State, the State has no longer any reason to exist [...]."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proudhon saw the privileged <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> as a form of government that was necessarily backed by and interlinked with the state, writing that "[t]he private property of privilege called forth and commanded the State" and arguing that "since the first related to the landowner and capitalist whose ownership derived from conquest or exploitation and was only maintained through the state, its property laws, police and army".<sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, Proudhon distinguished between <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a> and possessions (<i>possession</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> (<i>propriété</i>), i.e. <a href="/wiki/Productive_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Productive property">productive property</a> while the former having direct <a href="/wiki/Use-value" class="mw-redirect" title="Use-value">use-value</a> to the individual possessing it.<sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> property supporters, Proudhon stressed equality and thought that all workers should own property and have access to capital, stressing that in every cooperative "every worker employed in the association [must have] an undivided share in the property of the company".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his later works, Proudhon used <i>property</i> to mean possession. This resulted in some <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchists">individualist anarchists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> calling possession as <i>property</i> or <i>private property</i>, causing confusion within the anarchist movement and among other socialists.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his earliest works, Proudhon analyzed the nature and problems of the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist economy">capitalist economy</a>. While deeply <a href="/wiki/Critical_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical of capitalism">critical of capitalism</a>, Proudhon also objected to those contemporary in the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist movement">socialist movement</a> who advocated centralized hierarchical forms of association or state control of the economy. In a sequence of commentaries from <i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_Property%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is Property?">What Is Property?</a></i> (1840), posthumously published in the <i>Théorie de la propriété</i> (<i>Theory of Property</i>, 1863–1864), Proudhon declared in turn that "property is theft", "property is impossible", "property is despotism" and "property is freedom". When saying that "property is theft", Proudhon was referring to the landowner or capitalist who he believed "stole" the profits from laborers. For Proudhon, as he wrote in the sixth study of his <i>General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the capitalist's employee was "subordinated, exploited: his permanent condition is one of obedience".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>What Is Property?</i>, Proudhon also wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>Property is physically and mathematically impossible.<br /> </p><p>Property is impossible, because it demands something for nothing.<br /> Property is impossible because wherever it exists production costs more than it is worth.<br /> Property is impossible, because, with a given capital, production is proportional to labor, not to property.<br /> Property is impossible, because it is homicide.<br /> Yes, I have attacked property, and shall attack it again.<br /> Property is robbery.<br /> </p><p> The people finally legalized property. God forgive them, for they knew not what they did!<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Proudhon believed that illegitimate property was based on dominion (i.e. entitlement) and that this was backed by force. While this force can take the form of police in the employ of a state, it is the fact of its enforcement, not its form, that makes it what it is. Proudhon rejected entitlement regardless of the source and accepted possession based on occupancy. According to Proudhon, "[t]here are different kinds of property: 1. Property pure and simple, the dominant and seigniorial power over a thing; or, as they term it, naked property. 2. Possession. 'Possession,' says Duranton, 'is a matter of fact, not of right.' Toullier: 'Property is a right, a legal power; possession is a fact.' The tenant, the farmer, the commandité, the usufructuary, are possessors; the owner who lets and lends for use, the heir who is to come into possession on the death of a usufructuary, are proprietors."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Confessions of a Revolutionary</i>, Proudhon also wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Capital" [...] in the political field is analogous to "government". [...] The economic idea of capitalism, the politics of government or of authority, and the theological idea of the Church are three identical ideas, linked in various ways. To attack one of them is equivalent to attacking all of them. [...] What capital does to labour, and the State to liberty, the Church does to the spirit. This trinity of absolutism is as baneful in practice as it is in philosophy. The most effective means for oppressing the people would be simultaneously to enslave its body, its will and its reason.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In asserting that property is freedom, Proudhon was referring not only to the product of an individual's labor, but also to the peasant or artisan's home and tools of his trade and the income he received by selling his goods. For Proudhon, the only legitimate source of property is labor. What one produces is one's property and anything beyond that is not. Proudhon advocated <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a> and was opposed to the private ownership of the means of production. In 1848, Proudhon wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Under the law of association, transmission of wealth does not apply to the instruments of labour, so cannot become a cause of inequality. [...] We are socialists [...] under universal association, ownership of the land and of the instruments of labour is <i>social</i> ownership. [...] We want the mines, canals, railways handed over to democratically organised workers' associations. [...] We want these associations to be models for agriculture, industry and trade, the pioneering core of that vast federation of companies and societies, joined together in the common bond of the democratic and social Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Proudhon also warned that a society with private property would lead to statist relations between people,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arguing: </p> <blockquote><p>The purchaser draws boundaries, fences himself in, and says, 'This is mine; each one by himself, each one for himself.' Here, then, is a piece of land upon which, henceforth, no one has right to step, save the proprietor and his friends; which can benefit nobody, save the proprietor and his servants. Let these multiply, and soon the people [...] will have nowhere to rest, no place of shelter, no ground to till. They will die of hunger at the proprietor's door, on the edge of that property which was their birth-right; and the proprietor, watching them die, will exclaim, 'So perish idlers and vagrants.'<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Proudhon, "[t]he proprietor, the robber, the hero, the sovereign—for all these titles are synonymous—imposes his will as law, and suffers neither contradiction nor control; that is, he pretends to be the legislative and the executive power at once [...] [and so] property engenders despotism. [...] That is so clearly the essence of property that, to be convinced of it, one need but remember what it is, and observe what happens around him. Property is the right to use and abuse. [...] [I]f goods are property, why should not the proprietors be kings, and despotic kings—kings in proportion to their <i>facultes bonitaires</i>? And if each proprietor is sovereign lord within the sphere of his property, absolute king throughout his own domain, how could a government of proprietors be any thing but chaos and confusion?"<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Property">Property</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>George Crowder writes that the property anarchists including Proudhon oppose "is basically that which is unearned", i.e. "such things as interest on loans and income from rent. This is contrasted with ownership rights in those goods either produced by the work of the owner or necessary for that work, for example his dwelling-house, land and tools. Proudhon initially refers to legitimate rights of ownership of these goods as 'possession,' and although in his latter work he calls this 'property,' the conceptual distinction remains the same."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late in his life, Proudhon argued for increasing the powers of government while also strengthening property, by making it more <a href="/wiki/Economic_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> and widespread, in order to counter-balance it. Iain McKay points out that "Proudhon's 'emphasis on the genuine antagonism between state power and property rights' came from his later writings, in which he argued that property rights were required to control state power. In other words, this 'heterodoxy' came from a period in which Proudhon did not think that state could be abolished and so 'property is the only power that can act as a counterweight to the State.' Of course, this 'later' Proudhon also acknowledged that property was 'an absolutism within an absolutism,' 'by nature autocratic' and that its 'politics could be summed up in a single word,' namely 'exploitation.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" McKay further writes how "Proudhon argues that 'spread[ing] it more equally and establish[ing] it more firmly in society' is the means by which 'property' 'becomes a guarantee of liberty and keeps the State on an even keel.' In other words, rather than 'property' as such limiting the state, it is 'property' divided equally through society which is the key, without concentrations of economic power and inequality which would result in exploitation and oppression. Therefore, '[s]imple justice... requires that equal division of land shall not only operate at the outset. If there is to be no abuse, it must be maintained from generation to generation.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2012_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2012-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Hargreaves_(academic)" title="David Hargreaves (academic)">David Hargreaves</a> writes that "[i]ronically, Proudhon did not mean literally what he said. His boldness of expression was intended for emphasis, and by 'property' he wished to be understood what he later called 'the sum of its abuses'. He was denouncing the property of the man who uses it to exploit the labour of others without any effort on his own part, property distinguished by interest and rent, by the impositions of the non-producer on the producer. Towards property regarded as 'possession' the right of a man to control his dwelling and the land and tools he needs to live, Proudhon had no hostility; indeed, he regarded it as the cornerstone of liberty, and his main criticism of the communists was that they wished to destroy it."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">communists</a> ranging from <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> agreed with Proudhon's distinction and were not opposed to <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a>, or what Proudhon called "possession", nor they wished to abolish it.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2012_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2012-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution">Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Proudhon identified as a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a>, his idea of <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> did not entail <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> or violent upheaval, but rather the transformation of society. This transformation was essentially moral in nature and demanded the highest <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> from those who sought change. It was monetary reform, combined with organizing a credit bank and workers associations, that Proudhon proposed to use as a lever to bring about the organization of society along new lines. This <a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">ethical socialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been described as part of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal socialist">liberal socialist</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tradition which is for <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a>, with Proudhon, among other anarchists, taking "a commitment to narrow down the sphere of activity of the state".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Boyle quotes Proudhon as stating that <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> is "every aspiration towards the amelioration of society" and then admitting that "we are all socialists" under this definition.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About the <a href="/wiki/1848_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 French Revolution">1848 French Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French Republic">Second French Republic</a>, Proudhon took a radical stance regarding the <a href="/wiki/National_Workshops" title="National Workshops">National Workshops</a>, criticized for being charity whilst criticizing the <a href="/wiki/June_Days_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="June Days Uprising">June Days Uprising</a> for using violence.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon's criticism of the February Revolution was that it was "without an idea" and considered some parts of the revolution too moderate and others too radical. According to Shawn Wilbur, those contradictions were caused by his dialectical phase with the <i>System of Economic Contradictions</i> and was prone to viewing nearly all his key concepts as being worked out in terms of irreducible contradictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilbur_2018_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilbur_2018-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the revolutionary concept of <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">dual power</a> was first used by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, it was conceptually first outlined by Proudhon. According to <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>, "Proudhon made the bright suggestion, in his periodical <i>Le Représentant du peuple</i> (28 April 1848), that the mass democracy of the clubs could become a popular forum where the social agenda of the revolution could be prepared for use by the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a>—a proposal that would essentially have defused the potency of the clubs as a potentially rebellious dual power."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialism">Socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proudhon self-identified as a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>, and remains widely recognized as such.<sup id="cite_ref-Landauer,_Landauer_&_Valkenier_1079_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landauer,_Landauer_&_Valkenier_1079-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eatwell_&_Wright_1999_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eatwell_&_Wright_1999-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newman_2005_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman_2005-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Docherty_&_Lamb_2006_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Docherty_&_Lamb_2006-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one of the first theorists of <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>, Proudhon opposed state ownership of capital goods in favour of ownership by workers themselves in associations. Proudhon was one of the main influences on the theory of workers' self-management (<i>autogestion</i>) in the late 19th and 20th century. Proudhon strenuously rejected the ownership of the products of labor by capitalists or the state, arguing in <i>What Is Property?</i> that while "property in product [...] does not carry with it property in the means of production",<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "[t]he right to product is exclusive" and "the right to means is common". Proudhon applied this to the land ("the land is [...] a common thing")<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and workplaces ("all accumulated capital being social property, no one can be its exclusive proprietor").<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon argued that while society owned the means of production or land, users would control and run them (under supervision from society) with the "organising of regulating societies" in order to "regulate the market".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1840s and 1850s, socialism came to cover a broad range. Proudhon's writings from the years following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a> are full of passages in which he associated himself with socialism, but he distanced from any particular system of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">socialist economics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Type_of_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Type of socialism">type of socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a broad concept, socialism is one or more of various theories aimed at solving the <a href="/wiki/Labor_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor problem">labor problem</a> through radical changes in the capitalist economy. Descriptions of the problem, explanations of its causes and proposed solutions such as abolition of <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_private_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of private property">private property</a> and support of either <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collective_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective property">collective property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Common property">common property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">public property</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Social property">social property</a> varied among socialist philosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proudhon made no public criticism of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> because in Proudhon's lifetime Marx was relatively unknown. It was only after Proudhon's death that Marxism became a large movement. However, he criticized <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="State socialists">state socialists</a> of his period. This included the French socialist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a>, of whom Proudhon said that "you desire neither Catholicism nor monarchy nor nobility, but you must have a God, a religion, a dictatorship, a censorship, a hierarchy, distinctions, and ranks. For my part, I deny your God, your authority, your sovereignty, your judicial State, and all your representative mystifications." It was Proudhon's book <i>What Is Property?</i> that convinced the young Marx that <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> should be abolished. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Family_(book)" title="The Holy Family (book)">The Holy Family</a></i>, one of his first works, Marx stated: "Not only does Proudhon write in the interest of the <a href="/wiki/Proletarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletarian">proletarians</a>, he is himself a proletarian, an ouvrier. His work is a scientific manifesto of the French proletariat." However, Marx disagreed with Proudhon's anarchism and later published a vicious criticism of Proudhon. Marx wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Philosophy" title="The Poverty of Philosophy">The Poverty of Philosophy</a></i> as a refutation of Proudhon's <i>The Philosophy of Poverty</i>. In their letters, Proudhon expressed disagreement with Marx's views on revolution, stating: "I believe we have no need of it in order to succeed; and that consequently we should not put forward revolutionary action as a means of social reform, because that pretended means would simply be an appeal to force, to arbitrariness, in brief, a contradiction."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than Proudhon's anarchism, Marx did take issue with what he saw as Proudhon's misunderstanding of the relationship between labor, value and price as well as believing that Proudhon's attack on bourgeois property was framed in terms of bourgeois ethics rather than transcending these ethics altogether. Anarchists, among others, have since criticized Marx and Marxists for having distorted Proudhon's views. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iain_McKay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iain McKay (page does not exist)">Iain McKay</a> argues that Marx took many concepts such as his <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_private_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of private property">criticism of private property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a> from Proudhon. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a> argued that "we find 'the theory of surplus value, that grand 'scientific discovery' of which our Marxists are so proud of, in the writings of Proudhon.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyams" title="Edward Hyams">Edward Hyams</a> summarized that "since [<i>The Poverty of Philosophy</i>] no good Marxists have had to think about Proudhon. They have what is mother's milk to them, an ex cathedra judgement."<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2011_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of their personal diatribes, Marx always maintained a certain respect for Proudhon,<sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman_1967_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman_1967-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1979_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard_1979-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2011_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this did not stop Marx from expelling Proudhon's follower <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> (in spite of his criticism of Proudhon) and his supporters from the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1979_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard_1979-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his obituary of Proudhon which was written on 24 January 1865, almost two decades after <i>The Poverty of Philosophy</i>, Marx called <i>What Is Property?</i> "epoch-making".<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_ownership">Social ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Social ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While favoring individual ownership for small-property holdings, Proudhon advocated <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">social ownership</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperatives</a> or similar workers' associations and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon advocated <a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">industrial democracy</a> and repeatedly argued for the socialization of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_Property%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is Property?">What Is Property?</a></i>, Proudhon wrote that "land is indispensable to our existence, consequently a common thing, consequently insusceptible of appropriation". In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Blanqui">Louis Blanqui</a> in 1841, Proudhon wrote that "all capital, whether material or mental, being the result of collective labour, is, in consequence, collective property".<sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his election manifesto for the <a href="/wiki/1848_French_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1848 French Constituent Assembly election">1848 French Constituent Assembly election</a>, Proudhon wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>For this value or wealth, produced by the activity of all, is by the very fact of its creation collective wealth, the use of which, like that of the land, may be divided, but which as property remains undivided. [...] In short, property in capital is indivisible, and consequently inalienable, not necessarily when the capital is uncreated, but when it is common or collective. [...] [T]his non-appropriation of the instruments of production [...] I, in accordance with all precedent, call [...] a destruction of property. In fact, without the appropriation of instruments, property is nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a> in 1849, Proudhon wrote: </p> <blockquote> <p>Under the law of association, transmission of wealth does not apply to the instruments of labour, so cannot become a cause of inequality. [...] We are socialists [...] under universal association, ownership of the land and of the instruments of labour is social ownership. [...] You have me saying, and I really do not know where you could have found this, that ownership of the instruments of labour must forever stay vested in the individual and remain unorganised. These words are set in italics, as if you had lifted them from somewhere in my books. [...] But it does not follow at all [...] that I want to see individual ownership and non-organisation of the instruments of labour endure for all eternity. I have never penned nor uttered any such thing: and have argued the opposite a hundred times over. [...] I deny all kinds of proprietary domain. I deny it, precisely because I believe in an order wherein the instruments of labour will cease to be appropriated and instead become shared; where the whole earth will be depersonalised.<sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversial_positions">Controversial positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Controversial positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Proto-fascism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although long considered a founding father of anarchism and part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a>, some have tried to link him to the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme right">extreme right</a>. He was first used as a reference in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cercle_Proudhon" title="Cercle Proudhon">Cercle Proudhon</a></i>, a right-wing association formed in 1911 by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Georges Valois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Berth" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Berth">Edouard Berth</a>. Both had been brought together by the <a href="/wiki/Syndicalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndicalist">syndicalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Georges Sorel</a>, but they would tend toward a synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, mixing Proudhon's mutualism with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a>' <a href="/wiki/Integralist_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Integralist nationalism">integralist nationalism</a>. In 1925, Georges Valois founded the <a href="/wiki/Faisceau" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisceau">Faisceau</a>, the first fascist league, which took its name from <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Fasci" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasci">fasci</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell" title="Zeev Sternhell">Zeev Sternhell</a>, historian of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> in particular of <a href="/wiki/History_of_far-right_movements_in_France" title="History of far-right movements in France">French fascists</a>, noted this use of Proudhon by the far-right: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]he <a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a> [...] from its inception regarded the author of <i>La philosophie de la misère</i> as one of its masters. He was given a place of honour in the weekly section of the journal of the movement entitled, precisely, 'Our Masters.' Proudhon owed this place in L'Action française to what the Maurrassians saw as his antirepublicanism, his anti-Semitism, his loathing of Rousseau, his disdain for the French Revolution, democracy, and parliamentarianism: and his championship of the nation, the family, tradition, and the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In response, K. Steven Vincent states that "to argue that Proudhon was a proto-fascist suggests that one has never looked seriously at Proudhon's writings".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVincent1984234_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincent1984234-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon had great influence on the anarchist and non-anarchist socialist movement. In the United States, Proudhon was influential within radical progressive sectors and labour leaders, among them individualist anarchists such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Labadie" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Labadie">Joseph Labadie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Dyer Lum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>. In France, Proudhon's influence on French socialism, including the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> socialism only at the beginning of the 20th century. Proudhonists made up an important French faction in the First International and Proudhon's thought strongly influenced debate in French and Belgian socialist circles long before the <i>Cercle Proudhon</i>. <a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a> stated that "Sorel, whose ideas were most fully developed in his <i>Reflections on Violence</i>, had no direct connection with the syndicalist movement, and he was repudiated."<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anarchist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Meltzer" title="Albert Meltzer">Albert Meltzer</a> has argued that although Proudhon used the term <i>anarchist</i>, he was not one and that he never engaged in "anarchist activity or struggle", but rather in "parliamentary activity".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon also engaged in an exchange of published letters between 1849 and 1850 with the <a href="/wiki/French_Liberal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="French Liberal School">French Liberal School</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a> discussing the legitimacy of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Robert_Leroux_(sociologist)" title="Robert Leroux (sociologist)">Robert Leroux</a> argued, Bastiat had the conviction that Proudhon's anti-interest doctrine "was the complete antithesis of any serious approach".<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon famously lost his temper and declared to Bastiat: "Your intelligence is asleep, or rather it has never been awake. You are a man for whom logic does not exist. You do not hear anything, you do not understand anything. You are without philosophy, without science, without humanity. Your ability to reason, like your ability to pay attention and make comparisons is zero. Scientifically, Mr. Bastiat, you are a dead man."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Semitism">Anti-Semitism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Anti-Semitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stewart Edwards, the editor of the <i>Selected Writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</i>, remarks that "Proudhon's diaries (Carnets, ed. P. Haubtmann, Marcel Rivière, Paris 1960 to date) reveal that he had almost paranoid feelings of hatred against the Jews. In 1847, he considered publishing an article against the Jewish race, which he said he 'hated'. The proposed article would have "called for the expulsion of the Jews from France". It would have stated: "The Jew is the enemy of the human race. This race must be sent back to Asia, or exterminated. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">H. Heine</a>, A. Weil, and others are simply secret spies; <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Cr%C3%A9mieux" title="Adolphe Crémieux">Crémieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fould" class="mw-redirect" title="Fould">Fould</a>, evil choleric, envious, bitter men who hate us." Proudhon differentiated his <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> from that of the Middle Ages, presenting it as quasi-scientific: "What the peoples of the Middle Ages hated by instinct, I hate upon reflection and irrevocably."<sup id="cite_ref-marxists_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marxists-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, <a href="/wiki/J._Salwyn_Schapiro" title="J. Salwyn Schapiro">J. Salwyn Schapiro</a> argued that Proudhon was a racist, "a glorifier of war for its own sake" and that his "advocacy of personal dictatorship and his laudation of militarism can hardly be equalled in the reactionary writings of his or of our day".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchapiro1945714–737_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchapiro1945714–737-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars have rejected Schapiro's claims. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graham_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Graham (historian)">Robert Graham</a> states that while Proudhon was personally racist, "anti-semitism formed no part of Proudhon's revolutionary programme".<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an introduction to Proudhon's works titled <i>Property Is Theft! A Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anthology</i>, Iain McKay, author of <i>An Anarchist FAQ</i>, cautions readers by saying that "[t]his is not to say that Proudhon was without flaws, for he had many"<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adding the following note: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He was not consistently libertarian in his ideas, tactics and language. His personal bigotries are disgusting and few modern anarchists would tolerate them—namely, racism and sexism. He made some bad decisions and occasionally ranted in his private notebooks (where the worst of his anti-Semitism was expressed). While he did place his defence of the patriarchal family at the core of his ideas, they are in direct contradiction to his own libertarian and egalitarian ideas. In terms of racism, he sometimes reflected the less-than-enlightened assumptions and prejudices of the nineteenth century. While this does appear in his public work, such outbursts are both rare and asides (usually an extremely infrequent passing anti-Semitic remark or caricature). In short, "racism was never the basis of Proudhon's political thinking" (Gemie, 200–201) and "anti-Semitism formed no part of Proudhon's revolutionary programme." (Robert Graham, "Introduction", General Idea of the Revolution, xxxvi) To quote Proudhon: "There will no longer be nationality, no longer fatherland, in the political sense of the words: they will mean only places of birth. Man, of whatever race or colour he may be, is an inhabitant of the universe; citizenship is everywhere an acquired right." (General Idea of the Revolution, 283)<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Showcasing an extensive French language selection of quotes from Proudhon's published works, historian Frédéric Krier<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> makes clear the antisemitic elements contained therein: </p><ul><li>feelings of alleged Christian superiority and Jewish inferiority, e.g. in <i>Essai de grammaire générale</i> (1837) or 'Le Miserere, ou la pénitence d’un roi' (1845);</li> <li>classic tenets of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">anti-Judaism</a>, such as blaming 'the Jews' for the crucifixion of Jesus, e.g. in the contributions to the <i>Encyclopédie catholique</i> (1839–40) and in <i>De la Justice dans la Révolution et dans l’Église</i> (1858);</li> <li>the association of Jews with money, speculation and exploitation, e.g. in <i>Qu’est-ce que la propriété ? Premier Mémoire</i> (1840), <i>Résumé de la question sociale. Banque d’échange</i> (1848) and <i>Manuel du spéculation à la bourse</i> (1853);</li> <li>the propagation of conspiracies and paranoia: Jews are said to control the press and to act as the secret masters of world politics, regardless of whether the state is ruled democratically or by a monarch, e.g. in a letter to Mathey (January 1862) and in <i>Résumé de la question sociale. Banque d’echange</i> (1848);</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">völkisch</a>, racist and xenophobic notion of citizenship, in which Jews are vilified as parasitic, homeless people who can never be citizens of France, will always remain 'foreigners', and are inherently incapable of creative acts, e.g. in <i>Césarisme et christianisme</i> (1883) and in the <i>Carnets</i> (1960-1973);</li> <li>a belief in Jews as inventors of constitutions, as protectors of political authority and as instigators of 'moral decline' in modern society: homosexuality, idolatry and adultery, e.g. in <i>Les confessions d’un revolutionaire</i> (1851) and in <i>De la Justice dans la Révolution et dans l’Église</i> (1858).<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-feminism">Anti-feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Anti-feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proudhon expressed strongly <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> views on women's nature and their proper role in the family and society at large. In his <i>Carnets</i> (<i>Notebooks</i>), unpublished until the 1960s, Proudhon maintained that a woman's choice was to be "<a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">courtesan</a> or housekeeper". To a woman, a man is "a father, a chief, a master: above all, a master". His justification for patriarchy was men's assumed greater physical strength, and he recommended that men use this strength to subordinate women, saying that "[a] woman does not at all hate being used with violence, indeed even being violated". In her study of <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, who painted the portrait of <i><a href="/wiki/Proudhon_and_His_Children" title="Proudhon and His Children">Proudhon and His Children</a></i> (1865), art historian <a href="/wiki/Linda_Nochlin" title="Linda Nochlin">Linda Nochlin</a> points out that alongside his early articulations of anarchism Proudhon also wrote <i>La Pornocratie ou les femmes dans les temps modernes</i>, described as "the most consistent <a href="/wiki/Anti-feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-feminist">anti-feminist</a> tract of its time, or perhaps, any other" and which "raises all the main issues about woman's position in society and her sexuality with a paranoid intensity unmatched in any other text".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proudhon's defense of patriarchy did not go unchallenged in his lifetime; libertarian communist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a> attacked Proudhon's anti-feminism as a contradiction of anarchist principles. Déjacque directed Proudhon "either to 'speak out against man's exploitation of woman' or 'do not describe yourself as an anarchist<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Qu'est ce que la propriété?</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_Property%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is Property?">What Is Property?</a></i>, 1840)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64799230/f7.image">Avertissement aux Propriétaires</a></i> (<i>Warning to Proprietors</i>, 1842)</li> <li><i>De la création de l'ordre dans l'humanité ou principes d'organisation politique (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/proudhon/1843/the-creation-of-order-in-humanity.html">Of the creation of order in humanity or principles of political organization</a>,</i> 1843<i>)</i></li> <li><i>Système des contradictions économiques ou Philosophie de la misère</i> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/444">The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty</a></i>, 1846)</li> <li><i>Solution du problème social (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/pierre-joseph-proudhon-the-solution-of-the-social-problem">Solution of the Social Problem</a></i>, 1849)</li> <li><i>Idée générale de la révolution au XIXe siècle</i> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/pierre-joseph-proudhon-the-general-idea-of-the-revolution-in-the-19th-century">General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century</a></i>, 1851)</li> <li><i>Le manuel du spéculateur à la bourse</i> (<i>The Manual of the Stock Exchange Speculator</i>, 1853)</li> <li><i>Philosophie du progrès</i> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/proudhon/1851/philosophy-of-progress.html#:~:text=Progress%2C%20in%20the%20purest%20sense,what%20gravity%20is%20to%20matter.">Philosophy of Progress</a>,</i> 1853)</li> <li><i>De la justice dans la révolution et dans l'Eglise</i> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarian-labyrinth.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/NPL-Justice-vol2-NP.pdf">Of Justice in the Revolution and the Church</a></i>, 1858)</li> <li><i>La Guerre et la Paix</i> (<i>War and Peace</i>, 1861)</li> <li><i>Du principe Fédératif</i> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/pierre-joseph-proudhon-the-principle-of-federation">Principle of Federation</a></i>, 1863)</li> <li><i>De la capacité politique des classes ouvrières</i> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarian-labyrinth.org/new-proudhon-library/p-j-proudhon-the-political-capacity-of-the-working-classes-1865/2/">Of the Political Capacity of the Working Class</a></i>, 1865)</li> <li><i>Théorie de la propriété</i> (<i>Theory of Property</i>, 1866)</li> <li><i>Théorie du mouvement constitutionnel</i> (<i>Theory of the Constitutionalist Movement</i>, 1870)</li> <li><i>Du principe de l'art</i> (<i>The Principle of Art</i>, 1875)</li> <li><i>Correspondence</i> (<i>Correspondences</i>, 1875)</li> <li><i>La Pornocratie ou les femmes dans les temps modernes</i> (<i>The Pornocracy or the women in modern times</i>, 1875, posthumously)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guérin, Daniel (1989) [1970]. <i>Anarchism: From Theory to Practice</i>. New York: Monthly Review Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853451754" title="Special:BookSources/9780853451754">9780853451754</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriman, John M. (2009). <i>How a Bombing in Fin-de-Siècle Paris Ignited the Age of Modern Terror</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 42. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300217933" title="Special:BookSources/9780300217933">9780300217933</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leier, Mark (2006). <i>Bakunin: The Creative Passion</i>. New York: Seven Stories Press. p. 211. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781583228944" title="Special:BookSources/9781583228944">9781583228944</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Binkley, Robert C. (1963) [1935]. <i>Realism and Nationalism 1852–1871</i>. Read Books. p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faguet, Émile (1970). <i>Politicians & Moralists of the Nineteenth Century</i>. Freeport: Books for Libraries Press. p. 147. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0836918282" title="Special:BookSources/0836918282">0836918282</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton, Peter (1995). <i>Émile Durkheim</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 79. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415110475" title="Special:BookSources/0415110475">0415110475</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knowles, Rob (Winter 2000). "Political Economy from Below: Communitarian Anarchism as a Neglected Discourse in Histories of Economic Thought". <i>History of Economics Review</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 30–47. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10370196.2000.11733332">10.1080/10370196.2000.11733332</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowen, James; Purkis, Jonathan (2004). <i>Changing Anarchism: Anarchist Theory and Practice in a Global Age</i>. Manchester University Press. p. 24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719066948" title="Special:BookSources/9780719066948">9780719066948</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFAQ-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Anarchist FAQ Collective; McKay, Ian, ed. (2008/2012). <i>An Anarchist Faq</i>. <b>I/II</b>. Oakland/Edinburgh: AK Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902593906" title="Special:BookSources/9781902593906">9781902593906</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849351225" title="Special:BookSources/9781849351225">9781849351225</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/182529204">182529204</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman_1967-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman_1967_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman_1967_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffman, Robert (May 1967). "Marx and Proudhon: A Reappraisal of Their Relationship". <i>The Historian</i>. London: Taylor & Francis. <b>29</b> (3): 409–430. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1967.tb01785.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1967.tb01785.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24442608">24442608</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard_1979-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1979_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1979_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1979_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard, John (27 September 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/27/archives/books-of-the-times-called-the-state-a-thief-opinionated-and.html">"Books of the Times"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKay_2011-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2011_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2011_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2011_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McKay, Iain, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anarchism.pageabode.com/pjproudhon/property-is-theft"><i>Property is Theft! A Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anthology</i></a> (illustrated revised ed). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anarchism.pageabode.com/pjproudhon/introduction-contents">"Introduction: General Idea of the Revolution in the 21st Century"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anarchism.pageabode.com/pjproudhon/appendix-proudhon-and-marx.html">"Proudhon and Marx"</a>. Oakland: AK Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849350242" title="Special:BookSources/9781849350242">9781849350242</a>. Retrieved 27 September via <i>Anarchist Writers</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alger, Abby Langdon; Martin, Henri (1877). <i>A Popular History of France from the First Revolution to the Present Time</i>. D. Estes and C. E. Lauria. p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage1_1]-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage1_1]_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage1_1]_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1972">Woodcock 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierrejosephprou00wood/page/1">1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage3_3]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage3_3]_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage3_3]_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1972">Woodcock 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierrejosephprou00wood/page/3">3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage5_5–6]-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage5_5–6]_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1972">Woodcock 1972</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierrejosephprou00wood/page/5">5–6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage9_9]-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage9_9]_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1972">Woodcock 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierrejosephprou00wood/page/9">9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage11_11–12]-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage11_11–12]_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1972">Woodcock 1972</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierrejosephprou00wood/page/11">11–12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proudhon_2022_p._446-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Proudhon_2022_p._446_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudhon2022" class="citation book cs1">Proudhon, P.J. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hIhlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT446"><i>What Is Property?</i></a>. p. 446<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+Property%3F&rft.pages=446&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Proudhon&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhIhlEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perkins_2015_p._86-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perkins_2015_p._86_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2015" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, M.A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MZIYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86"><i>Christendom and European Identity: The Legacy of a Grand Narrative since 1789</i></a>. Religion and Society. De Gruyter. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-091461-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-091461-0"><bdi>978-3-11-091461-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christendom+and+European+Identity%3A+The+Legacy+of+a+Grand+Narrative+since+1789&rft.series=Religion+and+Society&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-11-091461-0&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMZIYCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage13_13]-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage13_13]_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1972">Woodcock 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierrejosephprou00wood/page/13">13</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage14_14–15]-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage14_14–15]_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1972">Woodcock 1972</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierrejosephprou00wood/page/14">14–15</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage15_15]-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage15_15]_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1972">Woodcock 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierrejosephprou00wood/page/15">15</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage16_16]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage16_16]_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1972">Woodcock 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierrejosephprou00wood/page/16">16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage17_17]-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage17_17]_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1972">Woodcock 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierrejosephprou00wood/page/17">17</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage18_18]-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage18_18]_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1972">Woodcock 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierrejosephprou00wood/page/18">18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage19_19]-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage19_19]_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1972">Woodcock 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierrejosephprou00wood/page/19">19</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage28_28–30]-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage28_28–30]_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1972">Woodcock 1972</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierrejosephprou00wood/page/28">28–30</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage39_39–42]-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailspierrejosephprou00woodpage39_39–42]_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1972">Woodcock 1972</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierrejosephprou00wood/page/39">39–42</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pierre-Joseph-Proudhon">"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri du Bac. <i> The Un-Marxian Socialist: A Study of Proudhon </i>. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1848. p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/anarchism">"anarchism | Definition & History"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=anarchism+%26%23124%3B+Definition+%26+History&rft.date=2023-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fanarchism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchism:_A_History_of_Libertarian_Ideas_and_Movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements">Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements</a></i>. p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Woodcock. <i>Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements</i>. p. 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudhon2011" class="citation book cs1">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZYWv4McvfUC&dq=proudhon+montparnasse+cemetery&pg=PA60"><i>Property is Theft!: A Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anthology</i></a>. AK Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849350242" title="Special:BookSources/9781849350242"><bdi>9781849350242</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property+is+Theft%21%3A+A+Pierre-Joseph+Proudhon+Anthology&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781849350242&rft.aulast=Proudhon&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZYWv4McvfUC%26dq%3Dproudhon%2Bmontparnasse%2Bcemetery%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bush, Rod (2009). <i>The End of White World Supremacy: Black Internationalism and the Problem of the Color Line</i>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=phnJYxEM5FcC&pg=PA226">p. 226</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592135745" title="Special:BookSources/9781592135745">9781592135745</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eatwell, Roger; Wright, Anthony (199). <i>Contemporary Political Ideologies: Second Edition</i>. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7MQwlPj-kiYC&pg=PA132">p. 132</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826451736" title="Special:BookSources/9780826451736">9780826451736</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambone" class="citation web cs1">Gambone, Larry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anarchy.no/proudhon.html">"Pierre Joseph Proudhon's basic ideas"</a>. International Institute for Organization Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pierre+Joseph+Proudhon%27s+basic+ideas&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Organization+Research&rft.aulast=Gambone&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anarchy.no%2Fproudhon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, Peter (2009). <i>Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</i>. Oakland: PM Press. pp. 244–245. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604862706" title="Special:BookSources/9781604862706">9781604862706</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larned, Josephus Nelson (1922). <i>The New Larned History for Ready Reference, Reading and Research</i>. C.A. Nichols Publishing Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fTcFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA337">pp. 336–337</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray, Alexander (1946). <i>The Socialist Tradition: Moses to Lenin</i> (reprinted ed.). Auburn: Mises Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8hdqfOoIrEC&pg=PA247">p. 246</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610163385" title="Special:BookSources/9781610163385">9781610163385</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. <i>General Idea of Revolution in the Nineteenth Century.</i> Cosimo Classics: NY. 2007. pp. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1923). [1851]. "What Is Government?" <i>General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Translated by Robinson, John Beverly. London: Freedom Press. pp. 293–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Copleston, Frederick (1994). <i>Social Philosophy in France</i>. A History of Philosophy. <b>IX</b>. New York: Image/Doubleday. p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chomsky, Noam (1970). "Preface". In Guérin, Daniel. <i>Anarchism: From Theory to Practice</i>. Translated by Klopper, Mary. New York: New York University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781583674925" title="Special:BookSources/9781583674925">9781583674925</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph; McKay, Iain, ed. (2011). <i>Property is Theft!: A Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anthology?</i> (illustrated revised ed.). Oakland: AK Press. p. 136. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849350242" title="Special:BookSources/9781849350242">9781849350242</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. <i>System of Economic Contradictions</i>. <b>I</b>. pp. 410–411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lichtheim, George (1975). <i>A Short History of Socialism</i>. p.76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2009" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDWIOL_KtGYC&pg=PA242"><i>Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</i></a>. PM Press. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604862706" title="Special:BookSources/9781604862706"><bdi>9781604862706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demanding+the+Impossible%3A+A+History+of+Anarchism&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781604862706&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDWIOL_KtGYC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington2011" class="citation book cs1">Billington, James H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=saTynFUNPD8C&pg=PA298"><i>Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412814010" title="Special:BookSources/9781412814010"><bdi>9781412814010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+in+the+Minds+of+Men%3A+Origins+of+the+Revolutionary+Faith&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781412814010&rft.aulast=Billington&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsaTynFUNPD8C%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupre2013" class="citation book cs1">Dupre, Louis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/book/26649">"Political Theories after the French Revolution"</a>. <i>The Quest of the Absolute: Birth and Decline of European Romanticism</i>. University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 241–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780268077815" title="Special:BookSources/9780268077815"><bdi>9780268077815</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+Theories+after+the+French+Revolution&rft.btitle=The+Quest+of+the+Absolute%3A+Birth+and+Decline+of+European+Romanticism&rft.pages=241-243&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780268077815&rft.aulast=Dupre&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F26649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilbur_2018-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilbur_2018_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilbur_2018_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilbur, Shawn P. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ&q=Mutualism">"Mutualism"</a>. In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ&q=Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism"><i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i></a>. Springer. pp. 213–224. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319756202" title="Special:BookSources/9783319756202">9783319756202</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guérin_2006,_p._62-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guérin_2006,_p._62_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guérin_2006,_p._62_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Guérin, Daniel, ed. (2006). <i>No Gods, No Masters</i>. <b>1</b>. Oakland: AK Press. p. 62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904859253" title="Special:BookSources/9781904859253">9781904859253</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1989) [1851]. <i>The General Idea of the Revolution</i>. Translated by Robinson, John Beverley. London: Pluto Press. pp. 277–281. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853050671" title="Special:BookSources/9781853050671">9781853050671</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1989) [1851]. "Introduction". <i>The General Idea of the Revolution</i>. Translated by Robinson, John Beverley. London: Pluto Press. p. xxxii. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853050671" title="Special:BookSources/9781853050671">9781853050671</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincent1984156,_230-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVincent1984156,_230_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVincent1984">Vincent 1984</a>, pp. 156, 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1863). <i>Du principe Fédératif</i> [<i>Principle of Federation</i>].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Findlay, Mark; Lim, Sim Wei (2014). <i>Regulatory Worlds: Cultural and Social Perspectives when North Meets South</i>. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 96. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783470310" title="Special:BookSources/9781783470310">9781783470310</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKay_2012-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2012_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2012_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2012_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2012" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Iain, ed. (2012). "Appendix: Anarchism and 'anarcho'-capitalism". <i>An Anarchist FAQ</i>. Vol. II. Stirling: AK Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849351225" title="Special:BookSources/9781849351225"><bdi>9781849351225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix%3A+Anarchism+and+%27anarcho%27-capitalism&rft.btitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.place=Stirling&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781849351225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. "Theory of Property". <i>Selected Writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</i>. pp. 129, 133, 135–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Steward. "Introduction". <i>Selected Writings of P.J. Proudhon</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2012" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Iain, ed. (2012). <i>An Anarchist FAQ</i>. Vol. II. Stirling: AK Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849351225" title="Special:BookSources/9781849351225"><bdi>9781849351225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.place=Stirling&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781849351225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, Henry, ed. (1927). <i>Proudhon's Solution of the Social Problem</i>. New York: Vanguard Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodcock, George. <i>Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</i>. p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Selected Writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</i>. p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1972210–211-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffman1972210–211_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffman1972">Hoffman 1972</a>, pp. 210–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrenberg1996145-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenberg1996145_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrenberg1996">Ehrenberg 1996</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. <i>General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century</i>. p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. <i>Selected Writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</i>. p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Lubac197828–29-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Lubac197828–29_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Lubac1978">de Lubac 1978</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodcock, George (1987). <i><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon:_A_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: A Biography">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: A Biography</a></i> (revised ed.). Montreal: Black Rose Books. p. 128. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780921689089" title="Special:BookSources/9780921689089">9780921689089</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1868). "Programme révolutionnaire". <i>Mélanges. Tome I</i>. Paris: Lacroix. pp. 70–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsart2023" class="citation book cs1">Ansart, Pierre (26 September 2023) [1967]. Jamil, Cayce (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Pe6EAAAQBAJ"><i>Proudhon's Sociology</i></a>. Translated by Murdock, Shaun; Berthier, René; Cohn, Jesse S. AK Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849355209" title="Special:BookSources/9781849355209"><bdi>9781849355209</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>. <q>[...] Proudhon strives to show [...] that the goal of revolution lies beyond any improvement in political forms. The goal of the revolutionary struggle cannot be the creation of a new state, however good it may be, but must be the destruction of the centralized state - in other words, the end of politics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proudhon%27s+Sociology&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2023-09-26&rft.isbn=9781849355209&rft.aulast=Ansart&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Pe6EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2007" class="citation book cs1">Price, Wayne (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2OImAEACAAJ"><i>The Abolition of the State: Anarchist and Marxist Perspectives</i></a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781434316967" title="Special:BookSources/9781434316967"><bdi>9781434316967</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abolition+of+the+State%3A+Anarchist+and+Marxist+Perspectives&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781434316967&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2OImAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudhon1923" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph</a> (1923) [1851]. "Fourth Study: The Principle of Authority". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93I1kGq39dQC"><i>General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Beverley_Robinson_(anarchist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Beverley Robinson (anarchist)">John Beverley Robinson</a>. London: Freedom Press. p. 161<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>. <q>When the mass of the People becomes the State, the State has no longer any reason to exist, since there is no longer any People, the governmental equation reduces to zero.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fourth+Study%3A+The+Principle+of+Authority&rft.btitle=General+Idea+of+the+Revolution+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Freedom+Press&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Proudhon&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D93I1kGq39dQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph; McKay, Iain, ed. (2011). <i>Property is Theft!: A Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anthology?</i> (illustrated revised ed.). Oakland: AK Press. p. 91. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849350242" title="Special:BookSources/9781849350242">9781849350242</a>. "From the distinction between possession and property arise two sorts of rights: the <i>jus in re</i>, the right in a thing, the right by which I may reclaim the property which I have acquired, in whatever hands I find it; and the <i>jus ad rem</i>, the right to a thing, which gives me a claim to become a proprietor. Thus the right of the partners to a marriage over each other's person is the <i>jus in re</i>; that of two who are betrothed is only the <i>jus ad rem</i>. In the first, possession and property are united; the second includes only naked property. With me who, as a laborer, have a right to the possession of the products of Nature and my own industry,—and who, as a proletaire, enjoy none of them,—it is by virtue of the <i>jus ad rem </i>that I demand admittance to the <i>jus in re</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph; McKay, Iain, ed. (2011). <i>Property is Theft!: A Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anthology?</i> (illustrated revised ed.). Oakland: AK Press. p. 12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849350242" title="Special:BookSources/9781849350242">9781849350242</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Anarchist FAQ Collective; McKay, Ian, ed. (2008/2012). "Anarchism and 'anarcho'-capitalism". <i>An Anarchist Faq</i>. <b>I/II</b>. Oakland/Edinburgh: AK Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902593906" title="Special:BookSources/9781902593906">9781902593906</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849351225" title="Special:BookSources/9781849351225">9781849351225</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/182529204">182529204</a>. "Tucker and Bakunin both shared Proudhon's opposition to private property (in the capitalist sense of the word), although Tucker confused this opposition (and possibly the casual reader) by talking about possession as 'property.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/p-j-proudhon/general-idea-of-the-revolution/organization-of-economic-forces#s3p5"><i>General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century</i></a>. Sixth Study. § 3 ¶ 5. Retrieved 29 September 2020 – via Fair Use.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph; McKay, Iain, ed. (2011). <i>Property is Theft!: A Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anthology?</i> (illustrated revised ed.). Oakland: AK Press. p. 583. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849350242" title="Special:BookSources/9781849350242">9781849350242</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, Stephen David (2001). <i>The Gift of Property: Having the Good/Betraying Genitivity, Economy and Ecology, An Ethic of the Earth</i> (illustrated ed.). New York: SUNY Press. p. 67. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791448656" title="Special:BookSources/9780791448656">9780791448656</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph; McKay, Iain, ed. (2011). <i>Property is Theft!: A Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anthology?</i> (illustrated revised ed.). Oakland: AK Press. p. 91. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849350242" title="Special:BookSources/9781849350242">9781849350242</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (181). <i>Les confessions d'un révolutionnaire</i>. Paris: Garnier. p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nettlau, Max. <i>A Short History of Anarchism</i>. pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. <i>Oeuvres Complètes</i> (Lacroix ed.). <b>17</b>. pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bojicic, Savo (2010). <i>America America or Is It?</i> Bloomington: AuthorHouse. p. 369. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452034355" title="Special:BookSources/9781452034355">9781452034355</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph; McKay, Iain, ed. (2011). <i>Property is Theft!: A Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anthology?</i> (illustrated revised ed.). Oakland: AK Press. p. 111. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849350242" title="Special:BookSources/9781849350242">9781849350242</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Anarchist FAQ Collective; McKay, Ian, ed. (2008/2012). "Why are anarchists against private property?". <i>An Anarchist Faq</i>. <b>I/II</b>. Oakland/Edinburgh: AK Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902593906" title="Special:BookSources/9781902593906">9781902593906</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849351225" title="Special:BookSources/9781849351225">9781849351225</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/182529204">182529204</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph; McKay, Iain, ed. (2011). <i>Property is Theft!: A Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anthology?</i> (illustrated revised ed.). Oakland: AK Press. p. 135. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849350242" title="Special:BookSources/9781849350242">9781849350242</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crowder, George (1991). <i>Classical Anarchism: The Political Thought of Godwin, Proudhon, Bakunin, and Kropotkin</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 85–86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198277446" title="Special:BookSources/9780198277446">9780198277446</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hargreaves, David H. (2019). <i>Beyond Schooling: An Anarchist Challenge</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 90–91. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429582363" title="Special:BookSources/9780429582363">9780429582363</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hopper, John P. (1978). <i>The Ethical Socialism of Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Proudhon</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canto-Sperber, Monique (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:sv472mf2714/canto.pdf">"Proudhon, the First Liberal Socialist"</a>. Stanford University. pp. 1–16. Retrieved 3 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dale, Gareth (2016). <i>Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left</i>. "Bourgeois Radicalism: A Hegemonic Project". New York: Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231541480" title="Special:BookSources/9780231541480">9780231541480</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyle, James (1912). <i>What Is Socialism?</i> The Shakespeare Press. p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darimon, Alfred; Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1849). <i>Idées révolutionnaires</i>. Paris: Garnier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1849). <i>Résumé de la question sociale: banque d'échange</i>. Paris: Rignoux.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1852). <i>Les confessions d'un révolutionnaire</i> (3rd ed.). Paris: Garnier frères.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1869). <i>Mélanges: articles de journaux 1848–1852</i>. <b>2</b>. Librairie internationale.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1872). <i>Oeuvres complétes</i>. <b>4</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bookchin, Murray (1996). <i>The Third Revolution: Popular Movements in the Revolutionary Era</i> (illustrated ed.). <b>2</b>. London: A&C Black. p. 115. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780304335961" title="Special:BookSources/9780304335961">9780304335961</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landauer,_Landauer_&_Valkenier_1079-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Landauer,_Landauer_&_Valkenier_1079_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landauer, Carl; Landauer, Hilde Stein; Valkenier, Elizabeth Kridl (1979) [1959]. "The Three Anticapitalistic Movements". <i>European Socialism: A History of Ideas and Movements from the Industrial Revolution to Hitler's Seizure of Power</i>. University of California Press. pp. 59, 63. "In France, post-Utopian socialism begins with Peter Joseph Proudhon. [...] [Proudhon] was the most profound thinker among pre-Marxian socialists."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eatwell_&_Wright_1999-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eatwell_&_Wright_1999_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eatwell, Roger; Wright, Anthony (1999). <i>Contemporary Political Ideologies</i> (2nd ed.). London: Continuum. p. 82. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855676053" title="Special:BookSources/9781855676053">9781855676053</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman_2005-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newman_2005_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newman, Michael (2005). <i>Socialism: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 15. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192804310" title="Special:BookSources/9780192804310">9780192804310</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Docherty_&_Lamb_2006-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Docherty_&_Lamb_2006_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Docherty, James C.; Lamb, Peter, eds. (2006). <i>Historical Dictionary of Socialism</i>. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. <b>73</b> (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. p. 284. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810855601" title="Special:BookSources/9780810855601">9780810855601</a>. See also Lamb, Peter (2015). <i>Historical Dictionary of Socialism</i> (3rd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 36, 57, 161, 263, 385. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442258273" title="Special:BookSources/9781442258273">9781442258273</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1970). <i>What Is Property?</i> Dover. p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1970). <i>What Is Property?</i> Dover. p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1970). <i>What Is Property?</i> Dover. p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. <i>Selected Writings</i>. p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bestor, Arthur E. (June 1948). "The Evolution of the Socialist Vocabulary". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <b>9</b> (3): 259–302. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2707371">10.2307/2707371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2707371">2707371</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks, Frank H. (1994). <i>The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908)</i>. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers. p. 75. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412837385" title="Special:BookSources/9781412837385">9781412837385</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudhon1846" class="citation web cs1">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (17 May 1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/proudhon/letters/46_05_17.htm">"Proudhon to Karl Marx"</a>. Lyon<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Toronto: Broadview Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551116297" title="Special:BookSources/9781551116297">9781551116297</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Meltzer. Anarchism: Arguments for and Against, AK Press, 2000, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://praxeology.net/FB-PJP-DOI.htm">"Bastiat-Proudhon Debate on Interest"</a>. Praxeology.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bastiat-Proudhon+Debate+on+Interest&rft.pub=Praxeology.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpraxeology.net%2FFB-PJP-DOI.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leroux, Robert. "Political Economy and Liberalism: The Economic Contribution of Frédéric Bastiat", Routledge, 2011, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roche, Charles George. "Frederic Bastiat: A Man Alone". Arlington House, 1971, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marxists-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marxists_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/proudhon/1847/jews.htm">"On the Jews"</a>. In Proudhon, Pierre, Joseph (1960). <i>Carnets de P. J. Proudhon</i>. Translated by Abido, Mitchell. Paris: M. Rivière. Retrieved 28 September 2020 – via Marxists Internet Archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchapiro1945714–737-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchapiro1945714–737_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchapiro1945">Schapiro 1945</a>, pp. 714–737.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham, Robert. "Introduction". <i>General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century</i>. p. xxxvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKay, Iain (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akpress.org/2007/items/ananarchistfaqakpress"><i>An Anarchist FAQ, Volume 1</i></a>. Oakland: AK Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902593906" title="Special:BookSources/9781902593906">9781902593906</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128135116/http://www.akpress.org/2007/items/ananarchistfaqakpress">Archived</a> 28 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 28 September 2020 – via AK Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Anarchist FAQ Collective; McKay, Ian, ed. (2008/2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/index.html">"Introduction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/vol1intro.html">"Introduction to Volume 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/vol2intro.html">"Introduction to Volume 2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/index.html"><i>An Anarchist Faq</i></a>. <b>I/II</b>. Oakland/Edinburgh: AK Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902593906" title="Special:BookSources/9781902593906">9781902593906</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849351225" title="Special:BookSources/9781849351225">9781849351225</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/182529204">182529204</a>. Retrieved 28 September 2020 – via Anarchist Writers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph; McKay, Iain, ed. (2011). <i>Property Is Theft! A Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anthology</i>. Edinburgh: AK Press UK. p. 36. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849350242" title="Special:BookSources/9781849350242">9781849350242</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrier2009" class="citation book cs1">Krier, Frédéric (2009). <i>Sozialismus für Kleinbürger: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – Wegbereiter des Dritten Reiches</i>. Köln: Böhlau. pp. 179–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783412202866" title="Special:BookSources/9783412202866"><bdi>9783412202866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sozialismus+f%C3%BCr+Kleinb%C3%BCrger%3A+Pierre-Joseph+Proudhon+%E2%80%93+Wegbereiter+des+Dritten+Reiches&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pages=179-233&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783412202866&rft.aulast=Krier&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiething2018" class="citation journal cs1">Miething, Dominique (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lwbooks.co.uk/anarchiststudies/vol-26-issue-1/article-9338/">"Antisemitism in the anarchist tradition"</a>. <i>Anarchist Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 105–108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anarchist+Studies&rft.atitle=Antisemitism+in+the+anarchist+tradition&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-108&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Miething&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lwbooks.co.uk%2Fanarchiststudies%2Fvol-26-issue-1%2Farticle-9338%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nochlin, Linda (2007). <i>Courbet</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 220. n. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohn, Jesse (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405184649_yr2012_chunk_g978140518464962#citation">"Anarchism and gender"</a>. In Ness, Immanuel, ed. <i>The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenberg1996" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenberg, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vqnaAAAAMAAJ"><i>Proudhon and His Age</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Humanities_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanities Press">Humanities Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03910-3891-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-03910-3891-2"><bdi>978-03910-3891-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proudhon+and+His+Age&rft.pub=Humanities+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-03910-3891-2&rft.aulast=Ehrenberg&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvqnaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1972" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Robert Louis (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8m1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Revolutionary Justice: The Social and Political Theory of P.-J. Proudhon</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-02520-0240-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-02520-0240-3"><bdi>978-02520-0240-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Justice%3A+The+Social+and+Political+Theory+of+P.-J.+Proudhon&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-02520-0240-3&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Robert+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC8m1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Lubac1978" class="citation book cs1">de Lubac, Henri (1978) [1948]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T89HAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Un-Marxian Socialist: A Study of Proudhon</i></a>. Octagon Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Un-Marxian+Socialist%3A+A+Study+of+Proudhon&rft.pub=Octagon+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=de+Lubac&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT89HAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrichard2013" class="citation book cs1">Prichard, Alex (2013). <i>Justice, Order and Anarchy: The International Political Theory of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice%2C+Order+and+Anarchy%3A+The+International+Political+Theory+of+Pierre-Joseph+Proudhon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Prichard&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchapiro1945" class="citation journal cs1">Schapiro, Jacob Salwyn (July 1945). "Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Harbinger of Fascism". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>50</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 714–737. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1842699">10.2307/1842699</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1842699">1842699</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5545163007">5545163007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Pierre+Joseph+Proudhon%2C+Harbinger+of+Fascism&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=714-737&rft.date=1945-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5545163007&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1842699%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1842699&rft.aulast=Schapiro&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Salwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent1984" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, K. Stephen (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQEFAQAAIAAJ"><i>Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and the Rise of French Republican Socialism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01950-3413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-01950-3413-4"><bdi>978-01950-3413-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre-Joseph+Proudhon+and+the+Rise+of+French+Republican+Socialism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-01950-3413-4&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=K.+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQEFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcock1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">Woodcock, George</a> (1972). <i><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon:_His_Life_and_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: His Life and Work">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: His Life and Work</a></i>. Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805203729" title="Special:BookSources/0805203729"><bdi>0805203729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre-Joseph+Proudhon%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0805203729&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Allen, Mary B. “P. J. Proudhon in the Revolution of 1848.” The Journal of Modern History 24, no. 1 (1952): 1–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1871978">http://www.jstor.org/stable/1871978</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (1988). "Proudhon and America". <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Portraits" title="Anarchist Portraits"><i>Anarchist Portraits</i></a>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anarchistportrai00avri/page/137">137–143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04753-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04753-9"><bdi>978-0-691-04753-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17727270">17727270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proudhon+and+America&rft.btitle=Anarchist+Portraits&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=137-143&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17727270&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04753-9&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">Cole, G. D. H.</a> (1953). <i>A History of Socialist Thought</i>. Vol. I. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03330-5092-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-03330-5092-7"><bdi>978-03330-5092-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1811474">1811474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Socialist+Thought&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1811474&rft.isbn=978-03330-5092-7&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=G.+D.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>George, William H. “Proudhon and Economic Federalism.” Journal of Political Economy 30, no. 4 (1922): 531–42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1822922">http://www.jstor.org/stable/1822922</a>.</li> <li>Hoffman, Robert. “Marx and Proudhon: A Reappraisal of Their Relationship.” The Historian 29, no. 3 (1967): 409–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24442608">http://www.jstor.org/stable/24442608</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyams1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyams" title="Edward Hyams">Hyams, Edward</a> (1979). <i>Pierre-Joseph Proudhon; His Revolutionary Life, Mind & Works</i>. Taplinger Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800865528" title="Special:BookSources/9780800865528"><bdi>9780800865528</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5676538">5676538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre-Joseph+Proudhon%3B+His+Revolutionary+Life%2C+Mind+%26+Works&rft.pub=Taplinger+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5676538&rft.isbn=9780800865528&rft.aulast=Hyams&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLu1922" class="citation book cs1">Lu, Shi Yung (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHqHAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Political Theories of P. J. Proudhon</i></a>. M.R. Gray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Theories+of+P.+J.+Proudhon&rft.pub=M.R.+Gray&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Shi+Yung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHqHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Noland, Aaron. “Proudhon’s Sociology of War.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 29, no. 3 (1970): 289–304. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3485658">http://www.jstor.org/stable/3485658</a>.</li> <li>Reichert, William O. “Proudhon and Kropotkin on Church and State.” Journal of Church and State 9, no. 1 (1967): 87–100. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23913385">http://www.jstor.org/stable/23913385</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2016" class="citation book cs1">Ritter, Alan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cxJvjwEACAAJ"><i>The Political Thought of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-06916-4862-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-06916-4862-0"><bdi>978-06916-4862-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Thought+of+Pierre-Joseph+Proudhon&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-06916-4862-0&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcxJvjwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteelman2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Steelman, Aaron (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1809–1865)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 401–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n248">10.4135/9781412965811.n248</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412965804" title="Special:BookSources/9781412965804"><bdi>9781412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proudhon%2C+Pierre-Joseph+%281809%E2%80%931865%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=401-402&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n248&rft.isbn=9781412965804&rft.aulast=Steelman&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcock1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">Woodcock, George</a> (1987) [1956]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5MP574eUB0C"><i>Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: A Biography</i></a>. Black Rose Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-09216-8908-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-09216-8908-9"><bdi>978-09216-8908-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre-Joseph+Proudhon%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-09216-8908-9&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5MP574eUB0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre-Joseph+Proudhon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span 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plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Pierre-Joseph+Proudhon&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Pierre-Joseph+Proudhon">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Pierre-Joseph+Proudhon&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Pierre-Joseph+Proudhon&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Pierre-Joseph+Proudhon">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Pierre-Joseph+Proudhon&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/pierre-joseph-proudhon">Works by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pzacad.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives////////proudhon/Proudhonarchive.html">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> entry at the <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchy Archives">Anarchy Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/proudhon/grahamproudhon.html">"The General Idea of Proudhon's Revolution"</a> by Robert Graham</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/199">Works by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Proudhon%2C%20Pierre%20Joseph%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Proudhon%2C%20Pierre%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Proudhon%2C%20P%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pierre%20Joseph%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pierre%20J%2E%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22P%2E%20J%2E%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Proudhon%2C%20Pierre%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pierre%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pierre%20Joseph%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pierre%20J%2E%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20J%2E%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20Joseph%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Proudhon%2C%20Pierre%20Joseph%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Proudhon%2C%20Pierre%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Proudhon%2C%20P%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Proudhon%2C%20P%2E%20Joseph%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pierre%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Proudhon%2C%20Pierre%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Pierre%20Joseph%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Pierre%20J%2E%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20title%3A%22P%2E%20J%2E%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Pierre%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pierre%20Joseph%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pierre%20J%2E%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22P%2E%20J%2E%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Proudhon%2C%20Pierre%20Joseph%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Proudhon%2C%20Pierre%20J%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pierre%20Proudhon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Proudhon%2C%20Pierre%22%29%20OR%20%28%221809-1865%22%20AND%20Proudhon%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/5639">Works by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/proudhon/">"Works by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon"</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/libhe/libhe024.pdf">"Proudhon and Anarchism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604183209/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3A_H72tslV7hEJ%3Awww.libertarian.co.uk%2Flapubs%2Flibhe%2Flibhe024.pdf">Archived</a> 4 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF) by Larry Gambone</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060424065328/http://www.ohiou.edu/~chastain/ip/proudhon.htm">"Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1809-1865)"</a> by K. Steven Vincent</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=19">"Works by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon"</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com">RevoltLib</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invisiblemolotov.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/npl-201-progress.pdf">"The Philosophy of Progress"</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.property-is-theft.org/"><i>Property is Theft! A Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anthology</i></a> by Iain McKay</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/8150795"><i>Où est passé Proudhon ?</i></a> (video documentary in French)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libertarianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism" title="Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism" title="Template talk:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian capitalism</a></span><br /><span style="vertical-align:1px;">(<a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Conservative libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian transhumanism">Libertarian transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical liberalism">Neo-classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></span><br /><span style="vertical-align:1px;">(<a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">libertarian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho syndicalism">syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">Age of consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Right-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">de Molinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Simon" title="Julian Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">de La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/28px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/42px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/56px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></b></li> <li><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Property" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Property_navbox" title="Template:Property navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Property_navbox" title="Template talk:Property navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Property_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Property navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Property" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By owner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_land" title="Communal land">Communal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_land" title="Customary land">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estate (landed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_property" title="Intangible property">Intangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangible_property" title="Tangible property">Tangible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_commons_(economics)" title="Digital commons (economics)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_commons" title="Information commons">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_rights" title="Bundle of rights">Bundle of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">fictitious commodities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_(economics)" title="Common good (economics)">Common good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excludability" title="Excludability">Excludability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_possession_theory_of_property" title="First possession theory of property">First possession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_appropriation" title="Original appropriation">appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">homestead principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">Free-rider problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_rent" title="Law of rent">Law of rent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_property_rights" title="Women's property rights">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">Rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons" title="Tragedy of the anticommons">anticommons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acequia" title="Acequia"><i>Acequia</i> (watercourse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejido" title="Ejido"><i>Ejido</i> (agrarian land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Forest types</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">Huerta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_of_Forest_Rights)_Act,_2006" title="The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006">Forest-dwelling (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">Freedom to roam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannage" title="Pannage">pannage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law#Land_rights" title="Land law">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_rights" title="Littoral rights">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bergregal" title="Bergregal">Bergregal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (transit)">Right of way (transit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(property_access)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (property access)">Right of way (property access)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior-appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Accumulation by dispossession">Disposession</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">Expropriation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory taking">Regulatory taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a></li> <li>spousal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband-selling" class="mw-redirect" title="Husband-selling">husband-selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars<br /><span class="nobold">(<i>key work</i>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Law_(Bastiat_book)" title="The Law (Bastiat book)">The Law</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> 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Kapital</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)">The Gift</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">What Is Property?</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5749#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5749#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5749#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17228286">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/34305/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtH6QbWPXJFYwCxrXd4v3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118596780">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79043991">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920705x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920705x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00453390">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV036061">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35434944">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990006722&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX978219">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007299248205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519794006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14228172">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01289905?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500324426">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/9618">Sycomore</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/951747">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118596780.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118596780">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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