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href="#Freeviewing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Freeviewing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freeviewing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autostereogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autostereogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Autostereogram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autostereogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereoscope_and_stereographic_cards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereoscope_and_stereographic_cards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Stereoscope and stereographic cards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereoscope_and_stereographic_cards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transparency_viewers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparency_viewers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Transparency viewers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transparency_viewers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head-mounted_displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head-mounted_displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Head-mounted displays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head-mounted_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_retinal_displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_retinal_displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Virtual retinal displays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_retinal_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3D_viewers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3D_viewers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>3D viewers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-3D_viewers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 3D viewers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-3D_viewers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Active" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Active</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shutter_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shutter_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Shutter systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shutter_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Passive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polarization_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polarization_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Polarization systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polarization_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interference_filter_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interference_filter_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Interference filter systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interference_filter_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_anaglyph_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_anaglyph_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Color anaglyph systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_anaglyph_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ChromaDepth_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ChromaDepth_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>ChromaDepth system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ChromaDepth_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulfrich_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulfrich_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Pulfrich method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulfrich_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Over/under_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Over/under_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Over/under format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Over/under_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_display_methods_without_viewers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_display_methods_without_viewers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other display methods without viewers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_display_methods_without_viewers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other display methods without viewers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_display_methods_without_viewers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autostereoscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autostereoscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Autostereoscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autostereoscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Holography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volumetric_displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volumetric_displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Volumetric displays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volumetric_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integral_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integral_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Integral imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integral_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wiggle_stereoscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wiggle_stereoscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Wiggle stereoscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wiggle_stereoscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereo_photography_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereo_photography_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Stereo photography techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereo_photography_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereo_window" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereo_window"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stereo window</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereo_window-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Space exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Clinical uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematical,_scientific_and_engineering_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical,_scientific_and_engineering_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Mathematical, scientific and engineering uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematical,_scientific_and_engineering_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archival_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Archival collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stereoscopy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopie" title="Stereoskopie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stereoskopie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopie" title="Stereoskopie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stereoskopie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تصوير ثلاثي الأبعاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصوير ثلاثي الأبعاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стереоскопия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стереоскопия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estereosc%C3%B2pia" title="Estereoscòpia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estereoscòpia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopie" title="Stereoskopie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stereoskopie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopbillede" title="Stereoskopbillede – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stereoskopbillede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopie" title="Stereoskopie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stereoskopie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereofotograafia" title="Stereofotograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stereofotograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7_%CF%86%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τρισδιάστατη φωτογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρισδιάστατη φωτογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estereoscop%C3%ADa" title="Estereoscopía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estereoscopía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopio" title="Stereoskopio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stereoskopio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estereoskopia" title="Estereoskopia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estereoskopia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="برجسته‌بینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برجسته‌بینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9r%C3%A9oscopie" title="Stéréoscopie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stéréoscopie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grianghrafad%C3%B3ireacht_steir%C3%A9asc%C3%B3pach" title="Grianghrafadóireacht steiréascópach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grianghrafadóireacht steiréascópach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estereoscopia" title="Estereoscopia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estereoscopia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%94%BC" title="스테레오스코피 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스테레오스코피" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="स्टीरियोस्कोपी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्टीरियोस्कोपी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopija" title="Stereoskopija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stereoskopija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopio" title="Stereoskopio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stereoskopio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopi" title="Stereoskopi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stereoskopi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopia" title="Stereoscopia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stereoscopia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="סטריאוסקופיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטריאוסקופיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стереоскопия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стереоскопия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopija" title="Stereoskopija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stereoskopija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereofotografie" title="Stereofotografie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Stereofotografie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztereoszk%C3%B3pia" title="Sztereoszkópia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sztereoszkópia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopi" title="Stereoskopi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stereoskopi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="စတီရီယိုစကုပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စတီရီယိုစကုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopie" title="Stereoscopie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stereoscopie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%83%E6%98%A0%E5%83%8F" title="3次元映像 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="3次元映像" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estereoscopia" title="Estereoscopia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estereoscopia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A" title="سټیریوسکوپي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سټیریوسکوپي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopia" title="Stereoskopia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stereoskopia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estereoscopia" title="Estereoscopia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estereoscopia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Стереоизображение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стереоизображение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stereoscopy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopija" title="Stereoskopija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stereoskopija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopia" title="Stereoskopia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stereoskopia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopi" title="Stereoskopi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stereoskopi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="முப்பரிமாண படிமம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முப்பரிமாண படிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ระบบภาพสามมิติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบภาพสามมิติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoskopi" title="Stereoskopi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stereoskopi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Стереозображення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стереозображення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BB%B4%E7%9C%BC%E9%95%9C" title="三维眼镜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="三维眼镜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1" title="3D眼鏡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="3D眼鏡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35158#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Technique for creating or enhancing the impression of depth in an image</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Autostereogram" title="Autostereogram">autostereogram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonogram_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Phonogram (disambiguation)">phonogram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stereographic_projection" title="Stereographic projection">stereographic projection</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Steriogram" title="Steriogram">Steriogram</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pocket_stereoscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pocket_stereoscope.jpg/220px-Pocket_stereoscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pocket_stereoscope.jpg/330px-Pocket_stereoscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pocket_stereoscope.jpg/440px-Pocket_stereoscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption>Pocket stereoscope with original test image. Used by military to examine stereoscopic pairs of <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photographs</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I-construction_stereoscopy_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/I-construction_stereoscopy_animation.gif/220px-I-construction_stereoscopy_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/I-construction_stereoscopy_animation.gif/330px-I-construction_stereoscopy_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/I-construction_stereoscopy_animation.gif/440px-I-construction_stereoscopy_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Difference in projections of a vertical line in stereoscopy according to distance between left <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z_{L}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z_{L}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8fb811eeda6b543aafa2f13aa8bbeb80fd77a0c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.939ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z_{L}}"></span> and right eye <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z_{R}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z_{R}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/165c298c3e29947ea6a617c5772eca17f539509f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.067ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z_{R}}"></span> - animation for eye distance <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}"></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Street_Mall,_Boston_Common,_by_Soule,_John_P.,_1827-1904_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Charles_Street_Mall%2C_Boston_Common%2C_by_Soule%2C_John_P.%2C_1827-1904_3.jpg/220px-Charles_Street_Mall%2C_Boston_Common%2C_by_Soule%2C_John_P.%2C_1827-1904_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Charles_Street_Mall%2C_Boston_Common%2C_by_Soule%2C_John_P.%2C_1827-1904_3.jpg/330px-Charles_Street_Mall%2C_Boston_Common%2C_by_Soule%2C_John_P.%2C_1827-1904_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Charles_Street_Mall%2C_Boston_Common%2C_by_Soule%2C_John_P.%2C_1827-1904_3.jpg/440px-Charles_Street_Mall%2C_Boston_Common%2C_by_Soule%2C_John_P.%2C_1827-1904_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2737" data-file-height="1361" /></a><figcaption><i>View of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860</span></i>; an early stereoscopic card for viewing a scene from nature<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:787_Orange_Street,_Addison_R._Tinsley_house,_circa_1890s_-_DPLA_-_5200d7141f714278860660c50813d53b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/787_Orange_Street%2C_Addison_R._Tinsley_house%2C_circa_1890s_-_DPLA_-_5200d7141f714278860660c50813d53b.jpg/220px-787_Orange_Street%2C_Addison_R._Tinsley_house%2C_circa_1890s_-_DPLA_-_5200d7141f714278860660c50813d53b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/787_Orange_Street%2C_Addison_R._Tinsley_house%2C_circa_1890s_-_DPLA_-_5200d7141f714278860660c50813d53b.jpg/330px-787_Orange_Street%2C_Addison_R._Tinsley_house%2C_circa_1890s_-_DPLA_-_5200d7141f714278860660c50813d53b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/787_Orange_Street%2C_Addison_R._Tinsley_house%2C_circa_1890s_-_DPLA_-_5200d7141f714278860660c50813d53b.jpg/440px-787_Orange_Street%2C_Addison_R._Tinsley_house%2C_circa_1890s_-_DPLA_-_5200d7141f714278860660c50813d53b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Stereoscopic image of 787 Orange Street, Addison R. Tinsley house, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890s</span></figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:772_College_Street,_(Johnston_Street_then)_Fleming_D._Tinsley_house,_razed_1963,_circa_1870s_-_DPLA_-_3eea4545c6311e132e30b88adc4a8b2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/772_College_Street%2C_%28Johnston_Street_then%29_Fleming_D._Tinsley_house%2C_razed_1963%2C_circa_1870s_-_DPLA_-_3eea4545c6311e132e30b88adc4a8b2c.jpg/281px-772_College_Street%2C_%28Johnston_Street_then%29_Fleming_D._Tinsley_house%2C_razed_1963%2C_circa_1870s_-_DPLA_-_3eea4545c6311e132e30b88adc4a8b2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="281" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/772_College_Street%2C_%28Johnston_Street_then%29_Fleming_D._Tinsley_house%2C_razed_1963%2C_circa_1870s_-_DPLA_-_3eea4545c6311e132e30b88adc4a8b2c.jpg/422px-772_College_Street%2C_%28Johnston_Street_then%29_Fleming_D._Tinsley_house%2C_razed_1963%2C_circa_1870s_-_DPLA_-_3eea4545c6311e132e30b88adc4a8b2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/772_College_Street%2C_%28Johnston_Street_then%29_Fleming_D._Tinsley_house%2C_razed_1963%2C_circa_1870s_-_DPLA_-_3eea4545c6311e132e30b88adc4a8b2c.jpg/562px-772_College_Street%2C_%28Johnston_Street_then%29_Fleming_D._Tinsley_house%2C_razed_1963%2C_circa_1870s_-_DPLA_-_3eea4545c6311e132e30b88adc4a8b2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Stereoscopic image of 772 College Street (formerly Johnson Street) in Macon, Ga, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870s</span></figcaption></figure></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:August_Fuhrmann-Kaiserpanorama_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/August_Fuhrmann-Kaiserpanorama_1880.jpg/220px-August_Fuhrmann-Kaiserpanorama_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/August_Fuhrmann-Kaiserpanorama_1880.jpg/330px-August_Fuhrmann-Kaiserpanorama_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/August_Fuhrmann-Kaiserpanorama_1880.jpg/440px-August_Fuhrmann-Kaiserpanorama_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kaiserpanorama" title="Kaiserpanorama">Kaiserpanorama</a> consists of a multi-station viewing apparatus and sets of stereo slides. Patented by A. Fuhrmann around 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-kaiser_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaiser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Company_of_ladies_watching_stereoscopic_photographs_by_Jacob_Spoel_1820-1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Company_of_ladies_watching_stereoscopic_photographs_by_Jacob_Spoel_1820-1868.jpg/220px-Company_of_ladies_watching_stereoscopic_photographs_by_Jacob_Spoel_1820-1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Company_of_ladies_watching_stereoscopic_photographs_by_Jacob_Spoel_1820-1868.jpg/330px-Company_of_ladies_watching_stereoscopic_photographs_by_Jacob_Spoel_1820-1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Company_of_ladies_watching_stereoscopic_photographs_by_Jacob_Spoel_1820-1868.jpg/440px-Company_of_ladies_watching_stereoscopic_photographs_by_Jacob_Spoel_1820-1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2828" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>A company of ladies looking at stereoscopic views, painting by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Spoel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Spoel (page does not exist)">Jacob Spoel</a>, before 1868. An early depiction of people using a stereoscope.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Stereoscopy</b> (also called <b>stereoscopics</b>, or <b>stereo imaging</b>) is a technique for creating or enhancing the <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">illusion of depth</a> in an image by means of <a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">stereopsis</a> for <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>stereoscopy</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i> </i>στερεός<i> (stereos)</i> 'firm, solid' and <i> </i>σκοπέω<i> (skopeō)</i> 'to look, to see'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any stereoscopic image is called a <b>stereogram</b>. Originally, stereogram referred to a pair of stereo images which could be viewed using a <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">stereoscope</a>. </p><p>Most stereoscopic methods present a pair of <a href="/wiki/Two-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-dimensional">two-dimensional</a> images to the viewer. The left image is presented to the left eye and the right image is presented to the right eye. When viewed, the human brain perceives the images as a single 3D view, giving the viewer the perception of <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">3D</a> depth. However, the 3D effect lacks proper focal depth, which gives rise to the <a href="/wiki/Vergence-accommodation_conflict" title="Vergence-accommodation conflict">Vergence-accommodation conflict</a>. </p><p>Stereoscopy is distinguished from other types of <a href="/wiki/3d_display#3D_displays" class="mw-redirect" title="3d display">3D displays</a> that display an image in <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">three full dimensions</a>, allowing the observer to increase information about the 3-dimensional objects being displayed by head and <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">eye movements</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stereoscopy creates the impression of three-dimensional depth from a pair of two-dimensional images.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human vision, including the perception of depth, is a complex process, which only begins with the acquisition of visual information taken in through the eyes; much processing ensues within the brain, as it strives to make sense of the raw information. One of the functions that occur within the brain as it interprets what the eyes see is assessing the relative distances of objects from the viewer, and the depth dimension of those objects. The <i>cues</i> that the brain uses to gauge relative distances and depth in a perceived scene include:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vergence" title="Vergence">Vergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accommodation_of_the_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation of the eye">Accommodation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">Stereopsis</a></li> <li>Occlusion - The overlapping of one object by another</li> <li>Subtended visual angle of an object of known size</li> <li>Linear perspective (convergence of parallel edges)</li> <li>Vertical position (objects closer to the horizon in the scene tend to be perceived as farther away)</li> <li>Haze or contrast, saturation, and color, greater distance generally being associated with greater haze, desaturation, and a shift toward blue</li> <li>Change in size of textured pattern detail</li></ul> <p>(All but the first two of the above cues exist in traditional two-dimensional images, such as paintings, photographs, and television.)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stereoscopy is the production of the impression of depth in a <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photograph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">movie</a>, or other two-dimensional image by the presentation of a slightly different image to each <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eye</a>, which adds the first of these cues (<a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">stereopsis</a>). The two images are then combined in the brain to give the <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">perception</a> of depth. Because all points in the image produced by stereoscopy focus at the same plane regardless of their depth in the original scene, the second cue, focus, is not duplicated and therefore the illusion of depth is incomplete. There are also mainly two effects of stereoscopy that are unnatural for human vision: (1) the mismatch between convergence and accommodation, caused by the difference between an object's perceived position in front of or behind the display or screen and the real origin of that light; and (2) possible crosstalk between the eyes, caused by imperfect image separation in some methods of stereoscopy. </p><p>Although the term "3D" is ubiquitously used, the presentation of dual 2D images is distinctly different from displaying an image in <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">three full dimensions</a>. The most notable difference is that, in the case of "3D" displays, the observer's head and eye movement do not change the information received about the 3-dimensional objects being viewed. <a href="/wiki/Holographic_display" title="Holographic display">Holographic displays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">volumetric display</a> do not have this limitation. Just as it is not possible to recreate a full 3-dimensional sound field with just two stereophonic speakers, it is an overstatement to call dual 2D images "3D". The accurate term "stereoscopic" is more cumbersome than the common misnomer "3D", which has been entrenched by many decades of unquestioned misuse. Although most stereoscopic displays do not qualify as real 3D display, all real 3D displays are also stereoscopic displays because they meet the lower criteria also. </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/3D_display" title="3D display">3D displays</a> use this stereoscopic method to convey images. It was first invented by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Wheatstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Wheatstone">Sir Charles Wheatstone</a> in 1838,<sup id="cite_ref-Wheatstone_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheatstone-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and improved by Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a> who made the first portable 3D viewing device.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Wheatstone-mirror_stereoscope_XIXc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Charles_Wheatstone-mirror_stereoscope_XIXc.jpg/220px-Charles_Wheatstone-mirror_stereoscope_XIXc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Charles_Wheatstone-mirror_stereoscope_XIXc.jpg/330px-Charles_Wheatstone-mirror_stereoscope_XIXc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Charles_Wheatstone-mirror_stereoscope_XIXc.jpg/440px-Charles_Wheatstone-mirror_stereoscope_XIXc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Wheatstone mirror stereoscope</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IGB_006055_Visore_stereoscopico_portatile_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/IGB_006055_Visore_stereoscopico_portatile_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg/220px-IGB_006055_Visore_stereoscopico_portatile_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/IGB_006055_Visore_stereoscopico_portatile_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg/330px-IGB_006055_Visore_stereoscopico_portatile_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/IGB_006055_Visore_stereoscopico_portatile_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg/440px-IGB_006055_Visore_stereoscopico_portatile_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Brewster-type stereoscope, 1870</figcaption></figure> <p>Wheatstone originally used his stereoscope (a rather bulky device)<sup id="cite_ref-manual-375_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-375-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with drawings because photography was not yet available, yet his original paper seems to foresee the development of a realistic imaging method:<sup id="cite_ref-manual377-379_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual377-379-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>For the purposes of illustration I have employed only outline figures, for had either shading or colouring been introduced it might be supposed that the effect was wholly or in part due to these circumstances, whereas by leaving them out of consideration no room is left to doubt that the entire effect of relief is owing to the simultaneous perception of the two monocular projections, one on each retina. But if it be required to obtain the most faithful resemblances of real objects, shadowing and colouring may properly be employed to heighten the effects. Careful attention would enable an artist to draw and paint the two component pictures, so as to present to the mind of the observer, in the resultant perception, perfect identity with the object represented. Flowers, crystals, busts, vases, instruments of various kinds, &c., might thus be represented so as not to be distinguished by sight from the real objects themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheatstone_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheatstone-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Stereoscopy is used in <a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">photogrammetry</a> and also for entertainment through the production of stereograms. Stereoscopy is useful in viewing images rendered from large multi-<a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimensional</a> data sets such as are produced by experimental data. Modern industrial three-dimensional photography may use <a href="/wiki/3D_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="3D scanner">3D scanners</a> to detect and record three-dimensional information.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three-dimensional depth information can be <a href="/wiki/3D_reconstruction" title="3D reconstruction">reconstructed</a> from two images using a computer by correlating the pixels in the left and right images.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solving the <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_problem" title="Correspondence problem">Correspondence problem</a> in the field of <a href="/wiki/Computer_Vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Vision">Computer Vision</a> aims to create meaningful depth information from two images. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_requirements">Visual requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Visual requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anatomically, there are 3 levels of <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a> required to view stereo images: </p> <ol><li>Simultaneous perception</li> <li>Fusion (binocular 'single' vision)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">Stereopsis</a></li></ol> <p>These functions develop in early childhood. Some people who have <a href="/wiki/Strabismus" title="Strabismus">strabismus</a> disrupt the development of stereopsis, however <a href="/wiki/Orthoptics" title="Orthoptics">orthoptics</a> treatment can be used to improve <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a>. A person's <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_acuity" title="Stereoscopic acuity">stereoacuity</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> determines the minimum image disparity they can perceive as depth. It is believed that approximately 12% of people are unable to properly see 3D images, due to a variety of medical conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to another experiment up to 30% of people have very weak stereoscopic vision preventing them from depth perception based on stereo disparity. This nullifies or greatly decreases immersion effects of stereo to them.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niagra_Falls_Suspension_Bridge_by_Saul_Davis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Niagra_Falls_Suspension_Bridge_by_Saul_Davis.jpg/220px-Niagra_Falls_Suspension_Bridge_by_Saul_Davis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Niagra_Falls_Suspension_Bridge_by_Saul_Davis.jpg/330px-Niagra_Falls_Suspension_Bridge_by_Saul_Davis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Niagra_Falls_Suspension_Bridge_by_Saul_Davis.jpg/440px-Niagra_Falls_Suspension_Bridge_by_Saul_Davis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Saul Davis (act. 1860s–1870s), New Suspension Bridge, Niagara Falls, Canada, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1869</span>, albumen print stereograph, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/research/library/imagecollections/features/caught-by-the-camera.html">Department of Image Collections</a>, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC</figcaption></figure> <p>Stereoscopic viewing may be artificially created by the viewer's brain, as demonstrated with the <a href="/wiki/Van_Hare_Effect" title="Van Hare Effect">Van Hare Effect</a>, where the brain perceives stereo images even when the paired photographs are identical. This "false dimensionality" results from the developed stereoacuity in the brain, allowing the viewer to fill in depth information even when few if any 3D cues are actually available in the paired images. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stereoscopic_postcard_of_the_Geneva_synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Stereoscopic_postcard_of_the_Geneva_synagogue.jpg/220px-Stereoscopic_postcard_of_the_Geneva_synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Stereoscopic_postcard_of_the_Geneva_synagogue.jpg/330px-Stereoscopic_postcard_of_the_Geneva_synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Stereoscopic_postcard_of_the_Geneva_synagogue.jpg/440px-Stereoscopic_postcard_of_the_Geneva_synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="1099" /></a><figcaption>Cardboard stereoscopic disc with photos of the <a href="/wiki/Beth_Yaakov_Synagogue" title="Beth Yaakov Synagogue">synagogue in Geneva</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860</span>, in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Switzerland" title="Jewish Museum of Switzerland">Jewish Museum of Switzerland</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side-by-side">Side-by-side</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Side-by-side"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_bird_stereograph2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Early_bird_stereograph2.jpg/220px-Early_bird_stereograph2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Early_bird_stereograph2.jpg/330px-Early_bird_stereograph2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Early_bird_stereograph2.jpg/440px-Early_bird_stereograph2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>"<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_early_bird_catches_the_worm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The early bird catches the worm (page does not exist)">The early bird catches the worm</a></i>" stereograph published in 1900 by North-Western View Co. of <a href="/wiki/Baraboo,_Wisconsin" title="Baraboo, Wisconsin">Baraboo, Wisconsin</a>, digitally restored</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional stereoscopic photography consists of creating a 3D illusion starting from a pair of 2D images, a stereogram. The easiest way to enhance <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth perception</a> in the brain is to provide the eyes of the viewer with two different images, representing two <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(visual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective (visual)">perspectives</a> of the same object, with a minor deviation equal or nearly equal to the perspectives that both eyes naturally receive in <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strereoscope-_Western_Wall_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Strereoscope-_Western_Wall_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-Strereoscope-_Western_Wall_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Strereoscope-_Western_Wall_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-Strereoscope-_Western_Wall_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Strereoscope-_Western_Wall_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-Strereoscope-_Western_Wall_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>A stereoscopic pair of images (top) and a combined <a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">anaglyph</a> that colors one perspective red and the other <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>.<br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3d_glasses_red_cyan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/3d_glasses_red_cyan.svg/37px-3d_glasses_red_cyan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/3d_glasses_red_cyan.svg/56px-3d_glasses_red_cyan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/3d_glasses_red_cyan.svg/74px-3d_glasses_red_cyan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="70" /></a></span> <small><a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">3D red cyan</a> glasses are recommended to view this image correctly.</small></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passiflora_caerulea_STEREO_(R-L)_2019-06-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Passiflora_caerulea_STEREO_%28R-L%29_2019-06-27.jpg/220px-Passiflora_caerulea_STEREO_%28R-L%29_2019-06-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Passiflora_caerulea_STEREO_%28R-L%29_2019-06-27.jpg/330px-Passiflora_caerulea_STEREO_%28R-L%29_2019-06-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Passiflora_caerulea_STEREO_%28R-L%29_2019-06-27.jpg/440px-Passiflora_caerulea_STEREO_%28R-L%29_2019-06-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15896" data-file-height="5142" /></a><figcaption>Two Passiflora caerulea flowers arranged as a stereo image pair for viewing by the cross-eyed viewing method (see Freeviewing)</figcaption></figure> <p>To avoid eyestrain and distortion, each of the two 2D images should be presented to the viewer so that any object at infinite distance is perceived by the eye as being straight ahead, the viewer's eyes being neither crossed nor diverging. When the picture contains no object at infinite distance, such as a horizon or a cloud, the pictures should be spaced correspondingly closer together. </p><p>The advantages of side-by-side viewers is the lack of diminution of brightness, allowing the presentation of images at very high resolution and in full spectrum color, simplicity in creation, and little or no additional image processing is required. Under some circumstances, such as when a pair of images is presented for freeviewing, no device or additional optical equipment is needed. </p><p> The principal disadvantage of side-by-side viewers is that large image displays are not practical and resolution is limited by the lesser of the display medium or human eye. This is because as the dimensions of an image are increased, either the viewing apparatus or viewer themselves must move proportionately further away from it in order to view it comfortably. Moving closer to an image in order to see more detail would only be possible with viewing equipment that adjusted to the difference. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3dviewer.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/3dviewer.gif/220px-3dviewer.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/3dviewer.gif/330px-3dviewer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/3dviewer.gif/440px-3dviewer.gif 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>Printable cross eye viewer</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freeviewing">Freeviewing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Freeviewing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freeviewing is viewing a side-by-side image pair without using a viewing device.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two methods are available to freeview:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The parallel viewing method uses an image pair with the left-eye image on the left and the right-eye image on the right. The fused three-dimensional image appears larger and more distant than the two actual images, making it possible to convincingly simulate a life-size scene. The viewer attempts to look <i>through</i> the images with the eyes substantially parallel, as if looking at the actual scene. This can be difficult with normal vision because eye focus and binocular convergence are habitually coordinated. One approach to decoupling the two functions is to view the image pair extremely close up with completely relaxed eyes, making no attempt to focus clearly but simply achieving comfortable stereoscopic fusion of the two blurry images by the "look-through" approach, and only then exerting the effort to focus them more clearly, increasing the viewing distance as necessary. Regardless of the approach used or the image medium, for comfortable viewing and stereoscopic accuracy the size and spacing of the images should be such that the corresponding points of very distant objects in the scene are separated by the same distance as the viewer's eyes, but not more; the average interocular distance is about 63 mm. Viewing much more widely separated images is possible, but because the eyes never diverge in normal use it usually requires some previous training and tends to cause eye strain.</li> <li>The cross-eyed viewing method swaps the left and right eye images so that they will be correctly seen cross-eyed, the left eye viewing the image on the right and vice versa. The fused three-dimensional image appears to be smaller and closer than the actual images, so that large objects and scenes appear miniaturized. This method is usually easier for freeviewing novices. As an aid to fusion, a fingertip can be placed just below the division between the two images, then slowly brought straight toward the viewer's eyes, keeping the eyes directed at the fingertip; at a certain distance, a fused three-dimensional image should seem to be hovering just above the finger. Alternatively, a piece of paper with a small opening cut into it can be used in a similar manner; when correctly positioned between the image pair and the viewer's eyes, it will seem to frame a small three-dimensional image.</li></ul> <p>Prismatic, self-masking glasses are now being used by some cross-eyed-view advocates. These reduce the degree of convergence required and allow large images to be displayed. However, any viewing aid that uses prisms, mirrors or lenses to assist fusion or focus is simply a type of stereoscope, excluded by the customary definition of freeviewing. </p><p>Stereoscopically fusing two separate images without the aid of mirrors or prisms while simultaneously keeping them in sharp focus without the aid of suitable viewing lenses inevitably requires an unnatural combination of eye <a href="/wiki/Vergence" title="Vergence">vergence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">accommodation</a>. Simple freeviewing therefore cannot accurately reproduce the physiological depth cues of the real-world viewing experience. Different individuals may experience differing degrees of ease and comfort in achieving fusion and good focus, as well as differing tendencies to eye fatigue or strain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autostereogram">Autostereogram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Autostereogram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Autostereogram" title="Autostereogram">Autostereogram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Random_dot_stereogram" title="Random dot stereogram">Random dot stereogram</a></div> <p>An autostereogram is a single-image stereogram (SIS), designed to create the <a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">visual illusion</a> of a three-<a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimensional</a> (<a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">3D</a>) scene within the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a> from an external <a href="/wiki/Two-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-dimensional">two-dimensional</a> image. In order to <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">perceive</a> 3D shapes in these autostereograms, one must overcome the normally automatic coordination between <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">focusing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vergence" title="Vergence">vergence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stereoscope_and_stereographic_cards">Stereoscope and stereographic cards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stereoscope and stereographic cards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">Stereoscope</a></div> <p>The stereoscope is essentially an instrument in which two photographs of the same object, taken from slightly different angles, are simultaneously presented, one to each eye. A simple stereoscope is limited in the size of the image that may be used. A more complex stereoscope uses a pair of horizontal <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscope</a>-like devices, allowing the use of larger images that can present more detailed information in a wider field of view. One can buy historical stereoscopes such as Holmes stereoscopes as antiques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparency_viewers">Transparency viewers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transparency viewers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slide_viewer#Stereo_slide_viewer" title="Slide viewer">Slide viewer § Stereo slide viewer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View-Master_Model_E.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/View-Master_Model_E.JPG/220px-View-Master_Model_E.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/View-Master_Model_E.JPG/330px-View-Master_Model_E.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/View-Master_Model_E.JPG/440px-View-Master_Model_E.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="1403" /></a><figcaption>A View-Master Model E of the 1950s</figcaption></figure> <p>Some stereoscopes are designed for viewing transparent photographs on film or glass, known as <i>transparencies</i> or <i>diapositives</i> and commonly called <i>slides</i>. Some of the earliest stereoscope views, issued in the 1850s, were on glass. In the early 20th century, 45x107 mm and 6x13 cm glass slides were common formats for amateur stereo photography, especially in Europe. In later years, several film-based formats were in use. The best-known formats for commercially issued stereo views on film are <a href="/wiki/Tru-Vue" title="Tru-Vue">Tru-Vue</a>, introduced in 1931, and <a href="/wiki/View-Master" title="View-Master">View-Master</a>, introduced in 1939 and still in production. For amateur stereo slides, the <a href="/wiki/Stereo_Realist" title="Stereo Realist">Stereo Realist</a> format, introduced in 1947, is by far the most common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head-mounted_displays">Head-mounted displays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Head-mounted displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EmaginZ800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/EmaginZ800.jpg/220px-EmaginZ800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/EmaginZ800.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">HMD</a> with a separate video source displayed in front of each eye to achieve a stereoscopic effect</figcaption></figure> <p>The user typically wears a helmet or glasses with two small <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic light-emitting diode">OLED</a> displays with magnifying lenses, one for each eye. The technology can be used to show stereo films, images or games, but it can also be used to create a <i>virtual</i> display. Head-mounted displays may also be coupled with head-tracking devices, allowing the user to "look around" the virtual world by moving their head, eliminating the need for a separate controller. Performing this update quickly enough to avoid inducing nausea in the user requires a great amount of computer image processing. If six axis position sensing (direction and position) is used then wearer may move about within the limitations of the equipment used. Owing to rapid advancements in computer graphics and the continuing miniaturization of video and other equipment these devices are beginning to become available at more reasonable cost. </p><p>Head-mounted or wearable glasses may be used to view a see-through image imposed upon the real world view, creating what is called <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a>. This is done by reflecting the video images through partially reflective mirrors. The real world view is seen through the mirrors' reflective surface. Experimental systems have been used for gaming, where virtual opponents may peek from real windows as a player moves about. This type of system is expected to have wide application in the maintenance of complex systems, as it can give a technician what is effectively "x-ray vision" by combining computer graphics rendering of hidden elements with the technician's natural vision. Additionally, technical data and schematic diagrams may be delivered to this same equipment, eliminating the need to obtain and carry bulky paper documents. </p><p>Augmented stereoscopic vision is also expected to have applications in surgery, as it allows the combination of radiographic data (<a href="/wiki/CAT_scan" class="mw-redirect" title="CAT scan">CAT scans</a> and <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> imaging) with the surgeon's vision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_retinal_displays">Virtual retinal displays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Virtual retinal displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></div> <p>A virtual retinal display (VRD), also known as a retinal scan display (RSD) or retinal projector (RP), not to be confused with a "<a href="/wiki/Retina_Display" class="mw-redirect" title="Retina Display">Retina Display</a>", is a display technology that draws a <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster</a> image (like a <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> picture) directly onto the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> of the eye. The user sees what appears to be a conventional display floating in space in front of them. For true stereoscopy, each eye must be provided with its own discrete display. To produce a virtual display that occupies a usefully large visual angle but does not involve the use of relatively large lenses or mirrors, the light source must be very close to the eye. A contact lens incorporating one or more semiconductor light sources is the form most commonly proposed. As of 2013, the inclusion of suitable light-beam-scanning means in a contact lens is still very problematic, as is the alternative of embedding a reasonably transparent array of hundreds of thousands (or millions, for HD resolution) of accurately aligned sources of collimated light. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg/220px-Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg/330px-Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg/440px-Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>A pair of LC shutter glasses used to view XpanD 3D films. The thick frames conceal the electronics and batteries.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:REALD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/REALD.JPG/220px-REALD.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/REALD.JPG/330px-REALD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/REALD.JPG/440px-REALD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>RealD circular polarized glasses</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="3D_viewers">3D viewers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 3D viewers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"3D viewer" redirects here. For Microsoft Store app bundled with Windows 10, see <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_3D_Viewer" title="Microsoft 3D Viewer">Microsoft 3D Viewer</a>.</div> <p>There are two categories of 3D viewer technology, active and passive. Active viewers have electronics which interact with a display. Passive viewers filter constant streams of binocular input to the appropriate eye. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active">Active</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Active"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shutter_systems">Shutter systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shutter systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Active-3d-shutter-technology.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Active-3d-shutter-technology.gif/220px-Active-3d-shutter-technology.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Active-3d-shutter-technology.gif/330px-Active-3d-shutter-technology.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Active-3d-shutter-technology.gif/440px-Active-3d-shutter-technology.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Functional principle of active shutter 3D systems</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Active_shutter_3D_system" title="Active shutter 3D system">Active shutter 3D system</a></div> <p>A shutter system works by openly presenting the image intended for the left eye while blocking the right eye's view, then presenting the right-eye image while blocking the left eye, and repeating this so rapidly that the interruptions do not interfere with the perceived fusion of the two images into a single 3D image. It generally uses liquid crystal shutter glasses. Each eye's glass contains a liquid crystal layer which has the property of becoming dark when voltage is applied, being otherwise transparent. The glasses are controlled by a timing signal that allows the glasses to alternately darken over one eye, and then the other, in synchronization with the refresh rate of the screen. The main drawback of active shutters is that most 3D videos and movies were shot with simultaneous left and right views, so that it introduces a "time parallax" for anything side-moving: for instance, someone walking at 3.4 mph will be seen 20% too close or 25% too remote in the most current case of a 2x60 Hz projection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive">Passive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Passive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polarization_systems">Polarization systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Polarization systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Polarized_3D_system" title="Polarized 3D system">Polarized 3D system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vectograph" title="Vectograph">Vectograph</a></div> <p>To present stereoscopic pictures, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through <a href="/wiki/Polarizer" title="Polarizer">polarizing</a> filters or presented on a <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">display</a> with polarized filters. For projection, a silver screen is used so that polarization is preserved. On most passive displays every other row of pixels is polarized for one eye or the other.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method is also known as being interlaced. The viewer wears low-cost eyeglasses which also contain a pair of opposite polarizing filters. As each filter only passes light which is similarly polarized and blocks the opposite polarized light, each eye only sees one of the images, and the effect is achieved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interference_filter_systems">Interference filter systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Interference filter systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D#Interference_filter_systems" title="Anaglyph 3D">Interference filter systems</a></div> <p>This technique uses specific wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the right eye, and different wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the left eye. Eyeglasses which filter out the very specific wavelengths allow the wearer to see a full color 3D image. It is also known as <i>spectral comb filtering</i> or <i>wavelength multiplex visualization</i> or <i>super-anaglyph</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dolby_3D" title="Dolby 3D">Dolby 3D</a> uses this principle. The Omega 3D/<a href="/wiki/Panavision_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Panavision 3D">Panavision 3D</a> system has also used an improved version of this technology<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2012 the Omega 3D/Panavision 3D system was discontinued by DPVO Theatrical, who marketed it on behalf of Panavision, citing "challenging global economic and 3D market conditions". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anaglyph_glasses.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Anaglyph_glasses.png/220px-Anaglyph_glasses.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Anaglyph_glasses.png/330px-Anaglyph_glasses.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Anaglyph_glasses.png/440px-Anaglyph_glasses.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Anaglyph 3D glasses</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Color_anaglyph_systems">Color anaglyph systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Color anaglyph systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">Anaglyph 3D</a></div> <p>Anaglyph 3D is the name given to the stereoscopic 3D effect achieved by means of encoding each eye's image using filters of different (usually chromatically opposite) colors, typically <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>. Red-cyan filters can be used because our vision processing systems use red and cyan comparisons, as well as blue and yellow, to determine the color and contours of objects. Anaglyph 3D images contain two differently filtered colored images, one for each eye. When viewed through the "color-coded" "anaglyph glasses", each of the two images reaches one eye, revealing an integrated stereoscopic image. The <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a> of the brain fuses this into perception of a three dimensional scene or composition.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ChromaDepth_system">ChromaDepth system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: ChromaDepth system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farbfilterbrille_mit_Minilinsen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Farbfilterbrille_mit_Minilinsen.png/220px-Farbfilterbrille_mit_Minilinsen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Farbfilterbrille_mit_Minilinsen.png/330px-Farbfilterbrille_mit_Minilinsen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Farbfilterbrille_mit_Minilinsen.png/440px-Farbfilterbrille_mit_Minilinsen.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>ChromaDepth glasses with prism-like film</figcaption></figure> <p>The ChromaDepth procedure of American Paper Optics is based on the fact that with a prism, colors are separated by varying degrees. The ChromaDepth eyeglasses contain special view foils, which consist of microscopically small prisms. This causes the image to be translated a certain amount that depends on its color. If one uses a prism foil now with one eye but not on the other eye, then the two seen pictures – depending upon color – are more or less widely separated. The brain produces the spatial impression from this difference. The advantage of this technology consists above all of the fact that one can regard ChromaDepth pictures also without eyeglasses (thus two-dimensional) problem-free (unlike with two-color anaglyph). However the colors are only limitedly selectable, since they contain the depth information of the picture. If one changes the color of an object, then its observed distance will also be changed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bild-OpenKMQKit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bild-OpenKMQKit1.jpg/220px-Bild-OpenKMQKit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bild-OpenKMQKit1.jpg/330px-Bild-OpenKMQKit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bild-OpenKMQKit1.jpg/440px-Bild-OpenKMQKit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/KMQ_viewer" title="KMQ viewer">KMQ stereo prismatic viewer</a> with openKMQ plastics extensions</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pulfrich_method">Pulfrich method</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pulfrich method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pulfrich_effect" title="Pulfrich effect">Pulfrich effect</a></div> <p>The Pulfrich effect is based on the phenomenon of the human eye processing images more slowly when there is less light, as when looking through a dark lens.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the Pulfrich effect depends on motion in a particular direction to instigate the illusion of depth, it is not useful as a general stereoscopic technique. For example, it cannot be used to show a stationary object apparently extending into or out of the screen; similarly, objects moving vertically will not be seen as moving in depth. Incidental movement of objects will create spurious artifacts, and these incidental effects will be seen as artificial depth not related to actual depth in the scene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Over/under_format"><span id="Over.2Funder_format"></span>Over/under format</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Over/under format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stereoscopic viewing is achieved by placing an image pair one above one another. Special viewers are made for over/under format that tilt the right eyesight slightly up and the left eyesight slightly down. The most common one with mirrors is the View Magic. Another with <a href="/wiki/Prismatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prismatic">prismatic</a> glasses is the <a href="/wiki/KMQ_viewer" title="KMQ viewer">KMQ viewer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-berezin_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berezin-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent usage of this technique is the openKMQ project.<sup id="cite_ref-openkqm_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openkqm-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_display_methods_without_viewers">Other display methods without viewers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other display methods without viewers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Autostereoscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png/220px-Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png/330px-Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png/440px-Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a> uses parallax barrier autostereoscopy to display a 3D image.</figcaption></figure> <p>Autostereoscopic display technologies use optical components in the display, rather than worn by the user, to enable each eye to see a different image. Because headgear is not required, it is also called "glasses-free 3D". The optics split the images directionally into the viewer's eyes, so the display viewing geometry requires limited head positions that will achieve the stereoscopic effect. <a href="/wiki/Automultiscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Automultiscopic">Automultiscopic</a> displays provide multiple views of the same scene, rather than just two. Each view is visible from a different range of positions in front of the display. This allows the viewer to move left-right in front of the display and see the correct view from any position. The technology includes two broad classes of displays: those that use head-tracking to ensure that each of the viewer's two eyes sees a different image on the screen, and those that display multiple views so that the display does not need to know where the viewers' eyes are directed. Examples of autostereoscopic displays technology include <a href="/wiki/Lenticular_lens" title="Lenticular lens">lenticular lens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parallax_barrier" title="Parallax barrier">parallax barrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">volumetric display</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">holography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Integral_imaging" title="Integral imaging">light field</a> displays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holography">Holography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Holography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_holography" title="Computer-generated holography">Computer-generated holography</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a> holography, in its original "pure" form of the photographic <i>transmission hologram</i>, is the only technology yet created which can reproduce an object or scene with such complete realism that the reproduction is visually indistinguishable from the original, given the original lighting conditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It creates a <a href="/wiki/Light_field" title="Light field">light field</a> identical to that which emanated from the original scene, with <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> about all axes and a very wide viewing angle. The eye differentially focuses objects at different distances and subject detail is preserved down to the microscopic level. The effect is exactly like looking through a window. Unfortunately, this "pure" form requires the subject to be laser-lit and completely motionless—to within a minor fraction of the wavelength of light—during the photographic exposure, and laser light must be used to properly view the results. Most people have never seen a laser-lit transmission hologram. The types of holograms commonly encountered have seriously compromised image quality so that ordinary white light can be used for viewing, and non-holographic intermediate imaging processes are almost always resorted to, as an alternative to using powerful and hazardous pulsed lasers, when living subjects are photographed. </p><p>Although the original photographic processes have proven impractical for general use, the combination of computer-generated holograms (CGH) and optoelectronic holographic displays, both under development for many years, has the potential to transform the half-century-old pipe dream of holographic 3D television into a reality; so far, however, the large amount of calculation required to generate just one detailed hologram, and the huge bandwidth required to transmit a stream of them, have confined this technology to the research laboratory. </p><p>In 2013, a Silicon Valley company, <a href="/wiki/LEIA_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="LEIA Inc">LEIA Inc</a>, started manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Holographic_display" title="Holographic display">holographic displays</a> well suited for mobile devices (watches, smartphones or tablets) using a multi-directional backlight and allowing a wide full-<a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> angle view to see <a href="/wiki/Three_dimensional_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Three dimensional space">3D</a> content without the need of glasses.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volumetric_displays">Volumetric displays</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Volumetric displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric display</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bubblegram" title="Bubblegram">Bubblegram</a></div> <p>Volumetric displays use some physical mechanism to display points of light within a volume. Such displays use <a href="/wiki/Voxel" title="Voxel">voxels</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a>. Volumetric displays include multiplanar displays, which have multiple display planes stacked up, and rotating panel displays, where a rotating panel sweeps out a volume. </p><p>Other technologies have been developed to project light dots in the air above a device. An infrared laser is focused on the destination in space, generating a small bubble of plasma which emits visible light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Integral_imaging">Integral imaging</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Integral imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Integral_imaging" title="Integral imaging">Integral imaging</a></div> <p>Integral imaging is a technique for producing 3D displays which are both <a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">autostereoscopic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiscopy" title="Multiscopy">multiscopic</a>, meaning that the 3D image is viewed without the use of special glasses and different aspects are seen when it is viewed from positions that differ either horizontally or vertically. This is achieved by using an array of <a href="/wiki/Microlens" title="Microlens">microlenses</a> (akin to a <a href="/wiki/Lenticular_lens" title="Lenticular lens">lenticular lens</a>, but an X–Y or "fly's eye" array in which each <a href="/wiki/Lenslet" title="Lenslet">lenslet</a> typically forms its own image of the scene without assistance from a larger <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective lens</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinholes</a> to capture and display the scene as a 4D <a href="/wiki/Light_field" title="Light field">light field</a>, producing stereoscopic images that exhibit realistic alterations of <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a> when the viewer moves left, right, up, down, closer, or farther away. </p><p>Integral imaging may not technically be a type of autostereoscopy, as autostereoscopy still refers to the generation of two images. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wiggle_stereoscopy">Wiggle stereoscopy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Wiggle stereoscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wiggle_stereoscopy" title="Wiggle stereoscopy">Wiggle stereoscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_depth_effect" title="Kinetic depth effect">Kinetic depth effect</a></div> <p>Wiggle stereoscopy is an image display technique achieved by quickly alternating display of left and right sides of a stereogram. Found in <a href="/wiki/Animated_GIF" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated GIF">animated GIF</a> format on the web, online examples are visible in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stereo.nypl.org/create">New-York Public Library stereogram collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525123406/https://stereo.nypl.org/create">Archived</a> 25 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The technique is also known as "Piku-Piku".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stereo_photography_techniques">Stereo photography techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Stereo photography techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cam%C3%A9ra_3D,_2011_Roland_Garros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cam%C3%A9ra_3D%2C_2011_Roland_Garros.jpg/220px-Cam%C3%A9ra_3D%2C_2011_Roland_Garros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cam%C3%A9ra_3D%2C_2011_Roland_Garros.jpg/330px-Cam%C3%A9ra_3D%2C_2011_Roland_Garros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cam%C3%A9ra_3D%2C_2011_Roland_Garros.jpg/440px-Cam%C3%A9ra_3D%2C_2011_Roland_Garros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Modern stereo TV camera</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stereo_photography_techniques" title="Stereo photography techniques">Stereo photography techniques</a></div> <p>For general-purpose stereo photography, where the goal is to duplicate natural human vision and give a visual impression as close as possible to actually being there, the correct baseline (distance between where the right and left images are taken) would be the same as the distance between the eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When images taken with such a baseline are viewed using a viewing method that duplicates the conditions under which the picture is taken, then the result would be an image much the same as that which would be seen at the site the photo was taken. This could be described as "ortho stereo." </p><p>However, there are situations in which it might be desirable to use a longer or shorter baseline. The factors to consider include the viewing method to be used and the goal in taking the picture. The concept of baseline also applies to other branches of stereography, such as stereo drawings and <a href="/wiki/Computer_stereo_vision" title="Computer stereo vision">computer generated stereo images</a>, but it involves the point of view chosen rather than actual physical separation of cameras or lenses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stereo_window">Stereo window</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Stereo window"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of the stereo window is always important, since the window is the stereoscopic image of the external boundaries of left and right views constituting the stereoscopic image. If any object, which is cut off by lateral sides of the window, is placed in front of it, an effect results that is unnatural and is undesirable, this is called a "window violation." This can best be understood by returning to the analogy of an actual physical window. Therefore, there is a contradiction between two different depth cues: some elements of the image are hidden by the window, so that the window appears closer than these elements, and the same elements of the image appear closer than the window. As such, the stereo window must always be adjusted to avoid window violations to prevent viewer discomfort from conflicting depth cues. </p><p>Some objects can be seen in front of the window, as far as they do not reach the lateral sides of the window. But these objects cannot be seen as too close, since there is always a limit of the parallax range for comfortable viewing. </p><p>If a scene is viewed through a window the entire scene would normally be behind the window (assuming parallel view, with left images being seen by the left eye and vice versa). If the scene is distant, it would be some distance behind the window; if it is nearby, it would appear to be just beyond the window. An object smaller than the window itself could even go through the window and appear partially or completely in front of it. The same applies to a part of a larger object that is smaller than the window. The goal of setting the stereo window is to duplicate this effect. </p><p>Therefore, the location of the window versus the whole of the image must be adjusted so that most of the image is seen beyond the window. In the case of viewing on a 3D TV set, it is easier to place the window in front of the image, and to let the window in the plane of the screen. </p><p>On the contrary, in the case of projection on a much larger screen, it is much better to set the window in front of the screen (it is called "floating window"), for instance so that it is viewed about two meters away by the viewers sit in the first row. Therefore, these people will normally see the background of the image at the infinite. Of course the viewers seated beyond will see the window more remote, but if the image is made in normal conditions, so that the first row viewers see this background at the infinite, the other viewers, seated behind, will also see this background at the infinite, since the parallax of this background is equal to the average human interocular distance. </p><p>The entire scene, including the window, can be moved backwards or forwards in depth, by horizontally sliding the left and right eye views relative to each other. Moving either or both images away from the center will bring the whole scene away from the viewer, whereas moving either or both images toward the center will move the whole scene toward the viewer. This is possible, for instance, if two projectors are used for this projection. </p><p>In stereo photography window adjustments is accomplished by shifting/cropping the images, in other forms of stereoscopy such as drawings and computer generated images the window is built into the design of the images as they are generated. </p><p>The images can be cropped creatively to create a stereo window that is not necessarily rectangular or lying on a flat plane perpendicular to the viewer's line of sight. The edges of the stereo frame can be straight or curved and, when viewed in 3D, can flow toward or away from the viewer and through the scene. These designed stereo frames can help emphasize certain elements in the stereo image or can be an artistic component of the stereo image. </p><p>In freeview parallel method or glasses/stereoscope-assisted 3D viewing, “window violations” may refer to subjects that are cropped beyond the focal plane or screen (as if looking at part of a large object that fills a narrow window). However, most window violations refer to objects viewed in crossview (“popouts” where an object appears before the focal plane or screen; right image to left eye and vice versa), where parts of the object appear to be physically cropped; imagine a large object extruded through a small window such that its edges are literally cut off. This is a critical, traditional window violation before the window (between a viewer and the screen), and is most disorienting because parts of the popout object seem to be missing, rather than merely hidden as they would be with parallel-viewed objects beyond the window (depth). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stereoscopic_view_galaxy_earth_moon_(816_x_420)_for_cross-eyed_viewing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stereoscopic_view_galaxy_earth_moon_%28816_x_420%29_for_cross-eyed_viewing.png/220px-Stereoscopic_view_galaxy_earth_moon_%28816_x_420%29_for_cross-eyed_viewing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stereoscopic_view_galaxy_earth_moon_%28816_x_420%29_for_cross-eyed_viewing.png/330px-Stereoscopic_view_galaxy_earth_moon_%28816_x_420%29_for_cross-eyed_viewing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stereoscopic_view_galaxy_earth_moon_%28816_x_420%29_for_cross-eyed_viewing.png/440px-Stereoscopic_view_galaxy_earth_moon_%28816_x_420%29_for_cross-eyed_viewing.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Cross-eyed stereography of an artistic depiction of the solar system and nearby galaxies</figcaption></figure> <p>While stereoscopic images have typically been used for amusement, including <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">stereographic cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D films</a>, <a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_video_game" title="Stereoscopic video game">stereoscopic video games</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> printings using <a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">anaglyph</a> and pictures, posters and books of <a href="/wiki/Autostereogram" title="Autostereogram">autostereograms</a>, there are also other uses of this technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> created some impressive stereograms in his exploration in a variety of optical illusions. Other stereo artists include Zoe Beloff, Christopher Schneberger, Rebecca Hackemann, William Kentridge, and Jim Naughten.<sup id="cite_ref-salvador_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salvador-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red-and-cyan anaglyph stereoscopic images have also been painted by hand.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, it was realized that stereoscopic images provided an opportunity for people to experience places and things far away, and many tour sets were produced, and books were published allowing people to learn about geography, science, history, and other subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such uses continued till the mid-20th century, with the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_View_Company" title="Keystone View Company">Keystone View Company</a> producing cards into the 1960s. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpiritsShadow-Sol153-6-8-2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SpiritsShadow-Sol153-6-8-2004.jpg/300px-SpiritsShadow-Sol153-6-8-2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SpiritsShadow-Sol153-6-8-2004.jpg/450px-SpiritsShadow-Sol153-6-8-2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SpiritsShadow-Sol153-6-8-2004.jpg/600px-SpiritsShadow-Sol153-6-8-2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>This image, captured on 8 June 2004, is an example of a composite <a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaglyph image">anaglyph image</a> generated from the stereo <a href="/wiki/Pancam" title="Pancam">Pancam</a> on <a href="/wiki/Spirit_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit rover">Spirit</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>. It can be viewed stereoscopically with proper red/cyan filter glasses. A single 2D version is <a href="/wiki/File:SpiritsShadow-Sol153-6-8-2004-flat.jpg" title="File:SpiritsShadow-Sol153-6-8-2004-flat.jpg">also available</a>. <i>Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech.</i><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3d_glasses_red_cyan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/3d_glasses_red_cyan.svg/37px-3d_glasses_red_cyan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/3d_glasses_red_cyan.svg/56px-3d_glasses_red_cyan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/3d_glasses_red_cyan.svg/74px-3d_glasses_red_cyan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="70" /></a></span> <small><a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">3D red cyan</a> glasses are recommended to view this image correctly.</small></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_exploration">Space exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Space exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>, launched by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> in 2003 to explore the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, are equipped with unique cameras that allow researchers to view stereoscopic images of the surface of Mars. </p><p>The two cameras that make up each rover's <a href="/wiki/Pancam" title="Pancam">Pancam</a> are situated 1.5m above the ground surface, and are separated by 30 cm, with 1 degree of toe-in. This allows the image pairs to be made into scientifically useful stereoscopic images, which can be viewed as stereograms, anaglyphs, or processed into 3D computer images.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ability to create realistic 3D images from a pair of cameras at roughly human-height gives researchers increased insight as to the nature of the landscapes being viewed. In environments without hazy atmospheres or familiar landmarks, humans rely on stereoscopic clues to judge distance. Single camera viewpoints are therefore more difficult to interpret. Multiple camera stereoscopic systems like the Pancam address this problem with uncrewed space exploration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinical_uses">Clinical uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Clinical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stereogram cards and <a href="/wiki/Vectograph" title="Vectograph">vectographs</a> are used by <a href="/wiki/Optometrists" class="mw-redirect" title="Optometrists">optometrists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophthalmologists">ophthalmologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthoptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthoptist">orthoptists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vision_therapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision therapist">vision therapists</a> in the diagnosis and treatment of <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_reflex" title="Accommodation reflex">accommodative</a> disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical,_scientific_and_engineering_uses"><span id="Mathematical.2C_scientific_and_engineering_uses"></span>Mathematical, scientific and engineering uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Mathematical, scientific and engineering uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trefoil_2D_Stereogram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Trefoil_2D_Stereogram.png/220px-Trefoil_2D_Stereogram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Trefoil_2D_Stereogram.png/330px-Trefoil_2D_Stereogram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Trefoil_2D_Stereogram.png/440px-Trefoil_2D_Stereogram.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A stereogram of a <a href="/wiki/Trefoil_knot" title="Trefoil knot">trefoil knot</a>, generated by the mpl_stereo<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extension to the <a href="/wiki/Matplotlib" title="Matplotlib">Matplotlib</a> open-source plotting library. The stereoscopic effect allows for seeing the otherwise hidden 3D structure.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stereopair photographs provided a way for 3-dimensional (3D) visualisations of <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photographs</a>; since about 2000, 3D aerial views are mainly based on digital stereo imaging technologies. One issue related to stereo images is the amount of disk space needed to save such files. Indeed, a stereo image usually requires twice as much space as a normal image. Recently, computer vision scientists tried to find techniques to attack the visual redundancy of stereopairs with the aim to define compressed version of stereopair files.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cartographers generate today stereopairs using computer programs in order to visualise topography in three dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computerised stereo visualisation applies stereo matching programs.<sup id="cite_ref-Klette_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klette-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In biology and chemistry, complex molecular structures are often rendered in stereopairs. The same technique can also be applied to any mathematical (or scientific, or engineering) parameter that is a function of two variables, although in these cases it is more common for a three-dimensional effect to be created using a 'distorted' mesh or shading (as if from a distant light source). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_stereoscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud stereoscopy">Cloud stereoscopy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ignomini.com/photographica/stereophotovintage/kaiserpanorama/kaiserpanorama.html">"The Kaiser (Emperor) Panorama"</a>. 9 June 2012.</cite><span 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Vol. 8156. pp. <span class="nowrap">391–</span>399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-41181-6_40">10.1007/978-3-642-41181-6_40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-41180-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-41180-9"><bdi>978-3-642-41180-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13274055">13274055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adaptive+Compression+of+Stereoscopic+Images&rft.btitle=Image+Analysis+and+Processing+%E2%80%93+ICIAP+2013&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13274055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-41181-6_40&rft.isbn=978-3-642-41180-9&rft.aulast=Ortis&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft.au=Rundo%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Di+Giore%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Battiato%2C+Sebastiano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-41181-6_40.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStereoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watson_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David F. Watson (1992). <i>Contouring. A Guide to the Analysis and Display of Spatial Data</i> (with programs on diskette). In: Daniel F. Merriam (Ed.); Computer Methods in the Geosciences; Pergamon / Elsevier Science, Amsterdam; 321 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-040286-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-040286-0">0-08-040286-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klette-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klette_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinhard Klette (2014). "Concise Computer Vision" (see Chapter 8 for stereo matching). Springer, London; 429 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-6319-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-6319-0">978-1-4471-6319-0</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="stereoworld1" class="citation journal cs1">Simmons, Gordon (March–April 1996). "Clarence G. Henning: The Man Behind the Macro". <i>Stereo World</i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stereo+World&rft.atitle=Clarence+G.+Henning%3A+The+Man+Behind+the+Macro&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1996-03%2F1996-04&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStereoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="stereoworld2" class="citation journal cs1">Willke, Mark A.; Zakowski, Ron (March–April 1996). "A Close Look into the Realist Macro Stereo System". <i>Stereo World</i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stereo+World&rft.atitle=A+Close+Look+into+the+Realist+Macro+Stereo+System&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=1996-03%2F1996-04&rft.aulast=Willke&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.au=Zakowski%2C+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStereoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="realistmanual" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Willard D.; Lester, Henry M. (October 1954). <i>Stereo Realist Manual</i>. and 14 contributors. New York: Morgan & Lester. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954srm..book.....M">1954srm..book.....M</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/789470">789470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stereo+Realist+Manual&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Lester&rft.date=1954-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F789470&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954srm..book.....M&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Willard+D.&rft.au=Lester%2C+Henry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStereoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Scott B. Steinman, Barbara A. Steinman and Ralph Philip Garzia. (2000). <i>Foundations of Binocular Vision: A Clinical perspective</i>. McGraw-Hill Medical. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8385-2670-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8385-2670-5">0-8385-2670-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parallel-view_stereo_images" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parallel-view stereo images">Parallel-view stereo images</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crosseye-view_stereo_images" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crosseye-view stereo images">Crosseye-view stereo images</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_collections">Archival collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Archival collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf238nb0qx/">Guide to the Edward R. Frank Stereograph Collection.</a> Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dr.library.brocku.ca/handle/10464/7057">Niagara Falls Stereo Cards RG 541</a> Brock University Library Digital Repository</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.louisville.edu/archives/stereographic-views">Stereographic Views of Louisville and Beyond, 1850s-1930</a> from the University of Louisville Archives & Special Collections</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereoscopy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.binocularity.org">Durham Visualization Laboratory stereoscopic imaging methods and software tools</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/stereoweb/">University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections Stereocard Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/boston_public_library/sets/72157604192771132/">Stereoscopy</a> on <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15795coll8">American University in Cairo Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library Underwood & Underwood Egypt Stereoviews Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf3489n9sv/">Views of California and the West, ca. 1867–1903</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bancroft_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bancroft Library">The Bancroft Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402211551/http://colleenwoolpert.com/Sight-Unseen-Stereographs-from-the-OHA-Collection-1850-1930">Museum exhibition on the history of stereographs and stereoscopes (1850–1930)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mind.work/2018/12/08/selfie-from-1890/">Two stereoscopic selfies from 1890</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stereoscopictures.com/">STEREOSCOPICTURES</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stereoworld.org/">National Stereoscopic Association</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stereoscopy" title="Template:Stereoscopy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stereoscopy" title="Template talk:Stereoscopy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stereoscopy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stereoscopy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stereoscopy_and_3D_display141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stereoscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/3D_display" title="3D display">3D display</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_stereo_view" title="3D stereo view">3D stereo view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binocular_rivalry" title="Binocular rivalry">Binocular rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">Binocular vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromostereopsis" title="Chromostereopsis">Chromostereopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_insufficiency" title="Convergence insufficiency">Convergence insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_problem" title="Correspondence problem">Correspondence problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vision" title="Peripheral vision">Peripheral vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">Depth perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipolar_geometry" title="Epipolar geometry">Epipolar geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_depth_effect" title="Kinetic depth effect">Kinetic depth effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoblindness" title="Stereoblindness">Stereoblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">Stereopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereopsis_recovery" title="Stereopsis recovery">Stereopsis recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_acuity" title="Stereoscopic acuity">Stereoscopic acuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergence-accommodation_conflict" title="Vergence-accommodation conflict">Vergence-accommodation conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display<br />technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_shutter_3D_system" title="Active shutter 3D system">Active shutter 3D system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">Anaglyph 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereogram" title="Autostereogram">Autostereogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubblegram" title="Bubblegram">Bubblegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_imaging" title="Integral imaging">Integral imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_lens" title="Lenticular lens">Lenticular lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiscopy" title="Multiscopy">Multiscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_barrier" title="Parallax barrier">Parallax barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_scrolling" title="Parallax scrolling">Parallax scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarized_3D_system" title="Polarized 3D system">Polarized 3D system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specular_holography" title="Specular holography">Specular holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_display" title="3D display">Stereo display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">Stereoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectograph" title="Vectograph">Vectograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiggle_stereoscopy" title="Wiggle stereoscopy">Wiggle stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2D_to_3D_conversion" title="2D to 3D conversion">2D to 3D conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2D_plus_Delta" title="2D plus Delta">2D plus Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2D-plus-depth" title="2D-plus-depth">2D-plus-depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_stereo_vision" title="Computer stereo vision">Computer stereo vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiview_Video_Coding" title="Multiview Video Coding">Multiview Video Coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_scanning" title="Parallax scanning">Parallax scanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscope" title="Pseudoscope">Pseudoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_photography_techniques" title="Stereo photography techniques">Stereo photography techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoautograph" title="Stereoautograph">Stereoautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_depth_rendition" title="Stereoscopic depth rendition">Stereoscopic depth rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_rangefinder" title="Stereoscopic rangefinder">Stereoscopic rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_spectroscopy" title="Stereoscopic spectroscopy">Stereoscopic spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_video_coding" title="Stereoscopic video coding">Stereoscopic video coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product<br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_camcorder" title="3D camcorder">3D camcorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D-enabled mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4D_film" title="4D film">4D film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray 3D">Blu-ray 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_3D" title="Digital 3D">Digital 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_camera" title="Stereo camera">Stereo camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_microscope" title="Stereo microscope">Stereo microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_video_game" title="Stereoscopic video game">Stereoscopic video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_HD3D" title="AMD HD3D">AMD HD3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_3D" title="Dolby 3D">Dolby 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm_FinePix_Real_3D" title="Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D">Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infitec" title="Infitec">Infitec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MasterImage_3D" title="MasterImage 3D">MasterImage 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Nintendo_3DS" title="New Nintendo 3DS">New 3DS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_3D_Vision" title="Nvidia 3D Vision">Nvidia 3D Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panavision_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Panavision 3D">Panavision 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealD_3D" title="RealD 3D">RealD 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Actius_RD3D_Notebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharp Actius RD3D Notebook">Sharp Actius RD3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View-Master" title="View-Master">View-Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XpanD_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="XpanD 3D">XpanD 3D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereographer" title="Stereographer">Stereographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_Displays_and_Applications" title="Stereoscopic Displays and Applications">Stereoscopic Displays and Applications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Display_technology191" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Display_technology" title="Template:Display technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Display_technology" title="Template talk:Display technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Display_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Display technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Display_technology191" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">Display technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Display_device#video_display" title="Display device">Video displays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Past<br />generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eidophor" title="Eidophor">Eidophor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumbotron" title="Jumbotron">Jumbotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescent_display" title="Electroluminescent display">Electroluminescent display</a> (ELD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-projection_television" title="Rear-projection television">Rear-projection display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">Plasma display panel</a> (PDP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_lighting_of_surfaces" title="Alternate lighting of surfaces">ALiS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Current <br />generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_display" title="Quantum dot display">Quantum dot display</a> (QLED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">Electronic paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E_Ink" title="E Ink">E Ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyricon" title="Gyricon">Gyricon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LED_display" title="LED display">Light-emitting diode display</a> (LED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMOLED" title="AMOLED">Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode</a> (AMOLED)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">Liquid-crystal display</a> (LCD) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TFT_LCD" title="TFT LCD">TFT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twisted_nematic_field_effect" title="Twisted nematic field effect">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPS_panel" title="IPS panel">IPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LED-backlit_LCD" title="LED-backlit LCD">LED-backlit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_phase_mode_LCD" title="Blue phase mode LCD">Blue Phase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_light_processing" title="Digital light processing">Digital light processing</a> (DLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_on_silicon" title="Liquid crystal on silicon">Liquid crystal on silicon</a> (LCoS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Next_generation_of_display_technology" title="Next generation of display technology">Next <br />generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MicroLED" title="MicroLED">microLED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_display#Self-emissive_quantum_dot_diodes" title="Quantum dot display">Electroluminescent Quantum Dots</a> (ELQD/QD-LED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic light-emitting transistor</a> (OLET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-conduction_electron-emitter_display" title="Surface-conduction electron-emitter display">Surface-conduction electron-emitter display</a> (SED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-emission_display" title="Field-emission display">Field-emission display</a> (FED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_TV" title="Laser TV">Laser TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_laser" title="Quantum dot laser">Quantum dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_laser" title="Liquid-crystal laser">Liquid crystal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">MEMS</a> display <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferometric_modulator_display" title="Interferometric modulator display">IMoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-multiplexed_optical_shutter" title="Time-multiplexed optical shutter">TMOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferroelectric_liquid_crystal_display" title="Ferroelectric liquid crystal display">Ferroelectric liquid crystal display</a> (FLCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick-film_dielectric_electroluminescent_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology">Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology</a> (TDEL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser-powered_phosphor_display" title="Laser-powered phosphor display">Laser-powered phosphor display</a> (LPD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flip-disc_display" title="Flip-disc display">Flip-dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-flap_display" title="Split-flap display">Split-flap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_display#Eggcrate_displays" title="Text display">Eggcrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_display" title="Fiber-optic display">Fiber-optic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_fluorescent_display" title="Vacuum fluorescent display">Vacuum fluorescent display</a> (VFD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_electrochemical_cell" title="Light-emitting electrochemical cell">Light-emitting electrochemical cell</a> (LEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightguide_display" title="Lightguide display">Lightguide display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot-matrix_display" title="Dot-matrix display">Dot-matrix display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven-segment_display" title="Seven-segment display">Seven-segment display</a> (SSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-segment_display" title="Eight-segment display">Eight-segment display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-segment_display" title="Nine-segment display">Nine-segment display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen-segment_display" title="Fourteen-segment display">Fourteen-segment display</a> (FSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen-segment_display" title="Sixteen-segment display">Sixteen-segment display</a> (SISD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3D_display" title="3D display">3D display</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stereoscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiscopy" title="Multiscopy">Multiscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Hologram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_display" title="Holographic display">Holographic display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_holography" title="Computer-generated holography">Computer-generated holography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_display" title="Fog display">Fog display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">Neon sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(projection)" title="Transparency (projection)">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_lighting_display" title="Laser lighting display">Laser beam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display capabilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Display_Identification_Data" title="Extended Display Identification Data">EDID</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEA-861" class="mw-redirect" title="CEA-861">CEA-861</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayID" title="DisplayID">DisplayID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always-on_display" title="Always-on display">Always-on display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/See-through_display" title="See-through display">See-through display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scan_line" title="Scan line">Scan line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_display_technology" title="History of display technology">History of display technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-screen_television_technology" title="Large-screen television technology">Large-screen television 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