Musk, X, and Trump 2024: Where are the Legal and Ethical Boundaries?

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</h1> </div> </div> </div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/" title="Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Hendrix</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/jacksondean/" title="Profile and articles by Dean Jackson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dean Jackson</a></p><p class="date">September 20, 2024</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-100265" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100265/musk-trump-legal-boundaries/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-100265" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100265/musk-trump-legal-boundaries/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-100265" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100265/musk-trump-legal-boundaries/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100265/musk-trump-legal-boundaries/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100265/musk-trump-legal-boundaries/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/2024-presidential-election/" rel="tag">2024 Presidential Election</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/2024-us-election-protection/" rel="tag">2024 US Election Protection</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congress/" rel="tag">Congress</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/" rel="tag">Democracy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy-backsliding-series/" rel="tag">Democracy Backsliding Series</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/elon-musk/" rel="tag">Elon Musk</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/political-violence/" rel="tag">political violence</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media/" rel="tag">Social Media</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/" rel="tag">Social Media Platforms</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/technology/" rel="tag">Technology</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/twitter/" rel="tag">Twitter</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/" title="Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Hendrix</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/jacksondean/" title="Profile and articles by Dean Jackson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dean Jackson</a></p><p class="date">September 20, 2024</p></div><p><em>Editor’s note: This article is part of a <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy-backsliding-series/">new series</a> from leading experts with practical solutions to democratic backsliding, polarization, and political violence.</em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Elon Musk, the world’s richest person, is </span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/08/11/musk-x-feed-politics-trump/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">actively using</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> X (formerly Twitter), the social media platform he bought in 2022, to promote his far-right political interests. Vittoria Elliott at </span><a href="https://www.wired.com/story/musk-trump-support-x/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">WIRED</span></i></a> <span style="font-weight: 400;">writes that Musk has made the platform “his own personal political bullhorn.” Tech journalist Casey Newton </span><a href="https://www.platformer.news/trump-returns-x-musk-politics/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">says</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that X is now “just a political project.” </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Even before his endorsement of former President Donald Trump in July, Musk had already changed X in substantial ways that favor MAGA politics and personalities. He restored accounts of far-right figures such as white nationalist </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95385/twitter-x-fuentes-role-january-6th-attack/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nick Fuentes</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and conspiracy theorist </span><a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/musk-poll-shows-x-users-want-us-conspiracy-theorist-jones-account-back-2023-12-10/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Alex Jones</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/05/elon-musk-says-relaxing-content-rules-on-twitter-will-boost-free-speech-but-research-shows-otherwise/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">relaxed content moderation policies</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and disposed of much of the company’s </span><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2024/01/10/elon-musk-fired-80-per-cent-of-twitter-x-engineers-working-on-trust-and-safety/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">trust and safety</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/sep/28/elon-musk-ditches-x-twitter-election-integrity-team-key-votes-disinformation"><span style="font-weight: 400;">election integrity teams</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But after the endorsement, Musk’s efforts on behalf of the Trump campaign appeared </span><a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-lede/elon-musks-surging-political-activism"><span style="font-weight: 400;">to surge</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. He </span><a href="https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/inside-elon-musks-hands-on-push-to-win-800-000-voters-for-trump-0a7d55b3?mod=politics_lead_story"><span style="font-weight: 400;">launched</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> a political action committee dedicated to Trump’s reelection. He </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/12/us/politics/trump-musk-x-fact-check.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">hosted a livestream</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> with the former president, whom Musk coaxed back onto the platform after he was previously banned for incitement to violence after the January 6, 2021 attack on the U.S, Capitol. According to </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/28/us/politics/elon-musk-political-adviser.html"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The New York Times</span></i></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, Musk “hired a Republican operative with expertise in field organizing” to help direct his political activities. And according to Trump, Musk has </span><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo"><span style="font-weight: 400;">agreed</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to head a “government efficiency” task force that aims to make “recommendations for drastic reforms” across the entire federal government should Trump win a second term. All the while, Musk continues to promote his preferred brand of politics through posts on his own account, which has close to 200 million followers (and frequently appears in users’ feed as recommended content whether they follow him or not).</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">While it may be jarring for users and others who hoped the platform might not succumb so completely to the interests of its singular owner, it is Musk’s prerogative to shape X to his tastes. No social media platform is truly politically neutral. And it is not a novel circumstance that the singular owner of a platform has such extraordinary influence over its operations, policies, and political decisions. But Musk’s use of X to try to influence the 2024 U.S. election is the most extreme example to date of a person in his position using a major social media platform for a specific political outcome. It is so blatant and outside the norm, it can be considered a class of its own. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This unique scenario offers an opportunity to consider the various ways that social media platforms could be used to provide advantages for one political campaign over another, and where the ethical and legal lines might currently be drawn. The exercise may also be useful for X staff and board members, who should think carefully in advance about the potential legal and public policy questions arising from Musk’s politicking, including what actions could trip into possible violations of campaign finance and elections law. </span></p> <h2><strong>Where are the red lines? </strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The operators of social media platforms regularly make design, technical, product, and policy decisions that may favor certain parties and their politics. In the past, though, they have typically done so incidentally or to protect themselves from accusations, good faith or otherwise, of political bias. For example, there are many </span><a href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/facebook-arbiter-truth-fact-check-mark-zuckerberg"><span style="font-weight: 400;">past cases</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of platforms shielding conservative users from content moderation. However, we are not aware of a clear example in which the owners of another major social media platform acted to intentionally boost a specific candidate or party. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Musk is different. So his employees may do well to be on the lookout for evidence they are being directed to engage in political manipulation. But not all acts of political manipulation are equal. Some may violate the law, while some are likely legal even if unethical. And some may not be clearly unethical either.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Below, we present possible ways that various aspects of the platform, its policies, and its advertising products could be used to specifically advance the interests of a candidate for office. In order to assess where legal and ethical lines might be drawn, we asked experts on privacy, campaign finance, and election law about different forms of potential manipulation of such a social media platform. Based on their insights, we sorted these possibilities into three categories: those that are potentially illegal, those which fall into a gray zone, and those which raise serious policy questions but few legal risks for X and Musk. </span></p> <h2><strong>Potentially illegal use of social media tools</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Platform operators have broad First Amendment rights to determine which speech they allow, how they moderate content, and with whom they do business. Many of their decisions are also shielded from liability by </span><a href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46751"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But platform operators are also restricted by Federal Election Commission (FEC) regulations, which stipulate that certain actions might be considered in-kind campaign contributions. And, of course, actions taken by corporations or individuals that encourage violence or interfere with electoral processes are also subject to </span><a href="https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/election-hub/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">laws</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> governing voting rights and incitement.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Even so, the bar for proving a violation of these laws is often high. For FEC violations, in particular, it is typically necessary to show, with concrete evidence, that an actor coordinated directly with a campaign. Though this high bar might benefit X in its current incarnation, it also protected Twitter from conservative critics in the past. For instance, an Aug. 2021 </span><a href="https://www.fec.gov/files/legal/murs/7827/7827_12.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">decision</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> by the FEC found the company did not make a material contribution to the Biden campaign by briefly blocking links to a </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">New York Post </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">article about Hunter Biden’s laptop. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There are additional considerations as well. For example, political action committees (PACs) and other non-campaign entities are not bound by the same rules as campaigns. FEC rules also carry a “</span><a href="https://www.fec.gov/updates/ao-2008-14-internet-tv-station-qualifies-for-press-exemption/#:~:text=Under%20FEC%20regulations%20implementing%20the,and%20%22expenditure%2C%22%20provided%20that"><span style="font-weight: 400;">press exemption</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,” which might apply to X. The FEC is politically deadlocked, making enforcement through it even more unlikely. And the Justice Department appears focused on less controversial conduct. Violations can be difficult to detect given the opacity of social media platforms and their internal operations. Legal proceedings – FEC or otherwise – can take months or years. By the time a case is resolved, the election could be long past. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But even if laws and regulations go unenforced, potential violations are still a matter of public concern. Were alleged violations to come to light, they could inspire future congressional hearings, investigations, or legislation. They might also lead to pressure from advertisers or others on Musk to change. And while enforcement may take time, a well-founded criminal indictment or the opening of a formal investigation of a company could also help propel actors toward legal compliance. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">What follows are three areas that may raise legal concerns:</span><b></b></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><b>1. Advertising and monetization.</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Consider if Musk decided to offer discounted advertising rates to favored campaigns or PACs; or if he implemented stricter approval processes for disfavored political actors. Indeed, Musk’s live-streamed interview with former President Trump X is </span><a href="https://s2.washingtonpost.com/camp-rw/?trackId=596a4e319bbc0f0e09e9cd6a&s=66be03b071f4c7584182c0dc&linknum=2&linktot=58"><span style="font-weight: 400;">already</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> under scrutiny, as some observers have wondered if the Trump campaign paid to promote the event and, if so, how much it paid. X also heavily </span><a href="https://s2.washingtonpost.com/camp-rw/?trackId=596a4e319bbc0f0e09e9cd6a&s=66be03b071f4c7584182c0dc&linknum=2&linktot=58"><span style="font-weight: 400;">promoted</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> the interview with a designated hashtag and in its “trending” section for users. Neither X nor the Trump campaign has provided the public with the details of their arrangement. </span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to Adav Noti, executive director of the nonpartisan Campaign Legal Center (CLC), charging differential rates for campaign advertising would likely be illegal. </span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><b>2. Incitement to violence. </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another scenario to contemplate is Musk, through his account or platform support for other accounts, encouraging political violence during or after the election. He could, for example, encourage militia members to stake out polling places, encourage violent demonstrations, or invoke ideas of a “civil war” (</span><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/elon-musk-civil-war-uk-riots-b2591213.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">as he recently did in the United Kingdom</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">). In terms of technical tools, one should consider scenarios in which Musk could manipulate the content recommendation algorithm or interfere in internal enforcement against similar content. Of these possibilities, posts by Musk directly inciting violence or issuing what Noti called “legally cognizable threats” are the most likely to violate the law; but the bar for proving incitement to violence in court can be quite high. </span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">[Editor’s note: Readers may be interested in Berke Gursoy, </span></i><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96646/true-threat-election-workers/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">“True Threats” and the Difficulties of Prosecuting Threats Against Election Workers</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span></i></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><b>3. Interference with election processes or voting rights. </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another scenario to consider is Musk making statements or using X to amplify statements violating state and federal election laws about voting rights and election interference. He has already publicly embraced conspiracy theories about election fraud by, for example, </span><a href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/09/11/elon-musk-says-noncitizens-are-voting-in-arizona-that-isnt-true/75162647007/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">claiming</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that non-citizens are preparing to vote in the upcoming election. Building on these conspiracy theories, Musk could encourage protests and election “observers” (including armed militia members) to monitor polling places. Alternatively, Musk could propagate conspiracies that encourage rogue poll workers and other potential saboteurs to take actions that threaten the election’s integrity. These scenarios might violate both recent and longstanding civil rights laws, such as </span><a href="https://www.democracydocket.com/analysis/section-11b-of-the-vra-protects-voters-from-intimidation/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">section 11 of the Voting Rights Act</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> or the </span><a href="https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/historic-document-library/detail/ku-klux-klan-act-of-1871-april-20-1871-an-act-to-enforce-the-provisions-of-the-fourteenth-amendment-to-the-constitution-of-the-united-states-and-for-other-purposes"><span style="font-weight: 400;">KKK Act</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, but precedent for their enforcement is evolving. For example, the pending case of </span><a href="https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/threading-the-needle-in-united-states-v.-mackey"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">United States v. Mackey</span></i></a> <span style="font-weight: 400;">concerns a man charged under the Enforcement Act of 1870 with using his social media presence to spread false information about voting procedures in a way intended to suppress voter turnout. </span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">That case may be an exception in terms of social media being the mechanism, while the existing laws need to be updated, not just for the artificial intelligence (“AI”) age, but the internet age in general. As a case in point, prosecutors </span><a href="https://www.npr.org/2024/05/23/nx-s1-4977582/fcc-ai-deepfake-robocall-biden-new-hampshire-political-operative"><span style="font-weight: 400;">charged</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> the man allegedly responsible for generating a deepfake call of President Joe Biden in New Hampshire under a law that specifically applies to robocalls.</span> <span style="font-weight: 400;">A social media post containing the same type of deepfake might not have even triggered prosecution under the same law because social media firms are not regulated in the same way as telecoms (see, for example, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, codified at </span><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227"><span style="font-weight: 400;">47 U.S.C. § 227</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and its definition of “automatic telephone dialing systems;” but see also the federal law prohibiting fraudulent misrepresentation of campaign authority, </span><a href="https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title52-section30124&num=0&edition=prelim"><span style="font-weight: 400;">52 U.S.C. § 30124</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and </span><a href="https://www.citizen.org/article/comment-to-fec-a-i-generated-political-deepfakes-are-fraudulent-misrepresentation/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">analysis</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of its application to AI/deepfakes). </span></p> <h2><strong>Legally questionable and ethically dubious</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Other actions Musk might take fall into a legal gray zone, in which an argument could be made for illegality but existing precedent is unclear. Though ethically dubious, these acts might not violate existing law (or might violate it in ways that are not enforceable). Some might even argue (perhaps cynically) that these kinds of manipulations are common for both sides of the aisle in contemporary politics.</span><b></b></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><b>4. Recommendation algorithms and visibility of content.</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> One potential scenario to consider is if Musk chose to alter how X delivers content to users in order to promote certain accounts or narratives over others. For example, consider if he were to use recommendation algorithms to show content promoting one candidate to more users, or conversely to show supportive messages about the candidate’s opponent to fewer users. He could also manipulate features such as trending topics or hashtags to bury content unfavorable to a candidate, boost content friendly to their campaign messaging, or do the opposite for the candidate’s opponent. The CLC’s Noti said it is possible a judge could regard manipulation of recommendation algorithms as a material contribution to a campaign, but that it is “at minimum a gray area.” It is also possible courts would find such activity to be protected speech.</span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><b>5. Disinformation and synthetic content.</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Another scenario is if Musk chose to allow certain types of behavior to go unchecked, such as coordinated disinformation, inauthentic behavior benefitting political allies, or allowing the spread of misleading content that would otherwise violate content policies. He has already </span><a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/manipulated-video-shared-by-musk-mimics-harris-voice-raising-concerns-about-ai-in-politics/7716606.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">shared a video</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> featuring a clone of Vice President and Democratic presidential nominee Kamala Harris’s voice. There is currently no federal law prohibiting misrepresentations of this sort (the federal law prohibiting fraudulent misrepresentation of campaign authority is limited in scope and applies only to conduct perpetrated by a candidate or their agents).</span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Senators Amy Klobuchar (D-MN) and Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) have </span><a href="https://www.klobuchar.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2024/3/klobuchar-murkowski-introduce-bipartisan-legislation-to-require-transparency-in-political-ads-with-ai-generated-content"><span style="font-weight: 400;">introduced a bill</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> requiring transparency disclosures on ads with “AI-generated content.” Even if such a law existed, though, perpetrators may argue that such deepfakes are protected as satire. The Harris video contained such sarcastic messages it would be hard for a relatively informed voter to believe it was authentic. A number of </span><a href="https://www.ncsl.org/technology-and-communication/deceptive-audio-or-visual-media-deepfakes-2024-legislation"><span style="font-weight: 400;">state laws</span></a> <i><span style="font-weight: 400;">do </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">exist, but they are new and largely untested. </span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><b>6. Other forms of support. </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">Other scenarios to contemplate include if Musk offered other valuable support to a favored political candidate, such as providing more human resources to assist one campaign in utilizing the platform than their competitor, providing early access to new features or tools, using company resources to conduct voter outreach, or even providing direct monetary support. There are many years of precedent governing corporate contributions such as get-out-the-vote campaigns, which must be “nonpartisan.” If it could be proven that X intended to benefit one campaign over another, such activity might be illegal. Other forms of support have proven controversial, but do not appear to be illegal unless they are offered on preferential terms. This was a subject of debate following revelations about the </span><a href="https://www.politico.eu/article/how-facebook-google-and-twitter-embeds-helped-trump-in-2016/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">embedding</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of Facebook and Google staffers in the 2016 Trump campaign. </span></p> <h2><strong>Probably legal, whether ethically right or wrong</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Finally, under a number of federal laws (or lack thereof), there are ways Musk could use X to tip the electoral scale that are almost certainly legal, even if they raise serious ethical questions. These include: </span><b></b></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><b>7. Interfering in content moderation.</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Musk could influence the visibility of certain viewpoints through selective enforcement of content moderation policies. This might also include overruling moderation decisions on high-profile posts, including those of leading candidates, or handling certain accounts differently from others, such as political influencers. Asymmetries in how moderation resources are allocated, as well as policy adjustments that favor one viewpoint over another, could result in favoring certain candidates and parties. Imagine if, for example, the United States were to see another round of protests against police violence, and X were to take a light touch approach toward hate speech and violent incitement by MAGA supporters against protesters. Recent </span><a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/moody-v-netchoice-llc/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rulings</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> by the Supreme Court make it more likely this would be considered protected First Amendment expression, and such conduct presumably would also be protected under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. </span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><b>8. Targeting and user data.</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Manipulative behavior in this domain might include providing privileged access to user data for a preferred candidate or campaign’s targeting, unique lead generation, data sharing (including through custom APIs), data collection mechanisms, or even the selective enforcement of privacy policies to advantage or disadvantage parties. As with preferential advertising rates, one could argue this is a material contribution to a campaign. However, legal experts we spoke to said it would be easy for X to argue in court that this was a business decision to help deliver content of interest to its user base. It would take exceptionally compelling evidence to prove X had coordinated with the Trump campaign to provide a material contribution in violation of FEC rules.</span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><b>9. Marketing and messaging channels.</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Musk could choose to utilize X’s own communications mechanisms, such as emails or in-app notifications, to issue announcements or selectively communicate to certain targeted parties. Or, Musk might privilege certain accounts, as he </span><a href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/13/23598514/twitter-algorithm-elon-musk-tweets"><span style="font-weight: 400;">appears to have done</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> for himself after firing an engineer because he felt engagement with his account was too low. Craig Holman, an expert on campaign finance issues at the watchdog group Public Citizen, told us this would probably not run afoul of federal election law unless coordination with a campaign could be proven.</span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><b>10. Search and AI-generated content and material. </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">Musk could manipulate other platform functions to favor one partisan side over another. Such use functions range from standard search tools to newer generative AI tools, and include automatically generated snippets, as well as information in knowledge panels, the </span><a href="https://support.google.com/knowledgepanel/answer/9163198?hl=en"><span style="font-weight: 400;">boxes that appear</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> when a user searches for people, places, organizations, or other things that are in Google’s Knowledge Graph. Musk’s AI chatbot, Grok, has already been </span><a href="https://techcrunch.com/2024/08/05/secretaries-of-state-urge-x-to-stop-its-grok-chatbot-from-spreading-election-misinformation/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">criticized</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> for falsely claiming Harris is ineligible for the ballot in many states — leading five secretaries of state to send Musk a </span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/documents/a9fd8c2b-68bf-4965-933e-a0b337322d92.pdf?itid=lk_inline_manual_2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">letter</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> asking him to implement better guardrails. But this is an emerging area with little federal regulation at present. </span></p> <h2><strong>After the election</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The above scenarios consider potential actions Musk might take before the election. Efforts to manipulate communications </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">after </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">an election present unique threats. In the event of Trump’s loss, all of the above techniques could be employed to boost claims of electoral improprieties—damaging public confidence, pressuring key decision makers (such as boards of election or judges), or stoking offline unrest. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Imagine the online chaos that would follow if enough election boards refused to certify an election, leading to court challenges and recounts disrupted by violent protest. (It has </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/24/us-elections-2020-violence-fears-brooks-brothers-riot"><span style="font-weight: 400;">happened before</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.) Now imagine not only a total failure to put out the fire, but a decision at the top of X to fan the flames. Given Musk’s brazen willingness to </span><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/rcna165599"><span style="font-weight: 400;">spread false claims</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (and even </span><a href="https://newrepublic.com/post/184555/elon-musk-x-help-donald-trump-kamala-harris"><span style="font-weight: 400;">manipulated media</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">), </span><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2024/08/elon-musk-2024-election-trump/679323/?gift=iWa_iB9lkw4UuiWbIbrWGYH8tJjPc_J78Sqwqc1uZCk&utm_source=copy-link&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=share"><span style="font-weight: 400;">many worry</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> about what he will be willing to say or do if Trump loses the election and tries extra-legal means to overturn the results.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There is a very real risk that Musk would aid Trump’s efforts to subvert the election outcome. Potential whistleblowers inside of Musk’s X may be the best defense – especially if they act in real time – against such anti-democratic behavior. Taking action as a whistleblower carries </span><a href="https://techworkerhandbook.org/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">considerable risks</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. But even if there are few legal consequences for Musk or X, public controversy might alter their behavior in important ways – or encourage policymakers to pursue reforms. </span></p> <h2><strong>Congress should act—but barring that, whistleblowers may be the best hope</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">If legislators worry about the political influence of billionaires — as </span><a href="https://rollcall.com/2024/02/07/lawmakers-clash-over-zuckerbucks-and-how-to-stop-private-election-funding/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">both</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> sides of the aisle now </span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/08/27/meta-zuckerberg-covid-misinformation-jordan-white-house/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">seem</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to — the above scenarios offer a guide to curtailing it. In the era of Citizens United and a gridlocked, anemic FEC, campaign finance reform is an obvious place to start. That reform should include penalties capable of meaningfully deterring deep-pocketed actors like Musk from unlawful behavior. Clearer laws governing incitement to violence, voter intimidation, and interference in election proceedings would be a meaningful step. Congress also has yet to weigh in on the ongoing legal fights about section 230, content moderation, and the editorial discretion of social media companies, preferring to let the Courts sort it out. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another area where Congress could act, but has not, is transparency legislation, which would require platforms to share data with researchers about their content recommendation and advertising systems. Such legislation would empower watchdogs in both civil society and government. State legislatures are to be commended </span><a href="https://www.citizen.org/article/tracker-legislation-on-deepfakes-in-elections/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">for acting</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> on synthetic media in political campaign contexts, but that is not a substitute for federal regulation. State bills also pose a variety of First Amendment questions about satire and other protected speech that Congress should consider more carefully. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the meantime, concerned parties within X should not hold their breath waiting for legislative action. If X engages in clandestine actions to the benefit of a political candidate, whistleblowers may be the best hope for accountability. </span></p> <h6><em>IMAGE: Elon Musk, left center, and Wendell P. Weeks, right center, listen to President Donald Trump, right, as he meets with business leaders at the White House on Monday January 23, 2017 in Washington, DC. (Photo by Matt McClain/The Washington Post via Getty Images)</em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/2024-presidential-election/" rel="tag">2024 Presidential Election</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/2024-us-election-protection/" rel="tag">2024 US Election Protection</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congress/" rel="tag">Congress</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/" rel="tag">Democracy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy-backsliding-series/" rel="tag">Democracy Backsliding Series</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/elon-musk/" rel="tag">Elon Musk</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/political-violence/" rel="tag">political violence</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media/" rel="tag">Social Media</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/" rel="tag">Social Media Platforms</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/technology/" rel="tag">Technology</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/twitter/" rel="tag">Twitter</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104130/rule-of-law-index-2024/">Rule of Law Index Shows Some Rays of Hope Amidst Continuing Global Recession</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andersenelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Andersen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Andersen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/evangelidesalicia/" title="Profile and articles by Alicia Evangelides" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alicia Evangelides</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/">Heat Map of January 6th Defendants Across the United States</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103956/proud-boys-threat-assessment/">Proud Boys Threat Assessment: From the Planning of January 6th to Future Scenarios</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103773/top-10-election-litigation/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/">Lifting Russia Sanctions – What Can a President Do Unilaterally?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/markustaisa/" title="Profile and articles by Taisa Markus" class="author url fn" rel="author">Taisa Markus</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103918/jack-goldsmith-jack-smith-explanation/">Refuting the Latest Baseless Attacks Against Special Counsel Jack Smith</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103838/un-future-summit-can-teach/">What the UN’s Summit of the Future Can Teach Us – When the Dust Settles</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/streetjordan/" title="Profile and articles by Jordan Street" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jordan Street</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103818/scenario-planning-january-6th/">The “War Game” Documentary, and Simulating a Worse January 6th</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103777/maintaining-the-rule-of-law-in-the-age-of-ai/">Maintaining the Rule of Law in the Age of AI</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/szilagyikatie/" title="Profile and articles by Katie Szilagyi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katie Szilagyi</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103478/2024-election-litigation-top-10/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103317/shattering-illusions-how-cyber-threat-intelligence-augments-legal-action-against-russias-influence-operations/">Shattering Illusions: How Cyber Threat Intelligence Augments Legal Action against Russia’s Influence Operations</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kruschmasonw/" title="Profile and articles by Mason W. Krusch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mason W. Krusch</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103464/beyond-law-reaffirming-the-centrality-of-ethics-in-war/">Beyond Law: Reaffirming the Centrality of Ethics in War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzelke/" title="Profile and articles by Elke Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elke Schwarz</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/renicneil/" title="Profile and articles by Neil Renic" class="author url fn" rel="author">Neil Renic</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103533/whos-who-jack-smith-immunity-brief/">Who’s Who in Jack Smith’s Immunity Brief</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103433/unlawful-private-militias-government-response/">The Threat from Unlawful Private Militias Has Evolved. The Federal Government’s Response Must Evolve Too.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mccordmary/" title="Profile and articles by Mary B. McCord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mary B. McCord</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glickjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Glick" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Glick</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103348/afghanistan-protect-allies/">US Should Learn from Afghanistan and Vietnam Withdrawals to Better Protect Vulnerable Allies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rscottadams12/" title="Profile and articles by R. Scott Adams" class="author url fn" rel="author">R. Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. 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Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. Michael Kirby</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98855/good-moral-character-trump-immigrants/">‘Good Moral Character?’ Holding Trump to the Same Standards as the Immigrants He Vilifies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/chenedgar/" title="Profile and articles by Edgar Chen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Edgar Chen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rossdan/" title="Profile and articles by Dan Ross" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dan Ross</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99069/artificial-intelligence-democracy-effects/">Don’t Downplay Risks of AI for Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nosselsuzanne/" title="Profile and articles by Suzanne Nossel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Suzanne Nossel</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98844/dont-sanction-icc/">Don’t Sanction the ICC for Doing its Job</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mayamichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Maya" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Maya</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 27th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98895/presidential-immunity-congressional-contempt/">Presidential Immunity Decision May Have Implications for Congressional-Executive Divide on Criminal Contempt</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wrightandy/" title="Profile and articles by Andy Wright" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andy Wright</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98847/kursk-incursion-international-law/">Ukraine’s Incursion into Kursk Oblast: A Lawful Case of Defensive Invasion?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/omearachris/" title="Profile and articles by Chris O'Meara" class="author url fn" rel="author">Chris O'Meara</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98812/icc-amicus-brief-israel-palestine/">Expert Explainer: The US for the first time submits a formal brief to the International Criminal Court on the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchwaldtodd/" title="Profile and articles by Todd Buchwald" class="author url fn" rel="author">Todd Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98733/ukraine-icc-ratification/">Unforced Error: Article 124 and the Regrettable Caveat to Ukraine’s Proposed Ratification of the ICC Statute</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98674/911-plea-deals-revoked/">Revoking the 9/11 Plea Deals: Human Rights Consequences</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/" title="Profile and articles by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98652/afghanistan-taliban-third-anniversary/">Collecting Just Security’s Afghanistan Coverage on Third Anniversary of Taliban Takeover</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98592/sudan-talks-deadlock/">Breaking the Deadlock: New Talks Needed to Help End Sudan’s Violence and Offer a Glimmer of Hope</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/abdulshafiquscondy/" title="Profile and articles by Quscondy Abdulshafi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Quscondy Abdulshafi</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98543/fara-sue-mi-terry/">The Perils of Expertise: How the DOJ Indictment of Sue Mi Terry Can Chill the Think Tank World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/craiggregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory B. Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97747/trump-docs-case-dismissed/">Judge Cannon Finds Special Counsel Unconstitutional in Trump Classified Documents Case: What’s Next for Jack Smith?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97718/nato-summit-ukraine-russia-china/">After the NATO Summit, Allies Need to Step Up Their Game on Ukraine, Russia, and China</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kellyian/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77022/january-6-clearinghouse/">January 6 Clearinghouse</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/" title="Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Hendrix</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 14th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" 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Opinions expressed here are his own and do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or institution. <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/justinhendrix/">LinkedIn</a></p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/jacksondean/">Dean <span>Jackson</span></a></h4><p>Dean Jackson is the principal of Public Circle, LLC, a research consultancy specializing in democracy, technology, and media. 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Musk, X, and Trump 2024: Where are the Legal and Ethical Boundaries?