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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phase 1</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phase_1-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phase 1 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phase_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Geographic_Names_database" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Geographic_Names_database"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>National Geographic Names database</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Geographic_Names_database-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USGS_Topographic_Map_Names_database" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USGS_Topographic_Map_Names_database"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>USGS Topographic Map Names database</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USGS_Topographic_Map_Names_database-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generic_database" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generic_database"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Generic database</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generic_database-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Atlas_database" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Atlas_database"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>National Atlas database</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Atlas_database-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_on_Geographic_Names_database" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_on_Geographic_Names_database"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Board on Geographic Names database</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_on_Geographic_Names_database-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phase 2</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phase_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phase 2 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phase_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antarctica_Geographic_Names_database" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antarctica_Geographic_Names_database"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Antarctica Geographic Names database</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antarctica_Geographic_Names_database-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Additional media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Populated_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populated_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Populated places</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Populated_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Name changes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Name_changes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Name changes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Name_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Removal_of_racial_and_ethnic_slurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_of_racial_and_ethnic_slurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Removal of racial and ethnic slurs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_of_racial_and_ethnic_slurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other authorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geographic Names Information System</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نظام معلومات الأسماء الجغرافية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام معلومات الأسماء الجغرافية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C4%9Frafi_adlar%C4%B1n_informasiya_sistemi_(AB%C5%9E)" title="Coğrafi adların informasiya sistemi (ABŞ) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Coğrafi adların informasiya sistemi (ABŞ)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="سامانه اطلاعات نام‌های جغرافیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه اطلاعات نام‌های جغرافیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%AA%85_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" title="지명 정보 시스템 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지명 정보 시스템" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Աշխարհագրական անունների ինֆորմացիոն համակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշխարհագրական անունների ինֆորմացիոն համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="भौगोलिक नाम सूचना प्रणाली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भौगोलिक नाम सूचना प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informacijski_sustav_zemljopisnih_imena" title="Informacijski sustav zemljopisnih imena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Informacijski sustav zemljopisnih imena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="გეოგრაფიული სახელწოდებების საინფორმაციო სისტემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გეოგრაფიული სახელწოდებების საინფორმაციო სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_Maklumat_Nama_Geografi" title="Sistem Maklumat Nama Geografi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem Maklumat Nama Geografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="地名情報システム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地名情報システム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNIS" title="GNIS – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="GNIS" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Информационная система географических названий (США) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Информационная система географических названий (США)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografski_informacijski_sistem_imen" title="Geografski informacijski sistem imen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geografski informacijski sistem imen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Информациони систем географских имена – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Информациони систем географских имена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C4%9Frafi_Adlar_Bilgi_Sistemi" title="Coğrafi Adlar Bilgi Sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Coğrafi Adlar Bilgi Sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2" title="Інформаційна система географічних назв – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інформаційна система географічних назв" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جغرافیائی ناموں کا نظام معلومات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جغرافیائی ناموں کا نظام معلومات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_Th%C3%B4ng_tin_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_danh" title="Hệ thống Thông tin Địa danh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống Thông tin Địa danh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="地名信息系统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地名信息系统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographical database</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"GNIS" redirects here. For the international school in Guangzhou, China, see <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Nanfang_International_School" title="Guangzhou Nanfang International School">Guangzhou Nanfang International School</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS_logo_green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/USGS_logo_green.svg/220px-USGS_logo_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/USGS_logo_green.svg/330px-USGS_logo_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/USGS_logo_green.svg/440px-USGS_logo_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>The logo of the United States Geological Survey (USGS)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Geographic Names Information System</b> (<b>GNIS</b>) is a database of name and location information about more than two million physical and cultural features throughout the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and its territories; the <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">associated states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. It is a type of <a href="/wiki/Gazetteer" title="Gazetteer">gazetteer</a>. It was developed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS) in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">United States Board on Geographic Names</a> (BGN) to promote the standardization of feature names. </p><p>Data were collected in two phases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a third phase was considered, which would have handled name changes where local usages differed from maps, it was never begun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200831_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200831-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited. Variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The database never removes an entry, "except in cases of obvious duplication."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Original_purposes">Original purposes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Original purposes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The GNIS was originally designed for four major purposes: to eliminate duplication of effort at various other levels of government that were already compiling geographic data, to provide standardized datasets of geographic data for the government and others, to index all of the names found on official U.S. government federal and state maps, and to ensure uniform geographic names for the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19831_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19831-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phase_1">Phase 1</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phase 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phase 1 lasted from 1978 to 1981, with a precursor pilot project run over the states of Kansas and Colorado in 1976, and produced 5 databases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19831,_3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19831,_3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19852_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19852-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It excluded several classes of feature because they were better documented in non-USGS maps, including airports, the broadcasting masts for radio and television stations, civil divisions, regional and historic names, individual buildings, roads, and <a href="/wiki/Triangulation_station" title="Triangulation station">triangulation station</a> names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne198318_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne198318-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The databases were initially available on paper (2 to 3 <a href="/wiki/Coil_binding" title="Coil binding">spiral-bound</a> volumes per state), on <a href="/wiki/Microfiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfiche">microfiche</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape_data_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape data storage">magnetic tape</a> encoded (unless otherwise requested) in <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> with 248-byte fixed-length <a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">records</a> in 4960-byte <a href="/wiki/Block_(data_storage)" title="Block (data storage)">blocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne198519–20_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne198519–20-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The feature classes for association with each name included (for examples) "locale" (a "place at which there is or was human activity" not covered by a more specific feature class), "populated place" (a "place or area with clustered or scattered buildings"), "spring" (a <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">spring</a>), "lava" (a <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flow">lava flow</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepula (page does not exist)">kepula</a>, or other such feature), and "well" (a <a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">well</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne198320&ndash;22_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne198320&ndash;22-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">Mountain</a> features would fall into "ridge", "range", or "summit" classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200832_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200832-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A feature class "tank" was sometimes used for lakes, which was problematic in several ways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeard198625_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard198625-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This feature class was undocumented, and it was (in the words of a 1986 report from the Engineer Topographic Laboratories of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a>) "an unreasonable determination", with the likes of <a href="/wiki/Cayuga_Lake" title="Cayuga Lake">Cayuga Lake</a> being labelled a "tank".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeard198625_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard198625-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USACE report assumed that "tank" meant "reservoir", and observed that often the coordinates of "tanks" were outside of their boundaries and were "possibly at the point where a dam is thought to be".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeard198625_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard198625-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Geographic_Names_database">National Geographic Names database</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: National Geographic Names database"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>National Geographic Names database</b> (NGNDB<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hereafter) was originally 57 computer files, one for each state and territory of the United States (except Alaska which got two) plus one for the District of Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19833_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19833-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second Alaska file was an earlier database, the Dictionary of Alaska Place Names that had been compiled by the USGS in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19833_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19833-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further two files were later added, covering the entire United States and that were abridged versions of the data in the other 57: one for the 50,000 most well known populated places and features, and one for most of the populated places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19854_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19854-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The files were compiled from all of the names to be found on USGS topographic maps, plus data from various state map sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19833_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19833-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In phase 1, elevations were recorded in <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">feet</a> only, with no conversion to metric, and only if there was an actual elevation recorded for the map feature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19834_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19834-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were of either the lowest or highest point of the feature, as appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19834_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19834-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interpolated elevations, calculated by <a href="/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">interpolation</a> between <a href="/wiki/Contour_line" title="Contour line">contour lines</a>, were added in phase 2.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19834_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19834-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Names were the official name, except where the name contained <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> characters that the computer file encodings of the time could not handle (which were in phase 1 marked with an asterisk for update in a later phase).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19836_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19836-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generic designations were given after specific names, so (for examples) <a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Helens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Saint Helens">Mount Saint Helens</a> was recorded as "Saint Helens, Mount", although cities named <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olive_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mount Olive (disambiguation)">Mount Olive</a>, not actually being mountains, would not take "Mount" to be a generic part and would retain their order "Mount Olive".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19836_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19836-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary geographic coordinates of features which occupy an area, rather than being a single point feature, were the location of the feature's mouth, or of the approximate center of the area of the feature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19835_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19835-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such approximate centers were "eye-balled" estimates by the people performing the digitization, subject to the constraint that centers of areal features were not placed within other features that are inside them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeard19864–5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard19864–5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">alluvial fans</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river deltas</a> counted as mouths for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19835_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19835-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For cities and other large populated places, the coordinates were taken to be those of a primary civic feature such as the <a href="/wiki/City_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="City hall">city hall</a> or <a href="/wiki/Town_hall" title="Town hall">town hall</a>, main <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public library</a>, main highway intersection, main post office, or <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business district</a> regardless of changes over time;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19835_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19835-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these coordinates are called the "primary point".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secondary coordinates were only an aid to locating which topographic map(s) the feature extended across, and were "simply anywhere on the feature and on the topographic map with which it is associated".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19835_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19835-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19857_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19857-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeard19864_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard19864-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> River sources were determined by the shortest drain, subject to the proxmities of other features that were clearly related to the river by their names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeard19864_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard19864-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USGS_Topographic_Map_Names_database">USGS Topographic Map Names database</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: USGS Topographic Map Names database"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>USGS Topographic Map Names database</b> (TMNDB<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSGS19981_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSGS19981-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hereafter) was also 57 computer files containing the names of maps: 56 for 1:24000 scale USGS maps as with the NGNDB, the 57th being (rather than a second Alaska file) data from the 1:100000 and 1:250000 scale USGS maps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19838_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19838-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Map names were recorded exactly as on the maps themselves, with the exceptions for diacritics as with the NGNDB.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19839_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19839-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the NGNDB, locations were the geographic coördinates of the south-east corner of the given map, except for <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> maps where they were of the north-east cornder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19838_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19838-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The TMNDB was later renamed the <b>Geographic Cell Names database</b> (GCNDB<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSGS19981_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSGS19981-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hereafter) in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSGS19981_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSGS19981-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generic_database">Generic database</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Generic database"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Generic database</b> was in essence a machine-readable glossary of terms and abbreviations taken from the map sources, with their definitions, grouped into collections of related terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne198311_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne198311-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Atlas_database">National Atlas database</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National Atlas database"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>National Atlas database</b> was an abridged version of the NGNDB that contained only those entries that were in the index to the USGS <a href="/wiki/National_Atlas_of_the_United_States" title="National Atlas of the United States">National Atlas of the United States</a>, with the coördinates published in the latter substituted for the coördinates from the former.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne198311_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne198311-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_on_Geographic_Names_database">Board on Geographic Names database</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Board on Geographic Names database"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Board on Geographic Names database</b> was a record of investigative work of the USGS <a href="/wiki/Board_on_Geographic_Names" class="mw-redirect" title="Board on Geographic Names">Board on Geographic Names</a>' Domestic Names Committee, and decisions that it had made from 1890 onwards, as well as names that were enshrined by <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Acts of Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne198313_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne198313-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elevation and location data followed the same rules as for the NGNDB.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne198314_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne198314-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So too did names with diacritic characters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne198314_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne198314-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phase_2">Phase 2</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phase 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phase 2 was broader in scope than phase 1, extending the scope to a much larger set of data sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ran from the end of phase 1 and had managed to completely process data from 42 states by 2003, with 4 still underway and the remaining 4 (Alaska, Kentucky, Michigan, and New York) awaiting the initial systematic compilation of the sources to use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many more feature classes were included, including abandoned <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> settlements, <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">ghost towns</a>, railway stations on railway lines that no longer existed, <a href="/wiki/Housing_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing development">housing developments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">shopping centers</a>, and highway <a href="/wiki/Rest_area" title="Rest area">rest areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200831_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200831-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The actual compilation was outsourced by the U.S. government, state by state, to private entities such as university researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antarctica_Geographic_Names_database">Antarctica Geographic Names database</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Antarctica Geographic Names database"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Antarctica Geographic Names database</b> (AGNDB<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSGS19981_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSGS19981-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hereafter) was added in the 1990s and comprised records for BGN-approved names in Antarctica and various off-lying islands such as the <a href="/wiki/South_Orkney_Islands" title="South Orkney Islands">South Orkney Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balleny_Islands" title="Balleny Islands">Balleny Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heard_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Heard Island">Heard Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSGS19981_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSGS19981-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It only contained records for natural features, not for scientific outposts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSGS19981_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSGS19981-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_media">Additional media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Additional media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The media on which one could obtain the databases were extended in the 1990s (still including tape and paper) to <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy disc">floppy disc</a>, over <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSGS19982_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSGS19982-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CD-ROM edition only included the NGNDB, the AGNDB, the GCNDB, and a bibliographic reference database (RDB); but came with database search software that ran on <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a> (or compatible) version 3.0 or later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSGS19982_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSGS19982-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FTP site included extra topical databases: a subset of the NGNDB that only included the records with feature classes for populated places, a "Concise" subset of the NGNDB that listed "major features", and a "Historical" subset that included the features that no longer exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSGS19982_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSGS19982-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Populated_places">Populated places</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Populated places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no differentiation amongst different types of populated places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeard198612_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard198612-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of the aforementioned 1986 USACE report, "[a] <a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">subdivision</a> having one inhabitant is as significant as a major metropolitan center such as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeard198612_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard198612-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In comparing GNIS populated place records with data from the <a href="/wiki/Thematic_Mapper" title="Thematic Mapper">Thematic Mapper</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Landsat_program" title="Landsat program">Landsat program</a>, researchers from the University of Connecticut in 2001 discovered that "a significant number" of populated places in Connecticut had no identifiable human settlement in the land use data and were at road intersections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEathronMcGlameryShinSmith20015_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEathronMcGlameryShinSmith20015-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found that such populated places with no actual settlement often had "Corner" in their names, and hypothesized that either these were historical records or were "cartographic locators".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEathronMcGlameryShinSmith20015_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEathronMcGlameryShinSmith20015-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a> in the United States, a "Corner" is a corner of the surveyed <a href="/wiki/Polygon" title="Polygon">polygon</a> enclosing an area of land, whose location is, or was (since corners can become "lost"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBLM198031Lost_corner_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBLM198031Lost_corner-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "obliterated"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBLM198037Obliterated_corner_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBLM198037Obliterated_corner-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), marked in various ways including with trees known as "bearing trees"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBLM19807Bearing_tree_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBLM19807Bearing_tree-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("witness trees" in older terminology<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBLM198062–63Witness_tree_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBLM198062–63Witness_tree-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or "corner monuments".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBLM198013Corner_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBLM198013Corner-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From analysing Native American names in the database in order to compile a dictionary, professor William Bright of <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_at_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Los Angeles">UCLA</a> observed in 2004 that some GNIS entries are "erroneous; or refer to long-vanished railroad sidings where no one ever lived".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright20043_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright20043-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such false classifications have propagated to other geographical information sources, such as incorrectly classified train stations appearing as towns or neighborhoods on Google Maps.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_changes">Name changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Name changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U.S. geographical features through <a href="/wiki/The_National_Map_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Map Corps">The National Map Corps</a>. The general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The usual sources of name change requests are an individual state's board on geographic names, or a county board of governors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This does not always succeed, the State Library of Montana having submitted three large sets of name changes that have not been incorporated into the GNIS database.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMSL_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMSL-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, a group of middle school students in Alaska succeeded, with the help of their teachers, a professor of linguistics, and a man who had been conducting a years-long project to collect Native American placenames in the area, in changing the names of several places that they had spotted in class one day and challenged for being racist, including renaming "Negrohead Creek" to an <a href="/wiki/Athabascan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabascan language">Athabascan</a> name Lochenyatth Creek and "Negrohead Mountain" to Tl'oo Khanishyah Mountain, both of which translate to "grassy tussocks" in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmetzer2012_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmetzer2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, in researching a 2008 book on ethnic slurs in U.S. placenames Mark Monmonier of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a> discovered "Niger Hill" in <a href="/wiki/Potter_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Potter County, Pennsylvania">Potter County, Pennsylvania</a>, an erroneous transcription of "Nigger Hill" from a 1938 map, and persuaded the USBGN to change it to "Negro Hill".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200833–34_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200833–34-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_of_racial_and_ethnic_slurs">Removal of racial and ethnic slurs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Removal of racial and ethnic slurs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2021, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">United States Secretary of the Interior</a> issued an order instructing that "Squaw" be removed from usage by the U.S. federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaaland2021_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaaland2021-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior efforts had included a 1962 replacement of the "Nigger" racial pejorative for <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> with "Negro" and a 1974 replacement of the "Jap" racial pejorative for <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese Americans</a> with "Japanese".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaaland2021_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaaland2021-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuessel2019188_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuessel2019188-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, a cross-reference of the GNIS database against the Racial Slur Database had found 1441 racial slur placenames, every state of the United States having them, with California having 159 and the state with the most such names being Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuessel2019188_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuessel2019188-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the two standard reference works for placenames in Arizona is Byrd Howell Granger's 1983 book <i>Arizona's Names: X Marks the Place</i>, which contains many additional names with racial slurs not in the GNIS database.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESTARL2017_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESTARL2017-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite "Nigger" having been removed from federal government use by <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Udall" title="Stewart Udall">Stewart Udall</a>, its replacement "Negro" still remained in GNIS names in 2015, as did "<a href="/wiki/Pickaninny" title="Pickaninny">Pickaninny</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom" title="Uncle Tom">Uncle Tom</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a>" and 33 places named "Niggerhead".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 828 names containing "squaw", including 11 variations on "Squaw Tit" and "Squaw Teat", contrasting with the use of "Nipple" in names with non-<a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> allusions such as "Susies Nipple".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_authorities">Other authorities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> (USCB) defines <i>Census Designated Places</i> as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> (USPS) Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard (BLVD) and street (ST), and secondary identifiers such as suite (STE).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada" title="Geographical Names Board of Canada">Canadian Geographical Names Database</a> (GNBC), a similar, but non-public-domain, database for locations within Canada only</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEOnet_Names_Server" title="GEOnet Names Server">GEOnet Names Server</a> (GNS), a similar database for locations outside the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Standardization_of_Geographical_Names" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names">United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Additional guidelines were suggested for determining the center of large populated places, such as the location of the city hall or town hall, main post office, main library, central business district, or main intersection." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19835_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19835-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<b>Primary Point</b>: The official feature location is a single point to which the official feature name is associated in order to ensure positive and unique identification and association, also referred to as the primary point. The location is determined by the authoritative source and is approved or recognized as official by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names by decision or by policy delegation to the authoritative source. The placing of the location point is governed by policies of the Board as defined in the Names Data Users Guide and GNIS metadata, generally at or near the geographic center, but there are exceptions for certain classes of features."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<b>Question 17</b>: In the GNIS database, the Primary coordinate values for communities are taken at the center of the "original" community meaning the city hall, main post office, main intersection, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<b>Primary Point</b>: The official feature location is a single point to which the official feature name is associated in order to ensure positive and unique identification and association, also referred to as the primary point. The location is determined by the authoritative source and is approved or recognized as official by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names by decision or by policy delegation to the authoritative source. The placing of the location point is governed by policies of the Board as defined in the Names Data Users Guide and GNIS metadata, generally at or near the geographic center, but there are exceptions for certain classes of features. For example, the official feature location of flowing bodies of water (streams, rivers, creeks, etc.) or trending linear features (valleys, gulchs, gullys, hollows, etc.) is at the mouth. A geographic feature may have only one official location regardless of size, extent, composition, structure, or boundaries. The location point is coincident with, but in addition to and independent of, any other geospatial representation or boundary definition that may be attached to the feature in other datasets. Linear and aerial features may have secondary points as defined in the Names Data Users Guide and GNIS metadata. Locations are stored in the Geographic Names Information System as latitude and longitude in decimal degrees to seven places."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200830_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonmonier2008">Monmonier 2008</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200831-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200831_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200831_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonmonier2008">Monmonier 2008</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627221932/http://www.scribekey.com/EntityAttributes/AREALM.singles.html">"United States Census County Based TIGER/Line 2009 Data Dictionary: Entity, Joins, Attributes and Domains"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scribekey.com/EntityAttributes/AREALM.singles.html">the original</a> on June 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Census+County+Based+TIGER%2FLine+2009+Data+Dictionary%3A+Entity%2C+Joins%2C+Attributes+and+Domains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribekey.com%2FEntityAttributes%2FAREALM.singles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartographic_Users_Advisory_Council_(CUAC)2007" class="citation conference cs1">Cartographic Users Advisory Council (CUAC) (April 26–27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cuac.wustl.edu/annualmtg2007.htm"><i>2007 Agency Presentation Minutes</i></a>. Reston, VA: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111180726/http://cuac.wustl.edu/annualmtg2007.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=2007+Agency+Presentation+Minutes&rft.place=Reston%2C+VA&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey+%28USGS%29&rft.date=2007-04-26%2F2007-04-27&rft.au=Cartographic+Users+Advisory+Council+%28CUAC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcuac.wustl.edu%2Fannualmtg2007.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19831-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19831_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2019" class="citation web cs1">Schultz, Isaac (October 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/new-york-disappearing-neighborhood">"The Brief, Baffling Life of an Accidental New York Neighborhood"</a>. <i>Atlas Obscura</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506180133/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/new-york-disappearing-neighborhood">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=The+Brief%2C+Baffling+Life+of+an+Accidental+New+York+Neighborhood&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fnew-york-disappearing-neighborhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownReznikGilat2015_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrownReznikGilat2015">Brown, Reznik & Gilat 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMSL-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMSL_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMSL">MSL</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmetzer2012-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmetzer2012_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmetzer2012">Smetzer 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200833–34-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonmonier200833–34_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonmonier2008">Monmonier 2008</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaaland2021-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaaland2021_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaaland2021_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaaland2021">Haaland 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENuessel2019188-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuessel2019188_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuessel2019188_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNuessel2019">Nuessel 2019</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESTARL2017-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESTARL2017_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSTARL2017">STARL 2017</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1983" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Roger L. (1983). McEwen, Robert B.; Winter, Richard E.; Ramey, Benjamin S. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1983/0895f/report.pdf"><i>Geographic Names Information System</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geological Survey Circular. United States Geological Survey. 895-F.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.series=Geological+Survey+Circular&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fcirc%2F1983%2F0895f%2Freport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1985" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Roger L. (1985). <i>Geographic Names Information System: Data Users Guide</i> (6 ed.). Reston, Virginia: United States Geological Survey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System%3A+Data+Users+Guide&rft.place=Reston%2C+Virginia&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonmonier2008" class="citation book cs1">Monmonier, Mark (2008). <i>From Squaw Tit to Whorehouse Meadow: How Maps Name, Claim, and Inflame</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226534640" title="Special:BookSources/9780226534640"><bdi>9780226534640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Squaw+Tit+to+Whorehouse+Meadow%3A+How+Maps+Name%2C+Claim%2C+and+Inflame&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780226534640&rft.aulast=Monmonier&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSGS1998" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0127/fs12795.pdf"><i>Geographic Names Information System</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fact Sheet. United States Geological Survey. August 1998. 127-95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.series=Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1998-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Ffs%2F1995%2F0127%2Ffs12795.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard1986" class="citation book cs1">Heard, Andrew M. (August 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia600108.us.archive.org/12/items/DTIC_ADA192787/DTIC_ADA192787.pdf"><i>Automatic correlation of USGS digital line graph geographic features to GNIS names data</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a>. AD-A 192 787.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automatic+correlation+of+USGS+digital+line+graph+geographic+features+to+GNIS+names+data&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers&rft.date=1986-08&rft.aulast=Heard&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia600108.us.archive.org%2F12%2Fitems%2FDTIC_ADA192787%2FDTIC_ADA192787.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEathronMcGlameryShinSmith2001" class="citation conference cs1">McEathron, Scott R.; McGlamery, Patrick; Shin, Dong-Guk; Smith, Ben; Su, Yuan (August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED459759.pdf"><i>Naming the Landscape: Building the Connecticut Digital Gazetteer</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 67th IFLA Council and General Conference August 16–25, 2001. ED 459 759. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616053007/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED459759.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Naming+the+Landscape%3A+Building+the+Connecticut+Digital+Gazetteer&rft.date=2001-08&rft.aulast=McEathron&rft.aufirst=Scott+R.&rft.au=McGlamery%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Shin%2C+Dong-Guk&rft.au=Smith%2C+Ben&rft.au=Su%2C+Yuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED459759.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBLM1980" class="citation book cs1"><i>Glossaries of BLM Surveying and Mapping Terms</i> (2nd ed.). United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossaries+of+BLM+Surveying+and+Mapping+Terms&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+the+Interior%2C+Bureau+of+Land+Management&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaaland2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deb_Haaland" title="Deb Haaland">Haaland, Deb</a> (November 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/elips/documents/so-3404-508.pdf">"Order number 3404"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523045855/https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/elips/documents/so-3404-508.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+number+3404&rft.place=Washington&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft.aulast=Haaland&rft.aufirst=Deb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doi.gov%2Fsites%2Fdoi.gov%2Ffiles%2Felips%2Fdocuments%2Fso-3404-508.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownReznikGilat2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Brown, Jennings; Reznik, Tal; Gilat, Matan (October 29, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030152730/https://www.vocativ.com/news/244179/racial-slurs-are-woven-deep-into-the-american-landscape/">"Racial Slurs Are Woven Deep Into The American Landscape"</a>. <i>vocativ</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vocativ.com/news/244179/racial-slurs-are-woven-deep-into-the-american-landscape/">the original</a> on October 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=vocativ&rft.atitle=Racial+Slurs+Are+Woven+Deep+Into+The+American+Landscape&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jennings&rft.au=Reznik%2C+Tal&rft.au=Gilat%2C+Matan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vocativ.com%2Fnews%2F244179%2Fracial-slurs-are-woven-deep-into-the-american-landscape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSTARL2017" class="citation web cs1">The State Library of Arizona (September 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statelibraryofarizona.wordpress.com/2017/09/20/researching-arizonas-place-names/">"Researching Arizona's place names"</a>. <i>Blog of the State of Arizona Research Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220911103954/https://statelibraryofarizona.wordpress.com/2017/09/20/researching-arizonas-place-names/">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blog+of+the+State+of+Arizona+Research+Library&rft.atitle=Researching+Arizona%27s+place+names&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft.au=The+State+Library+of+Arizona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatelibraryofarizona.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F09%2F20%2Fresearching-arizonas-place-names%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMSL" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msl.mt.gov/geoinfo/msdi/geographic_names/Data_Construction">"Data Construction"</a>. Montana State Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520161458/https://msl.mt.gov/geoinfo/msdi/geographic_names/Data_Construction">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+Construction&rft.pub=Montana+State+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsl.mt.gov%2Fgeoinfo%2Fmsdi%2Fgeographic_names%2FData_Construction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuessel2019" class="citation book cs1">Nuessel, Frank (2019). "Ethnophaulic toponyms in the United States". In Felecan, Oliviu (ed.). <i>Onomastics between Sacred and Profane</i>. Series in Language and Linguistics. Vernon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781622734016" title="Special:BookSources/9781622734016"><bdi>9781622734016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnophaulic+toponyms+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Onomastics+between+Sacred+and+Profane&rft.series=Series+in+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pub=Vernon+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781622734016&rft.aulast=Nuessel&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright2004" class="citation book cs1">Bright, William (2004). <i>Native American Placenames of the United States</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806135984" title="Special:BookSources/9780806135984"><bdi>9780806135984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+Placenames+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780806135984&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmetzer2012" class="citation news cs1">Smetzer, Mary (June 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/article/students-take-action-remove-racist-place-names-map/2012/06/04/">"Students take action to remove racist place names from map"</a>. <i>Ahcorage Daily News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706222155/https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/article/students-take-action-remove-racist-place-names-map/2012/06/04/">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ahcorage+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Students+take+action+to+remove+racist+place+names+from+map&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft.aulast=Smetzer&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adn.com%2Falaska-news%2Farticle%2Fstudents-take-action-remove-racist-place-names-map%2F2012%2F06%2F04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrthPayne1987" class="citation book cs1">Orth, Donald J.; Payne, Roger L. (1987). "The National Geographic Names Data Base: Phase II instructions". <i>Circular</i>. Geological Survey Circular. Vol. 1011. United States Geological Survey. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fcir1011">10.3133/cir1011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1067-084X">1067-084X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+National+Geographic+Names+Data+Base%3A+Phase+II+instructions&rft.btitle=Circular&rft.series=Geological+Survey+Circular&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3133%2Fcir1011&rft.issn=1067-084X&rft.aulast=Orth&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft.au=Payne%2C+Roger+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>United States Department of the Interior, <i>Digital Gazeteer: Users Manual</i>, (Reston, Virginia: United States Geological Survey, 1994).</li> <li>Least Heat Moon, William, <i>Blue Highways: A Journey Into America</i>, (Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1982). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-35329-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-35329-9">0-316-35329-9</a></li> <li>Jouris, David, <i>All Over The Map</i>, (Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press, 1994.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89815-649-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89815-649-1">0-89815-649-1</a></li> <li>Report: "Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty and Their Principal Administrative Divisions", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090103000720/http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/">Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)</a>, FIPS 10-4. Standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310235019/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/">Federal Register</a> Notice: Vol. 73, No. 170, page 51276 (September 2, 2008)</li> <li>Report: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108233358/http://geonames.usgs.gov/docs/pro_pol_pro.pdf">Principles, Policies and Procedures: Domestic Geographic Names</a>", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/">United States Board on Geographic Names</a>, 1997.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pe.usps.com/text/pub28/welcome.htm">United States Postal Service Publication 28</a></i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorannoWebsterSmithDíaz_Vázquez2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Soranno" title="Patricia Soranno">Soranno, Patricia A.</a>; Webster, Katherine E.; Smith, Nicole J.; Díaz Vázquez, Jessica; Spence Cheruvelil, Kendra (February 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Flob.10355">"What Is in a "Lake" Name? That Which We Call a Lake by Any Other Name"</a>. <i>Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin</i>. <b>29</b> (1). Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Flob.10355">10.1002/lob.10355</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214102434">214102434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Limnology+and+Oceanography+Bulletin&rft.atitle=What+Is+in+a+%22Lake%22+Name%3F+That+Which+We+Call+a+Lake+by+Any+Other+Name&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Flob.10355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214102434%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Soranno&rft.aufirst=Patricia+A.&rft.au=Webster%2C+Katherine+E.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Nicole+J.&rft.au=D%C3%ADaz+V%C3%A1zquez%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Spence+Cheruvelil%2C+Kendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Flob.10355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley2019" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Fred M. (October 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-02438-3_177">"The Board of Geographic Names and the Removal of Derogatory and Offensive Toponyms in the United States"</a>. In Brunn, S.; Kehrein, R. (eds.). <i>Handbook of the Changing World Language Map</i>. Springer. pp. 2097–2106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-02438-3_177">10.1007/978-3-030-02438-3_177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030024383" title="Special:BookSources/9783030024383"><bdi>9783030024383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Board+of+Geographic+Names+and+the+Removal+of+Derogatory+and+Offensive+Toponyms+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Changing+World+Language+Map&rft.pages=2097-2106&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-02438-3_177&rft.isbn=9783030024383&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Fred+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-02438-3_177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Vaughan, Champ Clark (2008). "The Oregon Geographic Names Board: One Hundred Years of Toponymic Nomenclature". <i>Oregon Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>109</b> (3): 412–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fohq.2008.0017">10.1353/ohq.2008.0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20615877">20615877</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165705955">165705955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oregon+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Oregon+Geographic+Names+Board%3A+One+Hundred+Years+of+Toponymic+Nomenclature&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=412-433&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165705955%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20615877%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fohq.2008.0017&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Champ+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographic+Names+Information+System" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Names_Information_System&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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