CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"><head><meta charset="utf-8" /><script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({"nodedatalayer":"1130975","content_type_dl":"Article","user type":"anonymous","magissuedatedl":"digital","authorsdl":"Emma Beals and Peter Salisbury","authorcode":["FC6789","MC6789"],"articletypedl":"snapshot","regiontagdl":["Africa","Middle East","World","United States"],"topictagdl":["Diplomacy","Geopolitics","Foreign Policy","International Institutions","Security","Defense & Military","Humanitarian Intervention","Post-Conflict Reconstruction","Strategy & Conflict","War & Military Strategy","U.S. Foreign Policy"],"postdate_dl":"2023-10-30","paywallstdl":"Paywalled"});</script><script type="application/ld+json">[{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Africa","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/regions\/africa"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "A World at War"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Middle East","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/regions\/middle-east"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "A World at War"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "World","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/regions\/world"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "A World at War"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "United States","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/regions\/united-states"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "A World at War"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Diplomacy","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/topics\/diplomacy"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "A World at War"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Geopolitics","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/topics\/geopolitics"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "A World at War"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Foreign Policy","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/topics\/foreign-policy"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "A World at War"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "International Institutions","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/topics\/international-institutions"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "A World at War"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Security","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/topics\/security"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "A World at War"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Defense & Military","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/topics\/defense-military"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "A World at War"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Humanitarian Intervention","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/topics\/humanitarian-intervention"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "A World at War"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Post-Conflict Reconstruction","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/topics\/post-conflict-reconstruction"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "A World at War"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Strategy & Conflict","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/topics\/strategy-conflict"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "A World at War"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "War & Military Strategy","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/topics\/war-military-strategy"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "A World at War"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "U.S. Foreign Policy","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/topics\/us-foreign-policy"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "A World at War"}]} ]</script><meta name="description" content="What is behind the global explosion of violent conflict?" /><meta name="abstract" content="What is behind the global explosion of violent conflict?" /><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/africa/world-war" /><link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/node/1130975" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Foreign Affairs" /><meta property="og:type" content="Article" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/africa/world-war" /><meta property="og:title" content="A World at War" /><meta property="og:description" content="What is behind the global explosion of violent conflict?" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/social_share/public/images/2023/10/25/RTSPDGET%20%281%29.JPG?itok=qZPwELUq" /><meta property="og:image:url" content="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/social_share/public/images/2023/10/25/RTSPDGET%20%281%29.JPG?itok=qZPwELUq" /><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/social_share/public/images/2023/10/25/RTSPDGET%20%281%29.JPG?itok=qZPwELUq" /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="630" /><meta property="og:updated_time" content="2024-02-27T13:32:16-05:00" /><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /><meta property="article:author" content="Emma Beals" /><meta property="article:author" content="Peter Salisbury" /><meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/ForeignAffairs" /><meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-10-30T00:00:00-04:00" /><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-02-27T13:32:16-05:00" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="A World at War" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="What is behind the global explosion of violent conflict?" /><meta name="twitter:creator:id" content="21114659" /><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@foreignaffairs" /><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/social_share/public/images/2023/10/30/twitter_103023.jpg?itok=ULbNOY_I" /><meta name="msvalidate.01" content="846D62D6CE4E94B1C328BE585F36F0DE" /><meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /><meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" /><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context": "https://schema.org","@graph": [{"@type": "NewsArticle","headline": "A World at War: What Is Behind the Global Explosion of Violent Conflict?","alternativeHeadline": "A World at War","about": ["Africa","Middle East","World","United States","Diplomacy","Geopolitics","Foreign Policy","International Institutions","Security","Defense \u0026 Military","Humanitarian Intervention","Post-Conflict Reconstruction","Strategy \u0026 Conflict","War \u0026 Military Strategy","U.S. Foreign Policy"],"description": "What is behind the global explosion of violent conflict?","image": {"@type": "ImageObject","url": "https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/x_large_1x/public/images/2023/10/25/RTSPDGET%20%281%29.JPG?itok=GlERSSeT","width": "1200","height": "800"},"datePublished": "2023-10-30T00:00:00-04:00","hasPart": {"@type": "WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree": "False","cssSelector": ".paywall-content"},"dateModified": "2024-02-27T13:32:16-05:00","isAccessibleForFree": "False","keywords": ["Africa","Middle East","World","United States","Diplomacy","Geopolitics","Foreign Policy","International Institutions","Security","Defense \u0026 Military","Humanitarian Intervention","Post-Conflict Reconstruction","Strategy \u0026 Conflict","War \u0026 Military Strategy","U.S. Foreign Policy"],"author": {"@type": "Person","name": "Emma Beals and Peter Salisbury","url": "https://www.foreignaffairs.com/authors/emma-beals"},"speakable": {"@type": "SpeakableSpecification","cssSelector": ".article-title"},"publisher": {"@type": "NewsMediaOrganization","name": "Foreign Affairs Magazine","url": "https://www.foreignaffairs.com","sameAs": ["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs","https://twitter.com/ForeignAffairs","https://www.facebook.com/ForeignAffairs","https://www.instagram.com/foreignaffairsmag/","https://www.linkedin.com/company/foreign-affairs-magazine/"],"logo": {"@type": "ImageObject","url": "https://www.foreignaffairs.com/themes/fa/assets/images/FA_square_logo_small.png","width": "200","height": "200"},"masthead": "https://www.foreignaffairs.com/staff"},"mainEntityOfPage": "https://www.foreignaffairs.com/africa/world-war"}] }</script><style>@import url('/themes/fa/assets/fonts/atlas-grotesk/1308-PNSTPI.css'); @import'//use.typekit.net/gpf5bhn.css';html{-ms-overflow-style:scrollbar;box-sizing:border-box}:root{color-scheme:light dark}*,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:inherit}@media(min-width: 576px){.position-sm-static{position:static !important}.position-sm-relative{position:relative !important}.position-sm-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-sm-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-sm-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 768px){.position-md-static{position:static !important}.position-md-relative{position:relative !important}.position-md-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-md-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-md-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 992px){.position-lg-static{position:static !important}.position-lg-relative{position:relative !important}.position-lg-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-lg-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-lg-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.position-xl-static{position:static !important}.position-xl-relative{position:relative !important}.position-xl-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-xl-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-xl-sticky{position:sticky !important}}.list-unstyled{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.list-inline{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.list-inline-item{display:inline-block}.list-inline-item:not(:last-child){margin-right:.5rem}:root,[data-bs-theme=light]{--bs-blue: #447fb7;--bs-indigo: #6610f2;--bs-purple: #6f42c1;--bs-pink: #d63384;--bs-red: #bd0500;--bs-orange: #ff5c24;--bs-yellow: #fadb59;--bs-green: #198754;--bs-teal: #20c997;--bs-cyan: #0dcaf0;--bs-black: #000;--bs-white: #fff;--bs-gray: #8b939d;--bs-gray-dark: #383c41;--bs-gray-100: #f2f2f2;--bs-gray-200: #e6eaf0;--bs-gray-300: #dadee5;--bs-gray-400: #ced2d9;--bs-gray-500: #a5aeb9;--bs-gray-600: #8b939d;--bs-gray-700: #707881;--bs-gray-800: #383c41;--bs-gray-900: #000;--bs-primary: #447fb7;--bs-secondary: #2d557b;--bs-info: #b3d3f0;--bs-red: #e83836;--bs-red-light: #e83836;--bs-blue: #447fb7;--bs-blue-dark: #2D557B;--bs-light: #f2f2f2;--bs-dark: #1b1b1b;--bs-white: #fff;--bs-primary-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-secondary-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-info-rgb: 179, 211, 240;--bs-red-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-red-light-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-blue-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-blue-dark-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-light-rgb: 242, 242, 242;--bs-dark-rgb: 27, 27, 27;--bs-white-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-primary-text-emphasis: #1b3349;--bs-secondary-text-emphasis: #122231;--bs-success-text-emphasis: #0a3622;--bs-info-text-emphasis: #485460;--bs-warning-text-emphasis: #645824;--bs-danger-text-emphasis: #5d1616;--bs-light-text-emphasis: #707881;--bs-dark-text-emphasis: #707881;--bs-primary-bg-subtle: #dae5f1;--bs-secondary-bg-subtle: #d5dde5;--bs-success-bg-subtle: #d1e7dd;--bs-info-bg-subtle: #f0f6fc;--bs-warning-bg-subtle: #fef8de;--bs-danger-bg-subtle: #fad7d7;--bs-light-bg-subtle: #f9f9f9;--bs-dark-bg-subtle: #ced2d9;--bs-primary-border-subtle: #b4cce2;--bs-secondary-border-subtle: #abbbca;--bs-success-border-subtle: #a3cfbb;--bs-info-border-subtle: #e1edf9;--bs-warning-border-subtle: #fdf1bd;--bs-danger-border-subtle: #f6afaf;--bs-light-border-subtle: #e6eaf0;--bs-dark-border-subtle: #a5aeb9;--bs-white-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-black-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-font-sans-serif: "Atlas Grotesk Web", sans-serif;--bs-font-monospace: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace;--bs-gradient: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0));--bs-body-font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif);--bs-body-font-size:1rem;--bs-body-font-weight: 400;--bs-body-line-height: 1.5;--bs-body-color: #000;--bs-body-color-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-body-bg: #fff;--bs-body-bg-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-emphasis-color: #000;--bs-emphasis-color-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-secondary-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75);--bs-secondary-color-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-secondary-bg: #e6eaf0;--bs-secondary-bg-rgb: 230, 234, 240;--bs-tertiary-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);--bs-tertiary-color-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-tertiary-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb: 242, 242, 242;--bs-heading-color: inherit;--bs-link-color: #447fb7;--bs-link-color-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-link-decoration: underline;--bs-link-hover-color: #366692;--bs-link-hover-color-rgb: 54, 102, 146;--bs-code-color: #d63384;--bs-highlight-color: #000;--bs-highlight-bg: #fef8de;--bs-border-width: 1px;--bs-border-style: solid;--bs-border-color: #dadee5;--bs-border-color-translucent: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);--bs-border-radius: 0.375rem;--bs-border-radius-sm: 0.25rem;--bs-border-radius-lg: 0.5rem;--bs-border-radius-xl: 1rem;--bs-border-radius-xxl: 2rem;--bs-border-radius-2xl: var(--bs-border-radius-xxl);--bs-border-radius-pill: 50rem;--bs-box-shadow: 0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);--bs-box-shadow-sm: 0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-box-shadow-lg: 0 1rem 3rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);--bs-box-shadow-inset: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-focus-ring-width: 0.25rem;--bs-focus-ring-opacity: 0.25;--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(68, 127, 183, 0.25);--bs-form-valid-color: #198754;--bs-form-valid-border-color: #198754;--bs-form-invalid-color: #e83836;--bs-form-invalid-border-color: #e83836}[data-bs-theme=dark]{color-scheme:dark;--bs-body-color: #dadee5;--bs-body-color-rgb: 218, 222, 229;--bs-body-bg: #000;--bs-body-bg-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-emphasis-color: #fff;--bs-emphasis-color-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-secondary-color: rgba(218, 222, 229, 0.75);--bs-secondary-color-rgb: 218, 222, 229;--bs-secondary-bg: #383c41;--bs-secondary-bg-rgb: 56, 60, 65;--bs-tertiary-color: rgba(218, 222, 229, 0.5);--bs-tertiary-color-rgb: 218, 222, 229;--bs-tertiary-bg: #1c1e21;--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb: 28, 30, 33;--bs-primary-text-emphasis: #8fb2d4;--bs-secondary-text-emphasis: #8199b0;--bs-success-text-emphasis: #75b798;--bs-info-text-emphasis: #d1e5f6;--bs-warning-text-emphasis: #fce99b;--bs-danger-text-emphasis: #f18886;--bs-light-text-emphasis: #f2f2f2;--bs-dark-text-emphasis: #dadee5;--bs-primary-bg-subtle: #0e1925;--bs-secondary-bg-subtle: #091119;--bs-success-bg-subtle: #051b11;--bs-info-bg-subtle: #242a30;--bs-warning-bg-subtle: #322c12;--bs-danger-bg-subtle: #2e0b0b;--bs-light-bg-subtle: #383c41;--bs-dark-bg-subtle: #1c1e21;--bs-primary-border-subtle: #294c6e;--bs-secondary-border-subtle: #1b334a;--bs-success-border-subtle: #0f5132;--bs-info-border-subtle: #6b7f90;--bs-warning-border-subtle: #968335;--bs-danger-border-subtle: #8b2220;--bs-light-border-subtle: #707881;--bs-dark-border-subtle: #383c41;--bs-heading-color: inherit;--bs-link-color: #8fb2d4;--bs-link-hover-color: #a5c1dd;--bs-link-color-rgb: 143, 178, 212;--bs-link-hover-color-rgb: 165, 193, 221;--bs-code-color: #e685b5;--bs-highlight-color: #dadee5;--bs-highlight-bg: #645824;--bs-border-color: #707881;--bs-border-color-translucent: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);--bs-form-valid-color: #75b798;--bs-form-valid-border-color: #75b798;--bs-form-invalid-color: #d76966;--bs-form-invalid-border-color: #d76966}*,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:border-box}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){:root{scroll-behavior:smooth}}body{margin:0;font-family:var(--bs-body-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-body-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-body-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-body-line-height);color:var(--bs-body-color);text-align:var(--bs-body-text-align);background-color:var(--bs-body-bg);-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)}hr{margin:1rem 0;color:inherit;border:0;border-top:var(--bs-border-width) solid;opacity:.25}h6,h5,h4,h3,h2,h1{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.2;color:var(--bs-heading-color)}h1{font-size:calc(1.375rem + 1.5vw)}@media(min-width: 1200px){h1{font-size:2.5rem}}h2{font-size:calc(1.325rem + 0.9vw)}@media(min-width: 1200px){h2{font-size:2rem}}h3{font-size:calc(1.3rem + 0.6vw)}@media(min-width: 1200px){h3{font-size:1.75rem}}h4{font-size:calc(1.275rem + 0.3vw)}@media(min-width: 1200px){h4{font-size:1.5rem}}h5{font-size:1.25rem}h6{font-size:1rem}p{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}abbr[title]{text-decoration:underline dotted;cursor:help;text-decoration-skip-ink:none}address{margin-bottom:1rem;font-style:normal;line-height:inherit}ol,ul{padding-left:2rem}ol,ul,dl{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}ol ol,ul ul,ol ul,ul ol{margin-bottom:0}dt{font-weight:700}dd{margin-bottom:.5rem;margin-left:0}blockquote{margin:0 0 1rem}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}small{font-size:0.875em}mark{padding:.1875em;color:var(--bs-highlight-color);background-color:var(--bs-highlight-bg)}sub,sup{position:relative;font-size:0.75em;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline}sub{bottom:-0.25em}sup{top:-0.5em}a{color:rgba(var(--bs-link-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1));text-decoration:underline}a:hover{--bs-link-color-rgb: var(--bs-link-hover-color-rgb)}a:not([href]):not([class]),a:not([href]):not([class]):hover{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:var(--bs-font-monospace);font-size:1em}pre{display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem;overflow:auto;font-size:0.875em}pre code{font-size:inherit;color:inherit;word-break:normal}code{font-size:0.875em;color:var(--bs-code-color);word-wrap:break-word}a>code{color:inherit}kbd{padding:.1875rem .375rem;font-size:0.875em;color:var(--bs-body-bg);background-color:var(--bs-body-color)}kbd kbd{padding:0;font-size:1em}figure{margin:0 0 1rem}img,svg{vertical-align:middle}table{caption-side:bottom;border-collapse:collapse}caption{padding-top:.5rem;padding-bottom:.5rem;color:var(--bs-secondary-color);text-align:left}th{text-align:inherit;text-align:-webkit-match-parent}thead,tbody,tfoot,tr,td,th{border-color:inherit;border-style:solid;border-width:0}label{display:inline-block}button{border-radius:0}button:focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:0}input,button,select,optgroup,textarea{margin:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}button,select{text-transform:none}[role=button]{cursor:pointer}select{word-wrap:normal}select:disabled{opacity:1}[list]:not([type=date]):not([type=datetime-local]):not([type=month]):not([type=week]):not([type=time])::-webkit-calendar-picker-indicator{display:none !important}button,[type=button],[type=reset],[type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button}button:not(:disabled),[type=button]:not(:disabled),[type=reset]:not(:disabled),[type=submit]:not(:disabled){cursor:pointer}::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border-style:none}textarea{resize:vertical}fieldset{min-width:0;padding:0;margin:0;border:0}legend{float:left;width:100%;padding:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-size:calc(1.275rem + 0.3vw);line-height:inherit}@media(min-width: 1200px){legend{font-size:1.5rem}}legend+*{clear:left}::-webkit-datetime-edit-fields-wrapper,::-webkit-datetime-edit-text,::-webkit-datetime-edit-minute,::-webkit-datetime-edit-hour-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-day-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-month-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-year-field{padding:0}::-webkit-inner-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-color-swatch-wrapper{padding:0}::file-selector-button{font:inherit;-webkit-appearance:button}output{display:inline-block}iframe{border:0}summary{display:list-item;cursor:pointer}progress{vertical-align:baseline}[hidden]{display:none !important}.container,.container-fluid,.container-xl,.container-lg,.container-md,.container-sm{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y: 0;width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}@media(min-width: 576px){.container-sm,.container{max-width:540px}}@media(min-width: 768px){.container-md,.container-sm,.container{max-width:720px}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.container-lg,.container-md,.container-sm,.container{max-width:960px}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.container-xl,.container-lg,.container-md,.container-sm,.container{max-width:1200px}}:root{--bs-breakpoint-xs: 0;--bs-breakpoint-sm: 576px;--bs-breakpoint-md: 768px;--bs-breakpoint-lg: 1024px;--bs-breakpoint-xl: 1140px}.row{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y: 0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:calc(-1*var(--bs-gutter-y));margin-right:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-gutter-x));margin-left:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-gutter-x))}.row>*{flex-shrink:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-top:var(--bs-gutter-y)}.col{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-auto>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.row-cols-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.row-cols-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.row-cols-3>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.row-cols-4>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.row-cols-5>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:20%}.row-cols-6>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}.col-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}.col-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-1{margin-left:8.33333333%}.offset-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.offset-3{margin-left:25%}.offset-4{margin-left:33.33333333%}.offset-5{margin-left:41.66666667%}.offset-6{margin-left:50%}.offset-7{margin-left:58.33333333%}.offset-8{margin-left:66.66666667%}.offset-9{margin-left:75%}.offset-10{margin-left:83.33333333%}.offset-11{margin-left:91.66666667%}.g-0,.gx-0{--bs-gutter-x: 0}.g-0,.gy-0{--bs-gutter-y: 0}.g-1,.gx-1{--bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem}.g-1,.gy-1{--bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem}.g-2,.gx-2{--bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem}.g-2,.gy-2{--bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem}.g-3,.gx-3{--bs-gutter-x: 1rem}.g-3,.gy-3{--bs-gutter-y: 1rem}.g-4,.gx-4{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem}.g-4,.gy-4{--bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem}.g-5,.gx-5{--bs-gutter-x: 3rem}.g-5,.gy-5{--bs-gutter-y: 3rem}@media(min-width: 576px){.col-sm{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-sm-auto>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.row-cols-sm-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.row-cols-sm-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.row-cols-sm-3>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.row-cols-sm-4>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.row-cols-sm-5>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:20%}.row-cols-sm-6>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-sm-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-sm-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-sm-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-sm-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-sm-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-sm-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-sm-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-sm-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-sm-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-sm-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}.col-sm-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-sm-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}.col-sm-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-sm-0{margin-left:0}.offset-sm-1{margin-left:8.33333333%}.offset-sm-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.offset-sm-3{margin-left:25%}.offset-sm-4{margin-left:33.33333333%}.offset-sm-5{margin-left:41.66666667%}.offset-sm-6{margin-left:50%}.offset-sm-7{margin-left:58.33333333%}.offset-sm-8{margin-left:66.66666667%}.offset-sm-9{margin-left:75%}.offset-sm-10{margin-left:83.33333333%}.offset-sm-11{margin-left:91.66666667%}.g-sm-0,.gx-sm-0{--bs-gutter-x: 0}.g-sm-0,.gy-sm-0{--bs-gutter-y: 0}.g-sm-1,.gx-sm-1{--bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem}.g-sm-1,.gy-sm-1{--bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem}.g-sm-2,.gx-sm-2{--bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem}.g-sm-2,.gy-sm-2{--bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem}.g-sm-3,.gx-sm-3{--bs-gutter-x: 1rem}.g-sm-3,.gy-sm-3{--bs-gutter-y: 1rem}.g-sm-4,.gx-sm-4{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem}.g-sm-4,.gy-sm-4{--bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem}.g-sm-5,.gx-sm-5{--bs-gutter-x: 3rem}.g-sm-5,.gy-sm-5{--bs-gutter-y: 3rem}}@media(min-width: 768px){.col-md{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-md-auto>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.row-cols-md-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.row-cols-md-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.row-cols-md-3>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.row-cols-md-4>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.row-cols-md-5>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:20%}.row-cols-md-6>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-md-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-md-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-md-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-md-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-md-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-md-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-md-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-md-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-md-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-md-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}.col-md-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-md-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}.col-md-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-md-0{margin-left:0}.offset-md-1{margin-left:8.33333333%}.offset-md-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.offset-md-3{margin-left:25%}.offset-md-4{margin-left:33.33333333%}.offset-md-5{margin-left:41.66666667%}.offset-md-6{margin-left:50%}.offset-md-7{margin-left:58.33333333%}.offset-md-8{margin-left:66.66666667%}.offset-md-9{margin-left:75%}.offset-md-10{margin-left:83.33333333%}.offset-md-11{margin-left:91.66666667%}.g-md-0,.gx-md-0{--bs-gutter-x: 0}.g-md-0,.gy-md-0{--bs-gutter-y: 0}.g-md-1,.gx-md-1{--bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem}.g-md-1,.gy-md-1{--bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem}.g-md-2,.gx-md-2{--bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem}.g-md-2,.gy-md-2{--bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem}.g-md-3,.gx-md-3{--bs-gutter-x: 1rem}.g-md-3,.gy-md-3{--bs-gutter-y: 1rem}.g-md-4,.gx-md-4{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem}.g-md-4,.gy-md-4{--bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem}.g-md-5,.gx-md-5{--bs-gutter-x: 3rem}.g-md-5,.gy-md-5{--bs-gutter-y: 3rem}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.col-lg{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-lg-auto>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.row-cols-lg-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.row-cols-lg-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.row-cols-lg-3>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.row-cols-lg-4>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.row-cols-lg-5>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:20%}.row-cols-lg-6>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-lg-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-lg-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-lg-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-lg-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-lg-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-lg-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-lg-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-lg-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-lg-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-lg-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}.col-lg-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-lg-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}.col-lg-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-lg-0{margin-left:0}.offset-lg-1{margin-left:8.33333333%}.offset-lg-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.offset-lg-3{margin-left:25%}.offset-lg-4{margin-left:33.33333333%}.offset-lg-5{margin-left:41.66666667%}.offset-lg-6{margin-left:50%}.offset-lg-7{margin-left:58.33333333%}.offset-lg-8{margin-left:66.66666667%}.offset-lg-9{margin-left:75%}.offset-lg-10{margin-left:83.33333333%}.offset-lg-11{margin-left:91.66666667%}.g-lg-0,.gx-lg-0{--bs-gutter-x: 0}.g-lg-0,.gy-lg-0{--bs-gutter-y: 0}.g-lg-1,.gx-lg-1{--bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem}.g-lg-1,.gy-lg-1{--bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem}.g-lg-2,.gx-lg-2{--bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem}.g-lg-2,.gy-lg-2{--bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem}.g-lg-3,.gx-lg-3{--bs-gutter-x: 1rem}.g-lg-3,.gy-lg-3{--bs-gutter-y: 1rem}.g-lg-4,.gx-lg-4{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem}.g-lg-4,.gy-lg-4{--bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem}.g-lg-5,.gx-lg-5{--bs-gutter-x: 3rem}.g-lg-5,.gy-lg-5{--bs-gutter-y: 3rem}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.col-xl{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-xl-auto>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.row-cols-xl-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.row-cols-xl-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.row-cols-xl-3>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.row-cols-xl-4>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.row-cols-xl-5>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:20%}.row-cols-xl-6>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-xl-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-xl-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-xl-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-xl-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-xl-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-xl-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-xl-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-xl-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-xl-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-xl-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}.col-xl-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-xl-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}.col-xl-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-xl-0{margin-left:0}.offset-xl-1{margin-left:8.33333333%}.offset-xl-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.offset-xl-3{margin-left:25%}.offset-xl-4{margin-left:33.33333333%}.offset-xl-5{margin-left:41.66666667%}.offset-xl-6{margin-left:50%}.offset-xl-7{margin-left:58.33333333%}.offset-xl-8{margin-left:66.66666667%}.offset-xl-9{margin-left:75%}.offset-xl-10{margin-left:83.33333333%}.offset-xl-11{margin-left:91.66666667%}.g-xl-0,.gx-xl-0{--bs-gutter-x: 0}.g-xl-0,.gy-xl-0{--bs-gutter-y: 0}.g-xl-1,.gx-xl-1{--bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem}.g-xl-1,.gy-xl-1{--bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem}.g-xl-2,.gx-xl-2{--bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem}.g-xl-2,.gy-xl-2{--bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem}.g-xl-3,.gx-xl-3{--bs-gutter-x: 1rem}.g-xl-3,.gy-xl-3{--bs-gutter-y: 1rem}.g-xl-4,.gx-xl-4{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem}.g-xl-4,.gy-xl-4{--bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem}.g-xl-5,.gx-xl-5{--bs-gutter-x: 3rem}.g-xl-5,.gy-xl-5{--bs-gutter-y: 3rem}}.fade{transition:opacity .15s linear}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.fade{transition:none}}.fade:not(.show){opacity:0}.collapse:not(.show){display:none}.collapsing{height:0;overflow:hidden;transition:height .35s ease}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.collapsing{transition:none}}.collapsing.collapse-horizontal{width:0;height:auto;transition:width .35s ease}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.collapsing.collapse-horizontal{transition:none}}.card{--bs-card-spacer-y: 1rem;--bs-card-spacer-x: 1rem;--bs-card-title-spacer-y: 0.5rem;--bs-card-title-color: ;--bs-card-subtitle-color: ;--bs-card-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-card-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-card-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-card-box-shadow: ;--bs-card-inner-border-radius: calc(var(--bs-border-radius) - (var(--bs-border-width)));--bs-card-cap-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-card-cap-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-card-cap-bg: rgba(var(--bs-body-color-rgb), 0.03);--bs-card-cap-color: ;--bs-card-height: ;--bs-card-color: ;--bs-card-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-card-img-overlay-padding: 1rem;--bs-card-group-margin: 0.75rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-width:0;height:var(--bs-card-height);color:var(--bs-body-color);word-wrap:break-word;background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);background-clip:border-box;border:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card>hr{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}.card>.list-group{border-top:inherit;border-bottom:inherit}.card>.list-group:first-child{border-top-width:0}.card>.list-group:last-child{border-bottom-width:0}.card>.card-header+.list-group,.card>.list-group+.card-footer{border-top:0}.card-body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-card-spacer-y) var(--bs-card-spacer-x);color:var(--bs-card-color)}.card-title{margin-bottom:var(--bs-card-title-spacer-y);color:var(--bs-card-title-color)}.card-subtitle{margin-top:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-title-spacer-y));margin-bottom:0;color:var(--bs-card-subtitle-color)}.card-text:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.card-link+.card-link{margin-left:var(--bs-card-spacer-x)}.card-header{padding:var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);margin-bottom:0;color:var(--bs-card-cap-color);background-color:var(--bs-card-cap-bg);border-bottom:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card-footer{padding:var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);color:var(--bs-card-cap-color);background-color:var(--bs-card-cap-bg);border-top:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card-header-tabs{margin-right:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));margin-bottom:calc(-1*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y));margin-left:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));border-bottom:0}.card-header-tabs .nav-link.active{background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);border-bottom-color:var(--bs-card-bg)}.card-header-pills{margin-right:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));margin-left:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x))}.card-img-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;padding:var(--bs-card-img-overlay-padding)}.card-img,.card-img-top,.card-img-bottom{width:100%}.card-group>.card{margin-bottom:var(--bs-card-group-margin)}@media(min-width: 576px){.card-group{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap}.card-group>.card{flex:1 0 0%;margin-bottom:0}.card-group>.card+.card{margin-left:0;border-left:0}}.accordion{--bs-accordion-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-accordion-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-accordion-transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out, background-color 0.15s ease-in-out, border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out, border-radius 0.15s ease;--bs-accordion-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);--bs-accordion-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-accordion-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius: calc(var(--bs-border-radius) - (var(--bs-border-width)));--bs-accordion-btn-padding-x: 1.25rem;--bs-accordion-btn-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-accordion-btn-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-accordion-btn-bg: var(--bs-accordion-bg);--bs-accordion-btn-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='none' stroke='%23000' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'%3e%3cpath d='M2 5L8 11L14 5'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width: 1.25rem;--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transform: rotate(-180deg);--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transition: transform 0.2s ease-in-out;--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='none' stroke='%231b3349' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'%3e%3cpath d='M2 5L8 11L14 5'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-accordion-btn-focus-box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(68, 127, 183, 0.25);--bs-accordion-body-padding-x: 1.25rem;--bs-accordion-body-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-accordion-active-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-accordion-active-bg: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle)}.accordion-button{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;width:100%;padding:var(--bs-accordion-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-accordion-btn-padding-x);font-size:1rem;color:var(--bs-accordion-btn-color);text-align:left;background-color:var(--bs-accordion-btn-bg);border:0;overflow-anchor:none;transition:var(--bs-accordion-transition)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.accordion-button{transition:none}}.accordion-button:not(.collapsed){color:var(--bs-accordion-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-accordion-active-bg);box-shadow:inset 0 calc(-1*var(--bs-accordion-border-width)) 0 var(--bs-accordion-border-color)}.accordion-button:not(.collapsed)::after{background-image:var(--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon);transform:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transform)}.accordion-button::after{flex-shrink:0;width:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);height:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);margin-left:auto;content:"";background-image:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);transition:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transition)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.accordion-button::after{transition:none}}.accordion-button:hover{z-index:2}.accordion-button:focus{z-index:3;outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-accordion-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.accordion-header{margin-bottom:0}.accordion-item{color:var(--bs-accordion-color);background-color:var(--bs-accordion-bg);border:var(--bs-accordion-border-width) solid var(--bs-accordion-border-color)}.accordion-item:not(:first-of-type){border-top:0}.accordion-body{padding:var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-y) var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-x)}.accordion-flush>.accordion-item{border-right:0;border-left:0}.accordion-flush>.accordion-item:first-child{border-top:0}.accordion-flush>.accordion-item:last-child{border-bottom:0}[data-bs-theme=dark] .accordion-button::after{--bs-accordion-btn-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%238fb2d4'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%238fb2d4'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e")}.alert{--bs-alert-bg: transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom: 0;--bs-alert-color: inherit;--bs-alert-border-color: transparent;--bs-alert-border: var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-alert-link-color: inherit;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700;color:var(--bs-alert-link-color)}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis)}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis)}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis)}.alert-red{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-red-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-red-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-red-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-red-text-emphasis)}.alert-red-light{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-red-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-red-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-red-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-red-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-blue{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-blue-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-blue-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-blue-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-blue-text-emphasis)}.alert-blue-dark{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-blue-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-text-emphasis)}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis)}.alert-white{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-white-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-white-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-white-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-white-text-emphasis)}.btn-close{--bs-btn-close-color: #000;--bs-btn-close-bg: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-btn-close-opacity: 0.5;--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity: 0.75;--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(68, 127, 183, 0.25);--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity: 1;--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity: 0.25;--bs-btn-close-white-filter: invert(1) grayscale(100%) brightness(200%);box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em .25em;color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);background:rgba(0,0,0,0) var(--bs-btn-close-bg) center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-opacity)}.btn-close:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);text-decoration:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity)}.btn-close:focus{outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow);opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity)}.btn-close:disabled,.btn-close.disabled{pointer-events:none;user-select:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity)}.btn-close-white{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}[data-bs-theme=dark] .btn-close{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}.modal{--bs-modal-zindex: 1055;--bs-modal-width: 500px;--bs-modal-padding: 1rem;--bs-modal-margin: 0.5rem;--bs-modal-color: ;--bs-modal-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-modal-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-modal-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-modal-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius-lg);--bs-modal-box-shadow: var(--bs-box-shadow-sm);--bs-modal-inner-border-radius: calc(var(--bs-border-radius-lg) - (var(--bs-border-width)));--bs-modal-header-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding: 1rem 1rem;--bs-modal-header-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-header-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-modal-title-line-height: 1.5;--bs-modal-footer-gap: 0.5rem;--bs-modal-footer-bg: ;--bs-modal-footer-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-footer-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-modal-zindex);display:none;width:100%;height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;outline:0}.modal-dialog{position:relative;width:auto;margin:var(--bs-modal-margin);pointer-events:none}.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transition:transform .3s ease-out;transform:translate(0, -50px)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transition:none}}.modal.show .modal-dialog{transform:none}.modal.modal-static .modal-dialog{transform:scale(1.02)}.modal-dialog-scrollable{height:calc(100% - var(--bs-modal-margin)*2)}.modal-dialog-scrollable .modal-content{max-height:100%;overflow:hidden}.modal-dialog-scrollable .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}.modal-dialog-centered{display:flex;align-items:center;min-height:calc(100% - var(--bs-modal-margin)*2)}.modal-content{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;color:var(--bs-modal-color);pointer-events:auto;background-color:var(--bs-modal-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-modal-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-border-color);outline:0}.modal-backdrop{--bs-backdrop-zindex: 1050;--bs-backdrop-bg: #000;--bs-backdrop-opacity: 0.5;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-backdrop-zindex);width:100vw;height:100vh;background-color:var(--bs-backdrop-bg)}.modal-backdrop.fade{opacity:0}.modal-backdrop.show{opacity:var(--bs-backdrop-opacity)}.modal-header{display:flex;flex-shrink:0;align-items:center;padding:var(--bs-modal-header-padding);border-bottom:var(--bs-modal-header-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-header-border-color)}.modal-header .btn-close{padding:calc(var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)*.5) calc(var(--bs-modal-header-padding-x)*.5);margin:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)) calc(-0.5*var(--bs-modal-header-padding-x)) calc(-0.5*var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)) auto}.modal-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:var(--bs-modal-title-line-height)}.modal-body{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-modal-padding)}.modal-footer{display:flex;flex-shrink:0;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-end;padding:calc(var(--bs-modal-padding) - var(--bs-modal-footer-gap)*.5);background-color:var(--bs-modal-footer-bg);border-top:var(--bs-modal-footer-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-footer-border-color)}.modal-footer>*{margin:calc(var(--bs-modal-footer-gap)*.5)}@media(min-width: 576px){.modal{--bs-modal-margin: 1.75rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow: var(--bs-box-shadow)}.modal-dialog{max-width:var(--bs-modal-width);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.modal-sm{--bs-modal-width: 300px}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.modal-lg,.modal-xl{--bs-modal-width: 800px}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.modal-xl{--bs-modal-width: 1140px}}.modal-fullscreen{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}@media(max-width: 575.98px){.modal-fullscreen-sm-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-sm-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-sm-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}@media(max-width: 767.98px){.modal-fullscreen-md-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-md-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-md-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}@media(max-width: 1023.98px){.modal-fullscreen-lg-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-lg-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-lg-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}@media(max-width: 1139.98px){.modal-fullscreen-xl-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-xl-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-xl-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}.clearfix::after{display:block;clear:both;content:""}.text-bg-primary{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-secondary{color:#fff !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-info{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-red{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-red-light{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-blue{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-blue-dark{color:#fff !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-light{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-dark{color:#fff !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-white{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-primary{color:RGBA(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-primary:hover,.link-primary:focus{color:RGBA(105, 153, 197, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(105, 153, 197, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-secondary{color:RGBA(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-secondary:hover,.link-secondary:focus{color:RGBA(36, 68, 98, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(36, 68, 98, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-info{color:RGBA(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-info:hover,.link-info:focus{color:RGBA(194, 220, 243, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(194, 220, 243, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-red{color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-red:hover,.link-red:focus{color:RGBA(237, 96, 94, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(237, 96, 94, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-red-light{color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-red-light:hover,.link-red-light:focus{color:RGBA(237, 96, 94, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(237, 96, 94, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-blue{color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-blue:hover,.link-blue:focus{color:RGBA(105, 153, 197, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(105, 153, 197, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-blue-dark{color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-blue-dark:hover,.link-blue-dark:focus{color:RGBA(36, 68, 98, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(36, 68, 98, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-light{color:RGBA(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-light:hover,.link-light:focus{color:RGBA(245, 245, 245, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(245, 245, 245, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-dark{color:RGBA(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-dark:hover,.link-dark:focus{color:RGBA(22, 22, 22, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(22, 22, 22, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-white{color:RGBA(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-white:hover,.link-white:focus{color:RGBA(255, 255, 255, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(255, 255, 255, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-body-emphasis{color:RGBA(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-body-emphasis:hover,.link-body-emphasis:focus{color:RGBA(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 0.75)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 0.75)) !important}.focus-ring:focus{outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-focus-ring-x, 0) var(--bs-focus-ring-y, 0) var(--bs-focus-ring-blur, 0) var(--bs-focus-ring-width) var(--bs-focus-ring-color)}.icon-link{display:inline-flex;gap:.375rem;align-items:center;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-link-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 0.5));text-underline-offset:.25em;backface-visibility:hidden}.icon-link>.bi{flex-shrink:0;width:1em;height:1em;fill:currentcolor;transition:.2s ease-in-out transform}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.icon-link>.bi{transition:none}}.icon-link-hover:hover>.bi,.icon-link-hover:focus-visible>.bi{transform:var(--bs-icon-link-transform, translate3d(0.25em, 0, 0))}.ratio{position:relative;width:100%}.ratio::before{display:block;padding-top:var(--bs-aspect-ratio);content:""}.ratio>*{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%}.ratio-1x1{--bs-aspect-ratio: 100%}.ratio-4x3{--bs-aspect-ratio: 75%}.ratio-16x9{--bs-aspect-ratio: 56.25%}.ratio-21x9{--bs-aspect-ratio: 42.8571428571%}.fixed-top{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;left:0;z-index:1030}.fixed-bottom{position:fixed;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:1030}.sticky-top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.sticky-bottom{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1020}@media(min-width: 576px){.sticky-sm-top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.sticky-sm-bottom{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1020}}@media(min-width: 768px){.sticky-md-top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.sticky-md-bottom{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1020}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.sticky-lg-top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.sticky-lg-bottom{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1020}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.sticky-xl-top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.sticky-xl-bottom{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1020}}.hstack{display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:center;align-self:stretch}.vstack{display:flex;flex:1 1 auto;flex-direction:column;align-self:stretch}.visually-hidden,.visually-hidden-focusable:not(:focus):not(:focus-within){width:1px !important;height:1px !important;padding:0 !important;margin:-1px !important;overflow:hidden !important;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0) !important;white-space:nowrap !important;border:0 !important}.visually-hidden:not(caption),.visually-hidden-focusable:not(:focus):not(:focus-within):not(caption){position:absolute !important}.stretched-link::after{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:1;content:""}.text-truncate{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.vr{display:inline-block;align-self:stretch;width:var(--bs-border-width);min-height:1em;background-color:currentcolor;opacity:.25}.align-baseline{vertical-align:baseline !important}.align-top{vertical-align:top !important}.align-middle{vertical-align:middle !important}.align-bottom{vertical-align:bottom !important}.align-text-bottom{vertical-align:text-bottom !important}.align-text-top{vertical-align:text-top !important}.float-start{float:left !important}.float-end{float:right !important}.float-none{float:none !important}.object-fit-contain{object-fit:contain !important}.object-fit-cover{object-fit:cover !important}.object-fit-fill{object-fit:fill !important}.object-fit-scale{object-fit:scale-down !important}.object-fit-none{object-fit:none !important}.opacity-0{opacity:0 !important}.opacity-25{opacity:.25 !important}.opacity-50{opacity:.5 !important}.opacity-75{opacity:.75 !important}.opacity-100{opacity:1 !important}.overflow-auto{overflow:auto !important}.overflow-hidden{overflow:hidden !important}.overflow-visible{overflow:visible !important}.overflow-scroll{overflow:scroll !important}.overflow-x-auto{overflow-x:auto !important}.overflow-x-hidden{overflow-x:hidden !important}.overflow-x-visible{overflow-x:visible !important}.overflow-x-scroll{overflow-x:scroll !important}.overflow-y-auto{overflow-y:auto !important}.overflow-y-hidden{overflow-y:hidden !important}.overflow-y-visible{overflow-y:visible !important}.overflow-y-scroll{overflow-y:scroll !important}.d-inline{display:inline !important}.d-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-block{display:block !important}.d-grid{display:grid !important}.d-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-table{display:table !important}.d-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-flex{display:flex !important}.d-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-none{display:none !important}.shadow{box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow) !important}.shadow-sm{box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow-sm) !important}.shadow-lg{box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow-lg) !important}.shadow-none{box-shadow:none !important}.focus-ring-primary{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-secondary{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-info{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-red{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-red-light{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-blue{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-blue-dark{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-light{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-dark{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-white{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.position-static{position:static !important}.position-relative{position:relative !important}.position-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-sticky{position:sticky !important}.top-0{top:0 !important}.top-50{top:50% !important}.top-100{top:100% !important}.bottom-0{bottom:0 !important}.bottom-50{bottom:50% !important}.bottom-100{bottom:100% !important}.start-0{left:0 !important}.start-50{left:50% !important}.start-100{left:100% !important}.end-0{right:0 !important}.end-50{right:50% !important}.end-100{right:100% !important}.translate-middle{transform:translate(-50%, -50%) !important}.translate-middle-x{transform:translateX(-50%) !important}.translate-middle-y{transform:translateY(-50%) !important}.border{border:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important}.border-0{border:0 !important}.border-top{border-top:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important}.border-top-0{border-top:0 !important}.border-end{border-right:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important}.border-end-0{border-right:0 !important}.border-bottom{border-bottom:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important}.border-bottom-0{border-bottom:0 !important}.border-start{border-left:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important}.border-start-0{border-left:0 !important}.border-primary{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-secondary{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-info{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-red{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-red-light{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-blue{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-blue-dark{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-light{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-dark{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-white{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-black{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-primary-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-primary-border-subtle) !important}.border-secondary-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle) !important}.border-success-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-success-border-subtle) !important}.border-info-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-info-border-subtle) !important}.border-warning-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-warning-border-subtle) !important}.border-danger-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-danger-border-subtle) !important}.border-light-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-light-border-subtle) !important}.border-dark-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-dark-border-subtle) !important}.border-1{border-width:1px !important}.border-2{border-width:2px !important}.border-3{border-width:3px !important}.border-4{border-width:4px !important}.border-5{border-width:5px !important}.border-opacity-10{--bs-border-opacity: 0.1}.border-opacity-25{--bs-border-opacity: 0.25}.border-opacity-50{--bs-border-opacity: 0.5}.border-opacity-75{--bs-border-opacity: 0.75}.border-opacity-100{--bs-border-opacity: 1}.w-25{width:25% !important}.w-50{width:50% !important}.w-75{width:75% !important}.w-100{width:100% !important}.w-auto{width:auto !important}.mw-100{max-width:100% !important}.vw-100{width:100vw !important}.min-vw-100{min-width:100vw !important}.h-25{height:25% !important}.h-50{height:50% !important}.h-75{height:75% !important}.h-100{height:100% !important}.h-auto{height:auto !important}.mh-100{max-height:100% !important}.vh-100{height:100vh !important}.min-vh-100{min-height:100vh !important}.flex-fill{flex:1 1 auto !important}.flex-row{flex-direction:row !important}.flex-column{flex-direction:column !important}.flex-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse !important}.flex-column-reverse{flex-direction:column-reverse !important}.flex-grow-0{flex-grow:0 !important}.flex-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.flex-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0 !important}.flex-shrink-1{flex-shrink:1 !important}.flex-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap !important}.flex-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap !important}.flex-wrap-reverse{flex-wrap:wrap-reverse !important}.justify-content-start{justify-content:flex-start !important}.justify-content-end{justify-content:flex-end !important}.justify-content-center{justify-content:center !important}.justify-content-between{justify-content:space-between !important}.justify-content-around{justify-content:space-around !important}.justify-content-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly !important}.align-items-start{align-items:flex-start !important}.align-items-end{align-items:flex-end !important}.align-items-center{align-items:center !important}.align-items-baseline{align-items:baseline !important}.align-items-stretch{align-items:stretch !important}.align-content-start{align-content:flex-start !important}.align-content-end{align-content:flex-end !important}.align-content-center{align-content:center !important}.align-content-between{align-content:space-between !important}.align-content-around{align-content:space-around !important}.align-content-stretch{align-content:stretch !important}.align-self-auto{align-self:auto !important}.align-self-start{align-self:flex-start !important}.align-self-end{align-self:flex-end !important}.align-self-center{align-self:center !important}.align-self-baseline{align-self:baseline !important}.align-self-stretch{align-self:stretch !important}.order-first{order:-1 !important}.order-0{order:0 !important}.order-1{order:1 !important}.order-2{order:2 !important}.order-3{order:3 !important}.order-4{order:4 !important}.order-5{order:5 !important}.order-last{order:6 !important}.m-0{margin:0 !important}.m-1{margin:.25rem !important}.m-2{margin:.5rem !important}.m-3{margin:1rem !important}.m-4{margin:1.5rem !important}.m-5{margin:3rem !important}.m-auto{margin:auto !important}.mx-0{margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important}.mx-1{margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important}.mx-2{margin-right:.5rem !important;margin-left:.5rem !important}.mx-3{margin-right:1rem !important;margin-left:1rem !important}.mx-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important;margin-left:1.5rem !important}.mx-5{margin-right:3rem !important;margin-left:3rem !important}.mx-auto{margin-right:auto !important;margin-left:auto !important}.my-0{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important}.my-1{margin-top:.25rem !important;margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.my-2{margin-top:.5rem !important;margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.my-3{margin-top:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important}.my-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important;margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.my-5{margin-top:3rem !important;margin-bottom:3rem !important}.my-auto{margin-top:auto !important;margin-bottom:auto !important}.mt-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mt-1{margin-top:.25rem !important}.mt-2{margin-top:.5rem !important}.mt-3{margin-top:1rem !important}.mt-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important}.mt-5{margin-top:3rem !important}.mt-auto{margin-top:auto !important}.me-0{margin-right:0 !important}.me-1{margin-right:.25rem !important}.me-2{margin-right:.5rem !important}.me-3{margin-right:1rem !important}.me-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important}.me-5{margin-right:3rem !important}.me-auto{margin-right:auto !important}.mb-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-1{margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.mb-2{margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.mb-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.mb-5{margin-bottom:3rem !important}.mb-auto{margin-bottom:auto !important}.ms-0{margin-left:0 !important}.ms-1{margin-left:.25rem !important}.ms-2{margin-left:.5rem !important}.ms-3{margin-left:1rem !important}.ms-4{margin-left:1.5rem !important}.ms-5{margin-left:3rem !important}.ms-auto{margin-left:auto !important}.p-0{padding:0 !important}.p-1{padding:.25rem !important}.p-2{padding:.5rem !important}.p-3{padding:1rem !important}.p-4{padding:1.5rem !important}.p-5{padding:3rem !important}.px-0{padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important}.px-1{padding-right:.25rem !important;padding-left:.25rem !important}.px-2{padding-right:.5rem !important;padding-left:.5rem !important}.px-3{padding-right:1rem !important;padding-left:1rem !important}.px-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important;padding-left:1.5rem !important}.px-5{padding-right:3rem !important;padding-left:3rem !important}.py-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}.py-1{padding-top:.25rem !important;padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.py-2{padding-top:.5rem !important;padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.py-3{padding-top:1rem !important;padding-bottom:1rem !important}.py-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important;padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.py-5{padding-top:3rem !important;padding-bottom:3rem !important}.pt-0{padding-top:0 !important}.pt-1{padding-top:.25rem !important}.pt-2{padding-top:.5rem !important}.pt-3{padding-top:1rem !important}.pt-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important}.pt-5{padding-top:3rem !important}.pe-0{padding-right:0 !important}.pe-1{padding-right:.25rem !important}.pe-2{padding-right:.5rem !important}.pe-3{padding-right:1rem !important}.pe-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important}.pe-5{padding-right:3rem !important}.pb-0{padding-bottom:0 !important}.pb-1{padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.pb-2{padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.pb-3{padding-bottom:1rem !important}.pb-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.pb-5{padding-bottom:3rem !important}.ps-0{padding-left:0 !important}.ps-1{padding-left:.25rem !important}.ps-2{padding-left:.5rem !important}.ps-3{padding-left:1rem !important}.ps-4{padding-left:1.5rem !important}.ps-5{padding-left:3rem !important}.gap-0{gap:0 !important}.gap-1{gap:.25rem !important}.gap-2{gap:.5rem !important}.gap-3{gap:1rem !important}.gap-4{gap:1.5rem !important}.gap-5{gap:3rem !important}.row-gap-0{row-gap:0 !important}.row-gap-1{row-gap:.25rem !important}.row-gap-2{row-gap:.5rem !important}.row-gap-3{row-gap:1rem !important}.row-gap-4{row-gap:1.5rem !important}.row-gap-5{row-gap:3rem !important}.column-gap-0{column-gap:0 !important}.column-gap-1{column-gap:.25rem !important}.column-gap-2{column-gap:.5rem !important}.column-gap-3{column-gap:1rem !important}.column-gap-4{column-gap:1.5rem !important}.column-gap-5{column-gap:3rem !important}.font-monospace{font-family:var(--bs-font-monospace) !important}.fs-1{font-size:calc(1.375rem + 1.5vw) !important}.fs-2{font-size:calc(1.325rem + 0.9vw) !important}.fs-3{font-size:calc(1.3rem + 0.6vw) !important}.fs-4{font-size:calc(1.275rem + 0.3vw) !important}.fs-5{font-size:1.25rem !important}.fs-6{font-size:1rem !important}.fst-italic{font-style:italic !important}.fst-normal{font-style:normal !important}.fw-lighter{font-weight:lighter !important}.fw-light{font-weight:300 !important}.fw-normal{font-weight:400 !important}.fw-medium{font-weight:500 !important}.fw-semibold{font-weight:600 !important}.fw-bold{font-weight:700 !important}.fw-bolder{font-weight:bolder !important}.lh-1{line-height:1 !important}.lh-sm{line-height:1.25 !important}.lh-base{line-height:1.5 !important}.lh-lg{line-height:2 !important}.text-start{text-align:left !important}.text-end{text-align:right !important}.text-center{text-align:center !important}.text-decoration-none{text-decoration:none !important}.text-decoration-underline{text-decoration:underline !important}.text-decoration-line-through{text-decoration:line-through !important}.text-lowercase{text-transform:lowercase !important}.text-uppercase{text-transform:uppercase !important}.text-capitalize{text-transform:capitalize !important}.text-wrap{white-space:normal !important}.text-nowrap{white-space:nowrap !important}.text-break{word-wrap:break-word !important;word-break:break-word !important}.text-primary{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-secondary{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-info{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-red{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-red-light{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-blue{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-blue-dark{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-light{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-dark{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-white{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-black{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-body{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-body-color-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-muted{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:var(--bs-secondary-color) !important}.text-black-50{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(0,0,0,.5) !important}.text-white-50{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(255,255,255,.5) !important}.text-body-secondary{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:var(--bs-secondary-color) !important}.text-body-tertiary{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:var(--bs-tertiary-color) !important}.text-body-emphasis{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:var(--bs-emphasis-color) !important}.text-reset{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:inherit !important}.text-opacity-25{--bs-text-opacity: 0.25}.text-opacity-50{--bs-text-opacity: 0.5}.text-opacity-75{--bs-text-opacity: 0.75}.text-opacity-100{--bs-text-opacity: 1}.text-primary-emphasis{color:var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis) !important}.text-secondary-emphasis{color:var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis) !important}.text-success-emphasis{color:var(--bs-success-text-emphasis) !important}.text-info-emphasis{color:var(--bs-info-text-emphasis) !important}.text-warning-emphasis{color:var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis) !important}.text-danger-emphasis{color:var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis) !important}.text-light-emphasis{color:var(--bs-light-text-emphasis) !important}.text-dark-emphasis{color:var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis) !important}.link-opacity-10{--bs-link-opacity: 0.1}.link-opacity-10-hover:hover{--bs-link-opacity: 0.1}.link-opacity-25{--bs-link-opacity: 0.25}.link-opacity-25-hover:hover{--bs-link-opacity: 0.25}.link-opacity-50{--bs-link-opacity: 0.5}.link-opacity-50-hover:hover{--bs-link-opacity: 0.5}.link-opacity-75{--bs-link-opacity: 0.75}.link-opacity-75-hover:hover{--bs-link-opacity: 0.75}.link-opacity-100{--bs-link-opacity: 1}.link-opacity-100-hover:hover{--bs-link-opacity: 1}.link-offset-1{text-underline-offset:.125em !important}.link-offset-1-hover:hover{text-underline-offset:.125em !important}.link-offset-2{text-underline-offset:.25em !important}.link-offset-2-hover:hover{text-underline-offset:.25em !important}.link-offset-3{text-underline-offset:.375em !important}.link-offset-3-hover:hover{text-underline-offset:.375em !important}.link-underline-primary{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-secondary{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-info{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-red{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-red-light{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-blue{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-blue-dark{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-light{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-dark{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-white{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-link-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-underline-opacity-0{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0}.link-underline-opacity-0-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0}.link-underline-opacity-10{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.1}.link-underline-opacity-10-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.1}.link-underline-opacity-25{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.25}.link-underline-opacity-25-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.25}.link-underline-opacity-50{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.5}.link-underline-opacity-50-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.5}.link-underline-opacity-75{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.75}.link-underline-opacity-75-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.75}.link-underline-opacity-100{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1}.link-underline-opacity-100-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1}.bg-primary{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-secondary{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-info{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-red{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-red-light{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-blue{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-blue-dark{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-light{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-dark{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-white{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-black{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-body{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-body-bg-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-transparent{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important}.bg-body-secondary{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-bg-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-body-tertiary{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-opacity-10{--bs-bg-opacity: 0.1}.bg-opacity-25{--bs-bg-opacity: 0.25}.bg-opacity-50{--bs-bg-opacity: 0.5}.bg-opacity-75{--bs-bg-opacity: 0.75}.bg-opacity-100{--bs-bg-opacity: 1}.bg-primary-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-secondary-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-success-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-success-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-info-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-info-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-warning-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-warning-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-danger-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-danger-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-light-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-light-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-dark-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-gradient{background-image:var(--bs-gradient) !important}.user-select-all{user-select:all !important}.user-select-auto{user-select:auto !important}.user-select-none{user-select:none !important}.pe-none{pointer-events:none !important}.pe-auto{pointer-events:auto !important}.rounded{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-0{border-radius:0 !important}.rounded-1{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important}.rounded-2{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-3{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important}.rounded-4{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important}.rounded-5{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important}.rounded-circle{border-radius:50% !important}.rounded-pill{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important}.rounded-top{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-top-0{border-top-left-radius:0 !important;border-top-right-radius:0 !important}.rounded-top-1{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important}.rounded-top-2{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-top-3{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important}.rounded-top-4{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important}.rounded-top-5{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important}.rounded-top-circle{border-top-left-radius:50% !important;border-top-right-radius:50% !important}.rounded-top-pill{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important}.rounded-end{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-end-0{border-top-right-radius:0 !important;border-bottom-right-radius:0 !important}.rounded-end-1{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important}.rounded-end-2{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-end-3{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important}.rounded-end-4{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important}.rounded-end-5{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important}.rounded-end-circle{border-top-right-radius:50% !important;border-bottom-right-radius:50% !important}.rounded-end-pill{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important}.rounded-bottom{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-bottom-0{border-bottom-right-radius:0 !important;border-bottom-left-radius:0 !important}.rounded-bottom-1{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important}.rounded-bottom-2{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-bottom-3{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important}.rounded-bottom-4{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important}.rounded-bottom-5{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important}.rounded-bottom-circle{border-bottom-right-radius:50% !important;border-bottom-left-radius:50% !important}.rounded-bottom-pill{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important}.rounded-start{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-start-0{border-bottom-left-radius:0 !important;border-top-left-radius:0 !important}.rounded-start-1{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important}.rounded-start-2{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-start-3{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important}.rounded-start-4{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important}.rounded-start-5{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important}.rounded-start-circle{border-bottom-left-radius:50% !important;border-top-left-radius:50% !important}.rounded-start-pill{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important}.visible{visibility:visible !important}.invisible{visibility:hidden !important}.z-n1{z-index:-1 !important}.z-0{z-index:0 !important}.z-1{z-index:1 !important}.z-2{z-index:2 !important}.z-3{z-index:3 !important}@media(min-width: 576px){.float-sm-start{float:left !important}.float-sm-end{float:right !important}.float-sm-none{float:none !important}.object-fit-sm-contain{object-fit:contain !important}.object-fit-sm-cover{object-fit:cover !important}.object-fit-sm-fill{object-fit:fill !important}.object-fit-sm-scale{object-fit:scale-down !important}.object-fit-sm-none{object-fit:none !important}.d-sm-inline{display:inline !important}.d-sm-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-sm-block{display:block !important}.d-sm-grid{display:grid !important}.d-sm-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-sm-table{display:table !important}.d-sm-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-sm-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-sm-flex{display:flex !important}.d-sm-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-sm-none{display:none !important}.flex-sm-fill{flex:1 1 auto !important}.flex-sm-row{flex-direction:row !important}.flex-sm-column{flex-direction:column !important}.flex-sm-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse !important}.flex-sm-column-reverse{flex-direction:column-reverse !important}.flex-sm-grow-0{flex-grow:0 !important}.flex-sm-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.flex-sm-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0 !important}.flex-sm-shrink-1{flex-shrink:1 !important}.flex-sm-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap !important}.flex-sm-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap !important}.flex-sm-wrap-reverse{flex-wrap:wrap-reverse !important}.justify-content-sm-start{justify-content:flex-start !important}.justify-content-sm-end{justify-content:flex-end !important}.justify-content-sm-center{justify-content:center !important}.justify-content-sm-between{justify-content:space-between !important}.justify-content-sm-around{justify-content:space-around !important}.justify-content-sm-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly !important}.align-items-sm-start{align-items:flex-start !important}.align-items-sm-end{align-items:flex-end !important}.align-items-sm-center{align-items:center !important}.align-items-sm-baseline{align-items:baseline !important}.align-items-sm-stretch{align-items:stretch !important}.align-content-sm-start{align-content:flex-start !important}.align-content-sm-end{align-content:flex-end !important}.align-content-sm-center{align-content:center !important}.align-content-sm-between{align-content:space-between !important}.align-content-sm-around{align-content:space-around !important}.align-content-sm-stretch{align-content:stretch !important}.align-self-sm-auto{align-self:auto !important}.align-self-sm-start{align-self:flex-start !important}.align-self-sm-end{align-self:flex-end !important}.align-self-sm-center{align-self:center !important}.align-self-sm-baseline{align-self:baseline !important}.align-self-sm-stretch{align-self:stretch !important}.order-sm-first{order:-1 !important}.order-sm-0{order:0 !important}.order-sm-1{order:1 !important}.order-sm-2{order:2 !important}.order-sm-3{order:3 !important}.order-sm-4{order:4 !important}.order-sm-5{order:5 !important}.order-sm-last{order:6 !important}.m-sm-0{margin:0 !important}.m-sm-1{margin:.25rem !important}.m-sm-2{margin:.5rem !important}.m-sm-3{margin:1rem !important}.m-sm-4{margin:1.5rem !important}.m-sm-5{margin:3rem !important}.m-sm-auto{margin:auto !important}.mx-sm-0{margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important}.mx-sm-1{margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important}.mx-sm-2{margin-right:.5rem !important;margin-left:.5rem !important}.mx-sm-3{margin-right:1rem !important;margin-left:1rem !important}.mx-sm-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important;margin-left:1.5rem !important}.mx-sm-5{margin-right:3rem !important;margin-left:3rem !important}.mx-sm-auto{margin-right:auto !important;margin-left:auto !important}.my-sm-0{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important}.my-sm-1{margin-top:.25rem !important;margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.my-sm-2{margin-top:.5rem !important;margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.my-sm-3{margin-top:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important}.my-sm-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important;margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.my-sm-5{margin-top:3rem !important;margin-bottom:3rem !important}.my-sm-auto{margin-top:auto !important;margin-bottom:auto !important}.mt-sm-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mt-sm-1{margin-top:.25rem !important}.mt-sm-2{margin-top:.5rem !important}.mt-sm-3{margin-top:1rem !important}.mt-sm-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important}.mt-sm-5{margin-top:3rem !important}.mt-sm-auto{margin-top:auto !important}.me-sm-0{margin-right:0 !important}.me-sm-1{margin-right:.25rem !important}.me-sm-2{margin-right:.5rem !important}.me-sm-3{margin-right:1rem !important}.me-sm-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important}.me-sm-5{margin-right:3rem !important}.me-sm-auto{margin-right:auto !important}.mb-sm-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-sm-1{margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.mb-sm-2{margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.mb-sm-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-sm-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.mb-sm-5{margin-bottom:3rem !important}.mb-sm-auto{margin-bottom:auto !important}.ms-sm-0{margin-left:0 !important}.ms-sm-1{margin-left:.25rem !important}.ms-sm-2{margin-left:.5rem !important}.ms-sm-3{margin-left:1rem !important}.ms-sm-4{margin-left:1.5rem !important}.ms-sm-5{margin-left:3rem !important}.ms-sm-auto{margin-left:auto !important}.p-sm-0{padding:0 !important}.p-sm-1{padding:.25rem !important}.p-sm-2{padding:.5rem !important}.p-sm-3{padding:1rem !important}.p-sm-4{padding:1.5rem !important}.p-sm-5{padding:3rem !important}.px-sm-0{padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important}.px-sm-1{padding-right:.25rem !important;padding-left:.25rem !important}.px-sm-2{padding-right:.5rem !important;padding-left:.5rem !important}.px-sm-3{padding-right:1rem !important;padding-left:1rem !important}.px-sm-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important;padding-left:1.5rem !important}.px-sm-5{padding-right:3rem !important;padding-left:3rem !important}.py-sm-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}.py-sm-1{padding-top:.25rem !important;padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.py-sm-2{padding-top:.5rem !important;padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.py-sm-3{padding-top:1rem !important;padding-bottom:1rem !important}.py-sm-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important;padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.py-sm-5{padding-top:3rem !important;padding-bottom:3rem !important}.pt-sm-0{padding-top:0 !important}.pt-sm-1{padding-top:.25rem !important}.pt-sm-2{padding-top:.5rem !important}.pt-sm-3{padding-top:1rem !important}.pt-sm-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important}.pt-sm-5{padding-top:3rem !important}.pe-sm-0{padding-right:0 !important}.pe-sm-1{padding-right:.25rem !important}.pe-sm-2{padding-right:.5rem !important}.pe-sm-3{padding-right:1rem !important}.pe-sm-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important}.pe-sm-5{padding-right:3rem !important}.pb-sm-0{padding-bottom:0 !important}.pb-sm-1{padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.pb-sm-2{padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.pb-sm-3{padding-bottom:1rem !important}.pb-sm-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.pb-sm-5{padding-bottom:3rem !important}.ps-sm-0{padding-left:0 !important}.ps-sm-1{padding-left:.25rem !important}.ps-sm-2{padding-left:.5rem !important}.ps-sm-3{padding-left:1rem !important}.ps-sm-4{padding-left:1.5rem !important}.ps-sm-5{padding-left:3rem !important}.gap-sm-0{gap:0 !important}.gap-sm-1{gap:.25rem !important}.gap-sm-2{gap:.5rem !important}.gap-sm-3{gap:1rem !important}.gap-sm-4{gap:1.5rem !important}.gap-sm-5{gap:3rem !important}.row-gap-sm-0{row-gap:0 !important}.row-gap-sm-1{row-gap:.25rem !important}.row-gap-sm-2{row-gap:.5rem !important}.row-gap-sm-3{row-gap:1rem !important}.row-gap-sm-4{row-gap:1.5rem !important}.row-gap-sm-5{row-gap:3rem !important}.column-gap-sm-0{column-gap:0 !important}.column-gap-sm-1{column-gap:.25rem !important}.column-gap-sm-2{column-gap:.5rem !important}.column-gap-sm-3{column-gap:1rem !important}.column-gap-sm-4{column-gap:1.5rem !important}.column-gap-sm-5{column-gap:3rem !important}.text-sm-start{text-align:left !important}.text-sm-end{text-align:right !important}.text-sm-center{text-align:center !important}}@media(min-width: 768px){.float-md-start{float:left !important}.float-md-end{float:right !important}.float-md-none{float:none !important}.object-fit-md-contain{object-fit:contain !important}.object-fit-md-cover{object-fit:cover !important}.object-fit-md-fill{object-fit:fill !important}.object-fit-md-scale{object-fit:scale-down !important}.object-fit-md-none{object-fit:none !important}.d-md-inline{display:inline !important}.d-md-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-md-block{display:block !important}.d-md-grid{display:grid !important}.d-md-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-md-table{display:table !important}.d-md-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-md-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-md-flex{display:flex !important}.d-md-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-md-none{display:none !important}.flex-md-fill{flex:1 1 auto !important}.flex-md-row{flex-direction:row !important}.flex-md-column{flex-direction:column !important}.flex-md-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse !important}.flex-md-column-reverse{flex-direction:column-reverse !important}.flex-md-grow-0{flex-grow:0 !important}.flex-md-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.flex-md-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0 !important}.flex-md-shrink-1{flex-shrink:1 !important}.flex-md-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap !important}.flex-md-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap !important}.flex-md-wrap-reverse{flex-wrap:wrap-reverse !important}.justify-content-md-start{justify-content:flex-start !important}.justify-content-md-end{justify-content:flex-end !important}.justify-content-md-center{justify-content:center !important}.justify-content-md-between{justify-content:space-between !important}.justify-content-md-around{justify-content:space-around !important}.justify-content-md-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly !important}.align-items-md-start{align-items:flex-start !important}.align-items-md-end{align-items:flex-end !important}.align-items-md-center{align-items:center !important}.align-items-md-baseline{align-items:baseline !important}.align-items-md-stretch{align-items:stretch !important}.align-content-md-start{align-content:flex-start !important}.align-content-md-end{align-content:flex-end !important}.align-content-md-center{align-content:center !important}.align-content-md-between{align-content:space-between !important}.align-content-md-around{align-content:space-around !important}.align-content-md-stretch{align-content:stretch !important}.align-self-md-auto{align-self:auto !important}.align-self-md-start{align-self:flex-start !important}.align-self-md-end{align-self:flex-end !important}.align-self-md-center{align-self:center !important}.align-self-md-baseline{align-self:baseline !important}.align-self-md-stretch{align-self:stretch !important}.order-md-first{order:-1 !important}.order-md-0{order:0 !important}.order-md-1{order:1 !important}.order-md-2{order:2 !important}.order-md-3{order:3 !important}.order-md-4{order:4 !important}.order-md-5{order:5 !important}.order-md-last{order:6 !important}.m-md-0{margin:0 !important}.m-md-1{margin:.25rem !important}.m-md-2{margin:.5rem !important}.m-md-3{margin:1rem !important}.m-md-4{margin:1.5rem !important}.m-md-5{margin:3rem !important}.m-md-auto{margin:auto !important}.mx-md-0{margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important}.mx-md-1{margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important}.mx-md-2{margin-right:.5rem !important;margin-left:.5rem !important}.mx-md-3{margin-right:1rem !important;margin-left:1rem !important}.mx-md-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important;margin-left:1.5rem !important}.mx-md-5{margin-right:3rem !important;margin-left:3rem !important}.mx-md-auto{margin-right:auto !important;margin-left:auto !important}.my-md-0{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important}.my-md-1{margin-top:.25rem !important;margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.my-md-2{margin-top:.5rem !important;margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.my-md-3{margin-top:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important}.my-md-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important;margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.my-md-5{margin-top:3rem !important;margin-bottom:3rem !important}.my-md-auto{margin-top:auto !important;margin-bottom:auto !important}.mt-md-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mt-md-1{margin-top:.25rem !important}.mt-md-2{margin-top:.5rem !important}.mt-md-3{margin-top:1rem !important}.mt-md-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important}.mt-md-5{margin-top:3rem !important}.mt-md-auto{margin-top:auto !important}.me-md-0{margin-right:0 !important}.me-md-1{margin-right:.25rem !important}.me-md-2{margin-right:.5rem !important}.me-md-3{margin-right:1rem !important}.me-md-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important}.me-md-5{margin-right:3rem !important}.me-md-auto{margin-right:auto !important}.mb-md-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-md-1{margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.mb-md-2{margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.mb-md-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-md-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.mb-md-5{margin-bottom:3rem !important}.mb-md-auto{margin-bottom:auto !important}.ms-md-0{margin-left:0 !important}.ms-md-1{margin-left:.25rem !important}.ms-md-2{margin-left:.5rem !important}.ms-md-3{margin-left:1rem !important}.ms-md-4{margin-left:1.5rem !important}.ms-md-5{margin-left:3rem !important}.ms-md-auto{margin-left:auto !important}.p-md-0{padding:0 !important}.p-md-1{padding:.25rem !important}.p-md-2{padding:.5rem !important}.p-md-3{padding:1rem !important}.p-md-4{padding:1.5rem !important}.p-md-5{padding:3rem !important}.px-md-0{padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important}.px-md-1{padding-right:.25rem !important;padding-left:.25rem !important}.px-md-2{padding-right:.5rem !important;padding-left:.5rem !important}.px-md-3{padding-right:1rem !important;padding-left:1rem !important}.px-md-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important;padding-left:1.5rem !important}.px-md-5{padding-right:3rem !important;padding-left:3rem !important}.py-md-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}.py-md-1{padding-top:.25rem !important;padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.py-md-2{padding-top:.5rem !important;padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.py-md-3{padding-top:1rem !important;padding-bottom:1rem !important}.py-md-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important;padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.py-md-5{padding-top:3rem !important;padding-bottom:3rem !important}.pt-md-0{padding-top:0 !important}.pt-md-1{padding-top:.25rem !important}.pt-md-2{padding-top:.5rem !important}.pt-md-3{padding-top:1rem !important}.pt-md-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important}.pt-md-5{padding-top:3rem !important}.pe-md-0{padding-right:0 !important}.pe-md-1{padding-right:.25rem !important}.pe-md-2{padding-right:.5rem !important}.pe-md-3{padding-right:1rem !important}.pe-md-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important}.pe-md-5{padding-right:3rem !important}.pb-md-0{padding-bottom:0 !important}.pb-md-1{padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.pb-md-2{padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.pb-md-3{padding-bottom:1rem !important}.pb-md-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.pb-md-5{padding-bottom:3rem !important}.ps-md-0{padding-left:0 !important}.ps-md-1{padding-left:.25rem !important}.ps-md-2{padding-left:.5rem !important}.ps-md-3{padding-left:1rem !important}.ps-md-4{padding-left:1.5rem !important}.ps-md-5{padding-left:3rem !important}.gap-md-0{gap:0 !important}.gap-md-1{gap:.25rem !important}.gap-md-2{gap:.5rem !important}.gap-md-3{gap:1rem !important}.gap-md-4{gap:1.5rem !important}.gap-md-5{gap:3rem !important}.row-gap-md-0{row-gap:0 !important}.row-gap-md-1{row-gap:.25rem !important}.row-gap-md-2{row-gap:.5rem !important}.row-gap-md-3{row-gap:1rem !important}.row-gap-md-4{row-gap:1.5rem !important}.row-gap-md-5{row-gap:3rem !important}.column-gap-md-0{column-gap:0 !important}.column-gap-md-1{column-gap:.25rem !important}.column-gap-md-2{column-gap:.5rem !important}.column-gap-md-3{column-gap:1rem !important}.column-gap-md-4{column-gap:1.5rem !important}.column-gap-md-5{column-gap:3rem !important}.text-md-start{text-align:left !important}.text-md-end{text-align:right !important}.text-md-center{text-align:center !important}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.float-lg-start{float:left !important}.float-lg-end{float:right !important}.float-lg-none{float:none !important}.object-fit-lg-contain{object-fit:contain !important}.object-fit-lg-cover{object-fit:cover !important}.object-fit-lg-fill{object-fit:fill !important}.object-fit-lg-scale{object-fit:scale-down !important}.object-fit-lg-none{object-fit:none !important}.d-lg-inline{display:inline !important}.d-lg-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-lg-block{display:block !important}.d-lg-grid{display:grid !important}.d-lg-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-lg-table{display:table !important}.d-lg-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-lg-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-lg-flex{display:flex !important}.d-lg-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-lg-none{display:none !important}.flex-lg-fill{flex:1 1 auto !important}.flex-lg-row{flex-direction:row !important}.flex-lg-column{flex-direction:column !important}.flex-lg-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse !important}.flex-lg-column-reverse{flex-direction:column-reverse !important}.flex-lg-grow-0{flex-grow:0 !important}.flex-lg-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.flex-lg-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0 !important}.flex-lg-shrink-1{flex-shrink:1 !important}.flex-lg-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap !important}.flex-lg-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap !important}.flex-lg-wrap-reverse{flex-wrap:wrap-reverse !important}.justify-content-lg-start{justify-content:flex-start !important}.justify-content-lg-end{justify-content:flex-end !important}.justify-content-lg-center{justify-content:center !important}.justify-content-lg-between{justify-content:space-between !important}.justify-content-lg-around{justify-content:space-around !important}.justify-content-lg-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly !important}.align-items-lg-start{align-items:flex-start !important}.align-items-lg-end{align-items:flex-end !important}.align-items-lg-center{align-items:center !important}.align-items-lg-baseline{align-items:baseline !important}.align-items-lg-stretch{align-items:stretch !important}.align-content-lg-start{align-content:flex-start !important}.align-content-lg-end{align-content:flex-end !important}.align-content-lg-center{align-content:center !important}.align-content-lg-between{align-content:space-between !important}.align-content-lg-around{align-content:space-around !important}.align-content-lg-stretch{align-content:stretch !important}.align-self-lg-auto{align-self:auto !important}.align-self-lg-start{align-self:flex-start !important}.align-self-lg-end{align-self:flex-end !important}.align-self-lg-center{align-self:center !important}.align-self-lg-baseline{align-self:baseline !important}.align-self-lg-stretch{align-self:stretch !important}.order-lg-first{order:-1 !important}.order-lg-0{order:0 !important}.order-lg-1{order:1 !important}.order-lg-2{order:2 !important}.order-lg-3{order:3 !important}.order-lg-4{order:4 !important}.order-lg-5{order:5 !important}.order-lg-last{order:6 !important}.m-lg-0{margin:0 !important}.m-lg-1{margin:.25rem !important}.m-lg-2{margin:.5rem !important}.m-lg-3{margin:1rem !important}.m-lg-4{margin:1.5rem !important}.m-lg-5{margin:3rem !important}.m-lg-auto{margin:auto !important}.mx-lg-0{margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important}.mx-lg-1{margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important}.mx-lg-2{margin-right:.5rem !important;margin-left:.5rem !important}.mx-lg-3{margin-right:1rem !important;margin-left:1rem !important}.mx-lg-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important;margin-left:1.5rem !important}.mx-lg-5{margin-right:3rem !important;margin-left:3rem !important}.mx-lg-auto{margin-right:auto !important;margin-left:auto !important}.my-lg-0{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important}.my-lg-1{margin-top:.25rem !important;margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.my-lg-2{margin-top:.5rem !important;margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.my-lg-3{margin-top:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important}.my-lg-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important;margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.my-lg-5{margin-top:3rem !important;margin-bottom:3rem !important}.my-lg-auto{margin-top:auto !important;margin-bottom:auto !important}.mt-lg-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mt-lg-1{margin-top:.25rem !important}.mt-lg-2{margin-top:.5rem !important}.mt-lg-3{margin-top:1rem !important}.mt-lg-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important}.mt-lg-5{margin-top:3rem !important}.mt-lg-auto{margin-top:auto !important}.me-lg-0{margin-right:0 !important}.me-lg-1{margin-right:.25rem !important}.me-lg-2{margin-right:.5rem !important}.me-lg-3{margin-right:1rem !important}.me-lg-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important}.me-lg-5{margin-right:3rem !important}.me-lg-auto{margin-right:auto !important}.mb-lg-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-lg-1{margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.mb-lg-2{margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.mb-lg-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-lg-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.mb-lg-5{margin-bottom:3rem !important}.mb-lg-auto{margin-bottom:auto !important}.ms-lg-0{margin-left:0 !important}.ms-lg-1{margin-left:.25rem !important}.ms-lg-2{margin-left:.5rem !important}.ms-lg-3{margin-left:1rem !important}.ms-lg-4{margin-left:1.5rem !important}.ms-lg-5{margin-left:3rem !important}.ms-lg-auto{margin-left:auto !important}.p-lg-0{padding:0 !important}.p-lg-1{padding:.25rem !important}.p-lg-2{padding:.5rem !important}.p-lg-3{padding:1rem !important}.p-lg-4{padding:1.5rem !important}.p-lg-5{padding:3rem !important}.px-lg-0{padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important}.px-lg-1{padding-right:.25rem !important;padding-left:.25rem !important}.px-lg-2{padding-right:.5rem !important;padding-left:.5rem !important}.px-lg-3{padding-right:1rem !important;padding-left:1rem !important}.px-lg-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important;padding-left:1.5rem !important}.px-lg-5{padding-right:3rem !important;padding-left:3rem !important}.py-lg-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}.py-lg-1{padding-top:.25rem !important;padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.py-lg-2{padding-top:.5rem !important;padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.py-lg-3{padding-top:1rem !important;padding-bottom:1rem !important}.py-lg-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important;padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.py-lg-5{padding-top:3rem !important;padding-bottom:3rem !important}.pt-lg-0{padding-top:0 !important}.pt-lg-1{padding-top:.25rem !important}.pt-lg-2{padding-top:.5rem !important}.pt-lg-3{padding-top:1rem !important}.pt-lg-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important}.pt-lg-5{padding-top:3rem !important}.pe-lg-0{padding-right:0 !important}.pe-lg-1{padding-right:.25rem !important}.pe-lg-2{padding-right:.5rem !important}.pe-lg-3{padding-right:1rem !important}.pe-lg-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important}.pe-lg-5{padding-right:3rem !important}.pb-lg-0{padding-bottom:0 !important}.pb-lg-1{padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.pb-lg-2{padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.pb-lg-3{padding-bottom:1rem !important}.pb-lg-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.pb-lg-5{padding-bottom:3rem !important}.ps-lg-0{padding-left:0 !important}.ps-lg-1{padding-left:.25rem !important}.ps-lg-2{padding-left:.5rem !important}.ps-lg-3{padding-left:1rem !important}.ps-lg-4{padding-left:1.5rem !important}.ps-lg-5{padding-left:3rem !important}.gap-lg-0{gap:0 !important}.gap-lg-1{gap:.25rem !important}.gap-lg-2{gap:.5rem !important}.gap-lg-3{gap:1rem !important}.gap-lg-4{gap:1.5rem !important}.gap-lg-5{gap:3rem !important}.row-gap-lg-0{row-gap:0 !important}.row-gap-lg-1{row-gap:.25rem !important}.row-gap-lg-2{row-gap:.5rem !important}.row-gap-lg-3{row-gap:1rem !important}.row-gap-lg-4{row-gap:1.5rem !important}.row-gap-lg-5{row-gap:3rem !important}.column-gap-lg-0{column-gap:0 !important}.column-gap-lg-1{column-gap:.25rem !important}.column-gap-lg-2{column-gap:.5rem !important}.column-gap-lg-3{column-gap:1rem !important}.column-gap-lg-4{column-gap:1.5rem !important}.column-gap-lg-5{column-gap:3rem !important}.text-lg-start{text-align:left !important}.text-lg-end{text-align:right !important}.text-lg-center{text-align:center !important}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.float-xl-start{float:left !important}.float-xl-end{float:right !important}.float-xl-none{float:none !important}.object-fit-xl-contain{object-fit:contain !important}.object-fit-xl-cover{object-fit:cover !important}.object-fit-xl-fill{object-fit:fill !important}.object-fit-xl-scale{object-fit:scale-down !important}.object-fit-xl-none{object-fit:none !important}.d-xl-inline{display:inline !important}.d-xl-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-xl-block{display:block !important}.d-xl-grid{display:grid !important}.d-xl-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-xl-table{display:table !important}.d-xl-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-xl-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-xl-flex{display:flex !important}.d-xl-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-xl-none{display:none !important}.flex-xl-fill{flex:1 1 auto !important}.flex-xl-row{flex-direction:row !important}.flex-xl-column{flex-direction:column !important}.flex-xl-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse !important}.flex-xl-column-reverse{flex-direction:column-reverse !important}.flex-xl-grow-0{flex-grow:0 !important}.flex-xl-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.flex-xl-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0 !important}.flex-xl-shrink-1{flex-shrink:1 !important}.flex-xl-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap !important}.flex-xl-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap !important}.flex-xl-wrap-reverse{flex-wrap:wrap-reverse !important}.justify-content-xl-start{justify-content:flex-start !important}.justify-content-xl-end{justify-content:flex-end !important}.justify-content-xl-center{justify-content:center !important}.justify-content-xl-between{justify-content:space-between !important}.justify-content-xl-around{justify-content:space-around !important}.justify-content-xl-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly !important}.align-items-xl-start{align-items:flex-start !important}.align-items-xl-end{align-items:flex-end !important}.align-items-xl-center{align-items:center !important}.align-items-xl-baseline{align-items:baseline !important}.align-items-xl-stretch{align-items:stretch !important}.align-content-xl-start{align-content:flex-start !important}.align-content-xl-end{align-content:flex-end !important}.align-content-xl-center{align-content:center !important}.align-content-xl-between{align-content:space-between !important}.align-content-xl-around{align-content:space-around !important}.align-content-xl-stretch{align-content:stretch !important}.align-self-xl-auto{align-self:auto !important}.align-self-xl-start{align-self:flex-start !important}.align-self-xl-end{align-self:flex-end !important}.align-self-xl-center{align-self:center !important}.align-self-xl-baseline{align-self:baseline !important}.align-self-xl-stretch{align-self:stretch !important}.order-xl-first{order:-1 !important}.order-xl-0{order:0 !important}.order-xl-1{order:1 !important}.order-xl-2{order:2 !important}.order-xl-3{order:3 !important}.order-xl-4{order:4 !important}.order-xl-5{order:5 !important}.order-xl-last{order:6 !important}.m-xl-0{margin:0 !important}.m-xl-1{margin:.25rem !important}.m-xl-2{margin:.5rem !important}.m-xl-3{margin:1rem !important}.m-xl-4{margin:1.5rem !important}.m-xl-5{margin:3rem !important}.m-xl-auto{margin:auto !important}.mx-xl-0{margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important}.mx-xl-1{margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important}.mx-xl-2{margin-right:.5rem !important;margin-left:.5rem !important}.mx-xl-3{margin-right:1rem !important;margin-left:1rem !important}.mx-xl-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important;margin-left:1.5rem !important}.mx-xl-5{margin-right:3rem !important;margin-left:3rem !important}.mx-xl-auto{margin-right:auto !important;margin-left:auto !important}.my-xl-0{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important}.my-xl-1{margin-top:.25rem !important;margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.my-xl-2{margin-top:.5rem !important;margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.my-xl-3{margin-top:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important}.my-xl-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important;margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.my-xl-5{margin-top:3rem !important;margin-bottom:3rem !important}.my-xl-auto{margin-top:auto !important;margin-bottom:auto !important}.mt-xl-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mt-xl-1{margin-top:.25rem !important}.mt-xl-2{margin-top:.5rem !important}.mt-xl-3{margin-top:1rem !important}.mt-xl-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important}.mt-xl-5{margin-top:3rem !important}.mt-xl-auto{margin-top:auto !important}.me-xl-0{margin-right:0 !important}.me-xl-1{margin-right:.25rem !important}.me-xl-2{margin-right:.5rem !important}.me-xl-3{margin-right:1rem !important}.me-xl-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important}.me-xl-5{margin-right:3rem !important}.me-xl-auto{margin-right:auto !important}.mb-xl-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-xl-1{margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.mb-xl-2{margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.mb-xl-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-xl-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.mb-xl-5{margin-bottom:3rem !important}.mb-xl-auto{margin-bottom:auto !important}.ms-xl-0{margin-left:0 !important}.ms-xl-1{margin-left:.25rem !important}.ms-xl-2{margin-left:.5rem !important}.ms-xl-3{margin-left:1rem !important}.ms-xl-4{margin-left:1.5rem !important}.ms-xl-5{margin-left:3rem !important}.ms-xl-auto{margin-left:auto !important}.p-xl-0{padding:0 !important}.p-xl-1{padding:.25rem !important}.p-xl-2{padding:.5rem !important}.p-xl-3{padding:1rem !important}.p-xl-4{padding:1.5rem !important}.p-xl-5{padding:3rem !important}.px-xl-0{padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important}.px-xl-1{padding-right:.25rem !important;padding-left:.25rem !important}.px-xl-2{padding-right:.5rem !important;padding-left:.5rem !important}.px-xl-3{padding-right:1rem !important;padding-left:1rem !important}.px-xl-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important;padding-left:1.5rem !important}.px-xl-5{padding-right:3rem !important;padding-left:3rem !important}.py-xl-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}.py-xl-1{padding-top:.25rem !important;padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.py-xl-2{padding-top:.5rem !important;padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.py-xl-3{padding-top:1rem !important;padding-bottom:1rem !important}.py-xl-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important;padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.py-xl-5{padding-top:3rem !important;padding-bottom:3rem !important}.pt-xl-0{padding-top:0 !important}.pt-xl-1{padding-top:.25rem !important}.pt-xl-2{padding-top:.5rem !important}.pt-xl-3{padding-top:1rem !important}.pt-xl-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important}.pt-xl-5{padding-top:3rem !important}.pe-xl-0{padding-right:0 !important}.pe-xl-1{padding-right:.25rem !important}.pe-xl-2{padding-right:.5rem !important}.pe-xl-3{padding-right:1rem !important}.pe-xl-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important}.pe-xl-5{padding-right:3rem !important}.pb-xl-0{padding-bottom:0 !important}.pb-xl-1{padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.pb-xl-2{padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.pb-xl-3{padding-bottom:1rem !important}.pb-xl-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.pb-xl-5{padding-bottom:3rem !important}.ps-xl-0{padding-left:0 !important}.ps-xl-1{padding-left:.25rem !important}.ps-xl-2{padding-left:.5rem !important}.ps-xl-3{padding-left:1rem !important}.ps-xl-4{padding-left:1.5rem !important}.ps-xl-5{padding-left:3rem !important}.gap-xl-0{gap:0 !important}.gap-xl-1{gap:.25rem !important}.gap-xl-2{gap:.5rem !important}.gap-xl-3{gap:1rem !important}.gap-xl-4{gap:1.5rem !important}.gap-xl-5{gap:3rem !important}.row-gap-xl-0{row-gap:0 !important}.row-gap-xl-1{row-gap:.25rem !important}.row-gap-xl-2{row-gap:.5rem !important}.row-gap-xl-3{row-gap:1rem !important}.row-gap-xl-4{row-gap:1.5rem !important}.row-gap-xl-5{row-gap:3rem !important}.column-gap-xl-0{column-gap:0 !important}.column-gap-xl-1{column-gap:.25rem !important}.column-gap-xl-2{column-gap:.5rem !important}.column-gap-xl-3{column-gap:1rem !important}.column-gap-xl-4{column-gap:1.5rem !important}.column-gap-xl-5{column-gap:3rem !important}.text-xl-start{text-align:left !important}.text-xl-end{text-align:right !important}.text-xl-center{text-align:center !important}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.fs-1{font-size:2.5rem !important}.fs-2{font-size:2rem !important}.fs-3{font-size:1.75rem !important}.fs-4{font-size:1.5rem !important}}@media print{.d-print-inline{display:inline !important}.d-print-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-print-block{display:block !important}.d-print-grid{display:grid !important}.d-print-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-print-table{display:table !important}.d-print-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-print-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-print-flex{display:flex !important}.d-print-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-print-none{display:none !important}}a{color:initial;text-decoration:none}a:hover{text-decoration:none}ul,ol{margin:0;padding:0}html,body{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}img{height:auto;max-width:100%;overflow:hidden}iframe{max-width:100%}@media(max-width: 1023.98px){.container{max-width:none;width:100%}}.alert{--bs-alert-bg: transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom: 0;--bs-alert-color: inherit;--bs-alert-border-color: transparent;--bs-alert-border: var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-alert-link-color: inherit;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700;color:var(--bs-alert-link-color)}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis)}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis)}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis)}.alert-red{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-red-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-red-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-red-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-red-text-emphasis)}.alert-red-light{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-red-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-red-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-red-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-red-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-blue{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-blue-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-blue-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-blue-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-blue-text-emphasis)}.alert-blue-dark{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-blue-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-text-emphasis)}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis)}.alert-white{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-white-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-white-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-white-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-white-text-emphasis)}.btn-close{--bs-btn-close-color: #000;--bs-btn-close-bg: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-btn-close-opacity: 0.5;--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity: 0.75;--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(68, 127, 183, 0.25);--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity: 1;--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity: 0.25;--bs-btn-close-white-filter: invert(1) grayscale(100%) brightness(200%);box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em .25em;color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);background:rgba(0,0,0,0) var(--bs-btn-close-bg) center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-opacity)}.btn-close:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);text-decoration:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity)}.btn-close:focus{outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow);opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity)}.btn-close:disabled,.btn-close.disabled{pointer-events:none;user-select:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity)}.btn-close-white{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}[data-bs-theme=dark] .btn-close{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}body{transition:top .5s}.hedwig-super-banner{border-top:solid 1px #a5aeb9}.hedwig-super-banner--caret{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);border:none;right:0;transition:transform .3s;z-index:10000000}.hedwig-super-banner--caret[aria-expanded=true]{transform:rotate(180deg)}.hedwig-super-banner--caret:focus{outline:none}.hedwig-super-banner--caret svg{width:12px}.hedwig-super-banner .hedwig-super-banner--img{height:160px;width:240px}.hedwig-super-banner--close.btn{color:#000;line-height:1.5rem;padding:0 .2rem}.hedwig-super-banner--close.btn:focus,.hedwig-super-banner--close.btn:hover{text-decoration:none}.hedwig-super-banner--content>p{display:inline;margin-right:.5rem}.alert--hedwig-banner .alert-content{text-align:center}@media(min-width: 768px){.alert--hedwig-banner .alert-content{text-align:left}}.alert--hedwig-banner .alert-content>p{display:block;margin-right:.5rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.alert--hedwig-banner .alert-content>p{display:inline}}.messages--container--bottom{bottom:0;left:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:auto;z-index:51}.alert{border:0;color:#000;font-size:.9rem;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.25rem;padding:.95rem 1.25rem}.alert-primary{background-color:#447fb7;border-bottom:1px solid #2f587f;color:#fff}.alert-primary .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-primary .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-secondary{background-color:#2d557b;border-bottom:1px solid #192e43;color:#fff}.alert-secondary .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-secondary .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-success{background-color:#f2d86c;border-bottom:1px solid #ecc625;color:#282103}.alert-success .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-success .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-danger{background-color:#e83836;border-bottom:1px solid #bc1716;color:#fff}.alert-danger .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-danger .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-breaking{background-color:#e83836;border-bottom:1px solid #bc1716;color:#fff}.alert-breaking .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-breaking .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-warning{background-color:#fadb59;border-bottom:1px solid #f8cb0f;color:#201a01}.alert-warning .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-warning .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-info{background-color:#b3d3f0;border-bottom:1px solid #73aee3;color:#133a5e}.alert-info .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-info .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-light{background-color:#f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;color:#595959}.alert-light .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-light .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-dark{background-color:#707881;border-bottom:1px solid #4c5258;color:#fff}.alert-dark .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-dark .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-danger a:not(.btn){box-shadow:none !important;color:#000 !important;text-decoration:underline !important}.gdpr{bottom:calc(100% + 20px);left:20px;max-width:350px;right:20px;z-index:52}.gdpr--manage-link{height:40px;line-height:40px}.dropup,.dropend,.dropdown,.dropstart,.dropup-center,.dropdown-center{position:relative}.dropdown-toggle{white-space:nowrap}.dropdown-toggle::after{display:inline-block;margin-left:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:"";border-top:.3em solid;border-right:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-bottom:0;border-left:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0)}.dropdown-toggle:empty::after{margin-left:0}.dropdown-menu{--bs-dropdown-zindex: 1000;--bs-dropdown-min-width: 10rem;--bs-dropdown-padding-x: 0;--bs-dropdown-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-dropdown-spacer: 0.125rem;--bs-dropdown-font-size:1rem;--bs-dropdown-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-dropdown-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-dropdown-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-dropdown-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-dropdown-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-dropdown-inner-border-radius: calc(var(--bs-border-radius) - var(--bs-border-width));--bs-dropdown-divider-bg: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-dropdown-divider-margin-y: 0.5rem;--bs-dropdown-box-shadow: var(--bs-box-shadow);--bs-dropdown-link-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-dropdown-link-hover-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-dropdown-link-hover-bg: var(--bs-tertiary-bg);--bs-dropdown-link-active-color: #fff;--bs-dropdown-link-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-dropdown-link-disabled-color: var(--bs-tertiary-color);--bs-dropdown-item-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-dropdown-item-padding-y: 0.25rem;--bs-dropdown-header-color: #8b939d;--bs-dropdown-header-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-dropdown-header-padding-y: 0.5rem;position:absolute;z-index:var(--bs-dropdown-zindex);display:none;min-width:var(--bs-dropdown-min-width);padding:var(--bs-dropdown-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-padding-x);margin:0;font-size:var(--bs-dropdown-font-size);color:var(--bs-dropdown-color);text-align:left;list-style:none;background-color:var(--bs-dropdown-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-dropdown-border-width) solid var(--bs-dropdown-border-color)}.dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{top:100%;left:0;margin-top:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer)}.dropdown-menu-start{--bs-position: start}.dropdown-menu-start[data-bs-popper]{right:auto;left:0}.dropdown-menu-end{--bs-position: end}.dropdown-menu-end[data-bs-popper]{right:0;left:auto}@media(min-width: 576px){.dropdown-menu-sm-start{--bs-position: start}.dropdown-menu-sm-start[data-bs-popper]{right:auto;left:0}.dropdown-menu-sm-end{--bs-position: end}.dropdown-menu-sm-end[data-bs-popper]{right:0;left:auto}}@media(min-width: 768px){.dropdown-menu-md-start{--bs-position: start}.dropdown-menu-md-start[data-bs-popper]{right:auto;left:0}.dropdown-menu-md-end{--bs-position: end}.dropdown-menu-md-end[data-bs-popper]{right:0;left:auto}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.dropdown-menu-lg-start{--bs-position: start}.dropdown-menu-lg-start[data-bs-popper]{right:auto;left:0}.dropdown-menu-lg-end{--bs-position: end}.dropdown-menu-lg-end[data-bs-popper]{right:0;left:auto}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.dropdown-menu-xl-start{--bs-position: start}.dropdown-menu-xl-start[data-bs-popper]{right:auto;left:0}.dropdown-menu-xl-end{--bs-position: end}.dropdown-menu-xl-end[data-bs-popper]{right:0;left:auto}}.dropup .dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{top:auto;bottom:100%;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer)}.dropup .dropdown-toggle::after{display:inline-block;margin-left:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:"";border-top:0;border-right:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-bottom:.3em solid;border-left:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0)}.dropup .dropdown-toggle:empty::after{margin-left:0}.dropend .dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{top:0;right:auto;left:100%;margin-top:0;margin-left:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer)}.dropend .dropdown-toggle::after{display:inline-block;margin-left:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:"";border-top:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-right:0;border-bottom:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-left:.3em solid}.dropend .dropdown-toggle:empty::after{margin-left:0}.dropend .dropdown-toggle::after{vertical-align:0}.dropstart .dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{top:0;right:100%;left:auto;margin-top:0;margin-right:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer)}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::after{display:inline-block;margin-left:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:""}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::after{display:none}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::before{display:inline-block;margin-right:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:"";border-top:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-right:.3em solid;border-bottom:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0)}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle:empty::after{margin-left:0}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::before{vertical-align:0}.dropdown-divider{height:0;margin:var(--bs-dropdown-divider-margin-y) 0;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px solid var(--bs-dropdown-divider-bg);opacity:1}.dropdown-item{display:block;width:100%;padding:var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-x);clear:both;font-weight:400;color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-color);text-align:inherit;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);border:0}.dropdown-item:hover,.dropdown-item:focus{color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-hover-color);background-color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-hover-bg)}.dropdown-item.active,.dropdown-item:active{color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-active-color);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-active-bg)}.dropdown-item.disabled,.dropdown-item:disabled{color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)}.dropdown-menu.show{display:block}.dropdown-header{display:block;padding:var(--bs-dropdown-header-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-header-padding-x);margin-bottom:0;font-size:0.875rem;color:var(--bs-dropdown-header-color);white-space:nowrap}.dropdown-item-text{display:block;padding:var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-color)}.dropdown-menu-dark{--bs-dropdown-color: #dadee5;--bs-dropdown-bg: #383c41;--bs-dropdown-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-dropdown-box-shadow: ;--bs-dropdown-link-color: #dadee5;--bs-dropdown-link-hover-color: #fff;--bs-dropdown-divider-bg: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-dropdown-link-hover-bg: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);--bs-dropdown-link-active-color: #fff;--bs-dropdown-link-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-dropdown-link-disabled-color: #a5aeb9;--bs-dropdown-header-color: #a5aeb9}.dropdown-item{font-size:.7rem;font-weight:500;padding-bottom:.75rem;padding-top:.75rem;text-transform:uppercase}.dropdown-item:focus,.dropdown-item:hover{background-color:#447fb7;color:#fff}.btn{--bs-btn-padding-x: 1.1rem;--bs-btn-padding-y: 0;--bs-btn-font-family: Atlas Grotesk Web, sans-serif;--bs-btn-font-size:0.75rem;--bs-btn-font-weight: 400;--bs-btn-line-height: 1.9;--bs-btn-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-btn-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-btn-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-border-radius: 0;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-btn-disabled-opacity: 0.65;--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(var(--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb), .5);display:inline-block;padding:var(--bs-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-btn-padding-x);font-family:var(--bs-btn-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-btn-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-btn-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-btn-line-height);color:var(--bs-btn-color);text-align:center;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer;user-select:none;border:var(--bs-btn-border-width) solid var(--bs-btn-border-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-bg);transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.btn{transition:none}}.btn:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-hover-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-hover-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-hover-border-color)}.btn-check+.btn:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-border-color)}.btn:focus-visible{color:var(--bs-btn-hover-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-hover-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-hover-border-color);outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.btn-check:focus-visible+.btn{border-color:var(--bs-btn-hover-border-color);outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.btn-check:checked+.btn,:not(.btn-check)+.btn:active,.btn:first-child:active,.btn.active,.btn.show{color:var(--bs-btn-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-active-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-active-border-color)}.btn-check:checked+.btn:focus-visible,:not(.btn-check)+.btn:active:focus-visible,.btn:first-child:active:focus-visible,.btn.active:focus-visible,.btn.show:focus-visible{box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.btn-check:checked:focus-visible+.btn{box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.btn:disabled,.btn.disabled,fieldset:disabled .btn{color:var(--bs-btn-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--bs-btn-disabled-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-disabled-border-color);opacity:var(--bs-btn-disabled-opacity)}.btn-primary{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #6092c2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #6999c5;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7}.btn-secondary{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #264869;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #244462;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 77, 111, 143;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #244462;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #22405c;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2d557b}.btn-info{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #bedaf2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #bbd7f2;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 152, 179, 204;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #c2dcf3;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #bbd7f2;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #b3d3f0}.btn-red{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #eb5654;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 197, 48, 46;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #ed605e;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836}.btn-red-light{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #eb5654;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 197, 48, 46;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #ed605e;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836}.btn-blue{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #6092c2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #6999c5;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7}.btn-blue-dark{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #264869;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #244462;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 77, 111, 143;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #244462;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #22405c;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2D557B}.btn-light{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #cecece;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #c2c2c2;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 206, 206, 206;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #c2c2c2;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #b6b6b6;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #f2f2f2}.btn-dark{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #3d3d3d;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #323232;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 61, 61, 61;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #494949;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #323232;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #1b1b1b}.btn-white{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: white;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: white;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 217, 217, 217;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: white;--bs-btn-active-border-color: white;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #fff}.btn-outline-primary{--bs-btn-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-secondary{--bs-btn-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-info{--bs-btn-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 179, 211, 240;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-red{--bs-btn-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-red-light{--bs-btn-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-blue{--bs-btn-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-blue-dark{--bs-btn-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-light{--bs-btn-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 242, 242, 242;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-dark{--bs-btn-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 27, 27, 27;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-white{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #fff;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-link{--bs-btn-font-weight: 400;--bs-btn-color: var(--bs-link-color);--bs-btn-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-hover-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-btn-hover-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-active-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-btn-active-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-color: #8b939d;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow: 0 0 0 #000;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;text-decoration:underline}.btn-link:focus-visible{color:var(--bs-btn-color)}.btn-link:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-hover-color)}.btn-lg{--bs-btn-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-btn-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-btn-font-size:1.012rem;--bs-btn-border-radius: 0}.btn-sm{--bs-btn-padding-y: 0.25rem;--bs-btn-padding-x: 0.5rem;--bs-btn-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-btn-border-radius: 0}.btn,.btn-lg,.btn-sm{font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:600}.btn{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;line-height:40px !important}.btn.fa-disabled-spinner{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.btn.dropdown-toggle:hover,.btn.dropdown-toggle:focus{color:#447fb7;background:none}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul{border:1px solid #447fb7;background:#fff}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul li{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul li+li a{border-top:1px solid rgba(68,127,183,.35)}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul li a{color:#447fb7}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul li a:hover{color:#707881;background:none}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul::before{content:"";height:10px;width:10px;background:#fff;transform:rotate(45deg);position:absolute;top:-6px;left:28px;border-left:1px solid #447fb7;border-top:1px solid #447fb7}@media(min-width: 1024px){.btn{line-height:40px}}.form-control.btn{background-clip:border-box;font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:600;height:47px;line-height:calc(1.9em + .75rem - 2px);max-height:none}.form-control.btn-:not(.btn-red):not(.btn-primary):not(.btn-red-light):not(.blue):not(.blue-dark):not(.btn-light):not(.btn-dark):not(.btn-white){--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #6092c2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #6999c5;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;background-color:#447fb7;color:#fff}.form-control.btn-:not(.btn-red):not(.btn-primary):not(.btn-red-light):not(.blue):not(.blue-dark):not(.btn-light):not(.btn-dark):not(.btn-white):hover{background-color:#366592}.form-control.btn-primary{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #6092c2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #6999c5;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;background-color:#447fb7;border-color:#447fb7}.form-control.btn-primary.disabled,.form-control.btn-primary[disabled]{background-color:#447fb7;border-color:#447fb7}.form-control.btn-secondary{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #264869;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #244462;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 77, 111, 143;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #244462;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #22405c;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2d557b;background-color:#2d557b;border-color:#2d557b}.form-control.btn-secondary.disabled,.form-control.btn-secondary[disabled]{background-color:#2d557b;border-color:#2d557b}.form-control.btn-info{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #bedaf2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #bbd7f2;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 152, 179, 204;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #c2dcf3;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #bbd7f2;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #b3d3f0;background-color:#b3d3f0;border-color:#b3d3f0}.form-control.btn-info.disabled,.form-control.btn-info[disabled]{background-color:#b3d3f0;border-color:#b3d3f0}.form-control.btn-red{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #eb5654;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 197, 48, 46;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #ed605e;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;background-color:#e83836;border-color:#e83836}.form-control.btn-red.disabled,.form-control.btn-red[disabled]{background-color:#e83836;border-color:#e83836}.form-control.btn-red-light{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #eb5654;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 197, 48, 46;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #ed605e;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;background-color:#e83836;border-color:#e83836}.form-control.btn-red-light.disabled,.form-control.btn-red-light[disabled]{background-color:#e83836;border-color:#e83836}.form-control.btn-blue{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #6092c2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #6999c5;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;background-color:#447fb7;border-color:#447fb7}.form-control.btn-blue.disabled,.form-control.btn-blue[disabled]{background-color:#447fb7;border-color:#447fb7}.form-control.btn-blue-dark{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #264869;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #244462;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 77, 111, 143;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #244462;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #22405c;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2D557B;background-color:#2d557b;border-color:#2d557b}.form-control.btn-blue-dark.disabled,.form-control.btn-blue-dark[disabled]{background-color:#2d557b;border-color:#2d557b}.form-control.btn-light{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #f4f4f4;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #f3f3f3;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 206, 206, 206;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: whitesmoke;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #f3f3f3;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #f2f2f2;background-color:#f2f2f2;border-color:#f2f2f2}.form-control.btn-light.disabled,.form-control.btn-light[disabled]{background-color:#f2f2f2;border-color:#f2f2f2}.form-control.btn-dark{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #171717;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #161616;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 61, 61, 61;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #161616;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #141414;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #1b1b1b;background-color:#1b1b1b;border-color:#1b1b1b}.form-control.btn-dark.disabled,.form-control.btn-dark[disabled]{background-color:#1b1b1b;border-color:#1b1b1b}.form-control.btn-white{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: white;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: white;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 217, 217, 217;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: white;--bs-btn-active-border-color: white;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #fff;background-color:#fff;border-color:#fff}.form-control.btn-white.disabled,.form-control.btn-white[disabled]{background-color:#fff;border-color:#fff}.form-control.btn-outline-primary{--bs-btn-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-primary:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-secondary{--bs-btn-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-secondary:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-info{--bs-btn-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 179, 211, 240;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-info:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-red{--bs-btn-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-red:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-red-light{--bs-btn-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-red-light:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-blue{--bs-btn-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-blue:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-blue-dark{--bs-btn-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-blue-dark:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-light{--bs-btn-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 242, 242, 242;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-light:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-dark{--bs-btn-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 27, 27, 27;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-dark:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-white{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #fff;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-white:hover{color:#fff !important}.btn-primary{color:#fff !important}.btn-primary svg{fill:#fff}.btn-primary:hover{background-color:#2f587f}.btn-outline-primary svg{fill:#447fb7}.btn-outline-primary:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-secondary{color:#fff !important}.btn-secondary svg{fill:#fff}.btn-secondary:hover{background-color:#192e43}.btn-outline-secondary:hover{color:#fff}.btn-info{color:#fff !important}.btn-info svg{fill:#fff}.btn-info:hover{background-color:#73aee3}.btn-outline-info svg{fill:#b3d3f0}.btn-outline-info:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-red{color:#fff !important}.btn-red svg{fill:#fff}.btn-red:hover{background-color:#bc1716}.btn-outline-red:hover{color:#fff}.btn-red-light{color:#fff !important}.btn-red-light svg{fill:#fff}.btn-red-light:hover{background-color:#bc1716}.btn-outline-red-light svg{fill:#e83836}.btn-outline-red-light:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-blue{color:#fff !important}.btn-blue svg{fill:#fff}.btn-blue:hover{background-color:#2f587f}.btn-outline-blue svg{fill:#447fb7}.btn-outline-blue:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-blue-dark{color:#fff !important}.btn-blue-dark svg{fill:#fff}.btn-blue-dark:hover{background-color:#192e43}.btn-outline-blue-dark svg{fill:#2d557b}.btn-outline-blue-dark:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-light{color:#fff !important}.btn-light svg{fill:#fff}.btn-light:hover{background-color:#ccc}.btn-outline-light svg{fill:#f2f2f2}.btn-outline-light:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-dark{color:#fff !important}.btn-dark svg{fill:#fff}.btn-dark:hover{background-color:#414141}.btn-outline-dark svg{fill:#1b1b1b}.btn-outline-dark:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-white{color:#fff !important;color:#447fb7 !important}.btn-white svg{fill:#fff}.btn-white:hover{background-color:white !important;border-color:white;color:#284b6d !important}.btn-outline-white:hover{color:#447fb7}.btn-outline-white:hover svg{fill:#447fb7}.btn-outline-white svg{fill:#fff}.btn-white,.btn-light{color:#447fb7 !important}.btn-white:disabled,.btn-white.fa-disabled-spinner{background-color:#a5aeb9;pointer-events:none;opacity:.65}.site-header__top-bar{background-color:#e6eaf0;border-bottom:solid 2px #ced2d9;min-height:124px}#dfp-ad-x90_nav{margin:1em auto;text-align:center}body.stuck{margin-top:50px}.fa-header-bar{min-height:50px;padding:.625rem}@media(min-width: 1024px){.desktop-header-wrapper{position:relative}.desktop-header-wrapper.to-back{z-index:0;opacity:0}}.latest-issue-link{z-index:1}.flyout__counter{padding:.5rem .3rem;position:absolute;background-color:#e83836;color:#fff;border-radius:100%;width:16px;height:16px;font-size:12px;top:1px;right:-10px}.desktop-header{font-size:.84rem;height:80px;line-height:1.15}.subscribe-callout-image{margin-top:-10px;max-width:80px}.subscribe-block{padding-top:26px}.header-account-link .flyout__counter{top:6px;right:8px}.header-ctas-link{font-size:.6875rem}.header-ctas-link:not(.btn):link,.header-ctas-link:not(.btn):visited,.header-action-link:not(.btn):link,.header-action-link:not(.btn):visited{color:#000;font-size:.6875rem;letter-spacing:1px;margin-left:.625rem}.header-ctas-link:not(.btn):hover,.header-action-link:not(.btn):hover{color:#447fb7;text-decoration:none}.sticky-action-links .header-ctas-link:hover,.sticky-action-links .header-action-link:hover{color:#bd0500;text-decoration:none}.header-action-link{font-size:.6875rem}.header-action-link:not(.btn){padding:.9rem .4rem}.header-action-link+.header-action-link{margin-left:.9375rem}.header-action-link+.header-action-link:hover::before{color:initial}button.header-navbar-link{border-top:0;border-bottom:0}.header-navbar-link{background:#fff;border-left:1px solid #e6eaf0;border-right:1px solid #e6eaf0;color:#000;margin:1px 5px;padding-bottom:12px;padding-top:12px;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}@media(max-width: 1023.98px){.header-navbar-link.active .search-icon{display:none}.header-navbar-link.active .close-icon{display:block}}.header-navbar-link svg{fill:#000;float:left;height:22px;overflow:visible;width:22px}.header-navbar-link .navbar-link-text{font-size:.6875rem;letter-spacing:1px;margin-left:.625rem}.header-navbar-link .search-icon{display:block}.header-navbar-link .close-icon{display:none;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:.6}.header-navbar-link:hover{background:#f7f9fc;text-decoration:none}.header-navbar-link:hover svg,.header-navbar-link:hover .navbar-link-text{color:#447fb7}.navbar{background:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 4px 0 #ced2d9;left:0;letter-spacing:0;right:0;top:0;z-index:50;transition:all .5s ease}@media(min-width: 1024px){.navbar.fixed-top{top:0;z-index:51}.navbar.fixed-top .logo-link-navbar{left:55px;border-right:1px solid #e6eaf0}.navbar.fixed-top .search-text{display:inline-block;margin-left:0;width:0}.navbar.fixed-top .header-search-link{padding-right:0}.navbar.fixed-top .overlay-menu-toggle--navbar{left:0}.navbar.fixed-top .overlay-menu-toggle__text,.navbar.fixed-top .navbar-nav{display:none !important}.navbar.fixed-top .responsive-navbar{justify-content:space-between;width:calc(100% - 115px)}.navbar.fixed-top .hidden-sticky{display:none !important}.navbar.fixed-top .header-navbar-link{right:115px;width:55px}}.navbar .navbar-content{height:50px;position:relative}.navbar .search-text{overflow:hidden;transition:width .5s;width:54px}.navbar-icon svg{fill:#000}.navbar-icon.navbar-menu{border-left:1px solid #e6eaf0;border-right:1px solid #e6eaf0;height:100%;max-height:50px}.navbar-icon.navbar-menu svg{color:#000;height:22px}.navbar-icon.navbar-search svg{height:20px}.navbar-sticky-icon{display:flex;align-items:center;border-left:1px solid #e6eaf0;border-right:1px solid #e6eaf0;max-height:50px}.navbar-sticky-icon svg{color:#000;height:22px;overflow:visible}.logo-link-navbar,.sticky-action-links{top:0;transition:opacity .5s,top .5s}@media(min-width: 1024px){.logo-link-navbar,.sticky-action-links{opacity:0;top:-50px}}.sticky .logo-link-navbar,.sticky .sticky-action-links{opacity:1;top:0}.sticky{position:fixed;animation:smoothScroll 1s forwards}.sticky .header-navbar-link{display:none !important}.sticky .d-lg-none{display:block !important}.sticky .navbar-nav{display:none !important}.sticky .sticky-header-title{display:block;left:321px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;width:calc(100% - 520px)}.sticky-action-links{font-size:.91rem;right:0}.sticky-action-links .header-action-link{color:#fff;font-size:.8rem}.sticky-action-links .header-action-link:hover{color:#e83836}.sticky-action-links .header-action-link:hover::before{color:#fff}.sticky-action-links .header-action-link--full{height:50px;max-height:50px;padding:.2rem 1.5rem;position:absolute;right:7rem}.sticky-header-title{display:none}.logo-link-navbar{left:calc(50% - 87.5px);padding:.8rem 0;transition:0s}@media(min-width: 1024px){.logo-link-navbar{left:0;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}}.logo-link-navbar svg{fill:#000;width:150px}@media(min-width: 576px){.logo-link-navbar svg{width:220px}}.logo-link-desktop svg{width:335px}.navbar-menu-collapse{background-color:#447fb7}.menu-btn-wrapper{width:100%}.menu-btn-wrapper .btn-featured{background-color:#e83836}.menu-btn-wrapper .btn{border-top:1px solid #fff;border-bottom:1px solid #fff;color:#fff;font-size:.88rem;letter-spacing:-0.02rem;width:50%}.menu-btn-wrapper .btn+.btn{border-left:1px solid #fff}.navbar-nav{list-style:none}.navbar-nav .nav-item:not(.dropdown) .nav-link:hover{color:#bd0500}.navbar-nav .nav-item+.nav-item .nav-link{border-top:solid 1px #fff}@media(min-width: 1024px){.navbar-nav .nav-item+.nav-item .nav-link{border-top:0}}.responsive-navbar{background-color:#447fb7;border:0;height:calc(100vh - 50px);left:0;margin:0;overflow:scroll;padding-bottom:100px;position:absolute !important;top:50px;width:100%}@media(min-width: 1024px){.responsive-navbar{background:rgba(0,0,0,0);height:auto;margin-left:-190px;overflow:visible;padding-bottom:0;position:static !important}}.responsive-navbar.collapsing{display:none;transition:none}.nav-link{align-items:center;color:#1b1b1b;display:flex;font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:600;padding:.97rem .91rem}.nav-link:link{flex-grow:1}.nav-link:hover{background:#f7f9fc;text-decoration:none}.nav-link:hover svg,.nav-link:hover .navbar-link-text{color:#447fb7}.nav-link[aria-expanded=true]:after{border-bottom-width:0;border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:0;border-top-width:1px;transform:translateY(1px) translateX(6px) rotateZ(45deg)}.nav-link>span{flex-grow:1}.fa-logo-link svg{width:335px}.site-header-section-menu{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.5)}.site-header-section-menu__title{align-items:center;color:#fff;display:flex;font-size:1.4rem;justify-content:space-between;margin:1rem 0}.site-header-section-menu__title svg{fill:#fff;height:12px}.site-header-section-menu__item{color:#fff;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:.5rem;margin-left:1rem}.search-form-wrapper{border:1px solid #fff}.search-form-input{border-right:0}@media(min-width: 1024px){.search-form-input{border-left:0;border-top:0}}.menu-trending--title{font-size:.9rem}@media(min-width: 1024px){.menu-trending--title{font-size:.7rem}}.menu-trending--item{color:#447fb7;font-size:1.2rem;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:1rem}@media(min-width: 1024px){.menu-trending--item{font-size:.7rem}}.progress-indicator--horizontal{background-color:#b3d3f0;height:5px;left:0;position:absolute;top:0}.search-autocomplete{display:none;background:#fff;left:15px;position:absolute;top:95px;width:calc(100% - 30px);z-index:10}.archive-banner__form .search-autocomplete{top:65px !important}.search-autocomplete.active{display:block}@media(min-width: 1024px){.search-autocomplete{left:0;width:100%}}.search-autocomplete--author{left:0 !important;top:63px !important;width:100% !important}.search-autocomplete-shadow{background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 0 6px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.32)}.search-autocomplete-container{height:calc(100vh - 200px);overflow-x:auto}@media(min-width: 1024px){.search-autocomplete-container{height:auto;overflow-x:visible}}.search-autocomplete-arrow{height:20px;left:30px;position:absolute;top:-10px;transform:rotateZ(45deg);width:20px}.search-autocomplete-arrow-back{box-shadow:0 0 6px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.32);z-index:0}.search-autocomplete-arrow-front{background-color:#fff;z-index:2}.search-autocomplete-results{font-size:.94rem;padding-left:.4rem;padding-right:.4rem}@media(min-width: 1024px){.search-autocomplete-results{padding-left:1.5rem;padding-right:1.5rem}}.search-autocomplete-results+.search-autocomplete-results{border-top:1px solid #ced2d9}@media(min-width: 1024px){.search-autocomplete-results+.search-autocomplete-results{border-left:1px solid #ced2d9;border-top:0}}.search-autocomplete-results-title{font-size:.73rem;font-weight:500}.search-autocomplete-results-more{font-size:.7rem}.search-autocomplete-result{letter-spacing:-0.02em}.toolbar-fixed .tabs{position:sticky;z-index:10}.user-dropdown{background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,.5);display:block;font-weight:300;padding:0 .75rem;position:absolute;width:315px;z-index:55}.user-dropdown .subscriber-info{font-size:.8rem}.user-dropdown .subscriber-info p{margin:0}.user-dropdown .acct-type{color:#b3d3f0;font-size:.77rem}.user-dropdown .subscriber-links{font-size:.7rem;padding:10px 0}.user-dropdown .subscriber-links>.col-6:nth-child(2){border-left:solid 1px #a5aeb9}.user-dropdown .subscriber-link{color:#000}.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-list{background-color:#f6f7fa;border-bottom:solid 2px #e6eaf0;border-top:solid 2px #e6eaf0;padding-top:15px}.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-list__label,.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-list__seeall{color:#000;font-size:.8rem;white-space:nowrap;width:50%}.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-list__title{border-top:solid 1px #e6eaf0;font-size:.85rem;list-style:none;padding:10px 0}.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-list__title a{color:#000}.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-logout-l{color:#447fb7;font-size:.85rem}.device-ie .user-dropdown{margin-top:140px}.device-ie .user-dropdown.myfa-fixed-top{margin-top:0}@keyframes smoothScroll{0%{transform:translateY(-40px)}100%{transform:translateY(0px)}}@keyframes slideDown{0%{opacity:0;transform:scaleX(0.9) scaleY(0.8)}50%{opacity:.5;transform:scaleX(0.9) scaleY(0.8)}100%{opacity:1;transform:scaleX(1) scaleY(1)}}@keyframes opacityOut{from{opacity:1}to{opacity:0}}.toolbar-horizontal.toolbar-tray-open .header-overlay-menu{top:79px}.toolbar-horizontal .header-overlay-menu{top:39px}.header-overlay-menu{background:#16304b;height:0;left:0;opacity:0;overflow-x:hidden;top:0;transition:opacity 500ms ease-out;visibility:hidden;width:0;z-index:100}.header-overlay-menu.active,.header-overlay-menu.closing{opacity:1;visibility:visible;width:100%;height:100%}.header-overlay-menu.active>.container{animation-name:slideDown;animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-duration:300ms}.header-overlay-menu.closing{animation-name:opacityOut;animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-duration:300ms}.header-overlay-menu__header{background:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #e6eaf0;margin:0 -16px}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu__header{background:#16304b;border-bottom:none;margin:0}}.header-overlay-menu__header .header-action-link{height:100%}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu__header .header-action-link{height:auto}}.header-overlay-menu__header .btn{border-left:1px solid #e6eaf0;border-right:1px solid #e6eaf0;height:50px;max-height:50px}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu__header .btn{border-left:none;border-right:none;height:40px;max-height:40px}}.header-overlay-menu__header .btn svg{fill:#000;height:20px;width:20px}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu__header svg{fill:#fff !important}}.header-overlay-menu__logo{width:220px}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu__logo{width:335px}}.header-overlay-menu__mobile-nav-link.active{border-bottom:4px solid #fff}.header-overlay-menu__mobile-nav-link:hover{background:none;color:#fff !important}.header-overlay-menu__btn{font-size:1rem !important;text-transform:none !important}.header-overlay-menu .menu-head{border-bottom:1px solid #e6eaf0}.header-overlay-menu .menu-head svg{fill:#e6eaf0;height:18px;transition:transform 200ms ease-in-out;width:18px}.header-overlay-menu .menu-head-toggle{background:rgba(0,0,0,0);color:#e6eaf0;outline:none}.header-overlay-menu .menu-head-toggle.collapsed svg{transform:rotate(180deg)}.header-overlay-menu .menu-social{border-top:1px solid #e6eaf0}.header-overlay-menu .menu-social-item{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;padding:10px}.header-overlay-menu .menu-social-item svg{width:20px;height:20px;fill:#fff;display:block}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu .menu-collapse{display:block !important;height:auto !important;visibility:visible}}.overlay-menu-toggle--navbar{left:86px;height:100%;top:-1px;width:110px}.overlay-menu-toggle__text{display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:600}.navbar-buttons{background:#f7f9fc;border-bottom:1px solid #e6eaf0;border-top:1px solid #e6eaf0}.browse-hero{z-index:0}@media(min-width: 768px){.browse-hero{margin-top:0}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.browse-hero>.container{padding-top:34px}}.browse-hero__kicker{color:#000;font-size:.875rem}.browse-hero__description{color:#000;font-size:1.125rem}.browse-hero-actions svg{fill:#000;height:15px;width:2.5rem}.browse-breadcrumbs{font-size:.7rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.browse-breadcrumbs{border-bottom:0}}.browse-breadcrumbs svg{fill:#000;height:.6rem;width:.6rem}.browse-breadcrumbs-item{letter-spacing:2px}.browse-hero__topic{color:#000;font-size:2.2rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.browse-hero__topic{font-size:3.75rem;padding-top:1.5rem}}.browse-hero__topic-image{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);bottom:0;color:#fff;display:block;font-family:"Atlas Grotesk Web",sans-serif;font-size:.56rem;line-height:.33rem;margin-bottom:0;padding:10px 10px 8px;position:absolute;right:0;z-index:10}.browse-featured-articles-topic:link,.browse-featured-articles-topic:visited,.browse-featured-articles-topic:hover,.browse-featured-articles-sub-topic:link,.browse-featured-articles-sub-topic:visited,.browse-featured-articles-sub-topic:hover{color:#bd0500;font-size:.56rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:2px;line-height:.56rem;text-transform:uppercase}.browse-featured-articles-title:visited,.browse-featured-articles-title:hover,.browse-featured-articles-title:link{color:#000}.browse-featured-articles-title:visited h2,.browse-featured-articles-title:hover h2,.browse-featured-articles-title:link h2{font-size:1.8rem;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:1.8rem}.browse-featured-articles-author,.browse-featured-articles-desc{font-size:1.25rem;letter-spacing:0}.browse-featured-artciles-subhead{border-top:solid 5px #000;color:#000;font-size:.85rem;padding-bottom:30px;padding-top:10px}.browse-featured-articles-sub-list{display:flex;flex-direction:column;list-style:none;margin:0 0 20px}@media(min-width: 768px){.browse-featured-articles-sub-list{flex-direction:row}}.browse-featured-articles-sub-list-item{border-top:solid 2px #e6eaf0;padding:15px}@media(min-width: 768px){.browse-featured-articles-sub-list-item{border-top:0;width:33%}.browse-featured-articles-sub-list-item:not(:first-child){border-left:solid 2px #e6eaf0}}.browse-featured-articles-sub-title:link{color:#000}.browse-featured-articles-sub-title:link h4{font-size:1.3rem;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.3rem;margin:0;padding:0;text-transform:none}.browse-featured-articles-sub-author{font-size:.85rem;font-style:italic}@media(max-width: 767.98px){.page-vocabulary-topics .block-system-main-block>.home-section .primary-article .magazine-list-item--image-link,.page-vocabulary-regions .block-system-main-block>.home-section .primary-article .magazine-list-item--image-link{display:none}}.article-body-text{margin-top:1.25rem}@media(min-width: 1024px){.article-body-text{margin-top:3rem}}.mobile-hero{order:-1;position:static}@media(min-width: 768px){.mobile-hero{order:inherit}}.article-header--metadata-topic-l{font-size:.85rem;font-weight:600}.article-header--metadata-date{text-align:left}@media(min-width: 768px){.article-header--metadata-date{text-align:right}}.article-header--metadata-tags{color:#a5aeb9;white-space:nowrap}.article-header--metadata-tag-icon--more svg{fill:#ced2d9;height:10px;margin-left:-3px;width:10px}.article-header--metadata-tag-icon--more.mobile svg{height:30px;width:30px}.tag-dropdown{background-color:#fff;box-shadow:rgba(0,0,0,.35) 0 12px 20px -4px;display:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:40px;width:300px;z-index:1}.tag-dropdown-header{background:linear-gradient(to top, #e6eaf0, #fff);border-bottom:solid 6px #447fb7;color:#447fb7;font-size:1.1rem;padding:.8rem}.tag-dropdown-header svg{height:30px;fill:#447fb7;width:30px}.article-header__metadata-tag-icon--hide{display:inline-block}.article-title{font-size:2.5625rem;font-weight:700;line-height:2.8125rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.article-title{font-size:2.9rem;line-height:1.08;margin-bottom:.4rem}}.article-subtitle{font-size:1.6875rem;line-height:1.9375rem;margin:0}@media(min-width: 768px){.article-subtitle{font-size:1.9rem;line-height:2.18rem}}.article-byline{padding-top:.63rem}.article-byline,.article-byline h3{font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.31}@media(min-width: 1024px){.article-byline.single{margin:80px 70px 10px}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.article-byline.multiple{margin:13px 0}}.article-byline-author{padding-bottom:1rem}.article-byline-author:hover+.author-info{display:block}.bg-dk-grn{background-color:#477433 !important}.bg-dk-grn::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-pink{background-color:#F6AAAA !important}.bg-pink::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-lt-blue{background-color:#B3D3F0 !important}.bg-lt-blue::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-yellow{background-color:#FFE26B !important}.bg-yellow::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-tan{background-color:#D3D1C0 !important}.bg-tan::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-lt-grn{background-color:#B5C347 !important}.bg-lt-grn::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-dk-blue{background-color:#4A52DF !important}.bg-dk-blue::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-orange{background-color:#E78245 !important}.bg-orange::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple::before{content:" ";height:400px;position:absolute;width:100%}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.dk-grn::before{background-color:#477433 !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.pink::before{background-color:#F6AAAA !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.lt-blue::before{background-color:#B3D3F0 !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.yellow::before{background-color:#FFE26B !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.tan::before{background-color:#D3D1C0 !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.lt-grn::before{background-color:#B5C347 !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.dk-blue::before{background-color:#4A52DF !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.orange::before{background-color:#E78245 !important}.article-container .article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner{width:calc(100vw - 10px);overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden}@media(min-width: 768px){.article-container .article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner{overflow:visible;width:auto;flex-wrap:wrap}}@media(max-width: 575.98px){.article-container .article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .flex-column .btn.dropdown-toggle+ul::before{top:auto;bottom:-6px;transform:rotate(225deg)}}@media(min-width: 768px){.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .flex-column{margin-right:auto}}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .flex-column{max-width:172px}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .review-list-item-title{font-size:initial}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .review-list-item-author{font-size:initial;flex-grow:unset !important}.article-body .article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner{padding:2rem 0 0 0}.article-body .article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .flex-column{margin-right:2rem}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-single--inner,.article-header--metadata-single-img{padding-left:0;padding-right:42px}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-single--inner .cover-wrapper,.article-header--metadata-single-img .cover-wrapper{padding:60px;width:100%;text-align:center}.book-cover{box-shadow:rgba(0,0,0,.37) -13px 0 18px -7px,rgba(0,0,0,.37) 0px 0px 10px -2px;margin-bottom:0;max-width:170px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.review-list-item .book-cover,.article-body .book-cover{margin-bottom:0}@media(min-width: 1024px)and (max-width: 1139.98px){.book-cover{max-width:145px}}.authors-bio{background:#f7f9fc;border-top:1px solid #dadee5}.authors-bio__head{font-size:.6875rem}.authors-bio__body{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.authors-bio__body a{color:#447fb7}.authors-bio__body a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.authors-bio__link{font-size:.625rem;margin-right:.9375rem}.authors-bio__link>svg{display:inline-block;fill:#447fb7;height:1rem;width:1rem;margin-right:5px;margin-top:-5px}.authors-bio__link+.authors-bio__link::before{content:"|";color:#a5aeb9;margin-right:.9375rem}.authors-bio.authors-bio__body p{margin-bottom:0}.authors-bio.authors-bio__body a:not([class]){box-shadow:none !important;color:#447fb7 !important}.authors-bio.authors-bio__body a:not([class]):hover{color:#2d557b !important;text-decoration:underline !important}.cke_editable,.cke_wysiwyg_frame{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important}.cke_editable a:not([class]),.cke_wysiwyg_frame a:not([class]){color:#447fb7;font-weight:bold}@media(prefers-color-scheme: dark){.cke_editable,.cke_wysiwyg_frame{background-color:#fff !important;color:#3f464e !important}} @media(min-width: 576px){.position-sm-static{position:static !important}.position-sm-relative{position:relative !important}.position-sm-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-sm-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-sm-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 768px){.position-md-static{position:static !important}.position-md-relative{position:relative !important}.position-md-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-md-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-md-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 992px){.position-lg-static{position:static !important}.position-lg-relative{position:relative !important}.position-lg-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-lg-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-lg-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.position-xl-static{position:static !important}.position-xl-relative{position:relative !important}.position-xl-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-xl-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-xl-sticky{position:sticky !important}}.list-unstyled{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.list-inline{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.list-inline-item{display:inline-block}.list-inline-item:not(:last-child){margin-right:.5rem}@media(prefers-color-scheme: dark){body{color:#f7f9fc !important;background:#222 !important}body a{color:#ced2d9}img{filter:brightness(0.8) contrast(1.2)}.styleguide-header-icon svg{fill:#e6eaf0}.border-dark{border-color:#707881 !important}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul{background:#222 !important}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul::before{background:#222 !important}.site-header__top-bar{background-color:#3f464e;border-color:#000}.navbar,.header-navbar-link,.navbar-buttons{background-color:#3f464e;border-color:#222;color:#a5aeb9}.navbar{box-shadow:0 1px 4px 0 #000}.flyout__link{background:none;border:0}.nav-link,.article-media--button--label{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.nav-link:hover{background-color:#707881}.navbar-icon.navbar-menu{border-bottom:none;border-color:#000;border-top:none}.logo-link-desktop svg,.logo-link-navbar svg,.navbar-sticky-icon svg,.navbar-icon.navbar-menu svg{color:#e6eaf0;fill:#e6eaf0}.article-tools-item+.article-tools-item{border-color:#3f464e !important}.authors-bio,.lead-story-most-read{background:#3f464e !important;border-color:#707881 !important}.subscription-form-card{background:#3f464e !important}.article-dropcap>p:first-child:first-letter,.article-dropcap--inner>p:first-child:first-letter{border-color:#707881 !important}.article-dropcap:not(.sponsored) a:not([class]),.article-dropcap .article-dropcap:not(.sponsored)>p>a:not([class]){box-shadow:inset 0 -0.394em #222,inset 0 -0.42em #447fb7 !important;color:#b3d3f0 !important}.article-dropcap:not(.sponsored) a:not([class]):hover,.article-dropcap .article-dropcap:not(.sponsored)>p>a:not([class]):hover{color:#2d557b !important}.article-dropcap ::selection{background:#447fb7 !important}.editor-notes a{box-shadow:inset 0 -0.394em #222,inset 0 -0.42em #447fb7 !important;color:#b3d3f0 !important}.editor-notes a:hover{color:#2d557b !important}.article-newsletter-signup--container .title,.internal-blockquote{color:#ced2d9 !important}.article-newsletter-signup--container .title:before,.internal-blockquote:before{border-color:#a5aeb9 !important}.article-dropcap h3:not([class])::before,.content-subtitle::before{border-color:#a5aeb9 !important}.paywall::before,.loading-indicator{background:linear-gradient(to top, #222, rgba(246, 246, 246, 0)) !important}.article-footer,.navbar-sticky-icon{border-color:#707881 !important}.head-divider-5-black,.review--rail-title{border-color:#a5aeb9 !important;color:#a5aeb9 !important}.article-dropcap:not(.no-colophon)>p:last-of-type::after,.article-dropcap--inner:not(.no-colophon)>p:last-of-type::after{content:url(data:image/png;base64,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) !important;opacity:.3}.article-dropcap.sponsored>.article-dropcap--inner>p:last-of-type::after{content:none !important}.dropcap-inline:first-letter{border-bottom-color:#f7f9fc !important}.magazine-list-article--suggested::after{content:"";background:#fff !important}.country-link:visited,.country-link:link{color:#f7f9fc !important}.static-page--sidebar{background:linear-gradient(to left, rgba(230, 234, 240, 0.2), #222) !important}.static-page--nav--item.active,.static-page--nav--item.static-page--nav--item--has-submenu,.static-page--nav--item:active,.static-page--nav--item:hover,.static-page--nav--item:focus{background-color:#3f464e !important}.lead-story-most-read{background-color:#3f464e !important}.magazine-deck,.article-card-deck{color:#ced2d9 !important}.magazine-date{color:#a5aeb9 !important}.sponsored-landing-hero--gsf{background:linear-gradient(to bottom, #222 20%, rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.7) 100%),url("../images/gsf-hero.jpg") !important}.detail__sponsored,.sponsored-grad-school__at-a-glance{background-color:#222 !important}.l-sponsored-detail-column{background-color:#3f464e !important}.newsletter-modal{background-color:#222 !important}.minimal-header--logo svg{fill:#e6eaf0 !important}.minimal-header,.p404-articles-title{border-color:#ced2d9 !important}.minimal-header .navbar{background-color:#000}.minimal-header--inner .menu--color{stroke:#fff}.authors-bio.authors-bio__body a:not([class]):not(.bogus){box-shadow:none !important;color:#b3d3f0 !important}.authors-bio.authors-bio__body a:not([class]):not(.bogus):hover{color:#447fb7 !important}.author-bio-wrapper{background-color:#a5aeb9 !important}.author-list--item-link{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.education--hero{background-color:#222 !important}.education--bar{background-color:#3f464e !important}.education--menu-item{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.event-detail-hero{background-color:#3f464e !important}.site-filters__col [class$=control],.site-filters__col [class$=menu]{background-color:#707881 !important}.site-filters__col [class$=placeholder]{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.magazine-archive-title{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.light-grey-bg{background-color:#3f464e !important}.subhead,.homepage--rev-head,.article-card:not(:nth-child(3n+1)),.homepage--rev-divider,.magazine-list-article.list-display:not(:last-child){border-color:#707881 !important}.magazine-audio-duration,.magazine-title,.magazine-author,.article-card-title,.article-card-author,.book-review-homepage--featured-title{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.home-stripe{background-color:#282d32 !important}.gray2-bg,.gray1-bg{background-color:#707881 !important}.white-bg,.form-control[type=text],.form-control[type=password],.form-control[type=email],textarea{background:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;color:#fff !important}.form-control:focus{color:#fff !important}.ob-l{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.dark\:text-light,.dark-text-light{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.dark\:text-light:not(.clist-item-body):hover,.dark-text-light:not(.clist-item-body):hover{color:#ced2d9 !important}.dark\:text-light:link,.dark-text-light:link{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.dark\:text-dark,.dark-text-dark{color:#3f464e !important}.dark\:text-dark:focus,.dark-text-dark:focus{color:#3f464e !important}.dark\:bg-dark,.dark\:bg-dark[type=text]{background-color:#3f464e !important}.dark\:gray-bg{background-color:#222 !important}.dark\:fill-light svg{fill:#f7f9fc !important}.dark\:head-divider-light-top{border-color:#e6eaf0 !important}.dark\:hover\:text-white:hover,a.dark\:hover\:text-white:hover{color:#fff !important}.podcast-hero-wrapper{background-color:#000 !important}.podcast-text-picker .btn-check:checked+.btn-outline-primary,.podcast-text-picker .btn-check:active+.btn-outline-primary,.podcast-text-picker .btn-outline-primary:active,.podcast-text-picker .btn-outline-primary.active{background-color:#fff !important}.carousel-dark .carousel-control-prev-icon,.carousel-dark .carousel-control-next-icon{filter:none !important}.tablesort--asc{background-image:url("https://www.foreignaffairs.com/core/misc/icons/ffffff/twistie-down.svg") !important}.tablesort--desc{background-image:url("https://www.foreignaffairs.com/core/misc/icons/ffffff/twistie-up.svg") !important}}</style><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge" /><script async type="text/javascript" src="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script><script type='text/javascript'> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; // Add a place to store the slot name variable. googletag.slots = googletag.slots || {}; </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { // Start by defining breakpoints for this ad. var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .addSize([1024, 1], []) .build(); googletag.slots["js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--2"] = googletag.defineSlot("/101014362/FA/africa/speedbump_mobile", [300, 250], "js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--2") .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('regions', ['Africa','Middle East','World','United States']) .setTargeting('topics', ['Diplomacy','Geopolitics','Foreign Policy','International Institutions','Security','Defense &amp; Military','Humanitarian Intervention','Post-Conflict Reconstruction','Strategy &amp; Conflict','War &amp; Military Strategy','U.S. Foreign Policy']) .setTargeting('content-subtype', ['snapshot']) .setTargeting('node', ['1130975']) .setTargeting('environment', ['live']) // Apply size mapping when there are breakpoints. .defineSizeMapping(mapping) ; }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { // Start by defining breakpoints for this ad. var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .addSize([1024, 1], []) .build(); googletag.slots["js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--3"] = googletag.defineSlot("/101014362/FA/africa/speedbump_mobile", [300, 250], "js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--3") .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('regions', ['Africa','Middle East','World','United States']) .setTargeting('topics', ['Diplomacy','Geopolitics','Foreign Policy','International Institutions','Security','Defense &amp; Military','Humanitarian Intervention','Post-Conflict Reconstruction','Strategy &amp; Conflict','War &amp; Military Strategy','U.S. Foreign Policy']) .setTargeting('content-subtype', ['snapshot']) .setTargeting('node', ['1130975']) .setTargeting('environment', ['live']) // Apply size mapping when there are breakpoints. .defineSizeMapping(mapping) ; }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { // Start by defining breakpoints for this ad. var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .addSize([1024, 1], []) .build(); googletag.slots["js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--4"] = googletag.defineSlot("/101014362/FA/africa/speedbump_mobile", [300, 250], "js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--4") .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('regions', ['Africa','Middle East','World','United States']) .setTargeting('topics', ['Diplomacy','Geopolitics','Foreign Policy','International Institutions','Security','Defense &amp; Military','Humanitarian Intervention','Post-Conflict Reconstruction','Strategy &amp; Conflict','War &amp; Military Strategy','U.S. Foreign Policy']) .setTargeting('content-subtype', ['snapshot']) .setTargeting('node', ['1130975']) .setTargeting('environment', ['live']) // Apply size mapping when there are breakpoints. .defineSizeMapping(mapping) ; }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.slots["js-dfp-tag-outofpage--2"] = googletag.defineOutOfPageSlot("/101014362/FA/africa/outofpage", "js-dfp-tag-outofpage--2") .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('regions', ['Africa','Middle East','World','United States']) .setTargeting('topics', ['Diplomacy','Geopolitics','Foreign Policy','International Institutions','Security','Defense &amp; Military','Humanitarian Intervention','Post-Conflict Reconstruction','Strategy &amp; Conflict','War &amp; Military Strategy','U.S. Foreign Policy']) .setTargeting('content-subtype', ['snapshot']) .setTargeting('node', ['1130975']) .setTargeting('environment', ['live']) ; }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { // Start by defining breakpoints for this ad. var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]) .addSize([1024, 1], [[728, 90], [970, 90]]) .build(); googletag.slots["js-dfp-tag-top--2"] = googletag.defineSlot("/101014362/FA/africa/top", [[728, 90], [970, 90], [320, 50]], "js-dfp-tag-top--2") .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('regions', ['Africa','Middle East','World','United States']) .setTargeting('topics', ['Diplomacy','Geopolitics','Foreign Policy','International Institutions','Security','Defense &amp; Military','Humanitarian Intervention','Post-Conflict Reconstruction','Strategy &amp; Conflict','War &amp; Military Strategy','U.S. Foreign Policy']) .setTargeting('content-subtype', ['snapshot']) .setTargeting('node', ['1130975']) .setTargeting('environment', ['live']) // Apply size mapping when there are breakpoints. .defineSizeMapping(mapping) ; }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { // Start by defining breakpoints for this ad. var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([0, 0], []) .addSize([1024, 1], [[300, 250], [300, 600]]) .build(); googletag.slots["js-dfp-tag-sidebar"] = googletag.defineSlot("/101014362/FA/africa/sidebar", [[300, 250], [300, 600]], "js-dfp-tag-sidebar") .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('regions', ['Africa','Middle East','World','United States']) .setTargeting('topics', ['Diplomacy','Geopolitics','Foreign Policy','International Institutions','Security','Defense &amp; Military','Humanitarian Intervention','Post-Conflict Reconstruction','Strategy &amp; Conflict','War &amp; Military Strategy','U.S. Foreign Policy']) .setTargeting('content-subtype', ['snapshot']) .setTargeting('node', ['1130975']) .setTargeting('environment', ['live']) // Apply size mapping when there are breakpoints. .defineSizeMapping(mapping) ; }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { // Start by defining breakpoints for this ad. var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([0, 0], []) .addSize([1024, 1], [[300, 250], [300, 600]]) .build(); googletag.slots["js-dfp-tag-sidebar--2"] = googletag.defineSlot("/101014362/FA/africa/sidebar", [[300, 250], [300, 600]], "js-dfp-tag-sidebar--2") .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('regions', ['Africa','Middle East','World','United States']) .setTargeting('topics', ['Diplomacy','Geopolitics','Foreign Policy','International Institutions','Security','Defense &amp; Military','Humanitarian Intervention','Post-Conflict Reconstruction','Strategy &amp; Conflict','War &amp; Military Strategy','U.S. Foreign Policy']) .setTargeting('content-subtype', ['snapshot']) .setTargeting('node', ['1130975']) .setTargeting('environment', ['live']) // Apply size mapping when there are breakpoints. .defineSizeMapping(mapping) ; }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().enableAsyncRendering(); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 500, renderMarginPercent: 200, mobileScaling: 2 }); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script><link rel="icon" href="/themes/fa/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/africa/world-war" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/rss.xml" /><link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_1x/public/images/2023/10/25/RTSPDGET%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=LqjtJQws" imagesrcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_1x/public/images/2023/10/25/RTSPDGET%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=kK6TJWSk 800w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_2x/public/images/2023/10/25/RTSPDGET%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=KAPKAKM_ 1600w" imagesizes="100vw, (min-width: 768px) 50vw" /><title>A World at War | Foreign Affairs</title><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/assets/css/css_OX6LLJaA6aVtzTSUn1nUv-Y0TnGU84RAMLU946_rZaE.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/assets/css/css_gluQ7cxVnrCXASqsblk0pSRcm9W6A0M_-GVxC8CbbVA.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA" /></head><body class="layout-no-sidebars page-node-1130975"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content</a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-52SVNB" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas><body><div class="flyout position-relative"><div class="flyout__body w-100"><div id="js-dfp-tag-outofpage--2"><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-outofpage--2'); }); </script></div><div class="d-none"> <svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 877.18 90.02" xml:space="preserve" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="fa-logo-horizontal"><g id="fa-logo-horizontal"><path d="M27.48 75.28v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78V38.43c2.09-.2 4.18-.2 6.27-.2 5.18 0 8.56 4.98 9.76 11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55 0-4.08.3-9.56.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.1 5.88-4.58 9.76-9.76 9.76-2.09 0-4.18 0-6.27-.2V8.66c0-3.58 1.1-4.58 2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69 0 2.59 3.19 6.47 7.37 3.29 3.58 8.66 6.47 10.36 6.47l.5-.9c-1.09-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15 0-1.3.6-2.49.6-3.39 0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76 0-18.42.3-27.58.3C15.33.9 6.97.8 0 .6v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47v57.06c0 3.88-1.1 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.2 13.84.3m70.21.5c22.51 0 37.94-16.73 37.94-37.94S119.5.1 94.6.1C72.1.1 56.66 16.83 56.66 38.04s15.93 37.74 41.03 37.74m3.88-3.78c-19.72 0-32.46-20.02-32.46-41.92 0-15.83 7.67-26.19 21.61-26.19 19.72 0 32.46 20.02 32.46 41.92 0 15.83-7.67 26.19-21.61 26.19M139.51.6v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47v57.06c0 3.88-1.09 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.2 13.84.3V73.5l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78V38.64H169l.2.9c2.39 10.95 8.36 24.2 16.53 33.16 7.57 8.27 21.21 16.33 25.49 17.13l.5-1c-1.29-.8-8.76-6.67-16.23-18.03-5.98-9.06-11.25-21.41-13.64-32.56 10.85-2.59 16.53-9.66 16.53-19.32C198.37 7.57 186.42.1 171.28.1c-10.06 0-14.04 1-18.62 1-4.98 0-8.17-.5-13.14-.5m19.72 34.56V9.86c0-4.78 2.09-6.27 7.67-6.27 13.94 0 19.02 6.27 19.02 15.34s-5.58 16.23-17.53 16.23h-9.16Zm100.68 40.13c.6 0 1.2-.3 1.2-1.39 0-.9-.8-2.19-.8-3.59 0-5.28 2.99-11.45 4.18-13.04l-.6-1.1c-1.59 0-5.08 2.19-8.26 6.07-3.88 4.48-5.78 9.56-10.76 9.56h-15.93c-2.99 0-3.98-1-3.98-4.88V37.05c3.39-.2 6.87-.2 10.26-.2 4.18 0 7.57 4.98 8.76 11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55 0-4.08.3-9.56.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.1 5.87-4.58 9.76-8.76 9.76-3.39 0-6.87 0-10.26-.2V8.66c0-3.58 1.1-4.58 2.89-4.58h16.23c2.59 0 2.49 2.89 6.17 6.87 3.09 3.39 8.27 6.17 9.86 6.17l.5-.9c-1.1-1.39-3.98-6.87-3.98-11.55 0-1.19.5-2.39.5-3.19 0-.6-.3-.9-.9-.9-8.36 0-17.82.3-26.99.3-8.66 0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47V66.9c0 3.88-1.1 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c6.77-.1 15.63-.3 24.8-.3 10.06 0 20.81.3 29.87.3m34.45 0v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-2.89-3.98-7.77V8.86c0-3.88 1-5.08 3.98-5.68l3.78-.8V.6c-3.29.1-7.57.1-13.74.1S270.18.7 266.9.6v1.79l3.78.8c2.89.6 3.98 1.79 3.98 5.68v56.07c0 4.88-1.09 7.17-3.98 7.77l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.1 13.64-.1s10.56 0 13.84.1M335.19.1c-21.51 0-36.94 16.73-36.94 37.94s15.93 37.74 39.04 37.74c9.46 0 17.13-3.29 20.81-7.47 1.59 4.68 5.28 7.47 9.96 7.47 2.99 0 4.48-.5 5.97-1.49V72.8c-3.39 0-4.88-1.79-4.88-6.07V51.69c0-3.09.9-5.08 2.69-5.58l3.09-.9v-1.79c-4.28.2-6.57.3-12.75.3s-10.46-.1-12.75-.3v1.79l3.78.8c2.89.6 3.98 1.79 3.98 5.68v5.08c0 8.86-6.07 15.24-16.03 15.24-17.73 0-30.47-19.02-30.47-41.92 0-15.83 7.67-26.19 23.6-26.19 8.07 0 12.55 1 18.12 4.18 4.68 2.69 7.77 6.37 12.25 13.74h1.89c-1-4.08-1.69-8.56-1.69-11.05 0-2.69.1-6.57 1-10.16h-1.89c-1.59 2.19-3.09 3.49-5.08 3.49-5.68 0-11.05-3.98-23.7-3.98m108.74 12.85c.2-5.88 2.29-8.96 5.97-9.76l3.78-.8V.6c-3.29.2-6.67.3-12.85.3S430.47.8 427.19.6v1.79l3.78.8c5.38 1.1 8.07 3.58 7.97 9.46l-.7 44.02L395.94.6c-3.09.1-6.57.2-10.46.2s-7.07-.1-10.06-.2v1.79c6.77 1 11.75 6.57 11.75 13.44v51.09c0 3.88-4.08 5.18-6.97 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.2 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.1 13.84.3V73.5l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-7.97-1.89-7.97-5.78V16.13l47.5 61.34h1.99l2.29-64.53ZM514.8 0h-3.49l-25.79 65.13c-1.89 4.68-4.78 7.17-7.67 7.97l-2.09.6v1.79c3.29-.2 5.48-.3 10.65-.3s9.56.1 12.85.3V73.7l-3.78-.8c-5.38-1.1-6.87-3.98-5.08-8.76l5.68-14.54c4.38-.1 8.86-.2 13.24-.2 3.88 0 7.77.1 11.65.1l6.57 17.63c1.1 2.79 0 5.18-2.89 5.97l-2.09.6v1.79c3.29-.2 6.47-.3 11.65-.3s9.56.1 11.85.3V73.7l-1.39-.4c-2.59-.7-3.58-1.99-4.98-5.68L514.8 0Zm-5.48 45.91c-3.98 0-7.87-.1-11.85-.1l11.15-28.98 10.95 28.98c-3.39.1-6.87.1-10.26.1m66.72 29.58V73.7l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78V38.64c2.09-.2 4.18-.2 6.27-.2 5.18 0 8.56 4.98 9.76 11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55 0-4.08.3-9.56.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.09 5.87-4.58 9.76-9.76 9.76-2.09 0-4.18 0-6.27-.2V8.86c0-3.59 1.1-4.58 2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69 0 2.59 3.19 6.47 7.37 3.29 3.58 8.66 6.47 10.36 6.47l.5-.9c-1.1-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15 0-1.29.6-2.49.6-3.39 0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76 0-18.42.3-27.58.3-8.66 0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47V67.1c0 3.88-1.1 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.2 13.84.3m58.75 0v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78V38.62c2.09-.2 4.18-.2 6.27-.2 5.18 0 8.56 4.98 9.76 11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55 0-4.08.3-9.56.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.09 5.87-4.58 9.76-9.76 9.76-2.09 0-4.18 0-6.27-.2V8.86c0-3.59 1.1-4.58 2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69 0 2.59 3.19 6.47 7.37 3.29 3.58 8.66 6.47 10.36 6.47l.5-.9c-1.1-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15 0-1.29.6-2.49.6-3.39 0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76 0-18.42.3-27.58.3-8.66 0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47V67.1c0 3.88-1.1 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.2 13.84.3M691.56 0h-3.48l-25.79 65.13c-1.89 4.68-4.78 7.17-7.67 7.97l-2.09.6v1.79c3.29-.2 5.48-.3 10.66-.3s9.56.1 12.85.3V73.7l-3.78-.8c-5.38-1.1-6.87-3.98-5.08-8.76l5.68-14.54c4.38-.1 8.86-.2 13.24-.2 3.88 0 7.77.1 11.65.1l6.57 17.63c1.1 2.79 0 5.18-2.89 5.97l-2.09.6v1.79c3.29-.2 6.47-.3 11.65-.3s9.56.1 11.85.3V73.7l-1.39-.4c-2.59-.7-3.58-1.99-4.98-5.68L691.56 0Zm-5.48 45.91c-3.98 0-7.87-.1-11.85-.1l11.15-28.98 10.95 28.98c-3.39.1-6.87.1-10.26.1m66.72 29.58V73.7l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-2.89-3.98-7.77V9.06c0-3.88 1-5.08 3.98-5.68l3.78-.8V.8c-3.29.1-7.57.1-13.74.1s-10.46 0-13.74-.1v1.79l3.78.8c2.89.6 3.98 1.79 3.98 5.68v56.07c0 4.88-1.1 7.17-3.98 7.77l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.1 13.64-.1s10.56 0 13.84.1M760.27.8v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47v57.06c0 3.88-1.1 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.2 13.84.3V73.7l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78V38.84h9.76l.2.9c2.39 10.95 8.37 24.2 16.53 33.16 7.57 8.26 21.21 16.33 25.49 17.13l.5-1c-1.29-.8-8.76-6.67-16.23-18.03-5.98-9.06-11.25-21.41-13.64-32.56 10.85-2.59 16.53-9.66 16.53-19.32C819.14 7.77 807.19.3 792.05.3c-10.06 0-14.04 1-18.62 1-4.98 0-8.17-.5-13.14-.5m19.72 34.56v-25.3c0-4.78 2.09-6.27 7.67-6.27 13.94 0 19.02 6.27 19.02 15.34s-5.58 16.23-17.53 16.23h-9.16Zm75.48 40.63c12.75 0 21.71-6.57 21.71-19.02 0-23-37.54-25.69-37.54-43.32 0-5.98 4.58-9.56 11.15-9.56 7.17 0 13.34 4.68 21.21 16.93h1.59c-.8-4.08-1.39-8.56-1.39-11.05 0-2.69.1-6.17 1-9.16h-1.49c-1.59 1.59-3.48 2.49-5.48 2.49-4.98 0-8.17-2.99-16.23-2.99-13.84 0-21.61 8.76-21.61 17.63 0 22.51 37.34 26.09 37.34 43.12 0 7.77-4.38 11.15-12.65 11.15-10.75 0-20.91-6.27-24.7-20.02h-1.89c.6 3.78.8 6.17.8 10.85 0 3.39-1.49 9.56-2.79 12.45h1.89c1.49-1.99 3.98-3.88 7.87-3.88 5.58 0 10.26 4.38 21.21 4.38"/></g></svg></div> <section class="site-header__top-bar dfp-tag-wrapper"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col"><div class="my-3 text-center"><div id="js-dfp-tag-top--2"><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-top--2'); }); </script></div></div></div></div></div> </section> <header class="fa-header-wrapper"><div class="d-none d-lg-block container position-relative desktop-header-wrapper"><div class="row justify-content-between align-items-center desktop-header g-0 flex-nowrap"><div class="col-4 d-flex h-100 subscribe-block"><div> <a href="/issues/2024/103/6" class="d-block position-relative latest-issue-link"> <img class="subscribe-callout-image d-none d-lg-block" src="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_issue_small_1x/public/images/2024/10/21/FA_ND_2024_Cover.jpg.webp?itok=6MM0LbO3" alt="November/December 2024cover" loading="eager" width="80" height="114" srcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_issue_small_1x/public/images/2024/10/21/FA_ND_2024_Cover.jpg.webp?itok=6MM0LbO3 80w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_issue_small_2x/public/images/2024/10/21/FA_ND_2024_Cover.jpg.webp?itok=dujdbF-p 160w" sizes="(max-width:768px) 0px, 80px" /> </a></div></div><div class="col-auto text-center"> <a class="d-block logo-link-desktop" href="/" aria-label="Foreign Affairs"> <span class="visually-hidden">Foreign Affairs Magazine Homepage</span> <svg viewbox="0 0 877.18 90.02"> <use xlink:href="#fa-logo-horizontal"></use> </svg> </a></div><div class="col-4 d-flex justify-content-end align-items-center"> <a href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-topright-main-text" id="sub1-topright" class="header-action-link btn py-0 fw-bold btn-red px-3" > Subscribe </a> <button class="flyout__js-open position-relative border-0 bg-transparent fs-12 header-action-link my-account text-uppercase fw-bold"> Sign In <sup class="flyout__counter d-none"></sup> </button></div></div></div><div id="overlay-menu" class="header-overlay-menu pb-5 position-fixed text-light"> <header class="header-overlay-menu__header pt-md-3 mb-4 mb-md-5"><div class="container d-flex justify-content-between"> <button class="overlay-menu-toggle btn fw-bold navbar-menu px-3" aria-controls="overlay-menu" aria-expanded="true" data-label="Toggle overflow menu"> <span class="rotate-45 d-block"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="54.3 329.2 891.5 891.6" enable-background="new 54.3 329.2 891.5 891.6" xml:space="preserve"><g><g><polygon points="945.8,719.3 555.7,719.3 555.7,329.2 444.3,329.2 444.3,719.3 54.3,719.3 54.3,830.7 444.3,830.7 444.3,1220.8 555.7,1220.8 555.7,830.7 945.8,830.7 "/></g></g></svg></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Close Oveflow Menu</span> </button><div class="d-flex flex-fill align-items-center justify-content-center"> <a class="d-block header-overlay-menu__logo" href="/" aria-label="Foreign Affairs"> <svg viewbox="0 0 877.18 90.02"> <use xlink:href="#fa-logo-horizontal"></use> </svg> </a></div><div class="d-flex justify-content-end align-items-center header-mobile-actions"> <a href="/search" class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold px-3 py-1 d-md-none" title="Explore"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg width="22px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 19 17" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Icon/Search-Copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Page-1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <path d="M13.2676,6.8836 C13.2676,10.4096 10.4096,13.2676 6.8836,13.2676 C3.3586,13.2676 0.4996,10.4096 0.4996,6.8836 C0.4996,3.3576 3.3586,0.4996 6.8836,0.4996 C10.4096,0.4996 13.2676,3.3576 13.2676,6.8836 Z" id="Stroke-1"></path> <line x1="18.1416" y1="16.5" x2="12.1966" y2="10.555" id="Stroke-3"></line> </g> </g></svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Explore</span> </a> <a href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-desktop-overflow" id="sub5-desk-overflow" class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-red header-action-link d-none d-md-inline-block"> Subscribe </a></div></div> </header><div class="container"><div class="tab-content"><div class="tab-pane active" id="sections" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="sections-tab"><div class="row mb-md-4 accordion" id="accordion-fa"><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu1" class=d-md-block> <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start " data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse1" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapse1"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Sections</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse show" id="collapse1" aria-labelledby="headingMenu1" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections1" href="/browse/view-all" class="fs-14 text-light"> All Articles </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections2" href="/books-and-reviews" class="fs-14 text-light"> Books & Reviews </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections3" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/podcasts/foreign-affairs-interview" class="fs-14 text-light"> Podcast </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections4" href="/anthologies" class="fs-14 text-light"> Anthologies </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections5" href="/browse/articles-with-audio" class="fs-14 text-light"> Audio Content </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections6" href="/author-listing" class="fs-14 text-light"> Author Directory </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections7" href="/this-day-in-history" class="fs-14 text-light"> This Day in History </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections8" href="/events" class="fs-14 text-light"> Events </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu2" > <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse2"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Topics</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse " id="collapse2" aria-labelledby="headingMenu2" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics1" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/war-ukraine" class="fs-14 text-light"> War in Ukraine </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics2" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/topics/us-foreign-policy" class="fs-14 text-light"> U.S. Foreign Policy </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics3" href="/tags/xi-jinping" class="fs-14 text-light"> Xi Jinping </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics4" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/kamala-harris" class="fs-14 text-light"> Kamala Harris </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics5" href="/tags/donald-trump" class="fs-14 text-light"> Donald Trump </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics6" href="/tags/us-elections" class="fs-14 text-light"> U.S. Elections </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics7" href="/tags/artificial-intelligence" class="fs-14 text-light"> Artificial Intelligence </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics8" href="/topics/climate-change" class="fs-14 text-light"> Climate Change </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics9" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/topics/geopolitics" class="fs-14 text-light"> Geopolitics </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics10" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/israel-hamas-war" class="fs-14 text-light"> Israel-Hamas War </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics11" href="/topics/joe-biden-administration" class="fs-14 text-light"> Biden Administration </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics12" href="/tags/benjamin-netanyahu" class="fs-14 text-light"> Benjamin Netanyahu </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics13" href="/tags/vladimir-putin" class="fs-14 text-light"> Vladimir Putin </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics14" href="/tags/us-chinese-relations" class="fs-14 text-light"> U.S.-Chinese Relations </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics15" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/hamas" class="fs-14 text-light"> Hamas </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics16" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/hezbollah" class="fs-14 text-light"> Hezbollah </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu3" > <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse3"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Regions</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse " id="collapse3" aria-labelledby="headingMenu3" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions1" href="/regions/ukraine" class="fs-14 text-light"> Ukraine </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions2" href="/regions/russia" class="fs-14 text-light"> Russia </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions3" href="/regions/china" class="fs-14 text-light"> China </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions4" href="/regions/united-states" class="fs-14 text-light"> United States </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions5" href="/regions/iran" class="fs-14 text-light"> Iran </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions6" href="/regions/iraq" class="fs-14 text-light"> Iraq </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions7" href="/regions/israel" class="fs-14 text-light"> Israel </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions8" href="/regions/india" class="fs-14 text-light"> India </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions9" href="/regions/north-korea" class="fs-14 text-light"> North Korea </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions10" href="/regions/saudi-arabia" class="fs-14 text-light"> Saudi Arabia </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions11" href="/regions/middle-east" class="fs-14 text-light"> Middle East </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions12" href="/regions/turkey" class="fs-14 text-light"> Turkey </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions13" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/regions/palestinian-territories" class="fs-14 text-light"> Palestinian Territories </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions14" href="/regions" class="fs-14 text-light"> <strong>View All Regions</strong> </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu4" > <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse4"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Article Types</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse " id="collapse4" aria-labelledby="headingMenu4" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types1" href="/browse/essay" class="fs-14 text-light"> Essays </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types2" href="/browse/snapshot" class="fs-14 text-light"> Snapshots </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types3" href="/browse/capsule-review" class="fs-14 text-light"> Capsule Reviews </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types4" href="/browse/review-essay" class="fs-14 text-light"> Review Essays </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types5" href="/browse/ask-the-experts" class="fs-14 text-light"> Ask the Experts </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types6" href="/browse/lists" class="fs-14 text-light"> Reading Lists </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types7" href="/browse/interview" class="fs-14 text-light"> Interviews </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types8" href="/browse/response" class="fs-14 text-light"> Responses </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu5" > <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse5"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Archive</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse " id="collapse5" aria-labelledby="headingMenu5" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive1" href="/issues/archive/1920" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1920s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive2" href="/issues/archive/1930" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1930s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive3" href="/issues/archive/1940" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1940s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive4" href="/issues/archive/1950" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1950s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive5" href="/issues/archive/1960" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1960s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive6" href="/issues/archive/1970" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1970s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive7" href="/issues/archive/1980" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1980s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive8" href="/issues/archive/1990" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1990s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive9" href="/issues/archive/2000" class="fs-14 text-light"> 2000s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive10" href="/issues/archive/2010" class="fs-14 text-light"> 2010s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive11" href="/issues/archive/2020" class="fs-14 text-light"> 2020s </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu6" > <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse6"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Contact</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse " id="collapse6" aria-labelledby="headingMenu6" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact1" href="/newsletter" class="fs-14 text-light"> Newsletters </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact2" href="/myaccount" class="fs-14 text-light"> Customer Service </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact3" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/frequently-asked-questions" class="fs-14 text-light"> Frequently Asked Questions </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact4" href="/subscriber-resources" class="fs-14 text-light"> Subscriber Resources </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact5" href="/feedback" class="fs-14 text-light"> Feedback </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact6" href="/group-subscriptions" class="fs-14 text-light"> Group Subscriptions </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact7" href="/gift" class="fs-14 text-light"> Gift a Subscription </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact8" href="/contact-us" class="fs-14 text-light"> Contact </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact9" href="https://mediakit.foreignaffairs.com/" class="fs-14 text-light"> Advertise </a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="menu-social pt-3"><h4 class="fs-18 mb-3"> <b>Follow Us</b></h4><div class="d-flex flex-wrap"> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.facebook.com/ForeignAffairs" aria-label="Facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 12 24"><path d="M11.1 7.9l-.4 3.8h-3v11H3.1v-11H.9V7.9h2.3V5.6C3.2 2.5 4.5.7 8.1.7h3v3.8H9.2C7.8 4.5 7.7 5 7.7 6v1.9h3.4z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://twitter.com/foreignaffairs" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 22 20"><path d="M19.6 6.1v.6c0 5.7-4.4 12.3-12.3 12.3-2.5 0-4.7-.7-6.6-1.9.3 0 .7.1 1 .1 2 0 3.9-.7 5.4-1.8-1.9 0-3.5-1.3-4-3 .3 0 .5.1.8.1.4 0 .8-.1 1.1-.1-2-.6-3.5-2.4-3.5-4.5v-.1c.6.3 1.2.5 2 .5-1.2-.6-2-2-2-3.5 0-.8.2-1.5.6-2.2C4.2 5.3 7.4 7 11 7.2c-.1-.3-.1-.7-.1-1 0-2.4 1.9-4.3 4.3-4.3 1.2 0 2.4.5 3.2 1.4 1-.2 1.9-.5 2.7-1-.3 1-1 1.8-1.9 2.4.9-.1 1.7-.3 2.5-.7-.5.8-1.3 1.5-2.1 2.1z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.instagram.com/foreignaffairsmag/" aria-label="Instagram" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg width="21" height="21" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.6 19.1c3.024 0 5.5-2.476 5.5-5.5V6.5c0-3.024-2.476-5.5-5.5-5.5H6.5C3.476 1 1 3.476 1 6.5v7.1c0 3.024 2.476 5.5 5.5 5.5h7.1zm0 1H6.5c-3.576 0-6.5-2.924-6.5-6.5V6.5C0 2.924 2.924 0 6.5 0h7.1c3.576 0 6.5 2.924 6.5 6.5v7.1c0 3.576-2.924 6.5-6.5 6.5z" fill-rule="nonzero"/><path d="M10 15.1a4.5 4.5 0 1 1 0-9 4.5 4.5 0 0 1 0 9zm0-1a3.5 3.5 0 1 0 0-7 3.5 3.5 0 0 0 0 7z" fill-rule="nonzero"/><circle cx="16" cy="4.6" r="1.2"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/foreign-affairs-magazine" aria-label="Linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 22 22"><path d="M3.5 6C2 6 1 5 1 3.7c0-1.3 1-2.3 2.5-2.3S6 2.4 6 3.7C6 5 5 6 3.5 6zm2.2 15.1H1.3V7.8h4.4v13.3zm15.9 0h-4.4V14c0-1.8-.6-3-2.2-3-1.2 0-1.9.8-2.3 1.6-.1.3-.1.7-.1 1.1v7.4H8.1c.1-12 0-13.3 0-13.3h4.4v1.9c.6-.9 1.6-2.2 4-2.2 2.9 0 5.1 1.9 5.1 6v7.6z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ForeignAffairsMag" aria-label="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 26 19"><path d="M24.6 15.2c-.3 1.3-1.3 2.3-2.6 2.4-3 .4-6 .4-9 .4s-6 0-9-.3c-1.3-.1-2.3-1.1-2.6-2.4-.4-1.9-.4-4-.4-5.9s0-4 .4-5.8C1.7 2.3 2.8 1.3 4 1.2c3-.3 6-.3 9-.3s6 0 9 .3c1.3.1 2.3 1.1 2.6 2.4.4 1.9.4 3.9.4 5.8s0 4-.4 5.8zm-6.9-6.5l-6.9-4.3c-.3-.2-.6-.2-.9 0-.2.1-.3.4-.3.7v8.6c0 .3.2.6.4.8.1.1.3.1.4.1.2 0 .3 0 .5-.1l6.9-4.3c.3-.1.4-.4.4-.7s-.2-.7-.5-.8z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.reddit.com/user/foreignaffairsmag" aria-label="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 27 23"><path d="M11.6 13.2c0 .9-.8 1.7-1.7 1.7-.9 0-1.7-.8-1.7-1.7 0-.9.8-1.7 1.7-1.7.9 0 1.7.8 1.7 1.7zm0 0"/><path d="M26.2 11.9c0-2.1-1.7-3.8-3.7-3.8-.7 0-1.4.2-1.9.6-1.7-1-4-1.6-6.4-1.7l1.4-4 2.9.7V4c0 1.6 1.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 1.6 0 2.9-1.3 2.9-2.9 0-1.6-1.3-2.9-2.9-2.9-1 0-1.9.6-2.4 1.4l-4.1-1L13 7c-2.5 0-4.7.7-6.4 1.7l.1-.1c-.6-.3-1.3-.6-2-.6C2.7 8 1 9.8 1 11.9c0 1.4.7 2.6 1.8 3.3.5 3.9 5.1 7 10.8 7 5.7 0 10.4-3.1 10.8-7.1 1.2-.7 1.8-1.9 1.8-3.2zm-4.8-9.6c.8 0 1.6.7 1.6 1.6 0 .9-.7 1.6-1.6 1.6-.9 0-1.6-.7-1.6-1.6 0-.9.7-1.6 1.6-1.6zm-16.7 7c.3 0 .6.1.8.2-1.4 1.1-2.3 2.5-2.6 4.1-.4-.5-.6-1-.6-1.7 0-1.4 1.1-2.6 2.4-2.6zm9 11.6c-5.3 0-9.6-2.9-9.6-6.4 0-3.5 4.3-6.4 9.6-6.4s9.6 2.9 9.6 6.4c0 3.5-4.3 6.4-9.6 6.4zm10.7-7.5c-.3-1.5-1.2-2.9-2.6-4 .2-.1.5-.1.7-.1 1.3 0 2.4 1.1 2.4 2.5.1.6-.1 1.2-.5 1.6zm0 0"/><path d="M18.9 13.2c0 .9-.8 1.7-1.7 1.7-.9 0-1.7-.8-1.7-1.7 0-.9.8-1.7 1.7-1.7.9 0 1.7.8 1.7 1.7zm0 0M16.9 17c-3.6 2.4-6.5.1-6.6 0-.3-.2-.7-.2-.9.1-.2.3-.2.7.1.9 0 0 1.7 1.3 4.1 1.3 1.2 0 2.6-.3 4-1.3.3-.2.4-.6.2-.9-.2-.2-.6-.3-.9-.1zm0 0"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://flipboard.com/@ForeignAffairs" aria-label="Flipboard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 21 21"><path d="M0 0v21h21V0H0zm16.4 8.2h-4.1v4.1H8.2v4.1H4.1V4.1h12.3v4.1z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/rss.xml" aria-label="Feed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M15 14.8c-.1.1-.3.2-.5.2h-1.4c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6C12.1 8.6 7.4 3.9 1.6 3.6c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.7V1.5c0-.2.1-.3.2-.5.1-.1.3-.2.4-.2C5.2 1 8.5 2.5 11 5s4 5.8 4.2 9.3c-.1.2-.1.4-.2.5zm-5.2 0c-.1.1-.3.2-.4.2H8c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6-.3-3.1-2.7-5.5-5.8-5.8-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6V6.6c0-.2.1-.4.2-.5.1 0 .3-.1.4-.1 2.1.2 4.2 1.1 5.7 2.6s2.5 3.5 2.6 5.7c.1.2 0 .4-.1.5zm-6.9.2c-1 0-1.9-.9-1.9-1.9s.9-1.9 1.9-1.9 1.9.9 1.9 1.9S4 15 2.9 15z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/3vCDodm2QxZXsZFzdv1mPV?si=1e4781431d6747e4&nd=1" aria-label="Spotify" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1333.33 1333.3" shape-rendering="geometricPrecision" text-rendering="geometricPrecision" image-rendering="optimizeQuality" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd"><path d="M666.66 0C298.48 0 0 298.47 0 666.65c0 368.19 298.48 666.65 666.66 666.65 368.22 0 666.67-298.45 666.67-666.65C1333.33 298.49 1034.88.03 666.65.03l.01-.04zm305.73 961.51c-11.94 19.58-37.57 25.8-57.16 13.77-156.52-95.61-353.57-117.26-585.63-64.24-22.36 5.09-44.65-8.92-49.75-31.29-5.12-22.37 8.84-44.66 31.26-49.75 253.95-58.02 471.78-33.04 647.51 74.35 19.59 12.02 25.8 37.57 13.77 57.16zm81.6-181.52c-15.05 24.45-47.05 32.17-71.49 17.13-179.2-110.15-452.35-142.05-664.31-77.7-27.49 8.3-56.52-7.19-64.86-34.63-8.28-27.49 7.22-56.46 34.66-64.82 242.11-73.46 543.1-37.88 748.89 88.58 24.44 15.05 32.16 47.05 17.12 71.46V780zm7.01-189.02c-214.87-127.62-569.36-139.35-774.5-77.09-32.94 9.99-67.78-8.6-77.76-41.55-9.98-32.96 8.6-67.77 41.56-77.78 235.49-71.49 626.96-57.68 874.34 89.18 29.69 17.59 39.41 55.85 21.81 85.44-17.52 29.63-55.89 39.4-85.42 21.8h-.03z" fill-rule="nonzero"/></svg> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div> </header> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg" id="navbar"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center px-0 navbar-content"> <button class="overlay-menu-toggle btn fw-bold btn-link d-lg-none btn-sm navbar-icon order-0 order-lg-0 navbar-menu px-3" aria-controls="overlay-menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle overflow menu navigation"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg width="20px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 20 16" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-linecap="square"> <g id="New-Header-Copy-2" transform="translate(-213.000000, -95.000000)" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <g id="Group" transform="translate(214.000000, 95.500000)"> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="14.5" x2="18" y2="14.5" id="Line-Copy-5" transform="translate(9.000000, 14.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -14.500000) "></line> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="7.5" x2="18" y2="7.5" id="Line-Copy-3" transform="translate(9.000000, 7.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -7.500000) "></line> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="0.5" x2="18" y2="0.5" id="Line-Copy-4" transform="translate(9.000000, 0.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -0.500000) "></line> </g> </g> </g></svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Open Oveflow Menu</span> </button> <a class="order-1 order-lg-0 flex-grow-1 text-center logo-link-navbar" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/" aria-label="Foreign Affairs"> <span class="visually-hidden">Foreign Affairs Magazine Homepage</span> <svg viewbox="0 0 877.18 90.02"> <use xlink:href="#fa-logo-horizontal"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="/search" class="navbar-icon order-2 px-3 header-account-link navbar-sticky-icon" title="Explore"><div><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg width="22px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 19 17" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Icon/Search-Copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Page-1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <path d="M13.2676,6.8836 C13.2676,10.4096 10.4096,13.2676 6.8836,13.2676 C3.3586,13.2676 0.4996,10.4096 0.4996,6.8836 C0.4996,3.3576 3.3586,0.4996 6.8836,0.4996 C10.4096,0.4996 13.2676,3.3576 13.2676,6.8836 Z" id="Stroke-1"></path> <line x1="18.1416" y1="16.5" x2="12.1966" y2="10.555" id="Stroke-3"></line> </g> </g></svg></div> <span class="visually-hidden">Explore</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void();" class="flyout__js-open position-relative my-account navbar-icon d-lg-none order-2 px-3 header-account-link navbar-sticky-icon"> <span class="visually-hidden">My Account</span> <svg height="25px" viewBox="0 0 512 512" width="22px" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path width="25px" d="m512 256c0-141.488281-114.496094-256-256-256-141.488281 0-256 114.496094-256 256 0 140.234375 113.539062 256 256 256 141.875 0 256-115.121094 256-256zm-256-226c124.617188 0 226 101.382812 226 226 0 45.585938-13.558594 89.402344-38.703125 126.515625-100.96875-108.609375-273.441406-108.804687-374.59375 0-25.144531-37.113281-38.703125-80.929687-38.703125-126.515625 0-124.617188 101.382812-226 226-226zm-168.585938 376.5c89.773438-100.695312 247.421876-100.671875 337.167969 0-90.074219 100.773438-247.054687 100.804688-337.167969 0zm0 0"/><path d="m256 271c49.625 0 90-40.375 90-90v-30c0-49.625-40.375-90-90-90s-90 40.375-90 90v30c0 49.625 40.375 90 90 90zm-60-120c0-33.085938 26.914062-60 60-60s60 26.914062 60 60v30c0 33.085938-26.914062 60-60 60s-60-26.914062-60-60zm0 0"/></svg> <sup class="flyout__counter d-none"></sup> </a> <span class="visually-hidden">Sign In</span><div class="collapse d-lg-flex responsive-navbar" id="responsive-navbar"> <button class="overlay-menu-toggle overlay-menu-toggle--navbar header-navbar-link px-3 d-flex align-items-center" aria-controls="overlay-menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle overflow menu navigation"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg width="20px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 20 16" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-linecap="square"> <g id="New-Header-Copy-2" transform="translate(-213.000000, -95.000000)" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <g id="Group" transform="translate(214.000000, 95.500000)"> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="14.5" x2="18" y2="14.5" id="Line-Copy-5" transform="translate(9.000000, 14.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -14.500000) "></line> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="7.5" x2="18" y2="7.5" id="Line-Copy-3" transform="translate(9.000000, 7.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -7.500000) "></line> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="0.5" x2="18" y2="0.5" id="Line-Copy-4" transform="translate(9.000000, 0.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -0.500000) "></line> </g> </g> </g></svg> <span class="overlay-menu-toggle__text navbar-link-text font-weight-800 text-uppercase"> Menu </span> </button><h2 id="target-page-title" class="sticky-header-title fs-18 mb-0 mt-1 f-serif font-weight-800 align-self-center"></h2><ul class="d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row mx-auto navbar-nav"><li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link" href="/magazine" id="navbar-item-magazine--current-issue" role="button" tab-index="0"> <span>Current Issue</span> </a></li><li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link" href="/archive" id="navbar-item-magazine--archive" role="button" tab-index="0"> <span>Archive</span> </a></li><li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link" href="/books-and-reviews" id="navbar-item-magazine--books-reviews" role="button" tab-index="0"> <span>Books & Reviews</span> </a></li><li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/podcasts/foreign-affairs-interview" id="navbar-item-magazine--podcast" role="button" tab-index="0"> <span>Podcast</span> </a></li><li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link" href="/newsletter" id="navbar-item-magazine--newsletters" role="button" tab-index="0"> <span>Newsletters</span> </a></li></ul> <a href="/search" class="header-navbar-link header-ctas-link-search d-none d-lg-block px-3 me-0 d-flex align-items-center"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg width="22px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 19 17" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Icon/Search-Copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Page-1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <path d="M13.2676,6.8836 C13.2676,10.4096 10.4096,13.2676 6.8836,13.2676 C3.3586,13.2676 0.4996,10.4096 0.4996,6.8836 C0.4996,3.3576 3.3586,0.4996 6.8836,0.4996 C10.4096,0.4996 13.2676,3.3576 13.2676,6.8836 Z" id="Stroke-1"></path> <line x1="18.1416" y1="16.5" x2="12.1966" y2="10.555" id="Stroke-3"></line> </g> </g></svg> <span class="search-text navbar-link-text font-weight-800 text-uppercase">Search</span> </a></div><div class="sticky-action-links d-flex align-items-center order-2 order-lg-0 h-100 position-lg-absolute"> <a href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-sticky-nav-text" id="sub3-stickynav" class="d-none d-lg-block btn px-4 fw-bold btn-red header-action-link header-action-link--full m-0" > Subscribe </a></div></div></div></div><div class="progress-indicator--horizontal"></div></nav><div class="navbar-buttons d-lg-none d-flex p-1"> <a href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-mobile-menu" id="sub4-mobile-menu" class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-red my-2 ms-2 me-1 w-50" > Subscribe </a> <a href="/user/login?destination=/africa/world-war" class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-primary my-2 me-2 ms-1 w-50" data-dl-click-event="login_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Login-header-text">Sign in</a></div><div class="messages--container w-100"><div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div><div data-fa-message-dismiss-counter="newsletter_overlay--fa_message_199" data-fa-message-dismiss-impressions="1" data-fa-message-dismiss-days="7" class="newsletter-backdrop " role="alert"><div id="hwg_overlay" class="newsletter-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="newsletter-head"><div class="newsletter-modal-content"><div class="newsletter-modal-top"> <button class="newsletter-modal-close newsletter-modal-close--top alert-close dark:text-light"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> <span class="visually-hidden">Close dialog</span> </button></div><div class="newsletter-modal-container"> <header class="newsletter-overlay-head"> <img class="newsletter-overlay-head--img" src="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_720_max_width/public/images/2024/10/22/TWOFA.jpg.webp?itok=thA_-ws8" alt="" loading="lazy" width="720" height="360" srcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_1440_max_width/public/images/2024/10/22/TWOFA.jpg.webp?itok=5McBO_te 1440w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_720_max_width/public/images/2024/10/22/TWOFA.jpg.webp?itok=thA_-ws8 720w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 220px, (min-width: 768px) 276px" /> </header><div class="newsletter-overlay-content"> <section class="newsletter-overlay-form"><div class="newsletter-overlay-inputs"><div class="form-wrapper w-100"><form class="fa-newsletter-email-signup" data-drupal-selector="fa-newsletter-email-signup-overlay" action="/africa/world-war" method="post" id="fa_newsletter_email_signup_overlay" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div class="js-form-item js-form-type-email form-type-email js-form-item-email form-item-email form-no-label mb-3"> <input placeholder="Enter Your Email" size="26" maxlength="60" class="edit-email form-email required form-control" data-drupal-selector="edit-email" type="email" id="edit-email--2" name="email" value="" required="required" aria-required="true" /></div><div data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha" class="captcha captcha-type-challenge--hcaptcha"><div class="captcha__element"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-sid" type="hidden" name="captcha_sid" value="224202455" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-token" type="hidden" name="captcha_token" value="KFz2xfal1GDyMmxhipo51Rvm4_TpJKiLRaf5KbddvjA" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-response" type="hidden" name="captcha_response" value="hCaptcha no captcha" class="form-control" /><div class="h-captcha" data-sitekey="e4def1c1-7560-43f6-b953-3b4a405c0eef" data-size="invisible"></div><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-cacheable" type="hidden" name="captcha_cacheable" value="1" class="form-control" /></div></div> <input class="sign-up-button btn d-block btn-red newsletter-modal-cta mb-3 button js-form-submit form-submit btn btn- form-control" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" data-disable-refocus="true" type="submit" id="edit-submit--2" name="op" value="Get the Newsletter" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-newsletter-key" type="hidden" name="newsletter_key" value="fa_thisweek" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-location" type="hidden" name="location" value="overlay" class="form-control" /><input autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="form-gwpfaxwx-jerrko9upc1sqaez9kbhbfngz07au68r0g" type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-gwPFaXwx_JerRKo9uPC1sQAEz9KbHBfngZ07AU68R0g" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-fa-newsletter-email-signup-overlay" type="hidden" name="form_id" value="fa_newsletter_email_signup_overlay" class="form-control" /></form></div> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="newsletter-modal-close newsletter-modal-close--bottom btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-link d-block mb-2 alert-close dark:text-light"> <span>No, thanks</span> </a></div> </section></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="block-fa-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"><div class="content"><div class="container article-body-text "><div class="row"><div class="col-md-3 trans-fx-ph d-none d-md-block"></div></div><div class="row article-header--metadata-title"><div class="col-lg-10 offset-lg-0 col-12 col-md-8 offset-md-2"><div class="row"><div class="col-lg-11 article-header--metadata-content"><h1 class="f-serif ls-0 article-title pt-2" data-drupal-page-title>A World at War</h1><h2 class="f-serif ls-0 article-subtitle ">What Is Behind the Global Explosion of Violent Conflict?</h2><div class="row g-0 ls-0 article-byline position-relative"><h3 class="f-sans m-0 col-12 col-sm-auto me-sm-4"><span class="position-relative d-inline-block"> By <a href="#author-info" class="article-byline-author b4-l">Emma Beals and Peter Salisbury</a></span></h3><span class="article-header--metadata-date align-self-center col-6 col-sm-auto"><time datetime="2023-10-30">October 30, 2023</time></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="container article-container"><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-md-8 offset-md-2 offset-lg-0 col-lg-8 article-body position-static"><div class="d-flex flex-lg-row-reverse position-relative flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap"><div class="flex-fill"> <figure class="article-inline-img-block print-hidden"> <img class="w-100" src="data:image/webp;base64,UklGRkAAAABXRUJQVlA4IDQAAADwAQCdASoBAAEAAQAcJaACdLoB+AAETAAA/vW4f/6aR40jxpHxcP/ugT90CfugT/3NoAAA" alt="Palestinians searching through rubble in Khan Younis, Gaza Strip, October 2023" title="Palestinians searching through rubble in Khan Younis, Gaza Strip, October 2023" loading="eager" width="570" height="380" srcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_1x/public/images/2023/10/25/RTSPDGET%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=AcDyImdA 135w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_2x/public/images/2023/10/25/RTSPDGET%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=K65Bfax6 270w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_1x/public/images/2023/10/25/RTSPDGET%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=LqjtJQws 300w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_2x/public/images/2023/10/25/RTSPDGET%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=Xd5arbMK 600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_1x/public/images/2023/10/25/RTSPDGET%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=kK6TJWSk 800w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_2x/public/images/2023/10/25/RTSPDGET%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=KAPKAKM_ 1600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_x_large_1x/public/images/2023/10/25/RTSPDGET%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=plt6JrUa 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 768px) 50vw" /> <figcaption class="article-inline-img-block--figcaption ls-narrow f-sans mt-2 print-hidden"><div class="article-inline-img-block--caption">Palestinians searching through rubble in Khan Younis, Gaza Strip, October 2023</div> <address class="article-inline-img-block--photo-credit">Ibraheem Abu Mustafa / Reuters</address> </figcaption> </figure></div> <nav class="article-tools mb-3 mb-lg-0 print-hidden"><div class="ms-0 article-tools-wrapper py-2 py-lg-0 d-flex flex-lg-column flex-wrap justify-content-center "> <section class="article-tools-group d-flex d-lg-block justify-content-center align-items-center article-tools-group-loading"> <a href="/user/login?destination=/africa/world-war" class="article-tools-item tooltip ttright article-tools-item--default" data-tt="Sign in and save to read later" tabindex="0" data-dl-click-event="myfa_save_anon_tout" > <span class="visually-hidden">Sign in and save to read later</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item--icon--save-anonymous "> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 12 18"><defs></defs><polygon points="0 0 0 18 6.03 13.96 12 18 12 0 0 0"/></svg></div> </a><div class="article-tools-item position-relative article-tools-item--navshare"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="btn fw-bold d-flex article-mobile-share"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="64.9 229.8 870.1 1160.1" enable-background="new 64.9 229.8 870.1 1160.1" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M893.7,561.3H624.3c-12.4,0-20.8,8.2-20.8,20.8s8.2,20.8,20.8,20.8h269.3v745.9H106.3v-746h269.3c12.4,0,20.8-8.2,20.8-20.8 c0-12.4-8.2-20.8-20.8-20.8H106.3c-24.8,0-41.4,16.6-41.4,41.4v745.9c0,24.8,16.6,41.4,41.4,41.4h787.3c24.8,0,41.4-16.6,41.4-41.4 V602.7C935.1,577.9,918.5,561.3,893.7,561.3 M500,975.8c12.4,0,20.8-8.2,20.8-20.8V300.3l128.4,128.5c4.2,4.2,12.4,8.2,16.6,8.2 c12.4,0,20.8-8.2,20.8-20.8c0-4.2-4.2-12.4-4.2-16.6L516.6,234c-4.2-4.2-8.2-4.2-16.6-4.2c-4.2,0-12.4,4.2-16.6,4.2L317.6,399.8 c-4.2,4.2-4.2,8.2-4.2,16.6c0,12.4,8.2,20.8,20.8,20.8c4.2,0,12.4-4.2,16.6-4.2l128.4-132.5V955C479.2,967.6,487.6,975.8,500,975.8" /></svg><div class="article-media--button--label"> Share</div> </a></div> <a href="/print/node/1130975" class="d-none d-lg-block article-tools-item tooltip ttright article-tools-item--default " target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-tt="Print this article" tabindex="0" data-dl-click-event="print_option"> <span class="visually-hidden">Print this article</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item--icon--print"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 18"><path d="M3 0v3H0v11h3v4h13v-4h3V3h-3V0H3zm.9 1h11.2v3.7H3.9V1zM4 9.6h11V17H4V9.6z" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div> </a> </section> <section class="article-tools-group article-tools-group--share d-flex d-lg-flex mt-lg-3 flex-lg-column justify-content-center align-items-center article-tools-group-loading"><div class="article-tools-item position-relative article-tools-item--navshare"> <a href="/user/login?destination=/africa/world-war" class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold d-flex article-mobile-save "> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="563.7 331.5 567 1058.5" enable-background="new 563.7 331.5 567 1058.5" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M1092.9,369.3V1318l-223-151.2l-22.7-15l-22.7,15.2l-223,151.2V369.3H1092.9 M1130.7,331.5h-567v1058.4L847.2,1201 l283.5,189V331.5L1130.7,331.5z"/></svg><div class="article-media--button--label"> Save</div> </a></div> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#27185452454d4244531a614855424e404907664141464e5554075b0766077048554b430746530770465501464a571c4548435e1a6155484a021517614855424e4049021517664141464e55541d02176302176666077048554b43074653077046550217630217664f535357541d080850505009414855424e4049464141464e55540944484a084641554e4446085048554b430a504655" class="article-tools-item tooltip ttright article-tools-item--default" data-tt="Send by email" tabindex="0" data-dl-click-event="email_share"> <span class="visually-hidden">Send by email</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item--icon--email"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 12"><defs></defs><path d="M16 8.5V.9l-3.3 3.76L16 8.5zM0 .75v8.73l3.79-4.41L0 .75zM15.46 0H.67l7.4 8.4L15.46 0z"/><path d="M12.03 5.42l-3.96 4.5-3.61-4.1L0 11.02V12h16v-1.96l-3.97-4.62z"/></svg></div></a><a href="//www.twitter.com/share?text=A+World+at+War&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Fafrica%2Fworld-war?utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter_cta&utm_campaign=cta_share_buttons&via=ForeignAffairs" class="article-tools-item tooltip ttright social-popup article-tools-item--default" data-tt="Share on Twitter" tabindex="0" data-dl-click-event="twitter_share"> <span class="visually-hidden">Share on Twitter</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item--icon--twitter"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="49.1 417.8 883.5 714.4" enable-background="new 49.1 417.8 883.5 714.4" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M926.2,501.7c-31.1,15.5-65.2,24.8-102.5,27.9c37.3-21.7,65.2-59,77.6-99.4c-34.2,21.7-71.4,34.2-111.8,43.5 c-34.2-34.2-80.7-55.9-130.4-55.9c-99.4,0-177,80.7-177,180.1c0,15.5,3.1,27.9,3.1,40.4c-149.1-6.2-279.5-77.6-366.5-186.3 c-15.5,24.8-24.8,55.9-24.8,90.1c0,62.1,31.1,118,77.6,149.1c-31.1,0-52.8-9.3-83.8-21.7c0,0,0,0,0,3.1c0,87,62.1,161.5,146,177 c-15.5,3.1-31.1,3.1-46.6,3.1c-12.4,0-21.7,0-34.2-3.1C174.6,921,243,973.8,320.6,973.8c-62.1,49.7-136.6,77.6-220.5,77.6 c-15.5,0-27.9,0-43.5-3.1c77.6,52.8,173.9,83.9,273.3,83.9c329.2,0,506.2-273.3,506.2-512.4c0-6.2,0-15.5,0-21.7 C873.4,570,901.3,539,926.2,501.7z"/></svg></div></a><a href="//www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Fafrica%2Fworld-war?utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook_cta&utm_campaign=cta_share_buttons" class="article-tools-item tooltip ttright social-popup article-tools-item--default" data-tt="Share on Facebook" tabindex="0" data-dl-click-event="facebook_share"> <span class="visually-hidden">Share on Facebook</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item--icon--facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 12 24"><path d="M11.1 7.9l-.4 3.8h-3v11H3.1v-11H.9V7.9h2.3V5.6C3.2 2.5 4.5.7 8.1.7h3v3.8H9.2C7.8 4.5 7.7 5 7.7 6v1.9h3.4z"/></svg></div></a><a href="//www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Fafrica%2Fworld-war?utm_medium=social&utm_source=linkedin_cta&utm_campaign=cta_share_buttons" class="article-tools-item tooltip ttright social-popup article-tools-item--default" data-tt="Share on LinkedIn" tabindex="0" data-dl-click-event="linkedin_share"> <span class="visually-hidden">Share on LinkedIn</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item--icon--facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 22 22"><path d="M3.5 6C2 6 1 5 1 3.7c0-1.3 1-2.3 2.5-2.3S6 2.4 6 3.7C6 5 5 6 3.5 6zm2.2 15.1H1.3V7.8h4.4v13.3zm15.9 0h-4.4V14c0-1.8-.6-3-2.2-3-1.2 0-1.9.8-2.3 1.6-.1.3-.1.7-.1 1.1v7.4H8.1c.1-12 0-13.3 0-13.3h4.4v1.9c.6-.9 1.6-2.2 4-2.2 2.9 0 5.1 1.9 5.1 6v7.6z"/></svg></div></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="article-tools-item tooltip ttright copy-link article-tools-item--default" data-tt="Get a link" tabindex="0" data-dl-click-event="get_link"> <span class="visually-hidden article-tools-item--default">Get a link</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item__icon--link"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 17 18"> <path d="M8.5 12.8L6 15.3c-.5.5-1.2.8-1.9.8s-1.4-.3-1.9-.8c-1-1-1-2.7 0-3.7L5 8.8c1-1 2.7-1 3.7 0 .1.2.4.4.7.4.3 0 .4-.1.6-.2.5-.5 0-1-.2-1.2-1.6-1.6-4.2-1.6-5.8 0l-2.8 2.8c-1.6 1.6-1.6 4.2 0 5.8.8.7 1.8 1.1 2.9 1.1 1 0 2.1-.4 2.9-1.2l2.5-2.5c.3-.3.3-.7 0-1-.3-.3-.8-.3-1 0z"/> <path d="M15.3 2.2C13.7.6 11.1.6 9.5 2.2L7 4.7c-.1.2-.2.3-.2.5s.1.4.2.5c.3.3.7.3 1 0l2.5-2.5c.5-.5 1.2-.8 1.9-.8s1.4.3 1.9.8c1 1 1 2.7 0 3.7l-2.8 2.8c-1 1-2.7 1-3.7 0-.3-.3-.7-.3-1 0-.3.3-.3.7 0 1 .8.8 1.8 1.2 2.9 1.2 1 0 2.1-.4 2.9-1.2L15.3 8c1.6-1.6 1.6-4.2 0-5.8z"/></svg></div> <label class="visually-hidden" for="page-url">Page url</label> <input type="text" name="page-url" id="page-url" value="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/africa/world-war" class="position-absolute pointer o-0 h-100 t-0"> </a><div class="article-tools-item position-relative article-tools-item--default"> <a class="d-block text-center tooltip ttright" tabindex="0" data-tt="We’re sorry, citation is not available for this content." ><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item--icon-citation"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M2.72 22h-.04c.01-.16.03-.31.04-.47.09-1.58.19-3.16.28-4.74 0-.09-.05-.2-.11-.28-.16-.19-.34-.35-.5-.54C.45 13.71-.32 11.09.12 8.14c.3-2.02 1.2-3.75 2.62-5.23C5.34.19 9.53-.74 13.05.62c3.77 1.47 6.18 4.9 6.22 8.95.03 2.51-.8 4.74-2.52 6.57-2.53 2.69-5.65 3.64-9.28 2.88a.46.46 0 0 0-.38.07l-4.23 2.79c-.05.03-.1.08-.15.12h.01zm3.25-9.09c.67-.3 1.29-.63 1.81-1.15.64-.64.88-1.44.91-2.32.03-.99.01-1.98.02-2.96 0-.03-.01-.07-.02-.1H5.23v3.24h1.65c-.08 1.06-.87 1.47-1.66 1.88l.75 1.42v-.01zm8.13-6.53h-3.51v3.24h1.64c-.08 1.06-.86 1.46-1.66 1.87l.76 1.45c.42-.24.83-.45 1.22-.7.8-.52 1.34-1.26 1.41-2.22.1-1.2.09-2.41.13-3.64h.01z" fill="#A5AEB9"/></svg></div> </a></div> <a href="https://marketplace.copyright.com/rs-ui-web/mp/details/journal/122798584" class="article-tools-item tooltip ttright article-tools-item--default d-block article-tools-item--get-copyright-perm" data-tt="Request Reprint Permissions" tabindex="0" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-dl-click-event="get_copyright_permissions"> <span class="visually-hidden">Request Reprint Permissions</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 367.467 367.467"><path d="M183.73.018C82.427.018 0 82.404 0 183.733c0 101.289 82.427 183.716 183.73 183.716 101.315 0 183.737-82.427 183.737-183.716C367.467 82.404 285.045.018 183.73.018zm0 326.5c-78.743 0-142.798-64.052-142.798-142.784 0-78.766 64.055-142.817 142.798-142.817 78.752 0 142.807 64.052 142.807 142.817-.001 78.732-64.056 142.784-142.807 142.784z"/><path d="M244.036 217.014c-11.737 20.141-33.562 32.635-56.956 32.635-36.329 0-65.921-29.585-65.921-65.915 0-36.36 29.592-65.955 65.921-65.955 23.395 0 45.219 12.54 56.956 32.641l1.517 2.627h44.28l-2.658-7.129c-7.705-20.413-21.225-37.769-39.122-50.157-17.942-12.42-39.017-19.009-60.973-19.009-58.981 0-106.946 48.006-106.946 106.982 0 58.98 47.965 106.941 106.946 106.941 21.956 0 43.03-6.567 60.973-19.006 17.897-12.391 31.417-29.741 39.122-50.154l2.658-7.133h-44.28l-1.517 2.632z"/></svg></div> </a> </section> <section class="article-media mt-lg-3 d-flex flex-wrap d-lg-block ls-0"><div class="article-tools-item position-relative d-none d-lg-block"><a href="" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="article-media--button" data-subscriber-only-tooltip-message="PDF is a subscriber-only feature." data-subscriber-only-tooltip-link=" <a href='/subscribe' title='Click here to subscribe.' data-dl-click-event='subscribe_cta_click' data-dl-variable-name='dl_event_location' data-dl-variable-value='pdf_download_anon_tout' > Click here to subscribe. </a> " ><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 31 31"><path d="M15.5 0A15.5 15.5 0 1 0 31 15.5 15.51 15.51 0 0 0 15.5 0zm0 30A14.5 14.5 0 1 1 30 15.5 14.51 14.51 0 0 1 15.5 30z"/><path d="M9.79 13h-2.9v6.44h1.62v-2.15H10a2 2 0 0 0 2.18-2.1 2.11 2.11 0 0 0-.65-1.59 2.41 2.41 0 0 0-1.74-.6zm-.1 3H8.51v-1.65h1.18a.79.79 0 0 1 .9.83.81.81 0 0 1-.9.82zM15.94 13H13.2v6.43h2.65a3.17 3.17 0 0 0 2-.58 3.13 3.13 0 0 0 1.11-2.59A3 3 0 0 0 15.94 13zm-.21 5.09h-.94v-3.75h1c1 0 1.56.76 1.56 1.93s-.58 1.83-1.62 1.83zM20.12 19.45h1.59v-2.51h2.68v-1.29h-2.68v-1.3h3.2v-1.34h-4.79v6.44z"/></svg><div class="article-media--button--label"> Download Article</div></a></div></section></div></nav></div><div class="article-content-offset"><div class="article-dropcap ls-0 f-serif"><div class="article-dropcap--inner paywall-content"><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>Violent conflict is increasing in multiple parts of the world. In addition to Hamas’s October 7 attack on Israel, and the Israeli offensive on Gaza, raising the specter of a wider war in the Middle East, there has been a surge in violence across Syria, including a wave of armed drone attacks that threatened U.S. troops stationed there. In the Caucasus in late September, Azerbaijan seized the disputed enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh—forcing an estimated 150,000 ethnic Armenians to flee their historical home in the territory and setting the stage for renewed fighting with Armenia. Meanwhile, in Africa, the civil war in Sudan rages on, conflict has returned to Ethiopia, and a military takeover of Niger in July was</span></span><span lang="EN"><span> the </span></span><span lang="EN"><span>sixth coup</span></span><span lang="EN"><span> across the Sahel and West Africa since </span></span><span lang="EN"><span>2020.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>In fact, according to an analysis of data gathered by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, conducted by the Peace Research Institute Oslo, the number, intensity, and length of conflicts worldwide is at its highest level since before the end of the Cold War. The study found that there were 55 active conflicts in 2022, with the average one lasting about eight to 11 years, a substantial increase from the 33 active conflicts lasting an average of seven years a decade earlier.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>Notwithstanding the increase in conflicts, it has been more than a decade since an internationally mediated comprehensive peace deal has been brokered to end a war. UN-led or UN-assisted political processes in Libya, Sudan, and Yemen have stalled or collapsed. Seemingly frozen conflicts—in countries including </span></span><span lang="EN"><span>Ethiopia,</span></span><span lang="EN"><span> Israel, and Myanmar—are thawing at an alarming pace. With the Russian <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/war-ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a>, high-intensity conflict has even returned to Europe, which had previously enjoyed several decades of relative peace and stability. Alongside the proliferation of war has come record levels of human upheaval. In 2022, a quarter of the world’s population—two billion people—lived in conflict-affected areas. The number of people forcibly displaced worldwide reached a record 108 million by the start of 2023.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>Until now, the international response from <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/topics/european-union">European Union</a> member states, the United Kingdom, and the United States, all of </span></span><span lang="EN"><span>whom </span></span><span lang="EN"><span>invested heavily in peace building in the wake of the Cold War, has been to shift the goal posts of “peace” from conflict resolution to conflict management. But events in the Middle East and elsewhere are a reminder that conflict can be managed for only so long. As fighting flares worldwide and the root causes of conflict remain unresolved, traditional peace building and development tools look increasingly ineffective. The result is that aid bills grow, refugees are displaced, and fractured societies continue to suffer. A new approach to resolving and managing conflicts and their impact is urgently needed.</span></span></span></span></span></p><h3><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>BROKEN MACHINERY</span></span></span></span></span></h3><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>Having fallen between 1990 and 2007, the total number of conflicts worldwide began to rise in 2010, the Uppsala Conflict Data Program found.</span></span> <span lang="EN"><span>The number of civil and interstate wars, and the fatalities they cause, are now at their highest levels since the mid-1980s, and the UN declared in January that the number of violent conflicts worldwide is at its highest level since the end of <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/world-war-ii">World War</a></span></span><a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/world-war-ii"> </a><span lang="EN"><span><a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/world-war-ii">II</a>. Wars that are halted are increasingly likely to reignite within a year, as happens about five times a year on average.</span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="d-flex dfp-tag-wrapper justify-around mb-40 "><div id="js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--2"><script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--2'); }); </script></div></div><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>Wars are becoming more common, and difficult to end, for a number of reasons. One is the changing nature of conflict. Twenty-first-century wars tend to be fought between states and armed groups committed to different causes with access to relatively advanced weaponry and other forms of technology, as well as money earned from natural resources and criminal activity. Complex, multiparty conflict became the norm after the Soviet Union collapsed, which removed the binary organizing principle of West-Soviet competition that shaped many earlier wars. More recently,</span></span><span lang="EN"><span> conflicts </span></span><span lang="EN"><span>have also become increasingly internationalized. Countries including <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/regions/russian-federation">Russia</a>, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States regularly become drawn, whether indirectly or directly, into foreign wars, as has been seen repeatedly in conflicts in the Middle East and Africa. The more local and international parties that are involved in a conflict, the harder it is to end it.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>The UN, once the go-to conflict mediator, has been sidelined. The UN’s loss of influence has been driven by geopolitical competition, which has divided powerful states. The UN Security Council is particularly affected by these forces. It has seized up, plagued by growing international rivalries between the United States, Russia, and China and by an increasingly transactional approach to international politics. Deadlock at the Security Council means that the UN can offer neither solutions nor censure for war crimes or aggression. Security Council–mandated peacekeeping and transition teams are becoming rarer and are often short-lived, and UN envoys, peacekeepers, and other officials increasingly lack leverage and credibility with conflicting parties. This June, for example, Mali sought the withdrawal of a decadelong UN peacekeeping presence because of tensions between the government and the mission, including a disagreement over their role and mandate. Sudan’s rival warlords reportedly refused to even speak to their country’s UN Special Envoy Volker Perthes, before he resigned in September. The UN peacekeeping chief, Jean-Pierre Lacroix, has stated that divisions within the Security Council mean UN missions are no longer able to achieve “the ultimate goal of peacekeeping”—devising durable political solutions—and must instead settle for “intermediate goals” such as “preserving cease-fires.”</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>Increasingly overwhelmed by a series of global crises and new policy priorities, including Russian aggression in Europe and an assertive China, many high-level policymakers in the United States and Europe see limited value in intervening militarily or investing significant political capital in far-flung conflicts that they regard as of little strategic consequence. Attention has instead shifted to dealing with the consequences of conflicts—waves of refugees and cross-border smuggling of drugs and weapons, in particular—rather than their causes.</span></span></span></span></span></p><h3><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>LOWERING THE BAR</span></span></span></span></span></h3><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>Faced with this array of challenges, the perception of what is possible among UN officials and Western countries who once threw their weight behind peacemaking—principally EU member-states led by France and Germany, as well as the United Kingdom and the United States—is changing. A former UN official who worked for decades on international peace processes has noted that the numerous barriers to mediation make it “almost impossible” to end modern conflicts. In practice, UN intervention today often serves to de-escalate conflicts or, in a best-case scenario, initiate a fragile political process that few expect to work. In private, many veteran mediators and policy officials have argued that the ambitions of many international mediation efforts are tacitly limited to bilateral dealmaking designed to achieve short-term détente or limited goals, such as the 2022 agreement that allowed Ukrainian grain to pass through the Black Sea. Marginalized during negotiations, and lacking broad peace agreements and political transitions in which they can play a significant role, UN mediators have lost much of their raison d’être. Most other </span></span><span lang="EN"><span>peace-building</span></span><span lang="EN"><span> tools—including inclusive political dialogue, accountability, transitional justice, and security sector reform—cannot succeed without political processes to anchor them.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>Elsewhere, the aspirations of many Western diplomats have quietly shifted to pursuing or supporting containment or de-escalation, avoiding the search for peaceful and sustainable resolution to conflicts. Efforts </span></span><span lang="EN"><span>by </span></span><span lang="EN"><span>the United States to describe the Abraham Accords—which sought to normalize Arab relations with Israel—as “a peace process” highlight this change. The accords in practice fail to address the drivers of the <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/israeli-palestinian-conflict">Israeli-Palestinian conflict</a>, as has become disastrously clear in the Israel-Hamas war.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>International aspirations for long-term solutions are particularly low in the Middle East and North Africa. The current phase of Yemen’s civil war has slowed to a near-halt following negotiations between the Houthi rebels—who sparked the conflict by seizing the capital in 2014—and Saudi Arabia, which intervened to oust them in 2015. But the UN and the Houthis’ domestic rivals have been excluded from negotiations, and the chances of a meaningful political settlement appear low. Many Yemenis, including the veteran researcher Nadwa al-Dawsari, expect either a return to fighting sooner or later, or the continuation of a limbo state of “no war, no peace” if the Houthi-Saudi channel remains the main negotiation track.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>Syria’s so-called frozen conflict is also seeing an alarming but predictable uptick in violence and instability because of the lack of progress of negotiations. On one track, negotiations between the Arab Liaison Committee, which is composed of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Egypt and the Arab</span></span> <span lang="EN"><span>League, and the Syrian government have stalled. At the same time, the UN-led peace process in Syria is detached from the conflict’s drivers. It is pursuing limited objectives, including a new constitution to be drafted by a committee that has not met in 18 months, and a yet-to-begin process, led by the UN, that seeks to build mutual confidence between Syria and the Arab Liaison Committee, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This process is largely divorced from current political and military developments, including a recent spike in violence across the country.</span></span></span></span></span></p><h3><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>VIOLENCE CANNOT BE CONTAINED</span></span></span></span></span></h3><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>Until recently, some international officials appeared to think an end to fighting was a good-enough goal. In late September, U.S. National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan, touting the Biden administration’s foreign policy bona fides, claimed that the Middle East was “quieter today than it has been in two decades.” But Hamas’s brutal attacks in Israel a week after his comments and Israel’s ongoing military response in Gaza, as well as surging violence across Syria, show the limits of containment.</span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="d-flex dfp-tag-wrapper justify-around mb-40 "><div id="js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--3"><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--3'); }); </script></div></div><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>Containment does not resolve conflicts and requires active management. This means proactive efforts to address grievances, quell violence, advance negotiations, and take action to deal with increasing</span></span> <span lang="EN"><span>instability or unexpected events. Whereas reducing violence is a sensible initial goal, once conflicts have been de-escalated, attention all too often shifts elsewhere. It is easy, then, to miss warning signs that fighting is about to restart. This is a particular problem when armed actors or regimes remain in control after failed peace processes or during political transitions. Without accountability for their past misdeeds, such groups feel free to repeat violence. For this reason, Sudan’s generals appear to have believed that they would not be held to account by the UN, their international backers (particularly Saudi Arabia and the UAE), or the states engaged in supporting the transition process (including Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States) when they began to fight each other in April. Sudanese activists and diplomats based in the capital rightly pointed out that they had repeatedly warned that the men who have governed the country since the 2019 military coup were gearing up for war with one another. But these warnings were either dismissed or watered down in Western capitals, including Washington, in part because no conflict had yet broken out and because officials did not see Sudan as a priority.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>Both regional actors and Western diplomats and analysts have long argued that the status quo in Gaza and the West Bank is unsustainable. But international attention has been focused elsewhere. Regional normalization efforts led by the Trump administration built ties between Israel and former Arab adversaries including Bahrain and the UAE. The Abraham Accords have been sustained by the Biden administration, which has energetically pursued an Israeli-Saudi deal. But these efforts have completely failed to address the drivers of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Despite this, even as the war between Israel and Hamas escalated, U.S. officials, including Secretary of State Antony Blinken</span></span><span lang="EN">,</span><span lang="EN"><span> declared that Washington still hoped to continue Israeli-Saudi normalization negotiations.</span></span></span></span></span></p><h3><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>THE AID TRAP</span></span></span></span></span></h3><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>All too often, humanitarian aid has become a panacea for managing unresolved conflict. Take <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/regions/syria">Syria</a>,</span></span><span lang="EN"><span> where</span></span><span lang="EN"><span>, 12 years after the war began, the UN </span></span><span lang="EN"><span>aid </span></span><span lang="EN"><span>funding requests for 2023 included $4.81 billion for programs inside the country and $5.7 billion</span></span><span lang="EN"><span> to </span></span><span lang="EN"><span>support refugees. Similar sums are being expended in Sudan and Myanmar, both of which are suffering conflicts and have vacant UN political envoy roles and no discernible peace process. Violence grinds on unabated, and civilians subsist on meager aid provision—in areas where they can be reached. As the number of conflicts rises, the price tag for aid keeps growing.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>Donors cannot keep up with the growing cost of war. Funding for aid appeals increased by an average of ten percent year on year between 2012 and 2018 but then tapered off. Yet UN appeals for funds have continued to grow, quadrupling in number between 2013 and today. Of the 406 million people in need of humanitarian assistance in 2022, 87 percent lived in a country in the midst of high-intensity conflict, and 83 percent in a protracted crisis.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>Aid, in these circumstances, cannot be the only answer. Refugee return requires a fundamental shift in local dynamics that allows those fleeing violence and persecution to safely return home, access their properties, and reintegrate into society without discrimination. At the same time, postconflict justice and development require management by suitable governments that are willing to address the violations committed during the conflict and provide adequate governance free of discrimination to facilitate a productive economic environment in which corruption and illicit activity are combated. Locally led </span></span><span lang="EN"><span>peace building</span></span><span lang="EN"><span> that heals the social fractures caused by conflict requires civic space to conduct dialogue, address grievances, and secure inclusive decision-making and governance.</span></span></span></span></span></p><h3><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>BLESSED ARE THE PEACEMAKERS</span></span></span></span></span></h3><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>The world is at an inflection point, and it is still possible to galvanize support for a new approach to resolving conflict. To achieve this, creative and courageous leadership is needed from a broad coalition of politicians, business leaders, the <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/topics/united-nations">UN</a>, peace builders, and local communities—aligned with a renewed ambition to make peace. Without aspiring to, and placing a value on, sustainable peace, it is all too easy to accept least bad outcomes and to forget the enormous human and resource toll of doing so.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>First and foremost, any effort at renewing peacemaking for the twenty-first century needs political will from powerful states, principally the United States and the other permanent members of the UN Security Council. This point was explicitly made by UN Secretary-General</span></span> <span lang="EN"><span>António Guterres in his recently published policy brief, “A New Agenda for Peace,” a vision that places the responsibility for securing the peace and upholding international norms in the hands of individual countries rather than the multilateral system. If governments that say they believe in a rules-based order—including those in Brussels, London, and Washington—are willing to uphold international laws and norms, then there may be some hope for the future. But if they are not, then the current race to the bottom is certain to continue.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>More accurate language referring to “peace” may help these governments reengage with the struggle for it. Describing negotiations over a cease-fire as a “peace process,” as if peace were just around the corner rather than years or decades away, all too often leads to early claims that it has been achieved just because the guns have temporarily fallen silent. This misconception leads to disengagement. New, more accurate framing that differentiates between stages of conflict management, conflict resolution, and peace building, as well as a more honest account of the prospects for progress into the next stage, would lead to a more honest account of what is possible and practical—or morally acceptable. In particular, this new approach to language would help to establish realistic expectations of what can be achieved in the short, medium, and long terms. It would also prevent the all too familiar rush to declare success that scuppers the continuation of many peace processes.</span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="d-flex dfp-tag-wrapper justify-around mb-40 "><div id="js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--4"><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--4'); }); </script></div></div><p><span><span><span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>Most important, a new approach to mediation is needed. Formal</span></span> <span lang="EN-GB"><span>peace-building</span></span> <span lang="EN-GB"><span>processes and practices were expanded and professionalized during the post–Cold War period, and they presume or require dynamics—including geopolitical cooperation and successful peace settlements and political transitions—that no longer exist. Today’s world is defined by geopolitical competition and requires something very different. In responding to these challenges, mediators must become more creative and collaborative. They </span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>must</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span> become advocates for their own cause</span></span><span lang="EN"><span>, </span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>making the public case for peace</span></span><span lang="EN"><span>, and they must </span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>secure diplomatic support and engage</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span> with </span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>a wide variety</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span> of groups, including civil society. In particular, mediators must work closely with, and empower, local </span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>peace builders</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>, absorbing local knowledge and involving key players in peace processes, which must no longer seek to perpetuate status quo power dynamics. Mediators must also work closely with—</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>and at times provide support to—</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>regional blocs, play a greater role in supporting bilateral negotiations, and empower conflicting parties to </span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>create sustainable</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span> peace once the guns have been silenced.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span lang="EN-GB"><span><span>Meanwhile, those seeking to make peace will need to engage nontraditional actors—</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span><span>middle powers,</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span><span> humanitarian organizations, and actors from the private sector. These partnerships should harness the potential of the environmental, social, and corporate governance agenda </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span><span>to carve out a role for the private sector in supporting peace,</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span><span> forge new models of geopolitical cooperation, and use aid to support peace rather than serve as a substitute for it. These are big asks. But they are also the basic requirements for building sustainable peace, stopping the proliferation of conflict, and aiming for more than the temporary quelling of violence.</span></span></span></p><div class="loading-indicator" role="alert"><span class="loader loader-quart"></span>Loading...<br><noscript><span>Please enable JavaScript for this site to function properly.</span></noscript></div></div><div class="paywall v-2019-max mb-3"><div class="container"><div class="paywall-prompt"><h3 class="paywall-head mb-1">You are reading a free article.</h3><h4 class="paywall-subhead font-weight-normal">Subscribe to <em>Foreign Affairs</em> to get unlimited access.</h4><ul class="paywall-list list-unstyled"><li class="paywall-list-item"> Paywall-free reading of new articles and over a century of archives</li><li class="paywall-list-item"> Unlock access to iOS/Android apps to save editions for offline reading</li><li class="paywall-list-item"> Six issues a year in print and online, plus audio articles</li></ul> <a href="/subscribe?lcw=paywalls&ecw=paywall_free_article_unlocked" id=paywall_free_article_unlocked class="paywall-cta-btn btn btn-outline-light mt-2" title="Subscribe Now"> Subscribe Now </a></div></div></div></div><ul class="authors-bio px-3 pt-3 pb-2 list-unstyled" id="author-info"><li class="mb-3" id="author-bio-1"><div class="authors-bio__body mb-0"> <span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>EMMA BEALS is a Nonresident Fellow at the Middle East Institute and a Senior Adviser at the European Institute of Peace.</span></span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="mb-3" id="author-bio-2"><div class="authors-bio__body mb-0"> <span lang="EN"><span><span>PETER SALISBURY is an Adjunct Professor at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs.</span></span></span></div></li><li class="d-flex mb-2"> <a class="authors-bio__link text-uppercase fw-bold d-flex align-items-center" href="/authors/emma-beals"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 13 13"><path d="M12 12H1V1h4V0H0v13h13V8h-1z"/><path d="M8 0v1h3.6L4.8 7.8l.7.7L12 2.1V6h1V0z"/></svg> More By Emma Beals </a></li><li class="d-flex mb-2"> <a class="authors-bio__link text-uppercase fw-bold d-flex align-items-center" href="/authors/peter-salisbury"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 13 13"><path d="M12 12H1V1h4V0H0v13h13V8h-1z"/><path d="M8 0v1h3.6L4.8 7.8l.7.7L12 2.1V6h1V0z"/></svg> More By Peter Salisbury </a></li></ul><div class="article-footer ls-0 d-flex flex-wrap flex-md-nowrap"><div class="article-footer-tags d-flex flex-grow-1 align-items-center"> <span>More:</span><div> <a href="/regions/africa" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Africa</a> <a href="/regions/middle-east" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Middle East</a> <a href="/regions/world" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">World</a> <a href="/regions/united-states" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">United States</a> <a href="/topics/diplomacy" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Diplomacy</a> <a href="/topics/geopolitics" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Geopolitics</a> <a href="/topics/foreign-policy" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Foreign Policy</a> <a href="/topics/international-institutions" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">International Institutions</a> <a href="/topics/security" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Security</a> <a href="/topics/defense-military" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Defense & Military</a> <a href="/topics/humanitarian-intervention" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Humanitarian Intervention</a> <a href="/topics/post-conflict-reconstruction" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Post-Conflict Reconstruction</a> <a href="/topics/strategy-conflict" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Strategy & Conflict</a> <a href="/topics/war-military-strategy" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">War & Military Strategy</a> <a href="/topics/us-foreign-policy" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">U.S. Foreign Policy</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="col-12 col-lg-4 d-none d-lg-flex align-items-center flex-column offset-lg-0 sticky-sidebar-wrapper"><div class="p-3 gray2-bg text-center dfp-tag-wrapper"><div id="js-dfp-tag-sidebar"><script type="text/javascript"> var stickyElFinder = function(el, ancestor) { if (el.classList.contains('sticky-sidebar')) { return el; } if (ancestor <= 3 && el.parentElement) { return stickyElFinder(el.parentElement, ancestor + 1); } }; var stickyEl = stickyElFinder(document.currentScript.parentElement, 1); var isPaywalledContent = document .querySelectorAll('.article-body .paywall--trimmed-content') .length > 0; if (stickyEl && isPaywalledContent) { stickyEl.parentElement.removeChild(stickyEl); } googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-sidebar'); }); </script></div></div><div class="my-5 ls-0 most-read-articles"><h2 class="subhead f-sans fw-bold pt-2 pb-1 mb-3">Most-Read Articles</h2> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--summary list-display position-relative featured_tag"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row hover:fa-blue-dark" href="/israel/israels-trump-delusion"><div class="col-12"><h3 class="magazine-title fw-bold ls-0 mb-0 f-sans">Israel’s Trump Delusion</h3><p class="magazine-deck ls-0 mb-0 f-serif">Why Netanyahu’s Ambition to Remake the Middle East Is Unlikely to Succeed</p><h4 class="magazine-author fst-italic ls-0 mb-0 f-serif"> Shalom Lipner</h4></div> </a> </article> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--summary list-display position-relative featured_tag"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row hover:fa-blue-dark" href="/russia/iran-and-russias-fragile-partnership"><div class="col-12"><h3 class="magazine-title fw-bold ls-0 mb-0 f-sans">Iran and Russia’s Fragile Partnership</h3><p class="magazine-deck ls-0 mb-0 f-serif">How America Can Divide Two of Its Main Adversaries</p><h4 class="magazine-author fst-italic ls-0 mb-0 f-serif"> Maria Snegovaya and Jon B. Alterman</h4></div> </a> </article> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--summary list-display position-relative featured_tag"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row hover:fa-blue-dark" href="/europe/europe-has-run-out-time"><div class="col-12"><h3 class="magazine-title fw-bold ls-0 mb-0 f-sans">Europe Has Run Out of Time</h3><p class="magazine-deck ls-0 mb-0 f-serif">With Trump’s Return, the Continent Must Take Charge of Its Own Security—and Quickly</p><h4 class="magazine-author fst-italic ls-0 mb-0 f-serif"> Norbert Röttgen</h4></div> </a> </article> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--summary list-display position-relative featured_tag"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row hover:fa-blue-dark" href="/saudi-arabia/saudi-solution"><div class="col-12"><h3 class="magazine-title fw-bold ls-0 mb-0 f-sans">The Saudi Solution?</h3><p class="magazine-deck ls-0 mb-0 f-serif">How Riyadh’s Ties to America, Iran, and Israel Could Foster Stability</p><h4 class="magazine-author fst-italic ls-0 mb-0 f-serif"> Maria Fantappie and Bader Al-Saif</h4></div> </a> </article></div><div class="fake-space"></div><div class="sticky-sidebar"><div class="p-3 gray2-bg text-center dfp-tag-wrapper"><div id="js-dfp-tag-sidebar--2"><script type="text/javascript"> var stickyElFinder = function(el, ancestor) { if (el.classList.contains('sticky-sidebar')) { return el; } if (ancestor <= 3 && el.parentElement) { return stickyElFinder(el.parentElement, ancestor + 1); } }; var stickyEl = stickyElFinder(document.currentScript.parentElement, 1); var isPaywalledContent = document .querySelectorAll('.article-body .paywall--trimmed-content') .length > 0; if (stickyEl && isPaywalledContent) { stickyEl.parentElement.removeChild(stickyEl); } googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-sidebar--2'); }); </script></div></div></div></div></div><div class="row mb-5 print-hidden"><div class="col-12"> <header><h3 class="head-divider-5-black">Recommended Articles</h3> </header></div><div class="col-12 mb-5"> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--suggested list-display position-relative p-0"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row" href="/united-states/return-nuclear-escalation"><div class="col-3 d-none d-lg-block"> <img class="magazine-list-item--image d-none d-lg-block" src="data:image/webp;base64,UklGRkAAAABXRUJQVlA4IDQAAADwAQCdASoBAAEAAQAcJaACdLoB+AAETAAA/vW4f/6aR40jxpHxcP/ugT90CfugT/3NoAAA" alt="" loading="lazy" width="300" height="200" srcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_1x/public/images/2023/10/12/1_nuclearWeapons_web_half.jpg.webp?itok=AYglPfgW 135w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_2x/public/images/2023/10/12/1_nuclearWeapons_web_half.jpg.webp?itok=ljapRhX1 270w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_1x/public/images/2023/10/12/1_nuclearWeapons_web_half.jpg.webp?itok=XNJRGbqK 300w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_2x/public/images/2023/10/12/1_nuclearWeapons_web_half.jpg.webp?itok=VXorNXNS 600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_1x/public/images/2023/10/12/1_nuclearWeapons_web_half.jpg.webp?itok=p5OIfHfL 800w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_2x/public/images/2023/10/12/1_nuclearWeapons_web_half.jpg.webp?itok=3hv4j7Dj 1600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_x_large_1x/public/images/2023/10/12/1_nuclearWeapons_web_half.jpg.webp?itok=NNodEKuq 1200w" sizes="(max-width:768px) 100vw, 276px" /></div><div class="col-12 col-lg-9 ls-narrow d-flex flex-column"><div class="article-card-title fw-bold f-serif"><h3 class="mb-0 d-inline-block fw-bold">The Return of Nuclear Escalation</h3></div><p class="magazine-by text-muted ls-0 mb-2 f-serif"> How America’s Adversaries Have Hijacked Its Old Deterrence Strategy</p><h4 class="magazine-author ls-0 mb-0 f-sans"> Keir A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press</h4></div> </a></article></div><div class="col-12 mb-5"> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--suggested list-display position-relative p-0"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row" href="/israel/how-will-idf-handle-urban-combat"><div class="col-3 d-none d-lg-block"> <img class="magazine-list-item--image d-none d-lg-block" src="data:image/webp;base64,UklGRkAAAABXRUJQVlA4IDQAAADwAQCdASoBAAEAAQAcJaACdLoB+AAETAAA/vW4f/6aR40jxpHxcP/ugT90CfugT/3NoAAA" alt="Israeli soldiers near the Gazan-Israeli border, October 2023" loading="lazy" width="300" height="200" srcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_1x/public/images/2023/10/19/RTSOX8TB.jpg.webp?itok=lNkV1WSi 135w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_2x/public/images/2023/10/19/RTSOX8TB.jpg.webp?itok=u-xjP8y3 270w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_1x/public/images/2023/10/19/RTSOX8TB.jpg.webp?itok=ihpmfmg7 300w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_2x/public/images/2023/10/19/RTSOX8TB.jpg.webp?itok=1i6ANVHd 600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_1x/public/images/2023/10/19/RTSOX8TB.jpg.webp?itok=M5mpQ59V 800w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_2x/public/images/2023/10/19/RTSOX8TB.jpg.webp?itok=p6aKNBsf 1600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_x_large_1x/public/images/2023/10/19/RTSOX8TB.jpg.webp?itok=VVCox6-A 1200w" sizes="(max-width:768px) 100vw, 276px" /></div><div class="col-12 col-lg-9 ls-narrow d-flex flex-column"><div class="article-card-title fw-bold f-serif"><h3 class="mb-0 d-inline-block fw-bold">How Will the IDF Handle Urban Combat?</h3></div><p class="magazine-by text-muted ls-0 mb-2 f-serif"> Fighting Hamas in Gaza Will Be Difficult and Costly</p><h4 class="magazine-author ls-0 mb-0 f-sans"> David Kilcullen</h4></div> </a></article></div></div></div></div></div> <footer class="site-footer"> <section class="dark-blue-2-bg"><div class="container-fluid"><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-md-6 p-4 light-grey-bg text-center"><div class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center flex-wrap"><div class="mb-2 mb-md-0 me-md-2"> <img class="" src="/themes/fa/assets/images/subscription-cover.webp" alt="" loading="lazy" width="240" height="261" /></div><div><p class="small-upper-text text-red mb-0">Get the Magazine</p><h4 class="f-serif mb-0 fs-40">Save up to 55%</h4><h5 class="f-serif fst-italic h5 ls-0"> on Foreign Affairs!</h5> <a class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-outline-red" href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-above-footer-image">Subscribe</a></div></div></div><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-white text-center py-4 d-flex flex-column justify-content-center"><p class="small-upper-text text-white mb-0">Foreign Affairs</p><h4 class="f-serif mb-0 fs-40">Weekly Newsletter</h4><h5 class="f-serif fst-italic h5 ls-0 mb-4"> Get in-depth analysis delivered right to your inbox</h5><div class="d-flex mx-auto"> <button class="form-reveal btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-outline-light px-4" title="Sign Up">Sign Up</button><div class="form-wrapper w-100" style="display: none;"><form class="fa-newsletter-email-signup" data-drupal-selector="fa-newsletter-email-signup-homepage-bottom" action="/africa/world-war" method="post" id="fa_newsletter_email_signup_homepage_bottom" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div class="js-form-item js-form-type-email form-type-email js-form-item-email form-item-email form-no-label mb-3"> <input placeholder="Enter Your Email" size="26" maxlength="60" class="edit-email footer-email-input border-0 m-0 form-email required form-control" data-drupal-selector="edit-email" type="email" id="edit-email" name="email" value="" required="required" aria-required="true" /></div><div data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha" class="captcha captcha-type-challenge--hcaptcha"><div class="captcha__element"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-sid" type="hidden" name="captcha_sid" value="224202452" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-token" type="hidden" name="captcha_token" value="vbi_n92dahkBWlW6OdO8iAxjtCLRnldDyaR0VGWD9-Q" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-response" type="hidden" name="captcha_response" value="hCaptcha no captcha" class="form-control" /><div class="h-captcha" data-sitekey="e4def1c1-7560-43f6-b953-3b4a405c0eef" data-size="invisible"></div><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-cacheable" type="hidden" name="captcha_cacheable" value="1" class="form-control" /></div></div> <input class="sign-up-button btn btn-outline-light py-0 px-4 js-form-submit form-submit button js-form-submit form-submit btn btn- form-control" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" data-disable-refocus="true" type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Sign Up" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-newsletter-key" type="hidden" name="newsletter_key" value="fa_thisweek" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-location" type="hidden" name="location" value="homepage_bottom" class="form-control" /><input autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="form-bxbpol2qow38rjsbbqcav86mbr-xqqgrwlddv7lrbam" type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-BXBpol2Qow38rjSBbqCav86mBR-xqqGRwlddv7lRbAM" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-fa-newsletter-email-signup-homepage-bottom" type="hidden" name="form_id" value="fa_newsletter_email_signup_homepage_bottom" class="form-control" /></form></div></div></div></div></div></section> <section class="near-black-bg"><div class="container"><div class="row py-3 py-md-5"><div class="col-12 col-lg-8"><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-sm-3 site-footer-links-container"> <nav class="site-footer-section-menu"><div class="site-footer-section-menu__title"> <a href="#collapseAbout" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseAbout" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="#collapseAbout" class="collapsed"> About <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 741 937.8 610.1" enable-background="new 31.1 741 937.8 610.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="500,1351.1 31.1,882.1 52.3,741 500,1188.7 947.7,741 968.9,882.1 "/></g></svg> </a></div><div class="collapse d-md-block" id="collapseAbout"><div class="d-flex flex-column"> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/about-foreign-affairs" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="About Us"> About Us </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/staff" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Staff"> Staff </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://www.cfr.org/career-opportunities/open-positions" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Work at Foreign Affairs"> Work at Foreign Affairs </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/events" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Events"> Events </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/podcasts/foreign-affairs-interview" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Podcast"> Podcast </a></div></div> </nav></div><div class="col-12 col-sm-3 site-footer-links-container"> <nav class="site-footer-section-menu"><div class="site-footer-section-menu__title"> <a href="#collapseContact" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseContact" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="#collapseContact" class="collapsed"> Contact <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 741 937.8 610.1" enable-background="new 31.1 741 937.8 610.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="500,1351.1 31.1,882.1 52.3,741 500,1188.7 947.7,741 968.9,882.1 "/></g></svg> </a></div><div class="collapse d-md-block" id="collapseContact"><div class="d-flex flex-column"> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/frequently-asked-questions" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Frequently Asked Questions"> Frequently Asked Questions </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/myaccount" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Customer Service"> Customer Service </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/contact-us" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Contact Us"> Contact Us </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/submissions-0" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Submissions"> Submissions </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/permissions" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Permissions"> Permissions </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://mediakit.foreignaffairs.com" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Advertise"> Advertise </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/about-us/press-center" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Press Center"> Press Center </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/feedback" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Leave Us Feedback"> Leave Us Feedback </a></div></div> </nav></div><div class="col-12 col-sm-3 site-footer-links-container"> <nav class="site-footer-section-menu"><div class="site-footer-section-menu__title"> <a href="#collapseSubscription" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSubscription" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="#collapseSubscription" class="collapsed"> Subscription <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 741 937.8 610.1" enable-background="new 31.1 741 937.8 610.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="500,1351.1 31.1,882.1 52.3,741 500,1188.7 947.7,741 968.9,882.1 "/></g></svg> </a></div><div class="collapse d-md-block" id="collapseSubscription"><div class="d-flex flex-column"> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-global-footer-text"> Subscriptions </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/group-subscriptions" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Group Subscriptions"> Group Subscriptions </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/gift" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Give a Gift"> Give a Gift </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://donatenow.networkforgood.org/fadonate" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Donate"> Donate </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/foreign-affairs/id575171785?mt=8" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Download iOS App"> Download iOS App </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.foreignaffairs.magazine&hl=en_US" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Download Android App"> Download Android App </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/newsletter" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Newsletters"> Newsletters </a></div></div> </nav></div><div class="col-12 col-sm-3 site-footer-links-container"> <nav class="site-footer-section-menu"><div class="site-footer-section-menu__title"> <a href="#Follow" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseFollow" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="#collapseFollow" class="collapsed"> Follow <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 741 937.8 610.1" enable-background="new 31.1 741 937.8 610.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="500,1351.1 31.1,882.1 52.3,741 500,1188.7 947.7,741 968.9,882.1 "/></g></svg> </a></div><div class="collapse d-md-block" id="collapseFollow"><div class="d-flex flex-wrap pb-4"> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.facebook.com/ForeignAffairs" aria-label="Facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 12 24"><path d="M11.1 7.9l-.4 3.8h-3v11H3.1v-11H.9V7.9h2.3V5.6C3.2 2.5 4.5.7 8.1.7h3v3.8H9.2C7.8 4.5 7.7 5 7.7 6v1.9h3.4z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://twitter.com/foreignaffairs" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 22 20"><path d="M19.6 6.1v.6c0 5.7-4.4 12.3-12.3 12.3-2.5 0-4.7-.7-6.6-1.9.3 0 .7.1 1 .1 2 0 3.9-.7 5.4-1.8-1.9 0-3.5-1.3-4-3 .3 0 .5.1.8.1.4 0 .8-.1 1.1-.1-2-.6-3.5-2.4-3.5-4.5v-.1c.6.3 1.2.5 2 .5-1.2-.6-2-2-2-3.5 0-.8.2-1.5.6-2.2C4.2 5.3 7.4 7 11 7.2c-.1-.3-.1-.7-.1-1 0-2.4 1.9-4.3 4.3-4.3 1.2 0 2.4.5 3.2 1.4 1-.2 1.9-.5 2.7-1-.3 1-1 1.8-1.9 2.4.9-.1 1.7-.3 2.5-.7-.5.8-1.3 1.5-2.1 2.1z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.instagram.com/foreignaffairsmag/" aria-label="Instagram" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg width="21" height="21" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.6 19.1c3.024 0 5.5-2.476 5.5-5.5V6.5c0-3.024-2.476-5.5-5.5-5.5H6.5C3.476 1 1 3.476 1 6.5v7.1c0 3.024 2.476 5.5 5.5 5.5h7.1zm0 1H6.5c-3.576 0-6.5-2.924-6.5-6.5V6.5C0 2.924 2.924 0 6.5 0h7.1c3.576 0 6.5 2.924 6.5 6.5v7.1c0 3.576-2.924 6.5-6.5 6.5z" fill-rule="nonzero"/><path d="M10 15.1a4.5 4.5 0 1 1 0-9 4.5 4.5 0 0 1 0 9zm0-1a3.5 3.5 0 1 0 0-7 3.5 3.5 0 0 0 0 7z" fill-rule="nonzero"/><circle cx="16" cy="4.6" r="1.2"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/foreign-affairs-magazine" aria-label="Linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 22 22"><path d="M3.5 6C2 6 1 5 1 3.7c0-1.3 1-2.3 2.5-2.3S6 2.4 6 3.7C6 5 5 6 3.5 6zm2.2 15.1H1.3V7.8h4.4v13.3zm15.9 0h-4.4V14c0-1.8-.6-3-2.2-3-1.2 0-1.9.8-2.3 1.6-.1.3-.1.7-.1 1.1v7.4H8.1c.1-12 0-13.3 0-13.3h4.4v1.9c.6-.9 1.6-2.2 4-2.2 2.9 0 5.1 1.9 5.1 6v7.6z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ForeignAffairsMag" aria-label="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 26 19"><path d="M24.6 15.2c-.3 1.3-1.3 2.3-2.6 2.4-3 .4-6 .4-9 .4s-6 0-9-.3c-1.3-.1-2.3-1.1-2.6-2.4-.4-1.9-.4-4-.4-5.9s0-4 .4-5.8C1.7 2.3 2.8 1.3 4 1.2c3-.3 6-.3 9-.3s6 0 9 .3c1.3.1 2.3 1.1 2.6 2.4.4 1.9.4 3.9.4 5.8s0 4-.4 5.8zm-6.9-6.5l-6.9-4.3c-.3-.2-.6-.2-.9 0-.2.1-.3.4-.3.7v8.6c0 .3.2.6.4.8.1.1.3.1.4.1.2 0 .3 0 .5-.1l6.9-4.3c.3-.1.4-.4.4-.7s-.2-.7-.5-.8z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.reddit.com/user/foreignaffairsmag" aria-label="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 27 23"><path d="M11.6 13.2c0 .9-.8 1.7-1.7 1.7-.9 0-1.7-.8-1.7-1.7 0-.9.8-1.7 1.7-1.7.9 0 1.7.8 1.7 1.7zm0 0"/><path d="M26.2 11.9c0-2.1-1.7-3.8-3.7-3.8-.7 0-1.4.2-1.9.6-1.7-1-4-1.6-6.4-1.7l1.4-4 2.9.7V4c0 1.6 1.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 1.6 0 2.9-1.3 2.9-2.9 0-1.6-1.3-2.9-2.9-2.9-1 0-1.9.6-2.4 1.4l-4.1-1L13 7c-2.5 0-4.7.7-6.4 1.7l.1-.1c-.6-.3-1.3-.6-2-.6C2.7 8 1 9.8 1 11.9c0 1.4.7 2.6 1.8 3.3.5 3.9 5.1 7 10.8 7 5.7 0 10.4-3.1 10.8-7.1 1.2-.7 1.8-1.9 1.8-3.2zm-4.8-9.6c.8 0 1.6.7 1.6 1.6 0 .9-.7 1.6-1.6 1.6-.9 0-1.6-.7-1.6-1.6 0-.9.7-1.6 1.6-1.6zm-16.7 7c.3 0 .6.1.8.2-1.4 1.1-2.3 2.5-2.6 4.1-.4-.5-.6-1-.6-1.7 0-1.4 1.1-2.6 2.4-2.6zm9 11.6c-5.3 0-9.6-2.9-9.6-6.4 0-3.5 4.3-6.4 9.6-6.4s9.6 2.9 9.6 6.4c0 3.5-4.3 6.4-9.6 6.4zm10.7-7.5c-.3-1.5-1.2-2.9-2.6-4 .2-.1.5-.1.7-.1 1.3 0 2.4 1.1 2.4 2.5.1.6-.1 1.2-.5 1.6zm0 0"/><path d="M18.9 13.2c0 .9-.8 1.7-1.7 1.7-.9 0-1.7-.8-1.7-1.7 0-.9.8-1.7 1.7-1.7.9 0 1.7.8 1.7 1.7zm0 0M16.9 17c-3.6 2.4-6.5.1-6.6 0-.3-.2-.7-.2-.9.1-.2.3-.2.7.1.9 0 0 1.7 1.3 4.1 1.3 1.2 0 2.6-.3 4-1.3.3-.2.4-.6.2-.9-.2-.2-.6-.3-.9-.1zm0 0"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://flipboard.com/@ForeignAffairs" aria-label="Flipboard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 21 21"><path d="M0 0v21h21V0H0zm16.4 8.2h-4.1v4.1H8.2v4.1H4.1V4.1h12.3v4.1z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/rss.xml" aria-label="Feed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M15 14.8c-.1.1-.3.2-.5.2h-1.4c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6C12.1 8.6 7.4 3.9 1.6 3.6c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.7V1.5c0-.2.1-.3.2-.5.1-.1.3-.2.4-.2C5.2 1 8.5 2.5 11 5s4 5.8 4.2 9.3c-.1.2-.1.4-.2.5zm-5.2 0c-.1.1-.3.2-.4.2H8c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6-.3-3.1-2.7-5.5-5.8-5.8-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6V6.6c0-.2.1-.4.2-.5.1 0 .3-.1.4-.1 2.1.2 4.2 1.1 5.7 2.6s2.5 3.5 2.6 5.7c.1.2 0 .4-.1.5zm-6.9.2c-1 0-1.9-.9-1.9-1.9s.9-1.9 1.9-1.9 1.9.9 1.9 1.9S4 15 2.9 15z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/3vCDodm2QxZXsZFzdv1mPV?si=1e4781431d6747e4&nd=1" aria-label="Spotify" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1333.33 1333.3" shape-rendering="geometricPrecision" text-rendering="geometricPrecision" image-rendering="optimizeQuality" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd"><path d="M666.66 0C298.48 0 0 298.47 0 666.65c0 368.19 298.48 666.65 666.66 666.65 368.22 0 666.67-298.45 666.67-666.65C1333.33 298.49 1034.88.03 666.65.03l.01-.04zm305.73 961.51c-11.94 19.58-37.57 25.8-57.16 13.77-156.52-95.61-353.57-117.26-585.63-64.24-22.36 5.09-44.65-8.92-49.75-31.29-5.12-22.37 8.84-44.66 31.26-49.75 253.95-58.02 471.78-33.04 647.51 74.35 19.59 12.02 25.8 37.57 13.77 57.16zm81.6-181.52c-15.05 24.45-47.05 32.17-71.49 17.13-179.2-110.15-452.35-142.05-664.31-77.7-27.49 8.3-56.52-7.19-64.86-34.63-8.28-27.49 7.22-56.46 34.66-64.82 242.11-73.46 543.1-37.88 748.89 88.58 24.44 15.05 32.16 47.05 17.12 71.46V780zm7.01-189.02c-214.87-127.62-569.36-139.35-774.5-77.09-32.94 9.99-67.78-8.6-77.76-41.55-9.98-32.96 8.6-67.77 41.56-77.78 235.49-71.49 626.96-57.68 874.34 89.18 29.69 17.59 39.41 55.85 21.81 85.44-17.52 29.63-55.89 39.4-85.42 21.8h-.03z" fill-rule="nonzero"/></svg> </a></div></div> </nav></div><div class="col-12 px-0"><div id="block-navigationfootersecondaryblock" class="block block-fa-design-objects block-navigation-footer-secondary"><div class="content"><div class="row site-footer-down-container py-sm-3 px-sm-0 mt-sm-3 mx-0 w-100"><div class="col-12"><div class="site-footer-section-menu d-flex"><div class="site-footer-section-menu__more"> <a href="/graduateschoolforum" aria-label="Graduate School Forum">Graduate School Forum</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="col-12 col-lg-4 mt-3 mt-md-0"><div id="block-cfr-widget-block" class="block block- block-cfr-widget-block"><div class="content"><div class="mag-cfr-widget d-none"><div class="site-footer-cofr-menu__brand col-12 col-lg-3 d-flex flex-column justify-center items-center"> <svg viewbox="0 0 927 41" class="cfr-logo"> <use href="#cfr-logo-white-h"></use> </svg><p class="site-footer-cofr-menu__subtitle mt-2 mb-0 ls-0 pt-5"> From the publishers of <em>Foreign Affairs</em></p></div> <section class="col-12 col-lg-9 pl-lg-80 mt-25 mt-lg-0"><div id="nav-tabContent"><div id="nav-recent"><div class="d-flex flex-wrap"> <article class="col-6 col-md-3 mb-30 mb-lg-0"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/article/china-latin-america-november-2024" class="fw-bold">China in Latin America: November 2024</a><div class="mt-1">Steven Holmes</div> </article> <article class="col-6 col-md-3 mb-30 mb-lg-0"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/article/price-what-you-buy-online-about-go" class="fw-bold">The Price of What You Buy Online Is About to Go Up</a><div class="mt-1">Inu Manak</div> </article> <article class="col-6 col-md-3 mb-30 mb-lg-0"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/news-releases/cfr-welcomes-michael-horowitz-and-prashant-yadav-senior-fellows" class="fw-bold">CFR Welcomes Michael Horowitz and Prashant Yadav as Senior Fellows</a> </article></div></div></div> </section></div><div class="fa-cfr-widget"><div class="site-footer-cofr-menu__brand d-flex align-items-end mb-3"> <img class="site-footer-cofr-menu__logo me-2" src="/themes/fa/assets/images/council-on-FA-lockup.png" alt="Council on Foreign Relations" loading="lazy" width="142" height="70" /><p class="site-footer-cofr-menu__subtitle mb-0 ls-0"> From the <br> publishers of <br> <em>Foreign Affairs</em></p></div> <section><div id="nav-tabContent"><div id="nav-recent"> <article class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item"><div class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item__title"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/article/china-latin-america-november-2024">China in Latin America: November 2024</a></div><div class="author">Research Associate:Steven Holmes</div> </article> <article class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item"><div class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item__title"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/article/price-what-you-buy-online-about-go">The Price of What You Buy Online Is About to Go Up</a></div><div class="author">Author:Inu Manak</div> </article> <article class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item"><div class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item__title"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/news-releases/cfr-welcomes-michael-horowitz-and-prashant-yadav-senior-fellows">CFR Welcomes Michael Horowitz and Prashant Yadav as Senior Fellows</a></div> </article></div></div> </section></div></div></div></div></div></div> </section> <section class="black-bg"><div class="container"><div class="p-2 d-flex flex-column flex-md-row align-items-md-end"><div class="site-footer-legals-container text-white text-center text-md-start order-md-2"><p class="mb-2 mb-md-1"> Published by the Council on Foreign Relations</p><div class="d-flex flex-column flex-md-row"> <nav class="site-footer-legals-nav mb-2 mb-md-1"> <a href="/privacy-policy" class="site-footer-legals-link">Privacy Policy</a> <a href="/terms-use" class="site-footer-legals-link">Terms of Use</a> </nav><p class="site-footer-copyright mb-2 mb-md-1"> ©2024 Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. All Rights Reserved.</p></div></div><div class="d-flex justify-content-center order-md-1 me-md-2"> <span class="site-footer-logo"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 453.7 184.33"><path d="M60.65,94.3h-3.49l-25.79,65.13c-1.89,4.68-4.78,7.17-7.67,7.97l-2.09,.6v1.79c3.29-.2,5.48-.3,10.65-.3s9.56,.1,12.85,.3v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-5.38-1.1-6.87-3.98-5.08-8.76l5.68-14.54c4.38-.1,8.86-.2,13.24-.2,3.88,0,7.77,.1,11.65,.1l6.57,17.63c1.1,2.79,0,5.18-2.89,5.97l-2.09,.6v1.79c3.29-.2,6.47-.3,11.65-.3s9.56,.1,11.85,.3v-1.79l-1.39-.4c-2.59-.7-3.58-1.99-4.98-5.68l-24.9-67.62Zm-5.48,45.91c-3.98,0-7.87-.1-11.85-.1l11.15-28.98,10.95,28.98c-3.39,.1-6.87,.1-10.26,.1m66.72,29.58v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78v-28.48c2.09-.2,4.18-.2,6.27-.2,5.18,0,8.56,4.98,9.76,11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55,0-4.08,.3-9.56,.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.09,5.87-4.58,9.76-9.76,9.76-2.09,0-4.18,0-6.27-.2v-25.89c0-3.59,1.1-4.58,2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69,0,2.59,3.19,6.47,7.37,3.29,3.58,8.66,6.47,10.36,6.47l.5-.9c-1.1-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15,0-1.29,.6-2.49,.6-3.39,0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76,0-18.42,.3-27.58,.3-8.66,0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.1,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.2,13.84,.3m58.75,0v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78v-28.48c2.09-.2,4.18-.2,6.27-.2,5.18,0,8.56,4.98,9.76,11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55,0-4.08,.3-9.56,.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.09,5.87-4.58,9.76-9.76,9.76-2.09,0-4.18,0-6.27-.2v-25.89c0-3.59,1.1-4.58,2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69,0,2.59,3.19,6.47,7.37,3.29,3.58,8.66,6.47,10.36,6.47l.5-.9c-1.1-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15,0-1.29,.6-2.49,.6-3.39,0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76,0-18.42,.3-27.58,.3-8.66,0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.1,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.2,13.84,.3m56.76-75.48h-3.48l-25.79,65.13c-1.89,4.68-4.78,7.17-7.67,7.97l-2.09,.6v1.79c3.29-.2,5.48-.3,10.66-.3s9.56,.1,12.85,.3v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-5.38-1.1-6.87-3.98-5.08-8.76l5.68-14.54c4.38-.1,8.86-.2,13.24-.2,3.88,0,7.77,.1,11.65,.1l6.57,17.63c1.1,2.79,0,5.18-2.89,5.97l-2.09,.6v1.79c3.29-.2,6.47-.3,11.65-.3s9.56,.1,11.85,.3v-1.79l-1.39-.4c-2.59-.7-3.58-1.99-4.98-5.68l-24.9-67.62Zm-5.48,45.91c-3.98,0-7.87-.1-11.85-.1l11.15-28.98,10.95,28.98c-3.39,.1-6.87,.1-10.26,.1m66.72,29.58v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-2.89-3.98-7.77v-56.07c0-3.88,1-5.08,3.98-5.68l3.78-.8v-1.79c-3.29,.1-7.57,.1-13.74,.1s-10.46,0-13.74-.1v1.79l3.78,.8c2.89,.6,3.98,1.79,3.98,5.68v56.07c0,4.88-1.1,7.17-3.98,7.77l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.1,13.64-.1s10.56,0,13.84,.1m7.47-74.69v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.1,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.2,13.84,.3v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78v-28.28h9.76l.2,.9c2.39,10.95,8.37,24.2,16.53,33.16,7.57,8.26,21.21,16.33,25.49,17.13l.5-1c-1.29-.8-8.76-6.67-16.23-18.03-5.98-9.06-11.25-21.41-13.64-32.56,10.85-2.59,16.53-9.66,16.53-19.32,0-11.35-11.95-18.82-27.09-18.82-10.06,0-14.04,1-18.62,1-4.98,0-8.17-.5-13.14-.5m19.72,34.56v-25.29c0-4.78,2.09-6.27,7.67-6.27,13.94,0,19.02,6.27,19.02,15.34s-5.58,16.23-17.53,16.23h-9.16Zm75.48,40.63c12.75,0,21.71-6.57,21.71-19.02,0-23-37.54-25.69-37.54-43.32,0-5.98,4.58-9.56,11.15-9.56,7.17,0,13.34,4.68,21.21,16.93h1.59c-.8-4.08-1.39-8.56-1.39-11.05,0-2.69,.1-6.17,1-9.16h-1.49c-1.59,1.59-3.48,2.49-5.48,2.49-4.98,0-8.17-2.99-16.23-2.99-13.84,0-21.61,8.76-21.61,17.63,0,22.51,37.34,26.09,37.34,43.12,0,7.77-4.38,11.15-12.65,11.15-10.75,0-20.91-6.27-24.7-20.02h-1.89c.6,3.78,.8,6.17,.8,10.85,0,3.39-1.49,9.56-2.79,12.45h1.89c1.49-1.99,3.98-3.88,7.87-3.88,5.58,0,10.26,4.38,21.21,4.38"/><path d="M27.48,75.18v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78v-28.48c2.09-.2,4.18-.2,6.27-.2,5.18,0,8.56,4.98,9.76,11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55,0-4.08,.3-9.56,.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.1,5.88-4.58,9.76-9.76,9.76-2.09,0-4.18,0-6.27-.2V8.56c0-3.58,1.1-4.58,2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69,0,2.59,3.19,6.47,7.37,3.29,3.58,8.66,6.47,10.36,6.47l.5-.9c-1.09-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15,0-1.3,.6-2.49,.6-3.39,0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76,0-18.42,.3-27.58,.3C15.33,.8,6.97,.7,0,.5v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.1,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.2,13.84,.3m70.21,.5c22.51,0,37.94-16.73,37.94-37.94S119.5,0,94.6,0c-22.51,0-37.94,16.73-37.94,37.94s15.93,37.74,41.03,37.74m3.88-3.78c-19.72,0-32.46-20.02-32.46-41.92,0-15.83,7.67-26.19,21.61-26.19,19.72,0,32.46,20.02,32.46,41.92,0,15.83-7.67,26.19-21.61,26.19M139.51,.5v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.09,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.2,13.84,.3v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78v-28.28h9.76l.2,.9c2.39,10.95,8.36,24.2,16.53,33.16,7.57,8.27,21.21,16.33,25.49,17.13l.5-1c-1.29-.8-8.76-6.67-16.23-18.03-5.98-9.06-11.25-21.41-13.64-32.56,10.85-2.59,16.53-9.66,16.53-19.32,0-11.35-11.95-18.82-27.09-18.82-10.06,0-14.04,1-18.62,1-4.98,0-8.17-.5-13.14-.5m19.72,34.56V9.76c0-4.78,2.09-6.27,7.67-6.27,13.94,0,19.02,6.27,19.02,15.34s-5.58,16.23-17.53,16.23h-9.16Zm100.68,40.13c.6,0,1.2-.3,1.2-1.39,0-.9-.8-2.19-.8-3.59,0-5.28,2.99-11.45,4.18-13.04l-.6-1.1c-1.59,0-5.08,2.19-8.26,6.07-3.88,4.48-5.78,9.56-10.76,9.56h-15.93c-2.99,0-3.98-1-3.98-4.88v-29.87c3.39-.2,6.87-.2,10.26-.2,4.18,0,7.57,4.98,8.76,11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55,0-4.08,.3-9.56,.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.1,5.87-4.58,9.76-8.76,9.76-3.39,0-6.87,0-10.26-.2V8.56c0-3.58,1.1-4.58,2.89-4.58h16.23c2.59,0,2.49,2.89,6.17,6.87,3.09,3.39,8.27,6.17,9.86,6.17l.5-.9c-1.1-1.39-3.98-6.87-3.98-11.55,0-1.19,.5-2.39,.5-3.19,0-.6-.3-.9-.9-.9-8.36,0-17.82,.3-26.99,.3-8.66,0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.1,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c6.77-.1,15.63-.3,24.8-.3,10.06,0,20.81,.3,29.87,.3m34.45,0v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-2.89-3.98-7.77V8.76c0-3.88,1-5.08,3.98-5.68l3.78-.8V.5c-3.29,.1-7.57,.1-13.74,.1s-10.46,0-13.74-.1v1.79l3.78,.8c2.89,.6,3.98,1.79,3.98,5.68v56.07c0,4.88-1.09,7.17-3.98,7.77l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.1,13.64-.1s10.56,0,13.84,.1M335.19,0c-21.51,0-36.94,16.73-36.94,37.94s15.93,37.74,39.04,37.74c9.46,0,17.13-3.29,20.81-7.47,1.59,4.68,5.28,7.47,9.96,7.47,2.99,0,4.48-.5,5.97-1.49v-1.49c-3.39,0-4.88-1.79-4.88-6.07v-15.04c0-3.09,.9-5.08,2.69-5.58l3.09-.9v-1.79c-4.28,.2-6.57,.3-12.75,.3s-10.46-.1-12.75-.3v1.79l3.78,.8c2.89,.6,3.98,1.79,3.98,5.68v5.08c0,8.86-6.07,15.24-16.03,15.24-17.73,0-30.47-19.02-30.47-41.92,0-15.83,7.67-26.19,23.6-26.19,8.07,0,12.55,1,18.12,4.18,4.68,2.69,7.77,6.37,12.25,13.74h1.89c-1-4.08-1.69-8.56-1.69-11.05,0-2.69,.1-6.57,1-10.16h-1.89c-1.59,2.19-3.09,3.49-5.08,3.49-5.68,0-11.05-3.98-23.7-3.98m108.74,12.85c.2-5.88,2.29-8.96,5.97-9.76l3.78-.8V.5c-3.29,.2-6.67,.3-12.85,.3s-10.36-.1-13.64-.3v1.79l3.78,.8c5.38,1.1,8.07,3.58,7.97,9.46l-.7,44.02L395.94,.5c-3.09,.1-6.57,.2-10.46,.2s-7.07-.1-10.06-.2v1.79c6.77,1,11.75,6.57,11.75,13.44v51.09c0,3.88-4.08,5.18-6.97,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.2,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.1,13.84,.3v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-7.97-1.89-7.97-5.78V16.03l47.5,61.34h1.99l2.29-64.53Z"/></svg> </span></div></div></div></section> </footer><div class="messages--container messages--container--bottom"> <span style="display:none;" data-fa-placeholder-id="fa_message_193"></span><span style="display:none;" data-fa-placeholder-id="fa_message_195"></span><span style="display:none;" data-fa-placeholder-id="fa_message_18"></span></div></div><div class="flyout__overlay"><div class="flyout__no-click"></div><div class="flyout__right dark-blue-2-bg h-100 position-fixed overflow-hidden pt-5 text-white"><div class="flyout__right-inner position-relative"><div class="flyout__message mt-4"> <button class="flyout__js-close flyout__close border-0 text-white position-absolute bg-transparent">×</button></div><div id="flyout"><div class="loading-state d-flex justify-content-center py-5 loading-state--minimal-height"> <img class="loading-state__spinner d-md-none" src="/themes/fa/assets/images/FA-loading-32.gif" alt="Loading" loading="lazy" width="32" height="32" /> <img class="loading-state__spinner d-none d-md-block" src="/themes/fa/assets/images/FA-loading-64.gif" alt="Loading" loading="lazy" width="64" height="64" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e90538affd2ce29',t:'MTczMjY5MTcyMC4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body></div><script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/1130975","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"gtm":{"tagId":null,"settings":{"data_layer":"dataLayer","include_classes":false,"allowlist_classes":"google\nnonGooglePixels\nnonGoogleScripts\nnonGoogleIframes","blocklist_classes":"customScripts\ncustomPixels","include_environment":false,"environment_id":"","environment_token":""},"tagIds":["GTM-52SVNB"]},"gtag":{"tagId":"","consentMode":false,"otherIds":[],"events":[],"additionalConfigInfo":[]},"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJxdkGFyhCAMhS9k5RztJZiAEbGB2AR3l56-UaedqX8g7wu8vElgbtoENh9AJLObWcoQ7jQRB6A3bZ1yTUOErcUFXADFIbKgy7WhVKBx_dpR-njazOBAWo6Eetb7lNlvBB3l0H9TDnGbYITgu7-XjaWdvwvk-nFWFZ9K2Gyg5weK-Rn1MJVcnZjnoSLExXzcA6T7uGD8POiEmlP1HFaMTd0MI6zwOjoFVSGhOosXcWGazF2w2nWG9Rv0JxD51Z5c5UEVMrVFdqdbuesRX9dOhsScCH2D5JIdd32F-AfLsPzuONdH1hysNaOBQbs2LOfqfwA16KxA","theme":"fa","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"form_action_p_pvdeGsVG5zNF_XLGPTvYSKCf43t8qZYSwcfZl2uzM":true,"\/africa\/world-war?ajax_form=1":true},"fa_user":{"is_subscriber":false,"permissions":{"create fa_note entities":false}},"fa_caching":{"css_js_query_string":"smyk5z"},"fa_jsonapi":{"node_typename":"node--article","node_uuid":"7850c720-94ba-4e6a-b32a-1bc55725250a"},"fa_sailthru":{"customer_id":"ce43426d2a1ff8658afdea083135e42c"},"faHcaptcha":{"siteKey":"e4def1c1-7560-43f6-b953-3b4a405c0eef"},"seconds":"7","depth":0.25,"condition":"timer","article_id":"1130975","article_tags":{"regions":[{"name":"Africa","url":"\/regions\/africa"},{"name":"Middle East","url":"\/regions\/middle-east"},{"name":"World","url":"\/regions\/world"},{"name":"United States","url":"\/regions\/united-states"}],"topics":[{"name":"Diplomacy","url":"\/topics\/diplomacy"},{"name":"Geopolitics","url":"\/topics\/geopolitics"},{"name":"Foreign Policy","url":"\/topics\/foreign-policy"},{"name":"International Institutions","url":"\/topics\/international-institutions"},{"name":"Security","url":"\/topics\/security"},{"name":"Defense \u0026 Military","url":"\/topics\/defense-military"},{"name":"Humanitarian Intervention","url":"\/topics\/humanitarian-intervention"},{"name":"Post-Conflict Reconstruction","url":"\/topics\/post-conflict-reconstruction"},{"name":"Strategy \u0026 Conflict","url":"\/topics\/strategy-conflict"},{"name":"War \u0026 Military Strategy","url":"\/topics\/war-military-strategy"},{"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"\/topics\/us-foreign-policy"}],"tags":[]},"article_metadata":{"id":"1130975","type":"article","title":"A World at War","authors":[{"title":"Emma Beals","sort_name":null},{"title":"Peter Salisbury","sort_name":"Salisbury, Peter"}],"issued":"2023-10-30","url":"https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/africa\/world-war"},"dfpAdsSettings":{"sidebar":{"id":"sidebar","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-sidebar--3","breakpoints":[{"browser_size":"[0, 0]","ad_sizes":"[]"},{"browser_size":"[1024, 1]","ad_sizes":"[[300, 250], [300, 600]]"}],"outOfPage":false,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/africa\/sidebar","size":"[[300, 250], [300, 600]]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":{"0":{"target":"regions","value":["Africa","Middle East","World","United States"]},"2":{"target":"topics","value":["Diplomacy","Geopolitics","Foreign Policy","International Institutions","Security","Defense \u0026amp; Military","Humanitarian Intervention","Post-Conflict Reconstruction","Strategy \u0026amp; Conflict","War \u0026amp; Military Strategy","U.S. Foreign Policy"]},"3":{"target":"content-subtype","value":["snapshot"]},"4":{"target":"node","value":["1130975"]},"5":{"target":"environment","value":["live"]}}},"homepage_river":{"id":"homepage_river","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-homepage-river","breakpoints":[],"outOfPage":false,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/africa\/homepage_river","size":"[[300, 250], [300, 600]]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":{"0":{"target":"regions","value":["Africa","Middle East","World","United States"]},"2":{"target":"topics","value":["Diplomacy","Geopolitics","Foreign Policy","International Institutions","Security","Defense \u0026amp; Military","Humanitarian Intervention","Post-Conflict Reconstruction","Strategy \u0026amp; Conflict","War \u0026amp; Military Strategy","U.S. Foreign Policy"]},"3":{"target":"content-subtype","value":["snapshot"]},"4":{"target":"node","value":["1130975"]},"5":{"target":"environment","value":["live"]}}},"outofpage":{"id":"outofpage","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-outofpage","breakpoints":[],"outOfPage":true,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/africa\/outofpage","size":"[0, 0]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":{"0":{"target":"regions","value":["Africa","Middle East","World","United States"]},"2":{"target":"topics","value":["Diplomacy","Geopolitics","Foreign Policy","International Institutions","Security","Defense \u0026amp; Military","Humanitarian Intervention","Post-Conflict Reconstruction","Strategy \u0026amp; Conflict","War \u0026amp; Military Strategy","U.S. Foreign Policy"]},"3":{"target":"content-subtype","value":["snapshot"]},"4":{"target":"node","value":["1130975"]},"5":{"target":"environment","value":["live"]}}},"speedbump_desktop":{"id":"speedbump_desktop","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-speedbump-desktop","breakpoints":[{"browser_size":"[0, 0]","ad_sizes":"[]"},{"browser_size":"[1024, 1]","ad_sizes":"[[728, 90], [970, 250]]"}],"outOfPage":false,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/africa\/speedbump_desktop","size":"[[728, 90], [970, 250]]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":{"0":{"target":"regions","value":["Africa","Middle East","World","United States"]},"2":{"target":"topics","value":["Diplomacy","Geopolitics","Foreign Policy","International Institutions","Security","Defense \u0026amp; Military","Humanitarian Intervention","Post-Conflict Reconstruction","Strategy \u0026amp; Conflict","War \u0026amp; Military Strategy","U.S. Foreign Policy"]},"3":{"target":"content-subtype","value":["snapshot"]},"4":{"target":"node","value":["1130975"]},"5":{"target":"environment","value":["live"]}}},"speedbump_mobile":{"id":"speedbump_mobile","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile","breakpoints":[{"browser_size":"[0, 0]","ad_sizes":"[300, 250]"},{"browser_size":"[1024, 1]","ad_sizes":"[]"}],"outOfPage":false,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/africa\/speedbump_mobile","size":"[300, 250]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":{"0":{"target":"regions","value":["Africa","Middle East","World","United States"]},"2":{"target":"topics","value":["Diplomacy","Geopolitics","Foreign Policy","International Institutions","Security","Defense \u0026amp; Military","Humanitarian Intervention","Post-Conflict Reconstruction","Strategy \u0026amp; Conflict","War \u0026amp; Military Strategy","U.S. Foreign Policy"]},"3":{"target":"content-subtype","value":["snapshot"]},"4":{"target":"node","value":["1130975"]},"5":{"target":"environment","value":["live"]}}},"top":{"id":"top","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-top","breakpoints":[{"browser_size":"[0, 0]","ad_sizes":"[320, 50]"},{"browser_size":"[1024, 1]","ad_sizes":"[[728, 90], [970, 90]]"}],"outOfPage":false,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/africa\/top","size":"[[728, 90], [970, 90], [320, 50]]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":{"0":{"target":"regions","value":["Africa","Middle East","World","United States"]},"2":{"target":"topics","value":["Diplomacy","Geopolitics","Foreign Policy","International Institutions","Security","Defense \u0026amp; Military","Humanitarian Intervention","Post-Conflict Reconstruction","Strategy \u0026amp; Conflict","War \u0026amp; Military Strategy","U.S. Foreign Policy"]},"3":{"target":"content-subtype","value":["snapshot"]},"4":{"target":"node","value":["1130975"]},"5":{"target":"environment","value":["live"]}}}},"ajax":{"edit-submit":{"wrapper":"fa_newsletter_email_signup_homepage_bottom","callback":"::ajaxCallback","method":"replaceWith","effect":"none","event":"click","progress":{"type":"faspinner","message":null},"disable-refocus":true,"url":"\/africa\/world-war?ajax_form=1","httpMethod":"POST","dialogType":"ajax","submit":{"_triggering_element_name":"op","_triggering_element_value":"Sign Up"}},"edit-submit--2":{"wrapper":"fa_newsletter_email_signup_overlay","callback":"::ajaxCallback","method":"replaceWith","effect":"none","event":"click","progress":{"type":"faspinner","message":null},"disable-refocus":true,"url":"\/africa\/world-war?ajax_form=1","httpMethod":"POST","dialogType":"ajax","submit":{"_triggering_element_name":"op","_triggering_element_value":"Get the Newsletter"}}},"hcaptcha":{"src":"https:\/\/hcaptcha.com\/1\/api.js?hl=en\u0026render=explicit\u0026onload=drupalHcaptchaOnload"},"fa_paywall_js":{"get_content_url":"\/fa\/paywall\/1130975\/ajax\/content?token=pfB3GupGJIpEUtbMmmvVy2wKrMT8qhywh-P1ACzoXfw"},"nid":"1130975","user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"e6452d1e95364a42a32eed839ae8cc3125805166ee938c248cf5e52861ff52ad"}}</script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_W_PSBrvT-15ZNQusO05Y_h5uheHnHDkzuUC57sBn03A.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA"></script><script src="//ak.sail-horizon.com/spm/spm.v1.min.js" defer></script><script src="/modules/custom/fa_sailthru/js/sailthru_init.js?smyk5z" defer></script><script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtm.js?smyk5z"></script><script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.js?smyk5z"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_7J_mwbmVIjbkybyfdTEWhJ59SkzBkYgzdhUu2IlNTfI.js?scope=footer&delta=5&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA"></script><script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.ajax.js?smyk5z"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_wlEOcCU9PA_EC1kBy-Omg80Nfn93F-zN5QKBGo_z2CQ.js?scope=footer&delta=7&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA"></script><script src="/themes/fa/build/assets/js/lib/lazyImports.js?smyk5z" defer></script><script src="/themes/fa/build/assets/js/jquery.progressline.bundle.js?smyk5z" defer></script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_STjQO82E_5F6h10OcElPLzxlRx4KwRQxLd13loZ8QdE.js?scope=footer&delta=10&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA"></script><script src="/themes/fa/build/assets/js/site.bundle.js?smyk5z" defer></script><script src="/themes/fa/build/assets/js/subscriberOnlyTooltip.bundle.js?smyk5z" defer></script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_to1zdCfxFKXjqDZSnzjN-OeSHdJsunkMBm5eQdW2G5I.js?scope=footer&delta=13&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA"></script><script src="/modules/custom/fa_paywall_js/js/paywall.js?v=1.1" defer></script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_8r6qsgxi6XIA4gJ_pY2IzsFzQcnENei1AnL2x7rgDLA.js?scope=footer&delta=15&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA"></script></body></html>