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GitHub - wbond/asn1crypto: Python ASN.1 library with a focus on performance and a pythonic API
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dir=\"auto\"\u003easn1crypto\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-asn1crypto\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: asn1crypto\" href=\"#asn1crypto\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA fast, pure Python library for parsing and serializing ASN.1 structures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#sponsorship\"\u003eSponsorship\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#features\"\u003eFeatures\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#why-another-python-asn1-library\"\u003eWhy Another Python ASN.1 Library?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#related-crypto-libraries\"\u003eRelated Crypto Libraries\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#current-release\"\u003eCurrent Release\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#dependencies\"\u003eDependencies\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#installation\"\u003eInstallation\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#license\"\u003eLicense\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#security-policy\"\u003eSecurity Policy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#documentation\"\u003eDocumentation\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#continuous-integration\"\u003eContinuous Integration\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#testing\"\u003eTesting\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#development\"\u003eDevelopment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#ci-tasks\"\u003eCI Tasks\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/wbond/asn1crypto/actions?workflow=CI\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://github.com/wbond/asn1crypto/workflows/CI/badge.svg\" alt=\"GitHub Actions CI\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://circleci.com/gh/wbond/asn1crypto\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/6b529dae5a227fe101edb493b39a09b71a578c91736badbc347875b69d442283/68747470733a2f2f636972636c6563692e636f6d2f67682f77626f6e642f61736e3163727970746f2e7376673f7374796c653d736869656c64\" alt=\"CircleCI\" data-canonical-src=\"https://circleci.com/gh/wbond/asn1crypto.svg?style=shield\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://pypi.org/project/asn1crypto/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/076593a2d411e924b8e12c202183c1fa742c6871491cfddfa48fe146841240f1/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f707970692f762f61736e3163727970746f2e737667\" alt=\"PyPI\" data-canonical-src=\"https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/asn1crypto.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSponsorship\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-sponsorship\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Sponsorship\" href=\"#sponsorship\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA quick thank you to all of the sponsors who donate to support the asn1crypto project:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCorporate\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-corporate\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Corporate\" href=\"#corporate\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.auspex-labs.com\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eAuxpex Labs\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com\"\u003eGitHub\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePersonal\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-personal\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Personal\" href=\"#personal\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNothing4You\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003esthagen\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eFeatures\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-features\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Features\" href=\"#features\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn addition to an ASN.1 BER/DER decoder and DER serializer, the project includes\na bunch of ASN.1 structures for use with various common cryptography standards:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eStandard\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eModule\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSource\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eX.509\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/x509.py\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.x509\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRFC 5280\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCRL\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/crl.py\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.crl\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRFC 5280\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCSR\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/csr.py\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.csr\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2986\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRFC 2986\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2985\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRFC 2985\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOCSP\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/ocsp.py\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.ocsp\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6960\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRFC 6960\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePKCS#12\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/pkcs12.py\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.pkcs12\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7292\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRFC 7292\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePKCS#8\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/keys.py\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.keys\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5208\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRFC 5208\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePKCS#1 v2.1 (RSA keys)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/keys.py\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.keys\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRFC 3447\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDSA keys\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/keys.py\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.keys\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3279\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRFC 3279\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eElliptic curve keys\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/keys.py\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.keys\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSECG SEC1 V2\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePKCS#3 v1.4\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/algos.py\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.algos\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePKCS#3 v1.4\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePKCS#5 v2.1\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/algos.py\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.algos\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.emc.com/collateral/white-papers/h11302-pkcs5v2-1-password-based-cryptography-standard-wp.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePKCS#5 v2.1\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCMS (and PKCS#7)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/cms.py\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.cms\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5652\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRFC 5652\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2315\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRFC 2315\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTSP\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/tsp.py\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.tsp\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3161\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRFC 3161\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePDF signatures\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/pdf.py\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.pdf\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://wwwimages.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/pdf/pdfs/PDF32000_2008.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePDF 1.7\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhy Another Python ASN.1 Library?\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-why-another-python-asn1-library\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Why Another Python ASN.1 Library?\" href=\"#why-another-python-asn1-library\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePython has long had the \u003ca href=\"https://pypi.org/project/pyasn1/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epyasn1\u003c/a\u003e and\n\u003ca href=\"https://pypi.org/project/pyasn1-modules/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epyasn1_modules\u003c/a\u003e available for\nparsing and serializing ASN.1 structures. While the project does include a\ncomprehensive set of tools for parsing and serializing, the performance of the\nlibrary can be very poor, especially when dealing with bit fields and parsing\nlarge structures such as CRLs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAfter spending extensive time using \u003cem\u003epyasn1\u003c/em\u003e, the following issues were\nidentified:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePoor performance\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVerbose, non-pythonic API\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOut-dated and incomplete definitions in \u003cem\u003epyasn1-modules\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNo simple way to map data to native Python data structures\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNo mechanism for overridden universal ASN.1 types\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003cem\u003epyasn1\u003c/em\u003e API is largely method driven, and uses extensive configuration\nobjects and lowerCamelCase names. There were no consistent options for\nconverting types of native Python data structures. Since the project supports\nout-dated versions of Python, many newer language features are unavailable\nfor use.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTime was spent trying to profile issues with the performance, however the\narchitecture made it hard to pin down the primary source of the poor\nperformance. Attempts were made to improve performance by utilizing unreleased\npatches and delaying parsing using the \u003ccode\u003eAny\u003c/code\u003e type. Even with such changes, the\nperformance was still unacceptably slow.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFinally, a number of structures in the cryptographic space use universal data\ntypes such as \u003ccode\u003eBitString\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eOctetString\u003c/code\u003e, but interpret the data as other\ntypes. For instance, signatures are really byte strings, but are encoded as\n\u003ccode\u003eBitString\u003c/code\u003e. Elliptic curve keys use both \u003ccode\u003eBitString\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eOctetString\u003c/code\u003e to\nrepresent integers. Parsing these structures as the base universal types and\nthen re-interpreting them wastes computation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003easn1crypto\u003c/em\u003e uses the following techniques to improve performance, especially\nwhen extracting one or two fields from large, complex structures:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDelayed parsing of byte string values\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePersistence of original ASN.1 encoded data until a value is changed\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLazy loading of child fields\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUtilization of high-level Python stdlib modules\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhile there is no extensive performance test suite, the\n\u003ccode\u003eCRLTests.test_parse_crl\u003c/code\u003e test case was used to parse a 21MB CRL file on a\nlate 2013 rMBP. \u003cem\u003easn1crypto\u003c/em\u003e parsed the certificate serial numbers in just\nunder 8 seconds. With \u003cem\u003epyasn1\u003c/em\u003e, using definitions from \u003cem\u003epyasn1-modules\u003c/em\u003e, the\nsame parsing took over 4,100 seconds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor smaller structures the performance difference can range from a few times\nfaster to an order of magnitude or more.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRelated Crypto Libraries\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-related-crypto-libraries\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Related Crypto Libraries\" href=\"#related-crypto-libraries\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003easn1crypto\u003c/em\u003e is part of the modularcrypto family of Python packages:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/wbond/asn1crypto\"\u003easn1crypto\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/wbond/oscrypto\"\u003eoscrypto\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/wbond/csrbuilder\"\u003ecsrbuilder\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/wbond/certbuilder\"\u003ecertbuilder\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/wbond/crlbuilder\"\u003ecrlbuilder\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/wbond/ocspbuilder\"\u003eocspbuilder\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/wbond/certvalidator\"\u003ecertvalidator\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCurrent Release\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-current-release\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Current Release\" href=\"#current-release\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e1.5.1 - \u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/changelog.md\"\u003echangelog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDependencies\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-dependencies\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Dependencies\" href=\"#dependencies\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePython 2.6, 2.7, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12 or pypy.\n\u003cem\u003eNo third-party packages required.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eInstallation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-installation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Installation\" href=\"#installation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"pip install asn1crypto\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epip install asn1crypto\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLicense\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-license\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: License\" href=\"#license\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003easn1crypto\u003c/em\u003e is licensed under the terms of the MIT license. See the\n\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/LICENSE\"\u003eLICENSE\u003c/a\u003e file for the exact license text.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSecurity Policy\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-security-policy\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Security Policy\" href=\"#security-policy\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe security policies for this project are covered in\n\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/SECURITY.md\"\u003eSECURITY.md\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDocumentation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-documentation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Documentation\" href=\"#documentation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe documentation for \u003cem\u003easn1crypto\u003c/em\u003e is composed of tutorials on basic usage and\nlinks to the source for the various pre-defined type classes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTutorials\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-tutorials\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Tutorials\" href=\"#tutorials\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/docs/universal_types.md\"\u003eUniversal Types with BER/DER Decoder and DER Encoder\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/docs/pem.md\"\u003ePEM Encoder and Decoder\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReference\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-reference\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Reference\" href=\"#reference\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/core.py\"\u003eUniversal types\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.core\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/algos.py\"\u003eDigest, HMAC, signed digest and encryption algorithms\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.algos\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/keys.py\"\u003ePrivate and public keys\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.keys\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/x509.py\"\u003eX509 certificates\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.x509\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/crl.py\"\u003eCertificate revocation lists (CRLs)\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.crl\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/ocsp.py\"\u003eOnline certificate status protocol (OCSP)\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.ocsp\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/csr.py\"\u003eCertificate signing requests (CSRs)\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.csr\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/pkcs12.py\"\u003ePrivate key/certificate containers (PKCS#12)\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.pkcs12\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/cms.py\"\u003eCryptographic message syntax (CMS, PKCS#7)\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.cms\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/tsp.py\"\u003eTime stamp protocol (TSP)\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.tsp\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/pdf.py\"\u003ePDF signatures\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ccode\u003easn1crypto.pdf\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eContinuous Integration\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-continuous-integration\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Continuous Integration\" href=\"#continuous-integration\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eVarious combinations of platforms and versions of Python are tested via:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/wbond/asn1crypto/actions/workflows/ci.yml\"\u003emacOS, Linux, Windows\u003c/a\u003e via GitHub Actions\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://circleci.com/gh/wbond/asn1crypto\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003earm64\u003c/a\u003e via CircleCI\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTesting\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-testing\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Testing\" href=\"#testing\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTests are written using \u003ccode\u003eunittest\u003c/code\u003e and require no third-party packages.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDepending on what type of source is available for the package, the following\ncommands can be used to run the test suite.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eGit Repository\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-git-repository\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Git Repository\" href=\"#git-repository\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen working within a Git working copy, or an archive of the Git repository,\nthe full test suite is run via:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"python run.py tests\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epython run.py tests\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo run only some tests, pass a regular expression as a parameter to \u003ccode\u003etests\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"python run.py tests ocsp\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epython run.py tests ocsp\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePyPi Source Distribution\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-pypi-source-distribution\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: PyPi Source Distribution\" href=\"#pypi-source-distribution\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen working within an extracted source distribution (aka \u003ccode\u003e.tar.gz\u003c/code\u003e) from\nPyPi, the full test suite is run via:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"python setup.py test\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epython setup.py \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etest\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePackage\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-package\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Package\" href=\"#package\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen the package has been installed via pip (or another method), the package\n\u003ccode\u003easn1crypto_tests\u003c/code\u003e may be installed and invoked to run the full test suite:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"pip install asn1crypto_tests\npython -m asn1crypto_tests\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epip install asn1crypto_tests\npython -m asn1crypto_tests\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDevelopment\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-development\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Development\" href=\"#development\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo install the package used for linting, execute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"pip install --user -r requires/lint\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epip install --user -r requires/lint\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe following command will run the linter:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"python run.py lint\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epython run.py lint\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSupport for code coverage can be installed via:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"pip install --user -r requires/coverage\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epip install --user -r requires/coverage\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCoverage is measured by running:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"python run.py coverage\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epython run.py coverage\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo change the version number of the package, run:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"python run.py version {pep440_version}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epython run.py version {pep440_version}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo install the necessary packages for releasing a new version on PyPI, run:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"pip install --user -r requires/release\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epip install --user -r requires/release\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eReleases are created by:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMaking a git tag in \u003ca href=\"https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0440/#examples-of-compliant-version-schemes\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 440\u003c/a\u003e format\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRunning the command:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"python run.py release\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epython run.py release\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExisting releases can be found at \u003ca href=\"https://pypi.org/project/asn1crypto/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://pypi.org/project/asn1crypto/\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCI Tasks\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-ci-tasks\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: CI Tasks\" href=\"#ci-tasks\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA task named \u003ccode\u003edeps\u003c/code\u003e exists to download and stage all necessary testing\ndependencies. On posix platforms, \u003ccode\u003ecurl\u003c/code\u003e is used for downloads and on Windows\nPowerShell with \u003ccode\u003eNet.WebClient\u003c/code\u003e is used. This configuration sidesteps issues\nrelated to getting pip to work properly and messing with \u003ccode\u003esite-packages\u003c/code\u003e for\nthe version of Python being used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eci\u003c/code\u003e task runs \u003ccode\u003elint\u003c/code\u003e (if flake8 is available for the version of Python) and\n\u003ccode\u003ecoverage\u003c/code\u003e (or \u003ccode\u003etests\u003c/code\u003e if coverage is not available for the version of Python).\nIf the current directory is a clean git working copy, the coverage data is\nsubmitted to codecov.io.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"python run.py deps\npython run.py ci\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epython run.py deps\npython run.py ci\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"asn1crypto","anchor":"asn1crypto","htmlText":"asn1crypto"},{"level":2,"text":"Sponsorship","anchor":"sponsorship","htmlText":"Sponsorship"},{"level":3,"text":"Corporate","anchor":"corporate","htmlText":"Corporate"},{"level":3,"text":"Personal","anchor":"personal","htmlText":"Personal"},{"level":2,"text":"Features","anchor":"features","htmlText":"Features"},{"level":2,"text":"Why Another Python ASN.1 Library?","anchor":"why-another-python-asn1-library","htmlText":"Why Another Python ASN.1 Library?"},{"level":2,"text":"Related Crypto Libraries","anchor":"related-crypto-libraries","htmlText":"Related Crypto Libraries"},{"level":2,"text":"Current Release","anchor":"current-release","htmlText":"Current Release"},{"level":2,"text":"Dependencies","anchor":"dependencies","htmlText":"Dependencies"},{"level":2,"text":"Installation","anchor":"installation","htmlText":"Installation"},{"level":2,"text":"License","anchor":"license","htmlText":"License"},{"level":2,"text":"Security Policy","anchor":"security-policy","htmlText":"Security Policy"},{"level":2,"text":"Documentation","anchor":"documentation","htmlText":"Documentation"},{"level":3,"text":"Tutorials","anchor":"tutorials","htmlText":"Tutorials"},{"level":3,"text":"Reference","anchor":"reference","htmlText":"Reference"},{"level":2,"text":"Continuous Integration","anchor":"continuous-integration","htmlText":"Continuous Integration"},{"level":2,"text":"Testing","anchor":"testing","htmlText":"Testing"},{"level":3,"text":"Git Repository","anchor":"git-repository","htmlText":"Git Repository"},{"level":3,"text":"PyPi Source Distribution","anchor":"pypi-source-distribution","htmlText":"PyPi Source Distribution"},{"level":3,"text":"Package","anchor":"package","htmlText":"Package"},{"level":2,"text":"Development","anchor":"development","htmlText":"Development"},{"level":2,"text":"CI Tasks","anchor":"ci-tasks","htmlText":"CI Tasks"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fwbond%2Fasn1crypto"}},{"displayName":"LICENSE","repoName":"asn1crypto","refName":"master","path":"LICENSE","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"MIT","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fwbond%2Fasn1crypto"}},{"displayName":"SECURITY.md","repoName":"asn1crypto","refName":"master","path":"SECURITY.md","preferredFileType":"security","tabName":"Security","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fwbond%2Fasn1crypto"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-7d7eb7c71814.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-96e76d5fdb2c.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"copilot_workspace":null,"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":false,"react_blob_overlay":false,"accessible_code_button":true,"github_models_repo_integration":false}}}}</script> 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id=":Rr9ab:"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-list-unordered" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M5.75 2.5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Zm0 5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Zm0 5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Zm1-6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0ZM2 4a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 QkQOb js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned undefined" data-hpc="true"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">asn1crypto</h1><a id="user-content-asn1crypto" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: asn1crypto" href="#asn1crypto"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A fast, pure Python library for parsing and serializing ASN.1 structures.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#sponsorship">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="#features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="#why-another-python-asn1-library">Why Another Python ASN.1 Library?</a></li> <li><a href="#related-crypto-libraries">Related Crypto Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="#current-release">Current Release</a></li> <li><a href="#dependencies">Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="#installation">Installation</a></li> <li><a href="#license">License</a></li> <li><a href="#security-policy">Security Policy</a></li> <li><a href="#documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="#continuous-integration">Continuous Integration</a></li> <li><a href="#testing">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="#development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="#ci-tasks">CI Tasks</a></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://github.com/wbond/asn1crypto/actions?workflow=CI"><img src="https://github.com/wbond/asn1crypto/workflows/CI/badge.svg" alt="GitHub Actions CI" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://circleci.com/gh/wbond/asn1crypto" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/6b529dae5a227fe101edb493b39a09b71a578c91736badbc347875b69d442283/68747470733a2f2f636972636c6563692e636f6d2f67682f77626f6e642f61736e3163727970746f2e7376673f7374796c653d736869656c64" alt="CircleCI" data-canonical-src="https://circleci.com/gh/wbond/asn1crypto.svg?style=shield" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://pypi.org/project/asn1crypto/" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/076593a2d411e924b8e12c202183c1fa742c6871491cfddfa48fe146841240f1/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f707970692f762f61736e3163727970746f2e737667" alt="PyPI" data-canonical-src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/asn1crypto.svg" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Sponsorship</h2><a id="user-content-sponsorship" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Sponsorship" href="#sponsorship"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A quick thank you to all of the sponsors who donate to support the asn1crypto project:</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Corporate</h3><a id="user-content-corporate" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Corporate" href="#corporate"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://www.auspex-labs.com" rel="nofollow">Auxpex Labs</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com">GitHub</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Personal</h3><a id="user-content-personal" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Personal" href="#personal"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Nothing4You</li> <li>sthagen</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Features</h2><a id="user-content-features" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Features" href="#features"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">In addition to an ASN.1 BER/DER decoder and DER serializer, the project includes a bunch of ASN.1 structures for use with various common cryptography standards:</p> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Standard</th> <th>Module</th> <th>Source</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>X.509</td> <td><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/x509.py"><code>asn1crypto.x509</code></a></td> <td><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280" rel="nofollow">RFC 5280</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>CRL</td> <td><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/crl.py"><code>asn1crypto.crl</code></a></td> <td><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280" rel="nofollow">RFC 5280</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>CSR</td> <td><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/csr.py"><code>asn1crypto.csr</code></a></td> <td><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2986" rel="nofollow">RFC 2986</a>, <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2985" rel="nofollow">RFC 2985</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>OCSP</td> <td><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/ocsp.py"><code>asn1crypto.ocsp</code></a></td> <td><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6960" rel="nofollow">RFC 6960</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>PKCS#12</td> <td><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/pkcs12.py"><code>asn1crypto.pkcs12</code></a></td> <td><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7292" rel="nofollow">RFC 7292</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>PKCS#8</td> <td><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/keys.py"><code>asn1crypto.keys</code></a></td> <td><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5208" rel="nofollow">RFC 5208</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>PKCS#1 v2.1 (RSA keys)</td> <td><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/keys.py"><code>asn1crypto.keys</code></a></td> <td><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447" rel="nofollow">RFC 3447</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>DSA keys</td> <td><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/keys.py"><code>asn1crypto.keys</code></a></td> <td><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3279" rel="nofollow">RFC 3279</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elliptic curve keys</td> <td><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/keys.py"><code>asn1crypto.keys</code></a></td> <td><a href="http://www.secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf" rel="nofollow">SECG SEC1 V2</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>PKCS#3 v1.4</td> <td><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/algos.py"><code>asn1crypto.algos</code></a></td> <td>PKCS#3 v1.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PKCS#5 v2.1</td> <td><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/algos.py"><code>asn1crypto.algos</code></a></td> <td><a href="http://www.emc.com/collateral/white-papers/h11302-pkcs5v2-1-password-based-cryptography-standard-wp.pdf" rel="nofollow">PKCS#5 v2.1</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>CMS (and PKCS#7)</td> <td><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/cms.py"><code>asn1crypto.cms</code></a></td> <td><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5652" rel="nofollow">RFC 5652</a>, <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2315" rel="nofollow">RFC 2315</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>TSP</td> <td><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/tsp.py"><code>asn1crypto.tsp</code></a></td> <td><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3161" rel="nofollow">RFC 3161</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>PDF signatures</td> <td><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/pdf.py"><code>asn1crypto.pdf</code></a></td> <td><a href="http://wwwimages.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/pdf/pdfs/PDF32000_2008.pdf" rel="nofollow">PDF 1.7</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Why Another Python ASN.1 Library?</h2><a id="user-content-why-another-python-asn1-library" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Why Another Python ASN.1 Library?" href="#why-another-python-asn1-library"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Python has long had the <a href="https://pypi.org/project/pyasn1/" rel="nofollow">pyasn1</a> and <a href="https://pypi.org/project/pyasn1-modules/" rel="nofollow">pyasn1_modules</a> available for parsing and serializing ASN.1 structures. While the project does include a comprehensive set of tools for parsing and serializing, the performance of the library can be very poor, especially when dealing with bit fields and parsing large structures such as CRLs.</p> <p dir="auto">After spending extensive time using <em>pyasn1</em>, the following issues were identified:</p> <ol dir="auto"> <li>Poor performance</li> <li>Verbose, non-pythonic API</li> <li>Out-dated and incomplete definitions in <em>pyasn1-modules</em></li> <li>No simple way to map data to native Python data structures</li> <li>No mechanism for overridden universal ASN.1 types</li> </ol> <p dir="auto">The <em>pyasn1</em> API is largely method driven, and uses extensive configuration objects and lowerCamelCase names. There were no consistent options for converting types of native Python data structures. Since the project supports out-dated versions of Python, many newer language features are unavailable for use.</p> <p dir="auto">Time was spent trying to profile issues with the performance, however the architecture made it hard to pin down the primary source of the poor performance. Attempts were made to improve performance by utilizing unreleased patches and delaying parsing using the <code>Any</code> type. Even with such changes, the performance was still unacceptably slow.</p> <p dir="auto">Finally, a number of structures in the cryptographic space use universal data types such as <code>BitString</code> and <code>OctetString</code>, but interpret the data as other types. For instance, signatures are really byte strings, but are encoded as <code>BitString</code>. Elliptic curve keys use both <code>BitString</code> and <code>OctetString</code> to represent integers. Parsing these structures as the base universal types and then re-interpreting them wastes computation.</p> <p dir="auto"><em>asn1crypto</em> uses the following techniques to improve performance, especially when extracting one or two fields from large, complex structures:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Delayed parsing of byte string values</li> <li>Persistence of original ASN.1 encoded data until a value is changed</li> <li>Lazy loading of child fields</li> <li>Utilization of high-level Python stdlib modules</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">While there is no extensive performance test suite, the <code>CRLTests.test_parse_crl</code> test case was used to parse a 21MB CRL file on a late 2013 rMBP. <em>asn1crypto</em> parsed the certificate serial numbers in just under 8 seconds. With <em>pyasn1</em>, using definitions from <em>pyasn1-modules</em>, the same parsing took over 4,100 seconds.</p> <p dir="auto">For smaller structures the performance difference can range from a few times faster to an order of magnitude or more.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Related Crypto Libraries</h2><a id="user-content-related-crypto-libraries" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Related Crypto Libraries" href="#related-crypto-libraries"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><em>asn1crypto</em> is part of the modularcrypto family of Python packages:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://github.com/wbond/asn1crypto">asn1crypto</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/wbond/oscrypto">oscrypto</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/wbond/csrbuilder">csrbuilder</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/wbond/certbuilder">certbuilder</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/wbond/crlbuilder">crlbuilder</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/wbond/ocspbuilder">ocspbuilder</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/wbond/certvalidator">certvalidator</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Current Release</h2><a id="user-content-current-release" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Current Release" href="#current-release"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">1.5.1 - <a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/changelog.md">changelog</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Dependencies</h2><a id="user-content-dependencies" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Dependencies" href="#dependencies"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12 or pypy. <em>No third-party packages required.</em></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Installation</h2><a id="user-content-installation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Installation" href="#installation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="pip install asn1crypto"><pre>pip install asn1crypto</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">License</h2><a id="user-content-license" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: License" href="#license"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><em>asn1crypto</em> is licensed under the terms of the MIT license. See the <a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/LICENSE">LICENSE</a> file for the exact license text.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Security Policy</h2><a id="user-content-security-policy" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Security Policy" href="#security-policy"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The security policies for this project are covered in <a href="https://github.com/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/SECURITY.md">SECURITY.md</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Documentation</h2><a id="user-content-documentation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Documentation" href="#documentation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The documentation for <em>asn1crypto</em> is composed of tutorials on basic usage and links to the source for the various pre-defined type classes.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Tutorials</h3><a id="user-content-tutorials" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Tutorials" href="#tutorials"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/docs/universal_types.md">Universal Types with BER/DER Decoder and DER Encoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/docs/pem.md">PEM Encoder and Decoder</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Reference</h3><a id="user-content-reference" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Reference" href="#reference"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/core.py">Universal types</a>, <code>asn1crypto.core</code></li> <li><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/algos.py">Digest, HMAC, signed digest and encryption algorithms</a>, <code>asn1crypto.algos</code></li> <li><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/keys.py">Private and public keys</a>, <code>asn1crypto.keys</code></li> <li><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/x509.py">X509 certificates</a>, <code>asn1crypto.x509</code></li> <li><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/crl.py">Certificate revocation lists (CRLs)</a>, <code>asn1crypto.crl</code></li> <li><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/ocsp.py">Online certificate status protocol (OCSP)</a>, <code>asn1crypto.ocsp</code></li> <li><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/csr.py">Certificate signing requests (CSRs)</a>, <code>asn1crypto.csr</code></li> <li><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/pkcs12.py">Private key/certificate containers (PKCS#12)</a>, <code>asn1crypto.pkcs12</code></li> <li><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/cms.py">Cryptographic message syntax (CMS, PKCS#7)</a>, <code>asn1crypto.cms</code></li> <li><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/tsp.py">Time stamp protocol (TSP)</a>, <code>asn1crypto.tsp</code></li> <li><a href="/wbond/asn1crypto/blob/master/asn1crypto/pdf.py">PDF signatures</a>, <code>asn1crypto.pdf</code></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Continuous Integration</h2><a id="user-content-continuous-integration" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Continuous Integration" href="#continuous-integration"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Various combinations of platforms and versions of Python are tested via:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://github.com/wbond/asn1crypto/actions/workflows/ci.yml">macOS, Linux, Windows</a> via GitHub Actions</li> <li><a href="https://circleci.com/gh/wbond/asn1crypto" rel="nofollow">arm64</a> via CircleCI</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Testing</h2><a id="user-content-testing" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Testing" href="#testing"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Tests are written using <code>unittest</code> and require no third-party packages.</p> <p dir="auto">Depending on what type of source is available for the package, the following commands can be used to run the test suite.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Git Repository</h3><a id="user-content-git-repository" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Git Repository" href="#git-repository"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">When working within a Git working copy, or an archive of the Git repository, the full test suite is run via:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="python run.py tests"><pre>python run.py tests</pre></div> <p dir="auto">To run only some tests, pass a regular expression as a parameter to <code>tests</code>.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="python run.py tests ocsp"><pre>python run.py tests ocsp</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">PyPi Source Distribution</h3><a id="user-content-pypi-source-distribution" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: PyPi Source Distribution" href="#pypi-source-distribution"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">When working within an extracted source distribution (aka <code>.tar.gz</code>) from PyPi, the full test suite is run via:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="python setup.py test"><pre>python setup.py <span class="pl-c1">test</span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Package</h3><a id="user-content-package" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Package" href="#package"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">When the package has been installed via pip (or another method), the package <code>asn1crypto_tests</code> may be installed and invoked to run the full test suite:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="pip install asn1crypto_tests python -m asn1crypto_tests"><pre>pip install asn1crypto_tests python -m asn1crypto_tests</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Development</h2><a id="user-content-development" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Development" href="#development"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">To install the package used for linting, execute:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="pip install --user -r requires/lint"><pre>pip install --user -r requires/lint</pre></div> <p dir="auto">The following command will run the linter:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="python run.py lint"><pre>python run.py lint</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Support for code coverage can be installed via:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="pip install --user -r requires/coverage"><pre>pip install --user -r requires/coverage</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Coverage is measured by running:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="python run.py coverage"><pre>python run.py coverage</pre></div> <p dir="auto">To change the version number of the package, run:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="python run.py version {pep440_version}"><pre>python run.py version {pep440_version}</pre></div> <p dir="auto">To install the necessary packages for releasing a new version on PyPI, run:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="pip install --user -r requires/release"><pre>pip install --user -r requires/release</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Releases are created by:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li> <p dir="auto">Making a git tag in <a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0440/#examples-of-compliant-version-schemes" rel="nofollow">PEP 440</a> format</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Running the command:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="python run.py release"><pre>python run.py release</pre></div> </li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Existing releases can be found at <a href="https://pypi.org/project/asn1crypto/" rel="nofollow">https://pypi.org/project/asn1crypto/</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">CI Tasks</h2><a id="user-content-ci-tasks" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: CI Tasks" href="#ci-tasks"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A task named <code>deps</code> exists to download and stage all necessary testing dependencies. On posix platforms, <code>curl</code> is used for downloads and on Windows PowerShell with <code>Net.WebClient</code> is used. This configuration sidesteps issues related to getting pip to work properly and messing with <code>site-packages</code> for the version of Python being used.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>ci</code> task runs <code>lint</code> (if flake8 is available for the version of Python) and <code>coverage</code> (or <code>tests</code> if coverage is not available for the version of Python). If the current directory is a clean git working copy, the coverage data is submitted to codecov.io.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="python run.py deps python run.py ci"><pre>python run.py deps python run.py ci</pre></div> </article></div></div></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="IHeS0TAW52evelPiM+kZTjOMKniA46iVoFoWDkUcpqOVSUasLQphX5M42xQb1mAq9upU9UqYRBNsCKQ9y37UKg==" /> </div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="BorderGrid about-margin" data-pjax> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <div class="hide-sm hide-md"> <h2 class="mb-3 h4">About</h2> <p class="f4 my-3"> Python ASN.1 library with a focus on performance and a pythonic API </p> <h3 class="sr-only">Topics</h3> <div class="my-3"> <div class="f6"> <a href="/topics/python" title="Topic: python" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> python </a> <a href="/topics/cms" title="Topic: cms" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> cms </a> <a href="/topics/cryptography" title="Topic: cryptography" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> cryptography </a> <a href="/topics/pkcs7" title="Topic: pkcs7" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> pkcs7 </a> <a href="/topics/x509" title="Topic: x509" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> x509 </a> <a href="/topics/asn1" title="Topic: asn1" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> asn1 </a> <a href="/topics/csr" title="Topic: csr" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> csr </a> <a href="/topics/crl" title="Topic: crl" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> crl </a> <a href="/topics/pem" title="Topic: pem" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> pem </a> <a href="/topics/ocsp" title="Topic: ocsp" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> ocsp </a> <a href="/topics/tsp" title="Topic: tsp" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> tsp </a> <a href="/topics/pkcs12" title="Topic: pkcs12" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> pkcs12 </a> </div> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Resources</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a class="Link--muted" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Repository Overview","action":"click","label":"location:sidebar;file:readme"}" href="#readme-ov-file"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-book mr-2"> <path d="M0 1.75A.75.75 0 0 1 .75 1h4.253c1.227 0 2.317.59 3 1.501A3.743 3.743 0 0 1 11.006 1h4.245a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v10.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-4.507a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-1.591.659l-.622.621a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0l-.622-.621A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.258 13H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm7.251 10.324.004-5.073-.002-2.253A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.003 2.5H1.5v9h3.757a3.75 3.75 0 0 1 1.994.574ZM8.755 4.75l-.004 7.322a3.752 3.752 0 0 1 1.992-.572H14.5v-9h-3.495a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-2.25 2.25Z"></path> </svg> Readme </a> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">License</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="#MIT-1-ov-file" class="Link--muted" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Repository Overview","action":"click","label":"location:sidebar;file:license"}" > <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-law mr-2"> <path d="M8.75.75V2h.985c.304 0 .603.08.867.231l1.29.736c.038.022.08.033.124.033h2.234a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.427l2.111 4.692a.75.75 0 0 1-.154.838l-.53-.53.529.531-.001.002-.002.002-.006.006-.006.005-.01.01-.045.04c-.21.176-.441.327-.686.45C14.556 10.78 13.88 11 13 11a4.498 4.498 0 0 1-2.023-.454 3.544 3.544 0 0 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