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Concaténation — Wikipédia

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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Langages formels</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Langages_formels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concaténation_d&#039;ensembles_de_mots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concaténation_d&#039;ensembles_de_mots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Concaténation d'ensembles de mots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concaténation_d&#039;ensembles_de_mots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Programmation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Unix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-En_littérature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#En_littérature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>En littérature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-En_littérature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section En littérature</span> </button> <ul id="toc-En_littérature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exemples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Exemples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Définition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Définition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Définition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Définition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Définition_linguistique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Définition_linguistique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Définition linguistique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Définition_linguistique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Définition_stylistique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Définition_stylistique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Définition stylistique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Définition_stylistique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genres_concernés" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres_concernés"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Genres concernés</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genres_concernés-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concaténation_de_mots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concaténation_de_mots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Concaténation de mots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concaténation_de_mots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historique_de_la_notion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historique_de_la_notion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Historique de la notion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historique_de_la_notion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Figures_proches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figures_proches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Figures proches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figures_proches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Concaténation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 26 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конкатенация – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конкатенация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%99et%C4%9Bzen%C3%AD" title="Zřetězení – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zřetězení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkatenering" title="Konkatenering – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konkatenering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkatenation_(Listen)" title="Konkatenation (Listen) – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konkatenation (Listen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concatenation" title="Concatenation – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Concatenation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunkro%C4%89o" title="Kunkroĉo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kunkroĉo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concatenaci%C3%B3n" title="Concatenación – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Concatenación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87)" title="الحاق (علوم رایانه) – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الحاق (علوم رایانه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concatenaci%C3%B3n" title="Concatenación – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Concatenación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8_(%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="שרשור (מחרוזות) – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרשור (מחרוזות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կապակցվածություն – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կապակցվածություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concatenamento" title="Concatenamento – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Concatenamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%88%97%E7%B5%90%E5%90%88" title="文字列結合 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文字列結合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B4_%EC%97%B0%EA%B2%B0" title="문자열 연결 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문자열 연결" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concatenatie" title="Concatenatie – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Concatenatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkatenering" title="Konkatenering – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konkatenering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkatenacja" title="Konkatenacja – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konkatenacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concatena%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Concatenação – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Concatenação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конкатенация – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конкатенация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concatenation" title="Concatenation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Concatenation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkatenering" title="Konkatenering – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konkatenering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஒன்றிணைப்பு – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒன்றிணைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Ftirme_(yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m)" title="Birleştirme (yazılım) – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birleştirme (yazılım)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Конкатенація – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конкатенація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_(%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3)" title="الحاق (کمپیوٹر سائنس) – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الحاق (کمپیوٹر سائنس)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B2%E6%8E%A5" title="串接 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="串接" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q126002#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Concat%C3%A9nation" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Concat%C3%A9nation" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p>Le terme <b>concaténation</b> (substantif féminin), du <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> <i><span class="lang-la" lang="la">cum</span></i>, «&#160;avec&#160;», et <i><span class="lang-la" lang="la">catena</span></i>, «&#160;chaîne, liaison&#160;», désigne l'action de mettre bout à bout au moins deux chaînes de caractères ou de <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ricope" title="Péricope">péricopes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Langages_formels">Langages formels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Langages formels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Langages formels"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formellement, dans le contexte théorique des <a href="/wiki/Langage_formel" title="Langage formel">langages formels</a>&#160;: on se donne un <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_fini" title="Ensemble fini">ensemble fini</a> Σ, et on appelle <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\star }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A3;<!-- Σ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x22C6;<!-- ⋆ --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\star }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc8e816bd6fecd15c5b82ef724d353fea16265c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\star }}"></span> l'ensemble des séquences d'éléments de Σ&#160;; la concaténation est alors la <a href="/wiki/Loi_de_composition_interne" title="Loi de composition interne">loi de composition interne</a> sur <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\star }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A3;<!-- Σ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x22C6;<!-- ⋆ --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\star }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc8e816bd6fecd15c5b82ef724d353fea16265c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\star }}"></span> qui aux séquences <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{m})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>&#x2026;<!-- … --></mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{m})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29a88ede8767d20fad109afdc02f85f5c5012c87" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.494ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{m})}"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (b_{1},b_{2},\ldots ,b_{n})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>&#x2026;<!-- … --></mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (b_{1},b_{2},\ldots ,b_{n})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/152490f4183416db15e529a9aed3e991bb73900a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.341ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (b_{1},b_{2},\ldots ,b_{n})}"></span>, où <i>m</i> et <i>n</i> sont des <a href="/wiki/Entier_naturel" title="Entier naturel">entiers naturels</a>, associe la séquence <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{m},b_{1},b_{2},\ldots ,b_{n})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>&#x2026;<!-- … --></mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>&#x2026;<!-- … --></mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{m},b_{1},b_{2},\ldots ,b_{n})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1b2de0413c05c69c790289c8a3eaf1e73477167a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.06ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{m},b_{1},b_{2},\ldots ,b_{n})}"></span>. </p><p>Cette opération est associative et a un <a href="/wiki/Loi_de_composition_interne" title="Loi de composition interne">élément neutre</a> qui est la séquence vide, donc elle dote <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\star }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A3;<!-- Σ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x22C6;<!-- ⋆ --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\star }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc8e816bd6fecd15c5b82ef724d353fea16265c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\star }}"></span> d'une <a href="/wiki/Structure_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Structure (mathématiques)">structure</a> <a href="/wiki/Structure_alg%C3%A9brique" title="Structure algébrique">algébrique</a> de <a href="/wiki/Mono%C3%AFde" title="Monoïde">monoïde</a>. De plus, ce monoïde, ainsi que tous les monoïdes <a href="/wiki/Isomorphisme" title="Isomorphisme">isomorphes</a> à celui-ci est qualifié de <b>libre</b>, puisqu'un élément de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\star }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A3;<!-- Σ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x22C6;<!-- ⋆ --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\star }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc8e816bd6fecd15c5b82ef724d353fea16265c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\star }}"></span> ne possède qu'une unique décomposition sous forme de produits d'éléments de Σ. </p><p>En généralisant, on introduira la terminologie suivante&#160;: Si on se donne un monoïde libre, on appellera <b>concaténation</b> (notée souvent par un point <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cdot }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cdot }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba2c023bad1bd39ed49080f729cbf26bc448c9ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.439ex; margin-bottom: -0.61ex; width:0.647ex; height:1.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cdot }"></span>, ou par rien) sa loi de composition interne, <b>mot vide</b> (noté ε) son élément neutre, <b>mots</b> ou <b><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_de_caract%C3%A8res" title="Chaîne de caractères">chaînes de caractères</a></b> ses éléments, <b><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a></b> (noté <i>A</i> ou Σ) son <a href="/wiki/Mono%C3%AFde" title="Monoïde">ensemble de générateurs libres</a>, <b>symboles</b>, <b>lettres</b> ou <b>caractères</b> les éléments de l'alphabet. Dans cette terminologie, on appellera ce monoïde le <b>langage</b> des mots sur l'alphabet Σ (ou <i>A</i> ...), que l'on notera <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\star }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A3;<!-- Σ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x22C6;<!-- ⋆ --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\star }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc8e816bd6fecd15c5b82ef724d353fea16265c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\star }}"></span> (ou <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\star }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x22C6;<!-- ⋆ --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{\star }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39e782874ce82caa4d49bbb4f81a4bd98fdef5dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\star }}"></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concaténation_d'ensembles_de_mots"><span id="Concat.C3.A9nation_d.27ensembles_de_mots"></span>Concaténation d'ensembles de mots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Concaténation d&#039;ensembles de mots" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Concaténation d&#039;ensembles de mots"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La concaténation est une opération sur les mots, mais peut être étendue aux <a href="/wiki/Langage_formel" title="Langage formel">langages</a> (sous-ensembles du monoïde). Ainsi, si <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{1},L_{2}\subseteq \Sigma ^{\star }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&#x2286;<!-- ⊆ --></mo> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A3;<!-- Σ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x22C6;<!-- ⋆ --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{1},L_{2}\subseteq \Sigma ^{\star }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aa13d360402361aab30016fa859beafa5b34772e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.139ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{1},L_{2}\subseteq \Sigma ^{\star }}"></span> alors leur concaténation <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{1}\cdot L_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{1}\cdot L_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9baae23a86e910c2912ff231bfacea2bdfe8fc3d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.953ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{1}\cdot L_{2}}"></span> est l'ensemble <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{v\cdot w|(v,w)\in L_{1}\times L_{2}\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{v\cdot w|(v,w)\in L_{1}\times L_{2}\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4c1be63d033c14d4fbcfe517557712ed5fda720e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.033ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{v\cdot w|(v,w)\in L_{1}\times L_{2}\}}"></span>, c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des mots qui sont la concaténation d'un mot de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0e79dc1b001f8b923df475ed14de023cbc456013" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.637ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{1}}"></span> et d'un mot de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6a952cfe42c86b7741f55a817da0e251793a358" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.637ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{2}}"></span>. </p><p>Cette extension de la concaténation est l'une des trois opérations de base permettant de construire des <a href="/wiki/Langage_rationnel" title="Langage rationnel">langages rationnels</a>, c'est-à-dire un des trois opérateurs de base que l'on peut rencontrer dans une <a href="/wiki/Expression_rationnelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Expression rationnelle">expression rationnelle</a>. Les deux autres opérations sont l'<a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_ensembliste" title="Opération ensembliste">union ensembliste</a> et l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_de_Kleene" title="Étoile de Kleene">étoile de Kleene</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programmation">Programmation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Programmation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Programmation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Programmation" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmation">programmation</a>, la <b>concaténation</b> de deux <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_de_caract%C3%A8res" title="Chaîne de caractères">chaînes de caractères</a> consiste à les mettre bout à bout. Le terme peut désigner: </p> <ul><li>l'<i>opération</i> de concaténer ces chaînes,</li> <li>le <i>résultat</i> de cette opération.</li></ul> <p><i>Exemple&#160;:</i> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite une référence." style="cursor:help;">La concaténation des chaînes <code>"Hello"</code> et <code>"&#160;world&#160;!"</code> donne <code>"Hello world&#160;!"</code>.</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">&#91;réf.&#160;nécessaire&#93;</a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unix"><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Unix" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Unix"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sous un système Unix, il est possible de concaténer des&#160;: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Commande_informatique" title="Commande informatique">Commandes</a> avec «&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=%26%26&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="&amp;&amp; (page inexistante)">&amp;&amp;</a>&#160;» ou «&#160;<a href="/wiki/;" class="mw-redirect" title=";">;</a>&#160;».<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence ; voir l&#39;aide.">&#91;réf.&#160;nécessaire&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fichier_informatique" title="Fichier informatique">Fichiers</a> avec «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Cat_(Unix)" title="Cat (Unix)">cat</a>&#160;».</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="En_littérature"><span id="En_litt.C3.A9rature"></span>En littérature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : En littérature" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : En littérature"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-modere"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/25px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/38px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/50px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><b>Cette section <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources</a></b><small>&#160;(août 2023)</small>.&#160;<div class="mw-collapsible-content">Pour l'améliorer, ajoutez <a href="/wiki/Aide:Identifier_des_sources_fiables" title="Aide:Identifier des sources fiables">des références de qualité et vérifiables</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_(%C3%89diteur_visuel)" title="Aide:Insérer une référence (Éditeur visuel)">comment faire&#160;?</a>) ou le modèle <a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire" title="Modèle:Référence nécessaire">{{Référence nécessaire}}</a> sur les passages nécessitant une source.</div></div> </div></div> <p>En littérature, la <b>concaténation</b> consiste à répéter plusieurs <a href="/wiki/Anadiplose" title="Anadiplose">anadiploses</a> en chaîne selon le schéma&#160;: __A / A___B / B___C / C__. </p><p>Elle permet de créer un effet de raisonnement suivi et rigoureux, proche de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89panadiplose" title="Épanadiplose">épanadiplose</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exemples">Exemples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier la section : Exemples" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Exemples"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote> <p>«&#160;Comme le champ semé en verdure foisonne,<br /> De verdure se hausse en tuyau verdissant,<br /> Du tuyau se hérisse en épi florissant,<br /> D’épi jaunit en grain, que le chaud assaisonne&#160;:&#160;» </p> </blockquote><p style="margin:-0.7em 0 0.3em 6em">—&#160;<a href="/wiki/Joachim_du_Bellay" title="Joachim du Bellay">Joachim du Bellay</a>,&#32;<cite><a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Les_Antiquit%C3%A9s_de_Rome#30" class="extiw" title="s:Les Antiquités de Rome">Les Antiquités de Rome, 30</a></cite></p> <blockquote> <p>«&#160;Sachez, Monsieur, que tant va la cruche à l’eau, qu’enfin elle se brise&#160;; et comme dit fort bien cet auteur que je ne connais pas, l’homme est en ce monde ainsi que l’oiseau sur la branche&#160;; la branche est attachée à l’arbre&#160;; qui s’attache à l’arbre, suit de bons préceptes&#160;; les bons préceptes valent mieux que les belles paroles&#160;; les belles paroles se trouvent à la cour&#160;; à la cour sont les courtisans&#160;; les courtisans suivent la mode&#160;; la mode vient de la fantaisie&#160;; la fantaisie est une faculté de l’âme&#160;; l’âme est ce qui nous donne la vie; la vie finit par la mort&#160;; la mort nous fait penser au Ciel&#160;; le ciel est au-dessus de la terre; la terre n’est point la mer&#160;; la mer est sujette aux orages&#160;; les orages tourmentent les vaisseaux&#160;; les vaisseaux ont besoin d’un bon pilote&#160;; un bon pilote a de la prudence&#160;; la prudence n’est point dans les jeunes gens&#160;; les jeunes gens doivent obéissance aux vieux&#160;; les vieux aiment les richesses&#160;; les richesses font les riches; les riches ne sont pas pauvres&#160;; les pauvres ont de la nécessité&#160;; nécessité n’a point de loi&#160;; qui n’a point de loi vit en bête brute&#160;; et, par conséquent, vous serez damné à tous les diables.&#160;» </p> </blockquote><p style="margin:-0.7em 0 0.3em 6em">—&#160;<a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>,&#32;<cite><a href="/wiki/Le_Festin_de_pierre_(Moli%C3%A8re)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Festin de pierre (Molière)">Dom Juan ou le Festin de pierre</a>, tirade de Sganarelle à l'<a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Dom_Juan_ou_le_Festin_de_pierre_(Imprimerie_nationale)#Scène_2_5" class="extiw" title="s:Dom Juan ou le Festin de pierre (Imprimerie nationale)">acte V, scène 2</a></cite></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Définition"><span id="D.C3.A9finition"></span>Définition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier la section : Définition" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Définition"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Définition_linguistique"><span id="D.C3.A9finition_linguistique"></span>Définition linguistique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier la section : Définition linguistique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Définition linguistique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Au sens strict, la concaténation en linguistique désigne la mise en ordre des éléments discursifs (phonèmes ou mots en phrase). Le chaînage comme <a href="/wiki/Figure_de_style" title="Figure de style">figure de style</a> opère une transformation morpho-syntaxique de répétition à l'identique&#160;: la concaténation consiste à mettre bout à bout des arguments ou idées en faisant en sorte que l'idée finale d'une proposition se retrouve au début de la suivante, suivant le mécanisme de l'anadiplose. La concaténation appartient à la classe des répétitions et se fonde souvent sur une gradation<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Définition_stylistique"><span id="D.C3.A9finition_stylistique"></span>Définition stylistique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier la section : Définition stylistique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Définition stylistique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'effet visé est souvent comique, notamment au théâtre. La rhétorique l'utilise pour former des raisonnements rigoureux. Elle peut être combinée à d'autres figures de style en particulier la <a href="/wiki/Gradation" title="Gradation">gradation</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Exag%C3%A9ration" class="mw-redirect" title="Exagération">exagération</a> ou l'<a href="/wiki/Hyperbole_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Hyperbole (rhétorique)">hyperbole</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genres_concernés"><span id="Genres_concern.C3.A9s"></span>Genres concernés</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier la section : Genres concernés" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Genres concernés"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La concaténation est une figure que l'on retrouve dans tous les genres littéraires, en particulier ceux où l'argumentation prédomine comme les <a href="/wiki/Discours" title="Discours">discours</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a>. Le <a href="/wiki/Genre_%C3%A9pistolaire" title="Genre épistolaire">genre épistolaire</a> également en emploie les ressources&#160;: <span class="citation">«&#160;Dans le cœur des femmes, les plis deviennent promptement des blessures. Ces blessures saignent bientôt, le mal augmente, on souffre, la souffrance éveille des pensées, les pensées s'étalent […]&#160;»</span> (<a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>, <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite une précision." style="cursor:help;"><i>Lettres</i></span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Pr%C3%A9ciser_un_fait" title="Aide:Préciser un fait">[Laquelle&#160;?]</a></sup>) </p><p>Les genres fondés sur la description comme les récits (romans notamment) basent les progressions thématiques sur la concaténation majoritairement. </p><p>Les <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9bus" title="Rébus">rébus</a> et <a href="/wiki/Charade" title="Charade">charades</a> dites <i>à tiroir</i> fondent leurs spécificités sur des concaténations, visuelles ou écrites. Les <a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">chansons</a>, particulièrement les <a href="/wiki/Chanson_en_laisse" title="Chanson en laisse">chansons en laisse</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Comptine" class="mw-redirect" title="Comptine">comptines</a> sont également fondées sur des concaténations, comme le <a href="/wiki/Marabout_(jeu)" title="Marabout (jeu)">jeu du Marabout</a>&#160;: <span class="citation">«&#160;J'en ai marre / Marabout / Bout d'ficelle / Sell' de ch'val / Ch'val de course / Course à pied / Pied à terre / Terr' de feu / Feu follet / Lait de vache / Vach' de ferme / Ferm' ta gueule!&#160;»</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concaténation_de_mots"><span id="Concat.C3.A9nation_de_mots"></span>Concaténation de mots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier la section : Concaténation de mots" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Concaténation de mots"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La concaténation de mots est une pratique discursive d'un certain nombre d'auteurs (<a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>) qui consiste à fabriquer une sorte de <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9ologisme" title="Néologisme">néologisme</a> en regroupant trois ou quatre mots et en les séparant par des tirets. </p> <ul><li>Exemples&#160;: être-au-monde, être-auprès-des-choses, être-là, être-dans-le-temps, être-vers-la-mort.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historique_de_la_notion">Historique de la notion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier la section : Historique de la notion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Historique de la notion"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>À l'origine, il s'agit d'un procédé <a href="/wiki/Mn%C3%A9motechnique" title="Mnémotechnique">mnémotechnique</a> qui consiste à enchaîner des constructions phrastiques ou des vers par la répétition d'un ou de plusieurs mots, très utilisé par les <a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">trouvères</a> médiévaux. On la retrouve ensuite dans la rhétorique et l'argumentation, à la base des raisonnements développés comme les <a href="/wiki/Syllogisme" title="Syllogisme">syllogismes</a> (voir l'exemple de Molière). </p><p>Certains auteurs classent la concaténation dans les <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tataxe" title="Métataxe">métataxes</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Figures_proches">Figures proches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier la section : Figures proches" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Figures proches"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Figure <span class="citation">«&#160;mère&#160;»</span>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Anadiplose" title="Anadiplose">anadiplose</a></li> <li>Figures <span class="citation">«&#160;filles&#160;»</span>&#160;: aucune</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synonyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Synonyme">Synonymes</a>&#160;: chaînage, <a href="/wiki/Encha%C3%AEnement_(linguistique)" title="Enchaînement (linguistique)">enchaînement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intellego.fr/soutien-scolaire-Universite/aide-scolaire-Francais/Les-metataxes-zeugme-crase-etc./6788"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Les Figures de style françaises / Superprof</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Superprof Ressources</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-08-18" data-sort-value="2020-08-18">18 août 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Georges Molinié, <i>Dictionnaire de rhétorique</i>, Livre de Poche, coll. «&#160;Les Usuels de Poche&#160;», 1992, p. 87.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&#160;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/concat%C3%A9nation" class="extiw" title="wikt:concaténation">concaténation</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mot" title="Mot">Mot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Mot (mathématiques)">Mot (mathématiques)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formule_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Formule (mathématiques)">Formule (mathématiques)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono%C3%AFde" title="Monoïde">Monoïde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_de_Smarandache-Wellin" title="Nombre de Smarandache-Wellin">Nombre de Smarandache-Wellin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concat%C3%A9nation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="PellegrinHecquet-Devienne2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_PellegrinMyriam_Hecquet-Devienne2014"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pellegrin" title="Pierre Pellegrin">Pierre Pellegrin</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>) et Myriam Hecquet-Devienne, <cite class="italique">Aristote&#160;: Œuvres complètes</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Flammarion" title="Groupe Flammarion">Éditions Flammarion</a>, <time>2014</time>, 2923&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2081273160" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2081273160"><span class="nowrap">978-2081273160</span></a>)</small>, «&#160;<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9futations_sophistiques" title="Réfutations sophistiques">Réfutations sophistiques</a>&#160;», <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;457<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Aristote&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Flammarion&amp;rft.stitle=%C5%92uvres+compl%C3%A8tes&amp;rft.aulast=Pellegrin&amp;rft.aufirst=Pierre&amp;rft.au=Myriam+Hecquet-Devienne&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.pages=457&amp;rft.tpages=2923&amp;rft.isbn=978-2081273160&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConcat%C3%A9nation"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="De_l&#39;Institution_oratoire"><a href="/wiki/Quintilien" title="Quintilien"><span class="nom_auteur">Quintilien</span></a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="traduction">trad.</abbr>&#160;Jean Cousin), <cite class="italique">De l'Institution oratoire</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="tome">t.</abbr>&#160;I, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&#160;«&#160;Budé Série Latine&#160;», <time>1989</time>, 392&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-2510-1202-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-2510-1202-8"><span class="nowrap">2-2510-1202-8</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=De+l%27Institution+oratoire&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Les+Belles+Lettres&amp;rft.aulast=Quintilien&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.tpages=392&amp;rft.isbn=2-2510-1202-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConcat%C3%A9nation"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="La_Rhétorique_françoise"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fouquelin" title="Antoine Fouquelin">Antoine <span class="nom_auteur">Fouquelin</span></a>, <cite class="italique">La Rhétorique françoise</cite>, Paris, A. Wechel, <time>1557</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.fr/s/?url=search-alias&amp;lang=fr&amp;field-keywords=B001C9C7IQ">B001C9C7IQ</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+Rh%C3%A9torique+fran%C3%A7oise&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=A.+Wechel&amp;rft.aulast=Fouquelin&amp;rft.aufirst=Antoine&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConcat%C3%A9nation"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Des_tropes"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Chesneau_Dumarsais" title="César Chesneau Dumarsais">César <span class="nom_auteur">Chesneau Dumarsais</span></a>, <cite class="italique">Des tropes ou Des différents sens dans lesquels on peut prendre un même mot dans une même langue</cite>, Impr. de Delalain, <time>1816</time> (<abbr class="abbr" title="réimpression">réimpr.</abbr>&#160;Nouvelle édition augmentée de la <i>Construction oratoire</i>, par l’abbé Batteux), 362&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.fr/s/?url=search-alias&amp;lang=fr&amp;field-keywords=B001CAQJ52">B001CAQJ52</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=ECCoiSUWERYC&amp;pg=PA362&amp;lpg=PA362">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Des+tropes+ou+Des+diff%C3%A9rents+sens+dans+lesquels+on+peut+prendre+un+m%C3%AAme+mot+dans+une+m%C3%AAme+langue&amp;rft.pub=Impr.+de+Delalain&amp;rft.aulast=Chesneau+Dumarsais&amp;rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9sar&amp;rft.date=1816&amp;rft.tpages=362&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DECCoiSUWERYC%26pg%3DPA362%26lpg%3DPA362&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConcat%C3%A9nation"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Les_Figures_du_discours"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fontanier" title="Pierre Fontanier">Pierre <span class="nom_auteur">Fontanier</span></a>, <cite class="italique">Les Figures du discours</cite>, Paris, Flammarion, <time>1977</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-0808-1015-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-0808-1015-4"><span class="nowrap">2-0808-1015-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dijon.iufm.fr/static/site-lettres/TRESORS/100/index.htm#debut">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+Figures+du+discours&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Flammarion&amp;rft.aulast=Fontanier&amp;rft.aufirst=Pierre&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.isbn=2-0808-1015-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConcat%C3%A9nation"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="BacryLes_figures_de_style">Patrick <span class="nom_auteur">Bacry</span>, <cite class="italique">Les Figures de style et autres procédés stylistiques</cite>, Paris, Belin, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&#160;«&#160;Collection Sujets&#160;», <time>1992</time>, 335&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-7011-1393-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-7011-1393-8"><span class="nowrap">2-7011-1393-8</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+Figures+de+style+et+autres+proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9s+stylistiques&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Belin&amp;rft.aulast=Bacry&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.tpages=335&amp;rft.isbn=2-7011-1393-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConcat%C3%A9nation"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Gradus"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Dupriez" title="Bernard Dupriez">Bernard <span class="nom_auteur">Dupriez</span></a>, <cite class="italique">Gradus, les procédés littéraires</cite>, Paris, 10/18, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&#160;«&#160;Domaine français&#160;», <time>2003</time>, 540&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-2640-3709-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-2640-3709-1"><span class="nowrap">2-2640-3709-1</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Gradus%2C+les+proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9s+litt%C3%A9raires&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=10%2F18&amp;rft.aulast=Dupriez&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernard&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.tpages=540&amp;rft.isbn=2-2640-3709-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConcat%C3%A9nation"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="FLes_figures_de_style">Catherine <span class="nom_auteur">Fromilhague</span>, <cite class="italique">Les Figures de style</cite>, Paris, Armand Colin, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&#160;«&#160;128 Lettres&#160;», 2010 (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr>&#160;&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> nathan, 1995), 128&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-2003-5236-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-2003-5236-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-2003-5236-3</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+Figures+de+style&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Armand+Colin&amp;rft.aulast=Fromilhague&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.tpages=128&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-2003-5236-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConcat%C3%A9nation"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Drp"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Molini%C3%A9" title="Georges Molinié">Georges <span class="nom_auteur">Molinié</span></a> et Michèle <span class="nom_auteur">Aquien</span>, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire de rhétorique et de poétique</cite>, Paris, LGF - Livre de Poche, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&#160;«&#160;Encyclopédies d’aujourd’hui&#160;», <time>1996</time>, 350&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-2531-3017-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-2531-3017-6"><span class="nowrap">2-2531-3017-6</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+rh%C3%A9torique+et+de+po%C3%A9tique&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=LGF+-+Livre+de+Poche&amp;rft.aulast=Molini%C3%A9&amp;rft.aufirst=Georges&amp;rft.au=Aquien%2C+Mich%C3%A8le&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.tpages=350&amp;rft.isbn=2-2531-3017-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConcat%C3%A9nation"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Dr">Michel <span class="nom_auteur">Pougeoise</span>, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire de rhétorique</cite>, Paris, Armand Colin, <time>2001</time>, 228&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, 16&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="centimètre">cm</abbr> × 24&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="centimètre">cm</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-2002-5239-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-2002-5239-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-2002-5239-7</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+rh%C3%A9torique&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Armand+Colin&amp;rft.aulast=Pougeoise&amp;rft.aufirst=Michel&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.tpages=228&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-2002-5239-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConcat%C3%A9nation"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Ir"><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Reboul_(philosophe)" title="Olivier Reboul (philosophe)">Olivier <span class="nom_auteur">Reboul</span></a>, <cite class="italique">Introduction à la rhétorique</cite>, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&#160;«&#160;Premier cycle&#160;», <time>1991</time>, 256&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, 15&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="centimètre">cm</abbr> × 22&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="centimètre">cm</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-1304-3917-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-1304-3917-9"><span class="nowrap">2-1304-3917-9</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+%C3%A0+la+rh%C3%A9torique&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&amp;rft.aulast=Reboul&amp;rft.aufirst=Olivier&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.tpages=256&amp;rft.isbn=2-1304-3917-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConcat%C3%A9nation"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Dtl">Hendrik <span class="nom_auteur">Van Gorp</span>, Dirk <span class="nom_auteur">Delabastita</span>, Georges <span class="nom_auteur">Legros</span>, <a href="/wiki/Rainier_Grutman" title="Rainier Grutman">Rainier <span class="nom_auteur">Grutman</span></a> <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire des termes littéraires</cite>, Paris, Honoré Champion, <time>2005</time>, 533&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7453-1325-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7453-1325-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7453-1325-6</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+termes+litt%C3%A9raires&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Honor%C3%A9+Champion&amp;rft.aulast=Van+Gorp&amp;rft.aufirst=Hendrik&amp;rft.au=Delabastita%2C+Dirk&amp;rft.au=Legros%2C+Georges&amp;rft.au=Grutman%2C+Rainier&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.tpages=533&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-7453-1325-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConcat%C3%A9nation"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Rhétorique_générale"><span class="nom_auteur"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_%C2%B5" title="Groupe µ">Groupe µ</a></span>, <cite class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%A9torique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Rhétorique générale">Rhétorique générale</a></cite>, Paris, Larousse, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&#160;«&#160;Langue et langage&#160;», <time>1970</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Rh%C3%A9torique+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Larousse&amp;rft.aulast=Groupe+%C2%B5&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConcat%C3%A9nation"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Dfs">Nicole <span class="nom_auteur">Ricalens-Pourchot</span>, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire des figures de style</cite>, Paris, Armand Colin, <time>2003</time>, 218&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-200-26457-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-200-26457-7"><span class="nowrap">2-200-26457-7</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+figures+de+style&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Armand+Colin&amp;rft.aulast=Ricalens-Pourchot&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicole&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.tpages=218&amp;rft.isbn=2-200-26457-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConcat%C3%A9nation"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Ltl">Michel <span class="nom_auteur">Jarrety</span> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique">Lexique des termes littéraires</cite>, Paris, Le Livre de poche, <time>2010</time>, 475&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-253-06745-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-253-06745-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-253-06745-0</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Lexique+des+termes+litt%C3%A9raires&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Le+Livre+de+poche&amp;rft.aulast=Jarrety&amp;rft.aufirst=Michel&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.tpages=475&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-253-06745-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConcat%C3%A9nation"></span></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Op%C3%A9rations_binaires" title="Modèle:Palette Opérations binaires"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Op%C3%A9rations_binaires&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_binaire" title="Opération binaire">Opérations binaires</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="" colspan="2"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="text-align:left;margin:0px;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="background-color: #DFE0FF; text-align: center;"><b>Numériques</b></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="background-color: #DFE0FF; text-align: center;"><b>En ensemble ordonné</b></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="background-color: #DFE0FF; text-align: center;"><b>Structurelles</b></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="background-color: #DFE0FF; text-align: center;"><b>Autres</b></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><b>Élémentaires</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe6ef363cd19902d1a7a71fb1c8b21e8ede52406" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Addition" title="Addition">Addition</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/04bd52ce670743d3b61bec928a7ec9f47309eb36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Soustraction" title="Soustraction">Soustraction</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \times }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \times }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ffafff1ad26cbe49045f19a67ce532116a32703" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.019ex; margin-bottom: -0.19ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \times }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Multiplication" title="Multiplication">Multiplication</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \div }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x00F7;<!-- ÷ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \div }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/837b35ee5d25b5ce7b07f292c27cc90533dd9fd4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \div }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Division" title="Division">Division</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow /> <mo stretchy="false">&#x005E;<!-- ^ --></mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/97daf05d8be90237eb4d2e4a46d3733ca829bd1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {}}}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Puissance_d%27un_nombre" title="Puissance d&#39;un nombre">Puissance</a> </p><p><b>Arithmétiques</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {div} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {div} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2b2d000acb2863a923fa83e5bee0635410b909bd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.167ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {div} }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Division_euclidienne" title="Division euclidienne">Quotient euclidien</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {mod} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {mod} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d75a50b3797e46642fd900093e002af888607a78" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.391ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {mod} }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Reste" title="Reste">Reste euclidien</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {pgcd} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {pgcd} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8a99af40437989ee3ff61087ef6784068cc7d1d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.78ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {pgcd} }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Plus_grand_commun_diviseur" title="Plus grand commun diviseur">PGCD</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ppcm} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {ppcm} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d2414692d872334199729ef7ec1ee384b8a57f0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.553ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ppcm} }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Plus_petit_commun_multiple" title="Plus petit commun multiple">PPCM</a> </p><p><b>Combinatoires</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ()}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ()}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d7bc8aa05e1302397bb3e7877e842784991351df" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.809ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ()}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_binomial" title="Coefficient binomial">Coefficient binomial</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arrangement</a> </p> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><b>Ensembles de parties</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cup }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x222A;<!-- ∪ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cup }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e8ff7d0293ad19b43524a133ae5129f3d71f2040" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cup }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Union_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Union (mathématiques)">Union</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \backslash }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">&#x2216;<!-- ∖ --></mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \backslash }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e865e5b244a7a5d4fdf7a95fe4cea6d25e581ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \backslash }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Alg%C3%A8bre_des_parties_d%27un_ensemble#Difference" title="Algèbre des parties d&#39;un ensemble">Différence</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cap }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2229;<!-- ∩ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cap }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d4e886e6f5a28a33e073fb108440c152ecfe2d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cap }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Intersection_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Intersection (mathématiques)">Intersection</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/32769037c408874e1890f77554c65f39c523ebe2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.936ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Alg%C3%A8bre_des_parties_d%27un_ensemble#Difference_symetrique" title="Algèbre des parties d&#39;un ensemble">Différence symétrique</a> </p><p><b>Ordre total</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \min }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">min</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \min }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/695d28931288a686335c3969dfd15bb76ea873db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.875ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \min }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Extremum" title="Extremum">Minimum</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \max }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \max }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8e49fca3e322708b32d21eaa8b095dc05f09538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.326ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \max }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Extremum" title="Extremum">Maximum</a> </p><p><b>Treillis</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wedge }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2227;<!-- ∧ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wedge }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1caa4004cb216ef2930bb12fe805a76870caed94" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wedge }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Treillis_(ensemble_ordonn%C3%A9)" title="Treillis (ensemble ordonné)">Borne inférieure</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vee }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2228;<!-- ∨ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vee }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b76220c6805c9b465d6efbc7686c624f49f3023" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vee }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Treillis_(ensemble_ordonn%C3%A9)" title="Treillis (ensemble ordonné)">Borne supérieure</a> </p> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;;;width:10em;"><div> <div style="column-count:2;column-gap:1em;text-align:center" class="colonnes"> <p><b>Ensembles</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \times }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \times }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ffafff1ad26cbe49045f19a67ce532116a32703" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.019ex; margin-bottom: -0.19ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \times }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Produit_cart%C3%A9sien" title="Produit cartésien">Produit cartésien</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\cup }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mo>&#x222A;<!-- ∪ --></mo> <mo>&#x02D9;<!-- ˙ --></mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\cup }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ca2f2880f761544ce268abf4057fcc1f50c0e12" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\cup }}}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_ensembliste#Somme_disjointe" title="Opération ensembliste">Somme disjointe</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow /> <mo stretchy="false">&#x005E;<!-- ^ --></mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/97daf05d8be90237eb4d2e4a46d3733ca829bd1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {}}}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_ensembliste#Exponentiation" title="Opération ensembliste">Puissance ensembliste</a> </p><p><b>Groupes</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oplus }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2295;<!-- ⊕ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oplus }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8b16e2bdaefee9eed86d866e6eba3ac47c710f60" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oplus }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Somme_directe" title="Somme directe">Somme directe</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ast }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2217;<!-- ∗ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ast }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f1858484bef51b1435c2b986c728a81788051803" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.079ex; margin-bottom: -0.25ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ast }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Produit_libre" title="Produit libre">Produit libre</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wr }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2240;<!-- ≀ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wr }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b4cda60813dda84640dc58dc142774abfa5a07d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:0.647ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wr }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Produit_en_couronne" title="Produit en couronne">Produit en couronne</a> </p><p><b>Modules</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \otimes }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2297;<!-- ⊗ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \otimes }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/de29098f5a34ee296a505681a0d5e875070f2aea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \otimes }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Produit_tensoriel" title="Produit tensoriel">Produit tensoriel</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eea3aafc91ebbd147d45c3c69e88431c48cbe9f8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.841ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Foncteur_Hom" title="Foncteur Hom">Homomorphisme</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Tor} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Tor} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab99a129c5d7d0c5726c68a87fff94e73a0d57fb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.752ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Tor} }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Foncteur_Tor" title="Foncteur Tor">Torsion</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d62c5fa7a8cff017d6febd4d585be1f0bcd2799" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.715ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Foncteur_Ext" title="Foncteur Ext">Extension</a> </p><p><b>Arbres</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vee }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2228;<!-- ∨ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vee }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b76220c6805c9b465d6efbc7686c624f49f3023" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vee }"></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enracinement_(math%C3%A9matiques)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Enracinement (mathématiques) (page inexistante)">Enracinement</a> </p><p><b>Variétés connexes</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \#}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0023;<!-- # --></mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \#}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f72e8254fd59fa4060c66c9310acbaf6df2ce894" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.936ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \#}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Somme_connexe" title="Somme connexe">Somme connexe</a> </p><p><b>Espaces pointés</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vee }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2228;<!-- ∨ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vee }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b76220c6805c9b465d6efbc7686c624f49f3023" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vee }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Bouquet_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Bouquet (mathématiques)">Bouquet</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wedge }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2227;<!-- ∧ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wedge }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1caa4004cb216ef2930bb12fe805a76870caed94" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wedge }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Smash-produit" title="Smash-produit">Smash-produit</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ast }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2217;<!-- ∗ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ast }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f1858484bef51b1435c2b986c728a81788051803" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.079ex; margin-bottom: -0.25ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ast }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Joint_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Joint (mathématiques)">Joint</a> </p> </div> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;;;width:10em;"><div> <div style="column-count:2;column-gap:1em;text-align:center" class="colonnes"> <p><b>Fonctionnelles</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \circ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2218;<!-- ∘ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \circ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/99add39d2b681e2de7ff62422c32704a05c7ec31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.125ex; margin-bottom: -0.297ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \circ }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Composition_de_fonctions" title="Composition de fonctions">Composition de fonctions</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ast }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2217;<!-- ∗ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ast }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f1858484bef51b1435c2b986c728a81788051803" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.079ex; margin-bottom: -0.25ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ast }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Produit_de_convolution" title="Produit de convolution">Produit de convolution</a> </p><p><b>Vectorielles</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cdot }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cdot }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba2c023bad1bd39ed49080f729cbf26bc448c9ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.439ex; margin-bottom: -0.61ex; width:0.647ex; height:1.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cdot }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Produit_scalaire" title="Produit scalaire">Produit scalaire</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wedge }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2227;<!-- ∧ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wedge }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1caa4004cb216ef2930bb12fe805a76870caed94" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wedge }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Produit_vectoriel" title="Produit vectoriel">Produit vectoriel</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \times \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \times \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59549550bdbbf3ee3c3e699ef776a2fb75d925b2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:2.195ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \times \,}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Produit_vectoriel_en_dimension_7" title="Produit vectoriel en dimension 7">Produit vectoriel généralisé</a> </p><p><b>Algébriques</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [,]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [,]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f04349be7aa458edb6f1ab423189a8455c6e21f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.328ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [,]}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Crochet_de_Lie" title="Crochet de Lie">Crochet de Lie</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{,\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{,\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4e6e62f0d087cac84c136e76f9c5e8c9f6af5f3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.359ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{,\}}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Crochet_de_Poisson" title="Crochet de Poisson">Crochet de Poisson</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wedge }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2227;<!-- ∧ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wedge }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1caa4004cb216ef2930bb12fe805a76870caed94" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wedge }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Produit_ext%C3%A9rieur" title="Produit extérieur">Produit extérieur</a> </p><p><b>Homologiques</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \smile }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2323;<!-- ⌣ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \smile }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3885eca63e224e40912ea2b44c5fe85f3d4f8be8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.309ex; margin-bottom: -0.48ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \smile }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Cup-produit" title="Cup-produit">Cup-produit</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cdot }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cdot }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba2c023bad1bd39ed49080f729cbf26bc448c9ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.439ex; margin-bottom: -0.61ex; width:0.647ex; height:1.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cdot }"></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produit_d%27intersection&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Produit d&#39;intersection (page inexistante)">Produit d'intersection</a> </p><p><b>Séquentielles</b><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe6ef363cd19902d1a7a71fb1c8b21e8ede52406" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +}"></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concaténation</a> </p> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"><b>Logique booléenne</b>&#160;: <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \land }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2227;<!-- ∧ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \land }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d6823e5a222eb3ca49672818ac3d13ec607052c4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \land }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Fonction_ET" title="Fonction ET">ET (conjonction)</a></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lor }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2228;<!-- ∨ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lor }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab47f6b1f589aedcf14638df1d63049d233d851a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lor }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Fonction_OU" title="Fonction OU">OU (disjonction)</a></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oplus }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2295;<!-- ⊕ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oplus }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8b16e2bdaefee9eed86d866e6eba3ac47c710f60" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oplus }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Fonction_OU_exclusif" title="Fonction OU exclusif">OU exclusif</a></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">&#x21D2;<!-- ⇒ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/469b737d167b9b28a74e27c7f5e35b5ea9256100" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Implication_(logique)" title="Implication (logique)">IMP (implication)</a></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">&#x21D4;<!-- ⇔ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/64812e13399c20cf3ce94e049d3bb2d85f26abcf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow }"></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89quivalence_logique" title="Équivalence logique">EQV (équivalence)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#d0f0d0;"><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Figure_de_style" title="Modèle:Palette Figure de style"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Figure_de_style&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Speech_bubble.svg/25px-Speech_bubble.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Speech_bubble.svg/38px-Speech_bubble.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Speech_bubble.svg/50px-Speech_bubble.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="226" /></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Article de qualité"><img alt="Article de qualité" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/14px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/21px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/28px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Figure_de_style" title="Figure de style">Figures de style</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="text-align:center;background:#d0f0d0;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_figures_de_style" title="Liste des figures de style">Liste des figures de style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistique" title="Stylistique">Stylistique</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Article de qualité"><img alt="Article de qualité" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/14px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/21px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/28px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%A9torique" title="Rhétorique">Rhétorique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Trope (rhétorique)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="" colspan="2"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="text-align:left;margin:0px;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#b6d0b6;background:#ffffff;"><b>&#160;</b></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#b6d0b6;"><b>Graphique</b></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#b6d0b6;"><b>Phonique</b></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#b6d0b6;"><b>Morphosyntaxique</b></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#b6d0b6;"><b>Sémantique</b></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td rowspan="5" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;background:#b6e6b6;;width:10em;"><div> <p><i><b>Transformation</b></i> </p> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;background:#b6d0b6;;width:10em;"><div> <p><b>identique</b> </p> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;background:#9cdd9c;;width:10em;"><div> <p>Répétition </p> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figure_d%C3%A9rivative" title="Figure dérivative">Figure dérivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocolie" title="Isocolie">Isocolie</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allit%C3%A9ration" title="Allitération">Allitération</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">Assonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-assonance" title="Contre-assonance">Contre-assonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cho_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Écho (rhétorique)">Écho</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/14px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/21px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/28px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hom%C3%A9ot%C3%A9leute" title="Homéotéleute">Homéotéleute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomatop%C3%A9e" title="Onomatopée">Onomatopée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A9ch%C3%A8se" title="Paréchèse">Paréchèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosonomasie" title="Prosonomasie">Prosonomasie</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Accumulation (rhétorique)">Accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphore_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Anaphore (rhétorique)">Anaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annomination" title="Annomination">Annomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antanaclase" title="Antanaclase">Antanaclase</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concaténation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglobation" title="Conglobation">Conglobation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89panalepse" title="Épanalepse">Épanalepse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89panaphore" title="Épanaphore">Épanaphore</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/14px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/21px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/28px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89panadiplose" title="Épanadiplose">Épanadiplose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89panode" title="Épanode">Épanode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89piphore" title="Épiphore">Épiphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pizeuxe" title="Épizeuxe">Épizeuxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expolition" title="Expolition">Expolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_%C3%A9tymologique" title="Figure étymologique">Figura etymologica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hom%C3%A9optote" title="Homéoptote">Homéoptote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocolon" title="Isocolon">Isocolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palilogie" title="Palilogie">Palilogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paronymie" title="Paronymie">Paronomase</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/14px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/21px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/28px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polyptote" title="Polyptote">Polyptote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symploque" title="Symploque">Symploque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9matisation" title="Thématisation">Thématisation</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adynaton" title="Adynaton">Adynaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">Allusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadiplose" title="Anadiplose">Anadiplose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocat%C3%A9gor%C3%A8me" title="Autocatégorème">Autocatégorème</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocorrection" title="Autocorrection">Autocorrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbole_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Hyperbole (rhétorique)">Hyperbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9taphore_fil%C3%A9e" title="Métaphore filée">Métaphore filée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrh%C3%A9sie" title="Parrhésie">Parrhésie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rissologie" title="Périssologie">Périssologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A9bus_(figure_de_style)" title="Phébus (figure de style)">Phébus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieu_commun" title="Lieu commun">Poncif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redondance_(linguistique)" title="Redondance (linguistique)">Redondance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieu_commun" title="Lieu commun">Topos</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td rowspan="4" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;background:#b6d0b6;width:10em;"><div> <p><b>non identique</b> </p> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;background:#9cdd9c;width:10em;"><div> <p>Addition,<br />adjonction </p> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrostiche" title="Acrostiche">Acrostiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89penth%C3%A8se" title="Épenthèse">Épenthèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragoge" title="Paragoge">Paragoge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proth%C3%A8se_(linguistique)" title="Prothèse (linguistique)">Prosthèse</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cacophonie" title="Cacophonie">Cacophonie</a> </p> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Accumulation (rhétorique)">Accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadiplose" title="Anadiplose">Anadiplose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9piphore" title="Antépiphore">Antépiphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticlimax" title="Anticlimax">Anticlimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aux%C3%A8se" title="Auxèse">Auxèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89num%C3%A9ration" title="Énumération">Énumération</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/14px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/21px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/28px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89panadiplose" title="Épanadiplose">Épanadiplose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89piphon%C3%A8me" title="Épiphonème">Épiphonème</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89piphore" title="Épiphore">Épiphore</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/14px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/21px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/28px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89piphrase" title="Épiphrase">Épiphrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pith%C3%A9tisme" title="Épithétisme">Épithétisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pitrochasme" title="Épitrochasme">Épitrochasme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradation" title="Gradation">Gradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperhypotaxe" title="Hyperhypotaxe">Hyperhypotaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotaxe" title="Hypotaxe">Hypotaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot-valise" title="Mot-valise">Mot-valise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9ologisme" title="Néologisme">Néologisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxisme_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Paradoxisme (rhétorique)">Paradoxisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphrase" title="Paraphrase">Paraphrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parembole" title="Parembole">Parembole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riphrase" title="Périphrase">Périphrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysynd%C3%A8te" title="Polysyndète">Polysyndète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronomination" title="Pronomination">Pronomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Suspension (rhétorique)">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchise" title="Synchise">Synchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapinose" title="Tapinose">Tapinose</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphigouri" title="Amphigouri">Amphigouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilogie_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Antilogie (rhétorique)">Antilogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chleuasme" title="Chleuasme">Chleuasme</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Article de qualité"><img alt="Article de qualité" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/14px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/21px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/28px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Comparaison_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Comparaison (rhétorique)">Comparaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89panorthose" title="Épanorthose">Épanorthose</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/14px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/21px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/28px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hypotypose" title="Hypotypose">Hypotypose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymore" title="Oxymore">Oxymore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxe" title="Paradoxe">Paradoxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A9onasme" title="Pléonasme">Pléonasme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gression_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Régression (rhétorique)">Régression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautologie_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Tautologie (rhétorique)">Tautologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapalissade" title="Lapalissade">Truisme</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;background:#9cdd9c;;width:10em;"><div> <p>Effacement,<br />suppression </p> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">Apocope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipogramme" title="Lipogramme">Lipogramme</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aph%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_(linguistique)" title="Aphérèse (linguistique)">Aphérèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">Apocope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lision" title="Élision">Élision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncope_(linguistique)" title="Syncope (linguistique)">Syncope</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/14px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/21px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/28px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Asynd%C3%A8te" title="Asyndète">Asyndète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellipse_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Ellipse (rhétorique)">Ellipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pitrochasme" title="Épitrochasme">Épitrochasme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parataxe" title="Parataxe">Parataxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllepse" title="Syllepse">Syllepse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeugma_(stylistique)" title="Zeugma (stylistique)">Zeugma</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">Allusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibologie" title="Amphibologie">Amphibologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphrase" title="Antiphrase">Antiphrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphorisme" title="Aphorisme">Aphorisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophtegme" title="Apophtegme">Apophtegme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aposiop%C3%A8se" title="Aposiopèse">Aposiopèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellipse_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Ellipse (rhétorique)">Brachylogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euph%C3%A9misme" title="Euphémisme">Euphémisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomisme" title="Gnomisme">Gnomisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakemphaton" title="Kakemphaton">Kakemphaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabole_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Parabole (rhétorique)">Parabole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rition" title="Prétérition">Prétérition</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;background:#9cdd9c;;width:10em;"><div> <p>Déplacement,<br />réarrangement </p> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anagramme" title="Anagramme">Anagramme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antim%C3%A9tabole" title="Antimétabole">Antimétathèse</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Palindrome" title="Palindrome">Palindrome</a> </p> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastrophe" title="Anastrophe">Anastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilab%C3%A8" title="Antilabè">Antilabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antim%C3%A9tabole" title="Antimétabole">Antimétabole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiasme" title="Chiasme">Chiasme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89nallage" title="Énallage">Énallage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendiadys" title="Hendiadys">Hendiadys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypallage" title="Hypallage">Hypallage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbate" title="Hyperbate">Hyperbate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parall%C3%A9lisme_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Parallélisme (rhétorique)">Hypozeuxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(linguistique)" title="Inversion (linguistique)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parall%C3%A9lisme_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Parallélisme (rhétorique)">Parallélisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbate#Variante_:_la_tmèse_rhétorique" title="Hyperbate">Tmèse</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analepse" title="Analepse">Analepse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparastase" title="Antiparastase">Antiparastase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antith%C3%A8se" title="Antithèse">Antithèse</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/14px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/21px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/28px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Apostrophe (rhétorique)">Apostrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89panorthose" title="Épanorthose">Épanorthose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9talepse" title="Métalepse">Métalepse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolepse" title="Prolepse">Prolepse</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;background:#9cdd9c;;width:10em;"><div> <p>Remplacement,<br />substitution </p> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <p>&#160; </p> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <p>&#160; </p> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anacoluthe" title="Anacoluthe">Anacoluthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacoluthe" title="Anacoluthe">Anantapodoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ast%C3%A9isme" title="Astéisme">Astéisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllepse" title="Syllepse">Constructio ad sensum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol%C3%A9cisme" title="Solécisme">Solécisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllepse" title="Syllepse">Syllepse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbiage" title="Verbiage">Verbigération</a> (ou <a href="/wiki/Logorrh%C3%A9e" title="Logorrhée">logorrhée</a>, ou <a href="/wiki/Verbiage" title="Verbiage">verbiage</a>)</li></ul> </div> </div></td><td rowspan="" colspan="" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;;;width:10em;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All%C3%A9gorie" title="Allégorie">Allégorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonomase" title="Antonomase">Antonomase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circonlocution" title="Circonlocution">Circonlocution</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/14px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/21px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/28px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Digression" title="Digression">Digression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89thop%C3%A9e" title="Éthopée">Éthopée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotypose" title="Hypotypose">Hypotypose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironie" title="Ironie">Ironie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litote" title="Litote">Litote</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9risme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mérisme (page inexistante)">Mérisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9talepse" title="Métalepse">Métalepse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9taphore" title="Métaphore">Métaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tonymie" title="Métonymie">Métonymie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnification" title="Personnification">Personnification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopographie" title="Prosopographie">Prosopographie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopop%C3%A9e" title="Prosopopée">Prosopopée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_rh%C3%A9torique" title="Question rhétorique">Question rhétorique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopop%C3%A9e" title="Prosopopée">Prosopopée</a> (ou <a href="/wiki/Prosopop%C3%A9e" title="Prosopopée">Sermocination</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ification" title="Réification">Réification</a> (ou <a href="/wiki/Chosification" class="mw-redirect" title="Chosification">Chosification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbole" title="Symbole">Symbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synecdoque" title="Synecdoque">Synecdoque</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Programmation_informatique" title="Modèle:Palette Programmation informatique"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Programmation_informatique&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%">Éléments de <a href="/wiki/Programmation_informatique" title="Programmation informatique">programmation informatique</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_logicielle" title="Bibliothèque logicielle">Bibliothèque logicielle</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_standard" title="Bibliothèque standard">Bibliothèque standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espace_de_noms_(programmation)" title="Espace de noms (programmation)">Espace de noms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework" title="Framework">Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabarit_(mise_en_page)" title="Gabarit (mise en page)">Gabarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_(informatique)" title="Interface (informatique)">Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_de_programmation" title="Interface de programmation">Interface de programmation (API)</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Vocabulaire</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-list" style=";" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmique" title="Algorithmique">Algorithme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expression_(informatique)" title="Expression (informatique)">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_d%27indentation" title="Style d&#39;indentation">Indentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_informatique" title="Instruction informatique">Instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligne_de_code" title="Ligne de code">Ligne de code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9rateur_(informatique)" title="Opérateur (informatique)">Opérateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-code" title="Pseudo-code">Pseudo-code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramasse-miettes_(informatique)" title="Ramasse-miettes (informatique)">Ramasse-miettes</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Routine_(informatique)" title="Routine (informatique)">Fonctions</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_de_nommage" title="Convention de nommage">Convention de nommage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispatch_multiple" title="Dispatch multiple">Dispatch multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9usinage_de_code" title="Réusinage de code">Factorisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonction_imbriqu%C3%A9e" title="Fonction imbriquée">Fonction imbriquée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonction_de_rappel" title="Fonction de rappel">Fonction de rappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonction_d%27ordre_sup%C3%A9rieur" title="Fonction d&#39;ordre supérieur">Fonction d'ordre supérieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonction_r%C3%A9cursive" title="Fonction récursive">Fonction récursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ricit%C3%A9" title="Généricité">Généricité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9rande" title="Opérande">Opérande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Param%C3%A8tre_(programmation_informatique)" title="Paramètre (programmation informatique)">Paramètre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphisme_(informatique)" title="Polymorphisme (informatique)">Polymorphisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routine_(informatique)" title="Routine (informatique)">Procédure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature_de_type" title="Signature de type">Signature de type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surcharge_de_fonction" title="Surcharge de fonction">Surcharge</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Programmation_orient%C3%A9e_objet" title="Programmation orientée objet">Objet</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classe_(informatique)" title="Classe (informatique)">Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructeur_(programmation)" title="Constructeur (programmation)">Constructeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructeur" title="Destructeur">Destructeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encapsulation_(programmation)" title="Encapsulation (programmation)">Encapsulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ritage_(informatique)" title="Héritage (informatique)">Héritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ritage_multiple" title="Héritage multiple">Héritage multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instance_(programmation)" title="Instance (programmation)">Instance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_(informatique)" title="Méthode (informatique)">Méthode</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Programmation_%C3%A9v%C3%A9nementielle" title="Programmation événementielle">Événementiel</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Inversion_de_contr%C3%B4le" title="Inversion de contrôle">Inversion de contrôle</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Code_source" title="Code source">Code source</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Structure_de_donn%C3%A9es" title="Structure de données">Structures de données</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbre_enracin%C3%A9" title="Arbre enraciné">Arbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attribut_(informatique)" title="Attribut (informatique)">Attribut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8re_(informatique)" title="Caractère (informatique)">Caractère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enregistrement_(structure_de_donn%C3%A9es)" title="Enregistrement (structure de données)">Enregistrement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_(informatique)" title="Ensemble (informatique)">Ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(structure_de_donn%C3%A9es)" title="File (structure de données)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_(informatique)" title="Liste (informatique)">Liste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_cha%C3%AEn%C3%A9e" title="Liste chaînée">Liste chaînée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_(informatique)" title="Pile (informatique)">Pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9_(informatique)" title="Propriété (informatique)">Propriété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9maphore_(informatique)" title="Sémaphore (informatique)">Sémaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableau_(structure_de_donn%C3%A9es)" title="Tableau (structure de données)">Tableau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tas_(informatique)" title="Tas (informatique)">Tas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_abstrait" title="Type abstrait">Type abstrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecteur_(structure_de_donn%C3%A9es)" title="Vecteur (structure de données)">Vecteur</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9claration_(informatique)" title="Déclaration (informatique)">Déclarations</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affectation_(informatique)" title="Affectation (informatique)">Affectation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointeur_(programmation)" title="Pointeur (programmation)">Pointeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A9e_(informatique)" title="Portée (informatique)">Portée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_(programmation)" title="Référence (programmation)">Référence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableau_associatif" title="Tableau associatif">Tableau associatif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_%C3%A9num%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Type énuméré">Type énuméré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_r%C3%A9cursif" title="Type récursif">Type récursif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typage_statique" title="Typage statique">Typage statique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_(informatique)" title="Variable (informatique)">Variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_globale" title="Variable globale">Variable globale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_locale" title="Variable locale">Variable locale</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Structure_de_contr%C3%B4le" title="Structure de contrôle">Structures de contrôle</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_(instruction)" title="Case (instruction)">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_de_contr%C3%B4le#Boucle_jusqu&#39;à_ce_que" title="Structure de contrôle">Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_de_contr%C3%B4le#Test_si_sinon" title="Structure de contrôle">Else</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eval" title="Eval">Eval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_de_contr%C3%B4le#Test_si" title="Structure de contrôle">If</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boucle_for" title="Boucle for">For</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goto_(informatique)" title="Goto (informatique)">Goto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_de_contr%C3%B4le#Boucles" title="Structure de contrôle">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch_(instruction)" title="Switch (instruction)">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boucle_while" title="Boucle while">While</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Routine_(informatique)" title="Routine (informatique)">Fonctions</a> usuelles</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concaténation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incr%C3%A9mentation" title="Incrémentation">Incrémentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malloc" title="Malloc">malloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printf" title="Printf">printf</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Outil_de_d%C3%A9veloppement_logiciel" title="Catégorie:Outil de développement logiciel">Outil de développement</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environnement_de_d%C3%A9veloppement" title="Environnement de développement">Environnement de développement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rateur_de_documentation" title="Générateur de documentation">Générateur de documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestion_de_versions" title="Gestion de versions">Gestion de versions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_(informatique)" title="Modèle (informatique)">Modèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patch_(informatique)" title="Patch (informatique)">Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cification_(norme_technique)" title="Spécification (norme technique)">Spécification</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Folklore</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hello_world" title="Hello world">Hello world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principe_KISS" title="Principe KISS">Principe KISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langage_de_programmation_exotique" title="Langage de programmation exotique">Langage de programmation exotique</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale">Catégories&#160;: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Programmation_informatique" title="Catégorie:Programmation informatique">Programmation informatique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:D%C3%A9veloppement_logiciel" title="Catégorie:Développement logiciel">Développement logiciel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Math%C3%A9matiques" title="Portail des mathématiques"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg/24px-Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg/36px-Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg/48px-Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Math%C3%A9matiques" title="Portail:Mathématiques">Portail des mathématiques</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Informatique" title="Portail de l’informatique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Circle-icons-computer.svg/24px-Circle-icons-computer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Circle-icons-computer.svg/36px-Circle-icons-computer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Circle-icons-computer.svg/48px-Circle-icons-computer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Informatique" title="Portail:Informatique">Portail de l’informatique</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Linguistique" title="Portail de la linguistique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_language.svg/24px-Logo_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_language.svg/36px-Logo_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_language.svg/48px-Logo_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Linguistique" title="Portail:Linguistique">Portail de la linguistique</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Litt%C3%A9rature" title="Portail de la littérature"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/VictorHugosmallColor.png/24px-VictorHugosmallColor.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/VictorHugosmallColor.png 1.5x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="25" 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