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Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFs" title="Saïs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saïs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="صا الحجر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صا الحجر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سائیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سائیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%81" title="Саіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Саис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Саис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais" title="Sais – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sais" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sau" title="Sau – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sau" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais" title="Sais – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sais" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Σάις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais" title="Sais – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sais" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais" title="Sais – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sais" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais" title="Sais – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sais" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سائیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سائیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFs" title="Saïs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saïs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="사이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais" title="Sais – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sais" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais" title="Sais – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sais" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1" title="סאיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סאיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="საისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais" title="Sais – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sais" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saisas" title="Saisas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saisas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szaisz" title="Szaisz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szaisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="صا الحجر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صا الحجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFs" title="Saïs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saïs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="サイス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais_(Egypt)" title="Sais (Egypt) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sais (Egypt)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais" title="Sais – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sais" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais" title="Sais – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sais" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%ADs" title="Saís – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saís" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais,_Egipt" title="Sais, Egipt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sais, Egipt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Саис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saj" title="Saj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Saj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais" title="Sais – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sais" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais" title="Sais – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sais" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais" title="Sais – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sais" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais" title="Sais – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sais" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais,_Ehipto" title="Sais, Ehipto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sais, Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="சைஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சைஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="ซาอิส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซาอิส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%97%D1%81" title="Саїс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саїс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="صا الحجر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صا الحجر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais" title="Sais – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sais" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sais,_Egypt&params=30_57_53_N_30_46_6_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°57′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°46′6″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.96472°N 30.76833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.96472; 30.76833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sais&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sais">Sais</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Egyptian city</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sais" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sais_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sais (disambiguation)">Sais (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sa el-Hagar" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tanis" title="Tanis">San al-Hagar</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Gharbia, Egypt</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Sais</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Francois_Champollion_-_Plan_Des_Ruines_De_Sais.cropped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sais ruins drawn by Jean-François Champollion during his expedition in 1828"><img alt="Map of Sais ruins drawn by Jean-François Champollion during his expedition in 1828" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Jean-Francois_Champollion_-_Plan_Des_Ruines_De_Sais.cropped.png/250px-Jean-Francois_Champollion_-_Plan_Des_Ruines_De_Sais.cropped.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Jean-Francois_Champollion_-_Plan_Des_Ruines_De_Sais.cropped.png/500px-Jean-Francois_Champollion_-_Plan_Des_Ruines_De_Sais.cropped.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of Sais ruins drawn by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" title="Jean-François Champollion">Jean-François Champollion</a> during his expedition in 1828</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sais is located in Egypt"><img alt="Sais is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/330px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/960px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.512%;left:50.14%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sais"><img alt="Sais" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Sais</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Egypt</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sais,_Egypt&params=30_57_53_N_30_46_6_E_region:EG_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°57′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°46′6″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.96472°N 30.76833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.96472; 30.76833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate" title="Gharbia Governorate">Gharbia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt_Standard_Time" title="Egypt Standard Time">EST</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-1-58b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-1-58b.jpg/250px-Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-1-58b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-1-58b.jpg/330px-Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-1-58b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-1-58b.jpg/500px-Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-1-58b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of Sais</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sais</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CF%8A%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Σάϊς">Σάϊς</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">Ⲥⲁⲓ</span>) was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> city in the Western <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WebsterNinthNewCollege_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebsterNinthNewCollege-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known by the ancient Egyptians as <b>Sꜣw</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford173_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford173-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the provincial capital of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sap-Meh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sap-Meh (page does not exist)">Sap-Meh</a>, the fifth <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">nome</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> and became the seat of power during the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 732</span>–720 BC) and the Saite <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> (664–525 BC) during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On its ruins today stands the town of <b>Sa el-Hagar</b><sup id="cite_ref-oxford173_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford173-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snape_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snape-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Arabic language">Egyptian Arabic</a>: <span lang="arz" dir="rtl">صا الحجر</span>) or <b>Sa El Hajar</b>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="font-size:100%; width:300px; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]]; background: #FFFFDE [[Category:Egypt portal]]; color: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]]; line-height:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #FFE39B [[Category:Egypt portal]]"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" />Sais in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align:middle; background-color: #FFFFDE [[Category:Egypt portal]]; color: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]]; border: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]] 1px solid; padding: 0.4em;"><div class="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png?63e15" height="5" title="O34 [z]" alt="z" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G39.png?eb053" height="34" title="G39" alt="G39" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1 [A]" alt="A" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43 [w]" alt="w" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49 [niwt]" alt="niwt" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><br />Sau (Zau) <br /> <i>Sȝw</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align:top; background-color: #EEEECD [[Category:Egypt portal]]"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top; background-color: #EEEECD [[Category:Egypt portal]]; border: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]] 1px solid;">Σάϊς (Sais)</td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neolithic_period">Neolithic period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sais,_Egypt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Neolithic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> settlement has been identified at Sais recently (1999), dating to 5000 BC. Agriculture appears here during this period, as well as at another similar site, <a href="/wiki/Merimde_Beni_Salama" title="Merimde Beni Salama">Merimde Beni Salama</a>, which is located about 80km south of Sais.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowland_Bertini_2016_pp._160–172_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowland_Bertini_2016_pp._160–172-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Neolithic period at Sais consists of three phases. The earliest phases are Early Neolithic (Sais I) and Late Neolithic (Sais II).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Early Neolithic, the site started as a fishing camp but later, in the Middle to Late Neolithic Period, it was settled by agriculturalists for the cultivation of the floodplain.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evolution of activity from fish processing to a settled hunting and agricultural phase may be connected to gradual changes in climatic conditions from 4600 BC onwards. It is believed that the Middle Holocene Moist phase started at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sais,_Egypt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> wrote that Sais is where the grave of <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> was located and that the sufferings of the god were displayed as a mystery by night on an adjacent lake.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's patron goddess was <a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a>, whose cult is attested as early as the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100</span>–3050 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greeks, such as Herodotus, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, identified her with <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> and hence postulated a primordial link to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. Diodorus recounts that Athenians built Sais before the <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">deluge</a>. While all Greek cities were destroyed during that cataclysm, including Athens, Sais and the others Egyptian cities survived.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are today no surviving traces of this town prior to the Late <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100 BC</span>) due to the extensive destruction of the city by the <i><a href="/wiki/Sebakh" title="Sebakh">sebakhin</a></i> (farmers removing mudbrick deposits for use as fertilizer) leaving only a few relief blocks <i>in situ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the proposed Sa El Hagar site has little evidence of this city, <a href="/wiki/List_of_obelisks_in_Rome" title="List of obelisks in Rome">Obelisks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Minerva" title="Piazza della Minerva">Piazza della Minerva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a> Italy are claimed to originate from Sais. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Egypt">Islamic conquest of Egypt</a>, a battle was fought at Sais between the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a>. It remained a <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)#Roman_Egypt" title="Nome (Egypt)">pagarchy</a> and Christian bishopric at least through the early 700s. Medieval writers like <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Maqrizi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qalqashandi" title="Al-Qalqashandi">al-Qalqashandi</a> attributed the city's foundation to one "Sā ibn Misr"; <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Iyas" title="Ibn Iyas">Ibn Iyas</a> called the founder "Sā ibn Marqunus". The site was used as a <a href="/wiki/Stone_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone quarry">stone quarry</a> during this period. By the time of Ibn Iyas, the city had fallen almost completely into ruin.<sup id="cite_ref-MIFAO_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIFAO-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=1885_Census_of_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1885 Census of Egypt (page does not exist)">1885 Census of Egypt</a> recorded Sa el-Hagar as a <a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">nahiyah</a> under the district of <a href="/wiki/Kafr_az-Zayyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafr az-Zayyat">Kafr az-Zayyat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate" title="Gharbia Governorate">Gharbia Governorate</a>; at that time, the population of the town was 4,474 (2,250 men and 2,224 women).<sup id="cite_ref-1885_Census_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1885_Census-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_school">Medical school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sais,_Egypt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medical school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Temple of Sais had a medical school associated with it, as did many <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">ancient Egyptian temples</a>. The medical school at Sais had many female students and apparently women faculty as well, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecology">gynecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">obstetrics</a>. An inscription from the period survives at Sais, and reads, "I have come from the school of medicine at Heliopolis, and have studied at the woman's school at Sais, where the divine mothers have taught me how to cure diseases".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sais,_Egypt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Critias" title="Critias">Critias</a></i> (around 395 BC, 200 years after the visit by the Greek legislator Solon), Sais is the city in which <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> receives the story of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>, its military aggression against Greece and Egypt, its eventual defeat and destruction by gods-punishing catastrophe, from an Egyptian priest. Solon visited Egypt in 590 BC. Plato also notes the city as the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Amasis II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> said that the shrine of Athena, which he identifies with <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, in Sais carried the inscription "I am all that hath been, and is, and shall be; and <a href="/wiki/Veil_of_Isis" title="Veil of Isis">my veil</a> no mortal has hitherto raised."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/L%27enfance_du_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="L'enfance du Christ">L'enfance du Christ</a></i> ("The Childhood of Christ"), in part Three, has Sais as the setting for the youth of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> until age 10, after his parents leave their homeland to escape the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> by <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>. </p><p>Sais is depicted in the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Origins" title="Assassin's Creed Origins">Assassin's Creed Origins</a></i>. Here it is depicted as under the control of a member of the Order of the Ancients named "The Scarab".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sais,_Egypt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities" title="List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities">List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">List of historical capitals of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Apries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonchis_of_Sais" title="Sonchis of Sais">Sonchis of Sais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_and_Obelisk" title="Elephant and Obelisk">Elephant and Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk_van_Urbino" class="extiw" title="nl:Obelisk van Urbino">Urbino Obelisk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sais,_Egypt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WebsterNinthNewCollege-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WebsterNinthNewCollege_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mish, Frederick C., Editor in Chief. "Saïs." <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary#The_Collegiate_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary</a></i>. 9th ed. Springfield, MA: <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> Inc., 1985. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-508-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-508-8">0-87779-508-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-509-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-509-6">0-87779-509-6</a> (indexed), and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-510-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-510-X">0-87779-510-X</a> (deluxe).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford173-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford173_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford173_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMyśliwiec2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karol_My%C5%9Bliwiec" title="Karol Myśliwiec">Myśliwiec, Karol</a> (2001). "Sais". In <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Redford, Donald B.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">173–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sais&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt%2C+Volume+3&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=My%C5%9Bliwiec&rft.aufirst=Karol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASais%2C+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Shaw & Paul Nicholson, The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, British Museum Press, 1995. p.250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snape-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snape_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnape2014" class="citation book cs1">Snape, Steven (2014). <i>The Complete Cities of Ancient Egypt</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-77240-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-77240-9"><bdi>978-0-500-77240-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Cities+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-500-77240-9&rft.aulast=Snape&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASais%2C+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowland_Bertini_2016_pp._160–172-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rowland_Bertini_2016_pp._160–172_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRowlandBertini2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rowland, Joanne M.; Bertini, Louise C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25737746">"The Neolithic within the context of northern Egypt: New results and perspectives from Merimde Beni Salama"</a>. <i>Quaternary International</i>. <b>410</b>. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">160–</span>172. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..160R">2016QuInt.410..160R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2016.02.014">10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182">1040-6182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=The+Neolithic+within+the+context+of+northern+Egypt%3A+New+results+and+perspectives+from+Merimde+Beni+Salama&rft.volume=410&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1040-6182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2016.02.014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016QuInt.410..160R&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Joanne+M.&rft.au=Bertini%2C+Louise+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25737746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASais%2C+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penelope Wilson, Gregory Gilbert & Geoffrey Tassie (2014), Sais II: the prehistoric period at Sa el-Hagar. (EES Excavation Memoir 107). xvii+280 pages. 2014. London: Egypt Exploration Society; 978-0-85698-218-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, P. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dro.dur.ac.uk/cgi/export/3782/DC/dur-eprint-3782.txt">Prehistoric settlement in the Western Delta : a regional and local view from Sais (Sa el-Hagar).</a>, Journal of Egyptian archaeology., 92 . pp. 75-126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penelope Wilson (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeum/reader/download/168/168-30-75861-1-10-20161011.pdf">THE PREHISTORIC SEQUENCE AT SAIS: TEMPORAL AND REGIONAL CONNECTIONS.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616051550/https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeum/reader/download/168/168-30-75861-1-10-20161011.pdf">Archived</a> 16 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Nile Delta as a centre of cultural interactions between Upper Egypt and the Southern Levant in the 4th millennium BC. Studies in African Archaeology 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, II, 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus Siculus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_agd-eLVNRMMC"><i>Historical Library</i> "Book V, 57"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIFAO-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MIFAO_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasperoWiet1919" class="citation book cs1">Maspero, Jean; Wiet, Gaston (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MIFAO36/page/n69/mode/2up"><i>Matériaux pour servir à la géographie de l'Égypte</i></a>. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. p. 116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mat%C3%A9riaux+pour+servir+%C3%A0+la+g%C3%A9ographie+de+l%27%C3%89gypte&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Maspero&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Wiet%2C+Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMIFAO36%2Fpage%2Fn69%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASais%2C+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1885_Census-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1885_Census_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEgypt_min._of_finance,_census_dept1885" class="citation book cs1">Egypt min. of finance, census dept (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OpQNAAAAQAAJ"><i>Recensement général de l'Égypte</i></a>. p. 279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recensement+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+l%27%C3%89gypte&rft.pages=279&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Egypt+min.+of+finance%2C+census+dept&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOpQNAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASais%2C+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilverthorne,_Elizabeth_and_Geneva_Fulgham1997" class="citation book cs1">Silverthorne, Elizabeth and Geneva Fulgham (1997). <i>Women Pioneers in Texas Medicine</i>. Texas A&M University Press. pp. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-789-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-789-8"><bdi>978-0-89096-789-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Pioneers+in+Texas+Medicine&rft.pages=xvii&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-789-8&rft.au=Silverthorne%2C+Elizabeth+and+Geneva+Fulgham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASais%2C+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <i>Timaeus</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thriceholy.net/Texts/Isis.html">Isis and Osiris</a></i>", ch. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ign.com/wikis/assassins-creed-origins/The_Scarab%27s_Sting">[1]</a>, IGN, <i>Assassin's Creed Origins - The Scarab's Sting walkthrough</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sais,_Egypt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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/></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sais,_Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sais, Egypt">Sais, Egypt</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060526095427/http://www.egyptsites.co.uk/lower/delta/central/saelhagar.html">Archeological description of Sais</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/penelope.wilson/sais.html">Official site at the University of Durham</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tanis,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanis, Egypt">Tanis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Historical capital of Egypt</a> </b><br />732 – 720 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Napata" title="Napata">Napata</a>/<a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Napata" title="Napata">Napata</a>/<a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Historical capital of Egypt </b><br />664 – 525 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Historical capital of Egypt </b><br />404 – 399 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mendes" title="Mendes">Mendes</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sais,_Egypt&params=30_57_53_N_30_46_6_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°57′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°46′6″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.96472°N 30.76833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.96472; 30.76833</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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