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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Жанире лӀугьине</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Больше возможностей" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Персоналал тӀагӀалаби" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Персоналал тӀагӀалаби</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Пользовательское меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_av.wikipedia.org&uselang=av"><span>Кьел</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1:%D0%A3%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%86%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%86%D1%83%D1%86%D0%86%D1%86%D0%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нужее рекомендацион кьолеб буго аккаунт гьабизе ва жанире лӀугьине, амма гьеб тӀадаб жо гуро."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Аккаунт гьабизе</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1:%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD&returnto=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нужее рекомендацион кьолеб буго системаялда регистрация гьабизе, амма гьеб тӀадаб жо гуро. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Жанире лӀугьине</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страницы для неавторизованных редакторов <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA:%D0%92%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Подробнее о редактировании"><span>узнать больше</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1:%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Список правок, сделанных с этого IP-адреса [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Вклад</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1:%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%86%D1%81" title="Страница обсуждений для моего IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Гьоркьолъей</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eскрыть\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"av\" 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Территория</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Территория-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-БетӀербахъи_гьабулел_чагӀи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#БетӀербахъи_гьабулел_чагӀи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>БетӀербахъи гьабулел чагӀи</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-БетӀербахъи_гьабулел_чагӀи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Шумеразул_цивилизация" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Шумеразул_цивилизация"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Шумеразул цивилизация</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Шумеразул_цивилизация-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Политикияб_история" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Политикияб_история"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Политикияб история</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Политикияб_история-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Шумералъул_пачаян_жидедаго_абулел_рукӀарал_хIакимал" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Шумералъул_пачаян_жидедаго_абулел_рукӀарал_хIакимал"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Шумералъул пачаян жидедаго абулел рукӀарал хIакимал</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Шумералъул_пачаян_жидедаго_абулел_рукӀарал_хIакимал-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Гьединго_ралагье" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гьединго_ралагье"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Гьединго ралагье</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Гьединго_ралагье-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Комментал" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Комментал"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Комментал</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Комментал-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-МугъчӀваял" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#МугъчӀваял"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>МугъчӀваял</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-МугъчӀваял-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Линкал" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Линкал"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Линкал</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Линкал-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Содержание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Отобразить/Скрыть содержание" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Отобразить/Скрыть содержание</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Шумер</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перейти к статье на другом языке. Доступно на 123 языках" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 мацӀ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — швейцарский немецкий" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарский немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%88%98%E1%88%AD" title="ሱመር — амхарский" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሱመር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria — арагонский" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="سومر — арабский" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سومر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%AA" title="ܫܘܡܪ — арамейский" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܘܡܪ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="арамейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="سومريين — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سومريين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0" title="সুমেৰ — ассамский" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সুমেৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ассамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eumer" title="Şumer — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şumer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="سومر — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سومر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер — башкирский" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкирский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0omers" title="Šomers — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šomers" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Шумэр — белорусский (тарашкевица)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шумэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="белорусский (тарашкевица)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সুমেরীয় সভ্যতা — бенгальский" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুমেরীয় সভ্যতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — бретонский" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — боснийский" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — себуано" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуано" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1" title="سۆمەر — центральнокурдский" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سۆمەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="центральнокурдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер — чувашский" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swmer" title="Swmer — валлийский" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swmer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — немецкий" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Σουμέριοι — греческий" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουμέριοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="греческий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A9r" title="Sumér — Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sumér" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — английский" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumero" title="Sumero — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sumero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria — испанский" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="سومر — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سومر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%B5r" title="Sumõr — выруский" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sumõr" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="выруский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="жакъа тІаса бищараб макъала"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — французский" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — северный фризский" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северный фризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBmearje" title="Sûmearje — западнофризский" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sûmearje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSuim%C3%A9ir" title="An tSuiméir — ирландский" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSuiméir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%BE%8E%E7%88%BE" title="蘇美爾 — гань" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="蘇美爾" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="гань" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A9ria" title="Suméria — гуарани" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Suméria" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="שומר — иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שומר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="सुमेर — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुमेर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — хорватский" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — венгерский" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Շումեր — армянский" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շումեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria — индонезийский" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmer" title="Súmer — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súmer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — итальянский" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="シュメール — японский" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シュメール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შუმერი — грузинский" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუმერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — кабильский" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер — казахский" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A9%94%EB%A5%B4" title="수메르 — корейский" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수메르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — курдский" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — корнский" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер — киргизский" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — латинский" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soemer" title="Soemer — лимбургский" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Soemer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umeras" title="Šumeras — литовский" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šumeras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umera" title="Šumera — латышский" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šumera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somera" title="Somera — малагасийский" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Somera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сумер — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сумер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സുമേറിയൻ സംസ്കാരം — малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുമേറിയൻ സംസ്കാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер — монгольский" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монгольский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria — малайский" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A9ria" title="Suméria — мирандский" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Suméria" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="мирандский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ဆူမားရီးယန်းခေတ် — бирманский" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆူမားရီးယန်းခေတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирманский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — нижненемецкий" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="нижненемецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="सुमेर — непальский" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुमेर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="सुमेर — неварский" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सुमेर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — нидерландский" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A8r" title="Sumèr — окситанский" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sumèr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸੂਮਰ — панджаби" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੂਮਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджаби" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — польский" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سمیری — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سمیری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سومریان — пушту" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سومریان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A9ria" title="Suméria — португальский" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suméria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер — русский" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="русский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri — сицилийский" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sumeri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="سمير — синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سمير" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri — словацкий" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sumeri" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словацкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerija" title="Sumerija — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sumerija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeer" title="Sumeer — сомали" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sumeer" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri — албанский" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sumeri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сумер — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сумер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri — суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sumeri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dmer" title="Sōmer — силезский" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sōmer" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="силезский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="சுமேரியா — тамильский" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுமேரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4" title="సుమేరు నాగరికత — телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సుమేరు నాగరికత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ซูเมอร์ — тайский" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซูเมอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerliler" title="Sumerliler — туркменский" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sumerliler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="туркменский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerya" title="Sumerya — тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sumerya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCmerler" title="Sümerler — турецкий" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sümerler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سۇمېرلار — уйгурский" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۇمېرلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="уйгурский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سمیری — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سمیری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumer" title="Shumer — узбекский" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shumer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — вьетнамский" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer%C3%A4n" title="Sumerän — волапюк" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sumerän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="волапюк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerya" title="Sumerya — варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sumerya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏美尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შუმერი — мегрельский" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შუმერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="мегрельский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="שומער — идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שומער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔 — китайский" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏美尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%BE%8E" title="蘇美 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蘇美" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer — миньнань" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="миньнань" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%BE%8E%E7%88%BE" title="蘇美爾 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇美爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35355#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Интервики регӀелал хисизаризе" class="wbc-editpage">РегӀелал хисизаризе</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80"><span>ТӀехь гӀуцӀизе</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF гӀадин жанибе реххизе</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&printable=yes" title="Гьаб гьумералъул басмаялъе версия [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Принталъул версия</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Цогидал проектазда </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sumer" hreflang="en"><span>Викигъамас</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35355" title="Ссылка на связанный элемент репозитория данных [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Викибаянал элемент</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Инструменты для страниц"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Внешний вид"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Внешний вид</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">переместить в боковую панель</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">скрыть</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Википедия — эркенаб энциклопедия сайталдасан материал</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="av" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Map_of_Sumer_and_Akkad_(Russian).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Map_of_Sumer_and_Akkad_%28Russian%29.jpg/300px-Map_of_Sumer_and_Akkad_%28Russian%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Map_of_Sumer_and_Akkad_%28Russian%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption> НекӀсияб Бабилоналъул картаялда бугеб Шумер ги Аккад сверухълъаби</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4,_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Шумер Аккад, Ассирия" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%2C_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.gif/220px-%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%2C_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%2C_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.gif/330px-%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%2C_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%2C_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.gif 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption> Шумер Аккад, Ассирия</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Шуме́р</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEЕмельянов2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEЕмельянов2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аккад мацӀ (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">аккад</a>. <i>Šumerû</i>) яги <i>Киэнги</i> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Шумер мацӀ">шум</a>. Ki-en-gi(-r)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКанева2006_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКанева2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) — Бакъдасеб <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Месопотамия (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Месопотамиялъул</a> гьанжесеб <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="ГӀиракъ">ГӀиракъалъул</a> территориялда бугеб некӀсияб сверухълъи.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКанева2006_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКанева2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> XIX гӀасруялда гьеб сверухълъиялъул цӀаралда рекъон гIелмиял цIех-рехал гьабулел чагӀаз <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Шумер мацӀ">шумер мацӀалде</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКанева2006_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКанева2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ги гьелда кӀалъалел халкъае <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шумерал (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">шумеразе</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1997_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> кьуна цӀар. Цо-цо мехалъ жибго шумеразул цивилизациялда ги гьелда дандекколеб шумеразул мацӀалъул тӀибитӀиялъул территориялда (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аккад сверухълъи (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Аккад сверухълъиги</a> рикIкIун) Шумер абула. НекӀсияб Месопотамиялда цудунаб <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Резил гӀасру (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">резил гӀасруялъул</a> мехалда Шумер букӀана бетӀераб сверухълъун: гьелӀа рукӀана нексӀиял шагьарал-хӀукуматал: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ур (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Ур</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Урук (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Урук</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лагаш (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Лагаш</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ниппур (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Ниппур</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ларса (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Ларса</a> ги гьединго цогидал. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Этноним"><span id=".D0.AD.D1.82.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.BC"></span>Этноним</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Этноним бутӀа хисизабизе" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=1" title="Редактировать код раздела «Этноним»"><span>код хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>«Шумер» абураб цӀар <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аккад мацӀалдаса (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">аккад мацӀалдаса</a> лӀугьураб буго (аккад. Šumerû); <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Шумер мацӀ">шумеразул</a> сверухълъиялъул цӀар ккола «Киэнги(р)».<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКанева2006_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКанева2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Аккадалъулаб «Шумер» абураб цӀар тӀоцебе лъалеб рехсей <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аккад (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Аккад</a> пачахъе <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Римуш (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Римушил</a> бетӀерлъи гьабиялде хурхунеб буго (<a href="/w/index.php?title=XXIII_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XXIII гӀасру (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">XXIII н. э. щ.</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> «Шумер» абураб цӀаралъул этимология дагӀбаяб буго. А. Фалькенштейнаялда рекъон <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Шумер мацӀ">шум.</a> Šumerû релълъинабун гьабулеб буго <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Шумер мацӀ">аккад.</a> Ki-en-gi(-r) (Киэнги(р)), мухӀканго абуни диалектияб цӀаралъул форма.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98._%D0%9C._%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="И. М. Дьяконов (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">И. М. Дьяконовица</a> гьесда дандечӀун бихьизабуна <i>k > š</i> буссинабиялъул ракӀчӀарал нугӀлъиял гьечӀолъуда ги цӀех-рех гьабизе кьуна Ki-en-gi абураб хъвай <i>KI.EN.GI</i> гӀуцӀараб идеограмма гӀадин рикӀкӀине, <i>Šumer</i> цӀалигун.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКанева2006_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКанева2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Территория"><span id=".D0.A2.D0.B5.D1.80.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Территория</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Территория бутӀа хисизабизе" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=2" title="Редактировать код раздела «Территория»"><span>код хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Бакъдасеб Месопотамиялъул бакъдасеб ги гьоркъохъеб бутӀа Шумер сверухълъиялъ ккун букӀана<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>комм. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Шумералда гьоркьобе унаан Ниппур шагьаралдаса бакъдасеб рахъалда ругел Бакъдасеб Месопотамиялъул шагьарал (гьезда гьоркьоб жибго Ниппурги). Шагьарал рукӀана <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тигр (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Тигралъул</a> ги <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ефрат (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Ефраталъул</a> гIурумухъккун гӀебеде, гьезул гӀаркьелабазда яги батӀатӀураб каналазда. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="БетӀербахъи_гьабулел_чагӀи"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B5.D1.82.D3.80.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B1.D0.B0.D1.85.D1.8A.D0.B8_.D0.B3.D1.8C.D0.B0.D0.B1.D1.83.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BB_.D1.87.D0.B0.D0.B3.D3.80.D0.B8"></span>БетӀербахъи гьабулел чагӀи</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=3" title="БетӀербахъи гьабулел чагӀи бутӀа хисизабизе" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=3" title="Редактировать код раздела «БетӀербахъи гьабулел чагӀи»"><span>код хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>3леб н. э. щ. азарсонида сверухълъиялда цӀикӀкӀарал бетӀербахъи гьабулел чагӀи рукӀана шумерал (жидедаго абулеб цӀар: чӀегӀер бутӀрулал (шум. sag-gig, <i>саг-ги́г</i>, аслияб магӀана «чагӀи» ккола). ТӀоцебе династияб мехалъул ги III-леб Ура династиялъул эпохаялъул цӀикӀкӀарасеб хъвавул иццал хъван рукӀана шумер мацӀалда. Шумеразулгун мадугьалихъ бетӀербахъи гьабулел рукӀана семит мацӀалда кӀалъалел <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аккадал (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">аккадалги</a>, гьединаб жидедаго абулеб цӀарги букӀараб (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аккад мацӀ (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">аккад</a> ṣalmat-qaqqadim, <i>ца́льмат-ка́ккадим).</i> Гьезул букӀараб батӀалъи лъикӀго бихьулеб букӀинчӀо; гьаб бакӀалда бодулаб бикьи тӀокӀлъаан: «Ур шагьаралъул чагӀийилан», «Кишалъул чагӀийилан» ги гь. ц. 3леб н. э. щ. азарсонида бакьулӀ Аккад пачалъи гӀуцӀараб мехалъ рукӀа-рахъиналда шумер мацӀ цӀакъ хехго аккадалъ хисизе байбихьана. <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1_%D0%BD._%D1%8D._%D1%89._%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-абилеб н. э. щ. азарсоналдаса (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">2леб н. э. щ. азарсонидаса</a> Бакъдасеб Месопотамиялъул цогояб аккад мацӀалда кӀалъалеб халкъалъе — шумеразул ги аккадазул наслуязе — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Бабилонал (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">бабилонал</a> абураб цӀарги чӀезабун буго, титул <i>«Шумералъул ги Аккадалъул пача»</i> бабилоназул пачабазги босун буго. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Шумеразул_цивилизация"><span id=".D0.A8.D1.83.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D1.83.D0.BB_.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Шумеразул цивилизация</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Шумеразул цивилизация бутӀа хисизабизе" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=4" title="Редактировать код раздела «Шумеразул цивилизация»"><span>код хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Шумер ккола бищун некӀсияб цивилизациялъул цояб. Америкалъулаб цӀех-рех гьабулев нухмалъухъанас <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Крамер, Сэмюэл (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">С.Н. Крамерица</a> абулеб буго шумерал тӀоцебесеб цивилизация бугилан<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКрамер2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКрамер2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ги гьесда кколаан Шумералдаса история байбихьулаан<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКрамер1965_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКрамер1965-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Шумераз гӀемерал жал ургъун бахъун бугин абула, масала <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гьакибер (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">гьакибер</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хъвай-хъвагӀай (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">хъвай-хъвагӀай</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лъалъай (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">лъалъаяб система</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Росдал тӀагӀел (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">росдал тӀагӀел</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A9%D0%B0%D0%B3I%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ЩагIил гор (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">щагIил гор</a> ги <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пиво гьаби (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">пиво гьабицин</a>, хӀо мухӀканго лъалеб гьечӀо букӀарабали гьел гьекъезежал структуралда рекъон цӀикӀкӀун кӀватӀараб <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мехти (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">мехтилал</a> гьекъелалда. Шумер мацӀалда Месопотамиялдаса бищун некӀсиял мухӀканго цӀализе кӀолеб хъвай-хъвагӀаял гьарун рукӀана; гьезда хъван букӀана тӀоцебесеб династиялъул гIага-шагарго ги, батила, протохъвавул мехалъулги киналго иццал. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Политикияб_история"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B8.D1.8F.D0.B1_.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Политикияб история</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Политикияб история бутӀа хисизабизе" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=5" title="Редактировать код раздела «Политикияб история»"><span>код хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Шумералъул_пачаян_жидедаго_абулел_рукӀарал_хIакимал"><span id=".D0.A8.D1.83.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8A.D1.83.D0.BB_.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.87.D0.B0.D1.8F.D0.BD_.D0.B6.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.B3.D0.BE_.D0.B0.D0.B1.D1.83.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BB_.D1.80.D1.83.D0.BA.D3.80.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BB_.D1.85I.D0.B0.D0.BA.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BB"></span>Шумералъул пачаян жидедаго абулел рукӀарал хIакимал</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Шумералъул пачаян жидедаго абулел рукӀарал хIакимал бутӀа хисизабизе" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=6" title="Редактировать код раздела «Шумералъул пачаян жидедаго абулел рукӀарал хIакимал»"><span>код хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Гьединго_ралагье"><span id=".D0.93.D1.8C.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B3.D0.BE_.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.B3.D1.8C.D0.B5"></span>Гьединго ралагье</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Гьединго ралагье бутӀа хисизабизе" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=7" title="Редактировать код раздела «Гьединго ралагье»"><span>код хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шумерал (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Шумерал</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аккад (сверухълъи) (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Аккад (сверухълъи)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="НекӀсияб Месопотамиялъул история (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">НекӀсияб Месопотамиялъул история</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Месопотомиялда тӀоцебе династиялъул мех (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Месопотомиялда тӀоцебе династиялъул мех</a></li> <li>III Ура абураб династия</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Комментал"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BB"></span>Комментал</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Комментал бутӀа хисизабизе" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=8" title="Редактировать код раздела «Комментал»"><span>код хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="МугъчӀваял"><span id=".D0.9C.D1.83.D0.B3.D1.8A.D1.87.D3.80.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.8F.D0.BB"></span>МугъчӀваял</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=9" title="МугъчӀваял бутӀа хисизабизе" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=9" title="Редактировать код раздела «МугъчӀваял»"><span>код хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Линкал"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.BB"></span>Линкал</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Линкал бутӀа хисизабизе" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=10" title="Редактировать код раздела «Линкал»"><span>код хисизабизе</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Sumer.html">Ancient Sumer History — The History of the Ancient Near East Electronic Compendium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penn.museum/sites/iraq/">Iraq’s Ancient Past</a> — Penn Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gerginakkum.gerodot.ru/bibliography/diakonov/diakonov1950_2.html">Дьяконов И. М.: О площади и составе населения шумерского «города-государства». «Вестник древней истории». 1950. 2. С. 77—93.</a> <span class="ref-info">(хвараб регӀел)</span> (недоступная ссылка)</li></ul> <dl><dt>География</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206052250/http://www.utexas.edu/courses/classicalarch/images1/mapANEprecip.jpg">Map of The Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li>The History Files <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/MainFeaturesMesopotamia.htm">Ancient Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>МацӀ</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumerian.org/">Sumerian Language Page</a>, perhaps the oldest Sumerian website on the web (it dates back to 1996), features compiled lexicon, detailed FAQ, extensive links, and so on.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/">ETCSL: The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature</a> has complete translations of more than 400 Sumerian literary texts.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/">PSD: The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary</a>, while still in its initial stages, can be searched on-line, from August 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/">CDLI: Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative</a> a large corpus of Sumerian texts in transliteration, largely from the Early Dynastic and Ur III periods, accessible with images.</li></ul> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEЕмельянов2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEЕмельянов2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFЕмельянов2017">Емельянов 2017</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFЕмельянов2017 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Категория:Harv and Sfn template errors (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКанева2006-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКанева2006_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКанева2006_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКанева2006_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКанева2006_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКанева2006_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКанева2006">Канева 2006</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFКанева2006 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Категория:Harv and Sfn template errors (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1997-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1997_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotts1997">Potts 1997</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPotts1997 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Категория:Harv and Sfn template errors (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Канева. 2006. Гь. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Канева. 2006. Гь. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКрамер2002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКрамер2002_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКрамер2002">Крамер 2002</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFКрамер2002 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Категория:Harv and Sfn template errors (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКрамер1965-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКрамер1965_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКрамер1965">Крамер 1965</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFКрамер1965 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Категория:Harv and Sfn template errors (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol> <p><br /><span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="av" dir="ltr">Цитатинабиялъул гъалатӀ: Для существующих тегов <code><ref></code> группы «комм.» не найдено соответствующего тега <code><references group="комм."/></code></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Босараб бакӀ — «<a dir="ltr" href="https://av.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Шумер&oldid=92573">https://av.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Шумер&oldid=92573</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Хъулухъалъулаб:Категориял">Категориял</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Категория:Harv and Sfn no-target errors (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Категория:Википедия:ХӀалтӀуларел регӀелалгун гьумерал (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Википедия:ХӀалтӀуларел регӀелалгун гьумерал</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Категория:НекӀсияб Месопотамиялъул география (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">НекӀсияб Месопотамиялъул география</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Категория:Шумер (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Шумер</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D1%81_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Категория:Страницы с ошибками в примечаниях (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Страницы с ошибками в примечаниях</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:Pages_with_reference_errors_that_trigger_visual_diffs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Категория:Pages with reference errors that trigger visual diffs (гьадинаб гьумер гьечӀо)">Pages with reference errors that trigger visual diffs</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ахирисеб нухалъ гьаб гьумералъул хиса-баси гьабураб заман: 01:43, 1 октобер 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Текст щун буго <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike лицензиялда</a> гъоркь; рукӀине бегьула тӀадеги шартӀал. 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