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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmea" title="Cadmea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cadmea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmeia" title="Kadmeia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kadmeia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Καδμεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καδμεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmea" title="Cadmea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cadmea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadm%C3%A9e_(Th%C3%A8bes)" title="Cadmée (Thèbes) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cadmée (Thèbes)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadme%C3%ADa" title="Kadmeía – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kadmeía" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmea" title="Cadmea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cadmea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmea" title="Cadmea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cadmea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmeia" title="Kadmeia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kadmeia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmeia" title="Kadmeia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kadmeia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmea" title="Kadmea – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kadmea" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmeia" title="Cadmeia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cadmeia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Кадмея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кадмея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmeja" title="Kadmeja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kadmeja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmeia" title="Kadmeia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kadmeia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Кадмея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кадмея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1276854#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cadmea&params=38.32085_N_23.31778_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°19′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">23°19′04″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.32085°N 23.31778°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.32085; 23.31778</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmeia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmeia">Cadmeia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Citadel in ancient Thebes, Greece</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thebes-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thebes-1.jpg/330px-Thebes-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thebes-1.jpg/500px-Thebes-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thebes-1.jpg/550px-Thebes-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the Cadmea.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Cadmea</b>, or <b>Cadmeia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>: Καδμεία, <i>Kadmía</i>), was the <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> of ancient <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes, Greece</a>, which was named after <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>, the legendary founder of Thebes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area is thought to have been settled since at least the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, although the history of settlement can only be reliably dated from the late <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> period (c. 1400 BC). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_Thebes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Plan_of_Thebes.jpg/250px-Plan_of_Thebes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Plan_of_Thebes.jpg/330px-Plan_of_Thebes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Plan_of_Thebes.jpg/500px-Plan_of_Thebes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Topography of Ancient Thebes showing the location of the Cadmea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadmea,_Thebes_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cadmea%2C_Thebes_1.jpg/220px-Cadmea%2C_Thebes_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cadmea%2C_Thebes_1.jpg/330px-Cadmea%2C_Thebes_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cadmea%2C_Thebes_1.jpg/440px-Cadmea%2C_Thebes_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Site of the Cadmea in 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>In the classical and the early Hellenistic periods, the Cadmea served a similar purpose to the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>; many public buildings were situated there, and the assemblies of Thebes and the Boeotian Confederacy are thought to have met there. During the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> (382–379/2 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> occupations of Thebes, foreign garrisons were stationed on the Cadmea. <a href="/wiki/Phoebidas" title="Phoebidas">Phoebidas</a> was the Spartan general responsible for the unauthorized seizure of the citadel of Cadmea in 382 BC, in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Antalcidas" title="Peace of Antalcidas">Peace of Antalcidas</a> in place then. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a> was stationed in Cadmea as a standing force after it was recaptured from the Spartans in 379 BC, likely as defense against future attempts by foreign forces to take the citadel.<sup id="cite_ref-rockwell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockwell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ferrill_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferrill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ashley_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashley-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Destruction_and_rebuilding">Destruction and rebuilding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Destruction and rebuilding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cadmea was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thebes" title="Battle of Thebes">destroyed</a> in 335 BC by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, who razed the city of Thebes as a warning to other Greek cities contemplating revolt against his rule. <a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a>, the Macedonian general who inherited the Greek territorial possessions of Alexander after his death, rebuilt the Cadmea in 316 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_meaning_of_cadmea">Alternative meaning of cadmea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alternative meaning of cadmea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cadmea is also an ancient name for <a href="/wiki/Calamine_(mineral)" title="Calamine (mineral)">calamine</a> or zinc carbonate. Combined with copper, it was used in ancient times for the production of brass, as mentioned, for instance, by the Roman author, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. The element, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> (Cd), was, in 1817, first isolated from an impurity in calamine; hence, the name, cadmium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excavation">Excavation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Excavation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cadmea was rediscovered by the Greek archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Antonios_Keramopoulos" title="Antonios Keramopoulos">Antonios Keramopoulos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRockwell2017" class="citation book cs1">Rockwell, Nicholas (2017-06-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ukYlDwAAQBAJ"><i>Thebes: A History</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-21829-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-21829-6"><bdi>978-1-317-21829-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thebes%3A+A+History&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft.isbn=978-1-317-21829-6&rft.aulast=Rockwell&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DukYlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rockwell-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rockwell_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Ryan_Rockwell2008" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Ryan Rockwell (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jyEX5ffzCbQC&q=DeVoto+Theban+Sacred+Band&pg=PA19"><i>The Boeotian Army: The Convergence of Warfare, Politics, Society, and Culture in the Classical Age of Greece</i></a>. University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-109-02125-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-109-02125-7"><bdi>978-1-109-02125-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boeotian+Army%3A+The+Convergence+of+Warfare%2C+Politics%2C+Society%2C+and+Culture+in+the+Classical+Age+of+Greece&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-109-02125-7&rft.au=Nicholas+Ryan+Rockwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjyEX5ffzCbQC%26q%3DDeVoto%2BTheban%2BSacred%2BBand%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmea" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferrill-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ferrill_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Ferrill1996" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Ferrill (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rohp7lMyCakC&q=Sacred+Band+of+Thebes&pg=PA38">"Elite Forces in the Ancient World"</a>. In A. Hamish Ion; Keith Neilson (eds.). <i>Elite Military Formations in War and Peace</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94640-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94640-1"><bdi>978-0-275-94640-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elite+Forces+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.btitle=Elite+Military+Formations+in+War+and+Peace&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94640-1&rft.au=Arthur+Ferrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drohp7lMyCakC%26q%3DSacred%2BBand%2Bof%2BThebes%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashley-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ashley_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_R._Ashley2004" class="citation book cs1">James R. Ashley (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTmXOFX-wioC&q=Sacred+Band+of+Thebes&pg=PA434"><i>The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359-323 B.C.</i></a> McFarland. p. 434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1918-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1918-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-1918-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Macedonian+Empire%3A+The+Era+of+Warfare+Under+Philip+II+and+Alexander+the+Great%2C+359-323+B.C.&rft.pages=434&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1918-0&rft.au=James+R.+Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnTmXOFX-wioC%26q%3DSacred%2BBand%2Bof%2BThebes%26pg%3DPA434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1935" class="citation journal cs1">Carpenter, Rhys (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/289704">"Letters of Cadmus"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>56</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F289704">10.2307/289704</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475">0002-9475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/289704">289704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Letters+of+Cadmus&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1935&rft.issn=0002-9475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F289704%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F289704&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Rhys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F289704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cadmea&params=38.32085_N_23.31778_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°19′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">23°19′04″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.32085°N 23.31778°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.32085; 23.31778</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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