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sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Motown rootpage-Motown skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vai al contenuto</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu principale" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigazione </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pagina_principale" title="Visita la pagina principale [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Pagina principale</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:UltimeModifiche" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche del sito [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ultime modifiche</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PaginaCasuale" title="Mostra una pagina a caso [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Una voce a caso</span></a></li><li id="n-nearby-pages-title" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:NelleVicinanze"><span>Nelle vicinanze</span></a></li><li id="n-vetrina" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vetrina"><span>Vetrina</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Aiuto" title="Pagine di aiuto"><span>Aiuto</span></a></li><li id="n-Sportello-informazioni" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Sportello_informazioni"><span>Sportello informazioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunità" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunità" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunità </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portale:Comunit%C3%A0" title="Descrizione del progetto, cosa puoi fare, dove trovare le cose"><span>Portale Comunità</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bar"><span>Bar</span></a></li><li id="n-wikipediano" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipediano"><span>Il Wikipediano</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contatti"><span>Contatti</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Pagina_principale" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="L'enciclopedia libera" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-it.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:Ricerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca in Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Ricerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca in Wikipedia" aria-label="Cerca in Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca in Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciale:Ricerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Ricerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Strumenti personali"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifica la dimensione, la larghezza e il colore del testo" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aspetto" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aspetto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it" class=""><span>Fai una donazione</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Motown" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio" class=""><span>registrati</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Motown" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>entra</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Altre opzioni" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti personali" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti personali</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utente" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it"><span>Fai una donazione</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Motown" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>registrati</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Motown" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>entra</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Storia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Storia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gli_inizi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gli_inizi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gli inizi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gli_inizi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gli_anni_sessanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gli_anni_sessanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Gli anni sessanta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gli_anni_sessanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gli_anni_settanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gli_anni_settanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Gli anni settanta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gli_anni_settanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dagli_anni_ottanta_al_nuovo_millennio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dagli_anni_ottanta_al_nuovo_millennio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Dagli anni ottanta al nuovo millennio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dagli_anni_ottanta_al_nuovo_millennio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motown_Sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motown_Sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Motown Sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motown_Sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etichette_sussidiarie[34]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etichette_sussidiarie[34]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etichette sussidiarie<sup><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etichette_sussidiarie[34]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Motown</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 46 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="موتاون - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موتاون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="موتاون - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موتاون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Мотаун Рекърдс - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мотаун Рекърдс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="موتاون - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موتاون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מוטאון - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוטאון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3" title="モータウン - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モータウン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%ED%83%80%EC%9A%B4" title="모타운 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모타운" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="โมทาวน์ - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมทาวน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%9F%8E%E5%94%B1%E7%89%87" title="摩城唱片 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="摩城唱片" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%9F%8E%E5%94%B1%E7%89%87" title="摩城唱片 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="摩城唱片" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43327#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130658281">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote.nota-disambigua{clear:both;margin-top:0;padding:.05em .5em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint nota-disambigua"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/18px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/27px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/36px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Disambiguazione" title="Aiuto:Disambiguazione">Disambiguazione</a> – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi <b><a href="/wiki/Motown_(disambigua)" class="mw-disambig" title="Motown (disambigua)">Motown (disambigua)</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r133964453">.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-div>div,.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div>div{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-image{flex-basis:52px;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div .hide-when-compact{display:block}</style><div style="" class="ambox metadata plainlinks avviso avviso-contenuto"> <div class="avviso-immagine mbox-image noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-important.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Voce da controllare"><img alt="Voce da controllare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Emblem-important.svg/40px-Emblem-important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Emblem-important.svg/60px-Emblem-important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Emblem-important.svg/80px-Emblem-important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"><b>Questa voce o sezione  sull'argomento musica è ritenuta <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Voci_da_controllare" title="Aiuto:Voci da controllare">da controllare</a></b>. <div class="hide-when-compact"><b>Motivo</b>: <i>Gran calderone: bisogna suddividere le due voci (la Tamla, fondata nel 1958, dalla Motown, fondata l'anno dopo). Il gruppo è lo stesso ma sono case discografiche diverse, un po' come, per capirci, <a href="/wiki/RCA_Italiana" title="RCA Italiana">RCA Italiana</a> è diversa da <a href="/wiki/ARC_(casa_discografica)" title="ARC (casa discografica)">ARC</a></i> <div class="noprint"><hr />Partecipa alla <a href="/wiki/Discussione:Motown" title="Discussione:Motown">discussione</a> e/o <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit">correggi</a> la voce. Segui i suggerimenti del <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Musica" title="Progetto:Musica">progetto di riferimento</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="color: black;background:#FCE3C6">Motown</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Motown_logo_with_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo"><img alt="Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Motown_logo_with_wordmark.svg/194px-Motown_logo_with_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="194" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Motown_logo_with_wordmark.svg/291px-Motown_logo_with_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Motown_logo_with_wordmark.svg/388px-Motown_logo_with_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Logo</figcaption></figure> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Stato" title="Stato">Stato</a></th><td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stati Uniti (bandiera)"><img alt="Stati Uniti (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati Uniti d'America">Stati Uniti</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Fondazione</th><td>12 gennaio <a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Fondata da</th><td><a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Sede principale</th><td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Gruppo_societario" title="Gruppo societario">Gruppo</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Settore_economico" title="Settore economico">Settore</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Industria_musicale" title="Industria musicale">Musicale</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Prodotti</th><td>R&B, Soul, Pop, Hip Hop </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Sito_web" title="Sito web">Sito web</a></th><td><span style="word-break: break-all;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motownrecords.com">www.motownrecords.com</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43327" class="extiw" title="d:Q43327"><span title="Modifica i dati della voce Motown su Wikidata">Modifica dati su Wikidata</span></a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Azienda/man" title="Template:Azienda/man"><span title="Manuale del template Azienda">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>La <b>Motown Records</b>, nota anche semplicemente come <b>Motown</b>, è un’etichetta discografica statunitense appartenente alla <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fondata nel 1959 dall’imprenditore <a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, 28 novembre 1929), la Motown Records costituiva il principale nucleo della Motown Record Corporation, la casa discografica lanciata dallo stesso Gordy nell’aprile del 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_A_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La Motown è nota per l’immediato successo che ottenne negli anni sessanta e per il ruolo che ebbe nella diffusione del genere R&B e nell’integrazione razziale nella musica pop. Specializzata nel <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(musica)" title="Crossover (musica)">crossover di generi musicali</a>, la Motown fu pioniera di un sound riconoscibile e noto con lo slogan di "Motown Sound".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tra gli artisti più noti rappresentati dalla Motown Record Corporation ci sono <a href="/wiki/The_Miracles" title="The Miracles">The Miracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">The Supremes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodores" title="Commodores">The Commodores</a> e <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gli_inizi">Gli inizi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Gli inizi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Gli inizi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dopo un tentativo di carriera da pugile professionista per cui abbandona la scuola superiore all’età di sedici anni, <a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a> presta servizio nell’esercito statunitense per qualche anno, ottenendo un equivalente del diploma scolastico e partecipando alla <a href="/wiki/Guerra_di_Corea" title="Guerra di Corea">Guerra di Corea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L’interesse di Gordy per la musica emerge dopo i vent’anni, quando torna a <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> dopo il congedo militare. Qui frequenta bar e nightclub jazz che lo stimolano a lasciare l’impiego presso la tipografia di famiglia e a investire i propri risparmi e un prestito di $700 ottenuto dal padre nell’apertura di un proprio negozio di musica jazz, il 3-D Record Mart, nel 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il fallimento dell’attività nel 1955, tuttavia, costringe Gordy a trovare impiego nell’industria automobilistica di Detroit, presso la <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nel 1957, parallelamente alla separazione dalla moglie Thelma (seguita dal divorzio nel 1959)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Gordy lascia il lavoro alla Ford e si dedica interamente all’attività di autore e compositore indipendente per <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Wilson" title="Jackie Wilson">Jackie Wilson</a>, ex pugile di Detroit, e per Marv Johnson, a cui affianca in seguito l’attività di editore musicale per <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a>, ancora diciassettenne.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tra i suoi collaboratori ci sono sua sorella Gwendolyn (Gwen) Gordy e Roquel “Billy” Davis. Il trio compone alcuni brani di successo, tra cui <i>All I Could Do Was Cry</i> di <a href="/wiki/Etta_James" title="Etta James">Etta James</a> e <i>Reet Petite</i> di <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Wilson" title="Jackie Wilson">Jackie Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I proventi derivanti dal diritto d’autore, tuttavia, lasciano insoddisfatto Gordy, che decide di fondare l’etichetta discografica Tamla Records nel 1958 e la casa editrice musicale Jobete nel 1959. Nello stesso 1959 fonda anche l’etichetta discografica Motown Records, che insieme alla Tamla Records e alla Jobete costituisce il nucleo fondante della Motown Record Corporation, la casa discografica costituita da Berry Gordy nell’aprile del 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il nome “Motown” è un <i><a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a></i> proveniente da “Motor Town” (o “Motor City”), il noto soprannome della città di <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, capitale dell’industria automobilistica statunitense.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_A_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qui in un edificio residenziale presso West Grand Boulevard 2678 Gordy stabilisce la sede della Motown nota ancora oggi con il soprannome di "Hitsville U.S.A.".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gli_anni_sessanta">Gli anni sessanta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Gli anni sessanta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Gli anni sessanta"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per supervisionare e gestire direttamente la carriera degli artisti scritturati dalla casa discografica, alla fine del 1960 Gordy fonda la International Talent Management Inc. (ITMI), la società di management degli artisti della Motown gestita da sua sorella maggiore Esther Edwards.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I <a href="/wiki/The_Miracles" title="The Miracles">Miracles</a> di <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a> sono il primo gruppo che Gordy introduce nella casa discografica ed è loro <i>Shop Around</i>, il secondo singolo più venduto negli Stati Uniti nel 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In questi anni Gordy iscrive alla Motown anche <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Vandellas" title="The Vandellas">Martha Reeves & the Vandellas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tammi_Terrell" title="Tammi Terrell">Tammi Terrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Marvelettes" title="The Marvelettes">The Marvelettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Kendricks" title="Eddie Kendricks">Eddie Kendricks</a>, Paul Williams, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> e molti altri. Con l’annessione della Anna Records, la casa discografica fondata dalle sorelle Anna e Gwen Gordy nel 1959 poco prima di quella del fratello, nel 1962 la Motown acquista nuovi artisti, fra cui <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a> (marito di Anna Gordy) e <a href="/wiki/The_Spinners_(gruppo_musicale_statunitense)" title="The Spinners (gruppo musicale statunitense)">The Spinners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel 1962 Gordy inaugura la stagione delle “Motor Town Revues”, tournée collettive degli artisti della Motown nate come strumento di promozione e guadagno alternativo alla distribuzione di dischi.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inoltre, all’inizio, la mancanza di fondi e i pregiudizi di carattere razziale dell’epoca rendono questo l’unico sistema di esibizioni attuabile.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L’insoddisfazione espressa dal supervisore della prima tournée Thomas “Beans” Bowles, sassofonista e performer, circa l’esito di alcune performance convince Gordy a istituire presso la sede di Detroit il dipartimento di “Artist Development” per sovrintendere allo sviluppo professionale degli artisti e di cui affida la direzione a Harvey Fuqua. Il programma di formazione previsto dal dipartimento include lezioni di etichetta, dizione, coreografia (con Charles “Cholly” Atkins dal 1965 al 1971) e arrangiamento (con Maurice King dal 1965 come direttore musicale) per curare ogni dettaglio della performance.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel 1963, al contributo di Smokey Robinson dei Miracles come produttore e autore si aggiunge quello del trio <a href="/wiki/Holland-Dozier-Holland" title="Holland-Dozier-Holland">Holland, Dozier & Holland</a> (H-D-H) che caratterizzerà il sound della Motown per tutti gli anni sessanta grazie all'apporto di strumentisti del calibro di Earl Van Dyke, Robert White, <a href="/wiki/James_Jamerson" title="James Jamerson">James Jamerson</a> e Benny Benjamin. Tra i singoli più venduti composti dagli H-D-H ci sono <i>Heat Wave</i> di <a href="/wiki/Martha_Reeves_(cantante)" title="Martha Reeves (cantante)">Martha Reeves</a> e <i>Baby I Need Your Loving</i> dei <a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">Four Tops</a>. Tra i produttori di rilievo della Motown si ricordano anche Harvey Fuqua, William Stevenson, Clarence Paul, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Whitfield" title="Norman Whitfield">Norman Whitfield</a> e <a href="/wiki/Barrett_Strong" title="Barrett Strong">Barrett Strong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sin dall’inizio Gordy mira a potenziare la distribuzione su larga scala di più singoli possibili, proposito che riflette la scelta di produrre dischi più economici ma ottimizzati per essere riprodotti dai jukebox e trasmessi dalle emittenti radiofoniche, data la crescente diffusione delle radio a transistor tra i giovani a partire dal 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negli uffici del controllo qualità, l’ingegnere capo della Motown Mike McClain costruisce una piccola radio dal suono metallico progettata per approssimare il suono di un’autoradio, sulla quale verificare l’impatto sonoro delle registrazioni. Dal 1963, inoltre, la Motown si dota anche di una macchina “taglia-dischi” per il trasferimento immediato di qualsiasi potenziale singolo da nastro su vinile, il mezzo di distribuzione principale dell’epoca.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel 1964, <i>Where Did Our Love Go</i> delle <a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">Supremes</a> raggiunge il primo posto in classifica negli Stati Uniti, mentre il singolo successivo del gruppo, <i>Baby Love</i>, raggiunge la prima posizione nel Regno Unito.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il 24 dicembre 1964 le <a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">Supremes</a> debuttano in televisione partecipando all’<a href="/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show" title="The Ed Sullivan Show">Ed Sullivan Show</a> ed entro il 1966 appaiono in programmi di rete nazionale per un totale di venti comparse.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le <a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">Supremes</a> sono anche il primo gruppo pop a esibirsi nella sede della <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a> nel 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel marzo 1965 la “Motown Revue” si reca in Inghilterra per celebrare il consolidamento del suo primo importante punto di appoggio nel mercato internazionale. L’iniziativa aveva avuto impulso esattamente due anni prima, quando Berry, sua sorella Esther e Barney Ales, direttore vendite della Motown, avevano trascorso diverse settimane in Europa, facendo tappa nel Regno Unito, in Belgio, in Germania e in Olanda per stipulare accordi di distribuzione, editoria e gestione internazionale. Infine, il trio ottiene un accordo di distribuzione con la <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> e la collaborazione tra <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wells" title="Mary Wells">Mary Wells</a> e i <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">Beatles</a> per una tournée nel Regno Unito del 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel 1965 quarantadue singoli diversi della Motown sono compresi nella <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">classifica pop di Billboard</a> e la casa discografica incassa otto milioni di dollari; la Jobete rimane la casa editrice numero uno della <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Music_Incorporated" title="Broadcast Music Incorporated">BMI</a> per il terzo anno consecutivo, aggiudicandosi i premi dell'associazione per dodici singoli. Il numero degli impiegati arriva a 125, vengono fondati uffici a New York e a Los Angeles e alle etichette Motown, Tamla e Gordy si aggiungono le etichette Soul, VIP e Country Melody.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il 29 agosto del 1968 la Motown intenta un’azione legale contro il trio <a href="/wiki/Holland-Dozier-Holland" title="Holland-Dozier-Holland">H-D-H</a> accusato di non aver rispettato i termini del contratto con la Jobete dal momento che non presenta inediti dal 1967. Il risarcimento per danni richiesto ha valore di 4 milioni di dollari. Il trio <a href="/wiki/Holland-Dozier-Holland" title="Holland-Dozier-Holland">H-D-H</a> contro-cita in giudizio la Motown accusandola di frode e di abuso dei rapporti fiduciari e richiedendo la somma di 22 milioni di dollari. Alla fine il contenzioso è risolto in privato nel 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonostante, la perdita degli <a href="/wiki/Holland-Dozier-Holland" title="Holland-Dozier-Holland">H-D-H</a>, la Motown continua a pubblicare dischi di successo: <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight_%26_the_Pips" title="Gladys Knight & the Pips">Gladys Knight & the Pips</a> raggiungono il primo posto in classifica con due versioni dello stesso brano, <i>I Heard It Through The Grapevine</i>, e nell’ultima settimana del 1968, cinque singoli della Motown sono inclusi contemporaneamente nella Top Ten di Billboard.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gli_anni_settanta">Gli anni settanta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Gli anni settanta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Gli anni settanta"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All’inizio del decennio, la Motown affronta un momento di trasformazione organizzativa che implica il trasferimento degli uffici a <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> nel 1972, la traumatica chiusura della sede di <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> e le dimissioni di Barney Ales.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entro l’anno successivo la Motown è inclusa nella rivista <i>Black Enterprise</i> che la descrive come l’azienda afro-americana più grande in America, con un profitto lordo di 40 milioni di dollari e 135 impiegati.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel 1969, la Motown produce i <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">Jackson 5</a>. Il loro primo singolo, <i>I Want You Back</i>, raggiunge il primo posto in classifica nel gennaio del 1970 e in aprile <i>ABC</i> prende il posto di <i>Let It Be</i> dei <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">Beatles</a> come singolo più venduto negli Stati Uniti confermando a Gordy il potenziale della band.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel 1971 <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a> è scritturata come protagonista del film su <a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a> coprodotto dalla Motown, <a href="/wiki/La_signora_del_blues" title="La signora del blues"><i>La Signora del Blues</i></a>, che ottiene quattro <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award nominations</a>. Successivamente, Diana Ross è di nuovo protagonista di due produzioni cinematografiche Motown, <i><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a></i> nel 1974 e <a href="/wiki/I%27m_Magic" title="I'm Magic"><i>The Wiz</i></a> nel 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tra il 1974 e il 1977, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> vince per tre volte consecutive il <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> per l’album dell’anno, ma l’album <i>Journey Through The Secret Life Of Plants</i>, frutto di tre anni di lavoro, si dimostra un fallimento.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel 1975 Ales torna alla Motown con il ruolo di presidente, ma verso la fine degli anni settanta sono molti gli artisti e i produttori che decidono di lasciare la casa discografica. Tra essi ci sono <a href="/wiki/Martha_Reeves_(cantante)" title="Martha Reeves (cantante)">Martha Reeves</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">Four Tops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight_%26_the_Pips" title="Gladys Knight & the Pips">Gladys Knight & The Pips</a> e anche i <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">Jackson 5</a>, che firmano un nuovo contratto con la <a href="/wiki/CBS_Records_International" title="CBS Records International">CBS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nel 1978 <i>Three Times a Lady</i> dei <a href="/wiki/Commodores" title="Commodores">Commodores</a> è l’unico singolo della Motown che riesce a entrare nella Top Ten e nel 1979 Barney Ales è rimpiazzato da Jay Lasker.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dagli_anni_ottanta_al_nuovo_millennio">Dagli anni ottanta al nuovo millennio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Dagli anni ottanta al nuovo millennio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Dagli anni ottanta al nuovo millennio"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Se negli anni settanta gli album che raggiungono il primo posto nelle classifiche sono venticinque, in tutti gli anni ottanta la Motown si aggiudica il primo posto solo otto volte.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Richie" title="Lionel Richie">Lionel Richie</a> lascia i <a href="/wiki/Commodores" title="Commodores">Commodores</a> e avvia la carriera da solista divenendo uno dei rappresentanti più in vista della Motown, ma continua la sequela di arrivi e partenze di artisti vecchi e nuovi: tornano i <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">Temptations</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">Four Tops</a> e <a href="/wiki/Junior_Walker" title="Junior Walker">Junior Walker</a>, mentre <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gay</a> se ne vanno.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La Ross, tuttavia, è tra gli artisti che acconsentono a partecipare al <i><a href="/wiki/Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever" title="Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever">Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</a></i>, il programma televisivo prodotto dalla Motown Productions e trasmesso nel 1983 in occasione dei 25 anni dalla nascita della Motown.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel 1983 la Motown firma un accordo di distribuzione con la <a href="/wiki/MCA_(azienda)" title="MCA (azienda)">MCA</a> che viene rotto nel 1985, a seguito del rifiuto da parte di Gordy delle offerte che la MCA gli sottopone per l’acquisto della casa discografica.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuttavia, le perdite economiche e le dimissioni di Jay Lasker, dovute all’oneroso e discusso finanziamento dei videoclip musicali come strumento di promozione degli artisti, costringono Gordy a riprendere le trattative di vendita con la MCA. Quest'ultima, grazie al determinante intervento del gruppo di investimento Boston Ventures, acquista la casa discografica Motown il 29 giugno 1988 per la somma di 61 milioni di dollari.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il seggio presidenziale della Motown passa, dunque, a Jheryl Busby, ma Berry Gordy tiene per sé la Jobete e la Motown Productions, che è ribattezzata Gordy-de Passe Productions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nel 1989 gli studi Hitsville Recordings di Los Angeles sono acquistati dalla <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_SoundWorks" title="Cambridge SoundWorks">Soundworks</a>, mentre quelli di <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> diventano un museo.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel 1993 la Boston Ventures acquista la quota della <a href="/wiki/MCA_(azienda)" title="MCA (azienda)">MCA</a> sulla Motown per rivendere l’intera casa discografica alla <a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">Polygram</a> per più di 300 milioni di dollari. Nel frattempo Gordy lascia assumere a Suzanne de Passe il controllo esclusivo della Motown Productions e nel 1997 vende metà dei diritti della Jobete alla <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> per la somma di 132 milioni di dollari. L’anno successivo la <a href="/wiki/Seagram" title="Seagram">Seagram</a> acquisisce la <a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram</a> e la Motown è assorbita nella <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>. Nel 2005 la Motown si fonde con la Universal Records per creare la <a href="/wiki/Universal_Motown_Records" title="Universal Motown Records">Universal Motown Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motown_Sound">Motown Sound</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Motown Sound" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Motown Sound"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Con il termine "Motown Sound" si fa riferimento allo stile musicale uniforme che caratterizzò gli artisti della Motown negli anni sessanta. Si tratta di un vero e proprio slogan che la Motown diffuse nella pubblicità, nella stampa e sulle copertine degli album dalla fine del 1965, esortando clienti e rivenditori a considerarlo una vera e propria etichetta di genere. Altri slogan coniati dalla casa discografica sono “The Sound Of Young America” e “Detroit Sound”.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il “Motown Sound” nacque dall’ambizione di <a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a> di conquistare il grande pubblico attraverso il <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(musica)" title="Crossover (musica)">crossover</a>, ovvero la commistione di generi e mercati musicali diversi che andava diffondendosi dagli anni cinquanta.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Così, la Motown si fece pioniera di un nuovo <i>sound</i> mainstream basato sugli elementi cardine del genere <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> (ritmo, struttura responsoriale con domanda e risposta del coro, sequenze armoniche di breve durata), che contraddistingueva la formazione di tutti gli artisti e produttori della casa discografica, ma applicati a testi pop standard.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ciò si aggiungeva la tecnica e la creatività dei musicisti jazz Earl Van Dyke, <a href="/wiki/James_Jamerson" title="James Jamerson">James Jamerson</a> e Benny Benjamin.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per questo il “Motown Sound” ebbe anche un ruolo fondamentale nell’integrazione razziale della musica pop.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nelle parole di <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139517313">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione{margin-bottom:.5em;font-size:95%;padding-left:2.4em;padding-right:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-doppia{display:flex;gap:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-doppia>div{width:0;flex:1 1 0}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-footer{padding:0 1.2em 0 0;margin:0}</style><div class="itwiki-template-citazione"> <div class="itwiki-template-citazione-doppia"> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <p>«The talented people that flowed through Motown, both the performers on stage and the writers and producers behind the scene, broke down the barriers between black and white, between the R&B world and the 'mainstream', letting everyone see the beauty of black music.» </p> </div> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) <p>«Le persone di talento che hanno attraversato la Motown, sia gli artisti in scena sia gli autori e i produttori dietro le quinte, hanno abbattuto le barriere tra bianchi e neri, tra il mondo R&B e il "mainstream", facendo vedere a tutti la bellezza della musica nera.» </p> </div></div><p class="itwiki-template-citazione-footer">(<small><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>, <i>Foreword by Quincy Jones</i> in <cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, p. xi.</cite></small>)</p></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etichette_sussidiarie[34]"><span id="Etichette_sussidiarie.5B34.5D"></span>Etichette sussidiarie<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Etichette sussidiarie[34]" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Etichette sussidiarie[34]"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tamla Records</li> <li>Gordy Records</li> <li>Soul</li> <li>VIP</li> <li>Rare Earth</li> <li>Black Forum</li> <li>Prodigal</li> <li>Hitsville</li> <li>Melodyland</li> <li>Workshop</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalmusic.com/label/motown-records/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Motown Records</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">universalmusic.com</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref_A-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ref_A_2-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ref_A_2-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Arthur M. Woodford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisisdetroit1700000wood"><span style="font-style:italic;">This is Detroit, 1701-2001</span></a>, Wayne State University Press, 2001, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisisdetroit1700000wood/page/n247">198</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Andrew Flory, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ihearsymphonymot0000flor"><span style="font-style:italic;">I Hear a Symphony: Motown and Crossover R&B</span></a>, University of Michigan Press, 2017, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ihearsymphonymot0000flor/page/1">1</a>-2.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, pp. 13-14.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, p. 16.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, p. 17.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, p. 18.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Andrew Flory, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ihearsymphonymot0000flor"><span style="font-style:italic;">I Hear a Symphony: Motown and Crossover R&B</span></a>, University of Michigan Press, 2017, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ihearsymphonymot0000flor/page/31">31</a>-32.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <span style="font-style:italic;">The International Directory of Company Histories</span>, vol. 26, St. James Press, 1999, p. 312.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, pp. 28-29.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-4">e</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-5">f</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <span style="font-style:italic;">The International Directory of Company Histories</span>, vol. 26, St. James Press, 1999, p. 313.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Andrew Flory, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ihearsymphonymot0000flor"><span style="font-style:italic;">I Hear a Symphony: Motown and Crossover R&B</span></a>, University of Michigan Press, 2017, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ihearsymphonymot0000flor/page/41">41</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, p. 36.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, p. 44.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Peter Benjaminson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofmotown0000benj_k4i1"><span style="font-style:italic;">9</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Story Of Motown</span>, rare bird Books, 2018.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, pp. 87,90.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) <span style="font-style:italic;">Enciclopedia del Blues e della musica nera</span>, Milano, Arcana Editrice, 1994, p. 802.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Peter Benjaminson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofmotown0000benj_k4i1"><span style="font-style:italic;">5</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Story Of Motown</span>, rare bird Books, 2018.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, p. 114.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, p. 144.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, p. 145.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, p. 120.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, pp. 138-139.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, p. 152.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, p. 188.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, p. 189.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, p. 192.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_28-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_28-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_28-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_28-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_28-4">e</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_28-5">f</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <span style="font-style:italic;">The International Directory of Company Histories</span>, vol. 26, St. James Press, 1999, p. 314.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) <span style="font-style:italic;">Enciclopedia del Blues e della musica nera</span>, Milano, Arcana Editrice, 1994, p. 803.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Andrew Flory, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ihearsymphonymot0000flor"><span style="font-style:italic;">I Hear a Symphony: Motown and Crossover R&B</span></a>, University of Michigan Press, 2017, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ihearsymphonymot0000flor/page/169">169</a>-170.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:4_31-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:4_31-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Andrew Flory, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ihearsymphonymot0000flor"><span style="font-style:italic;">I Hear a Symphony: Motown and Crossover R&B</span></a>, University of Michigan Press, 2017, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ihearsymphonymot0000flor/page/2">2</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Jon Fitzgerald, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-music_1995-01_14_1/page/8"><span style="font-style:italic;">Motown Crossover Hits 1963-1966 and the Creative Process</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Popular Music</span>, vol. 14, n. 1, 1995, p. 8.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007, pp. 104-106.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) P. Benjaminson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofmotown0000benj_k4i1"><span style="font-style:italic;">13</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Story Of Motown</span>, Rare Bird Books, 2018.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) Massimo Cotto (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;">Enciclopedia del Blues e della musica nera</span>, Milano, Arcana Editrice, 1994, pp. 802-803.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nelson George, <span style="font-style:italic;">Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</span>, University of Illinois Press, 2007.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Jon Fitzgerald, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-music_1995-01_14_1/page/1"><span style="font-style:italic;">Motown Crossover Hits 1963-1966 and the Creative Process</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Popular Music</span>, vol. 14, n. 1, 1995, pp. 1-11.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationaldir0000unse_i5u1"><span style="font-style:italic;">The International Directory of Company Histories</span></a>, vol. 26, St. James Press, 1999, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationaldir0000unse_i5u1/page/n325">312</a>-314.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Peter Benjaminson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofmotown0000benj_k4i1"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Story Of Motown</span></a>, Rare Bird Books, 2018.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Andrew Flory, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ihearsymphonymot0000flor"><span style="font-style:italic;">I Hear a Symphony: Motown and Crossover R&B</span></a>, University of Michigan Press, 2017.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Adam White e Barney Ales, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/motownsoundofyou0000whit"><span style="font-style:italic;">Motown: The Sound of Young America</span></a>, Thames & Hudson, 2019.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Gerald Posner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/motownmusicmoney0000posn"><span style="font-style:italic;">Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power</span></a>, Random House USA Inc, 2005.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Arthur M. Woodford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisisdetroit1700000wood"><span style="font-style:italic;">This is Detroit, 1701-2001</span></a>, Wayne State University Press, 2001, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisisdetroit1700000wood/page/n246">197</a>-199.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) Nick Logan e Bob Woffinden, <span style="font-style:italic;">Enciclopedia del rock</span>, Milano, Fratelli Fabbri Editore, 1977.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Motown"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Motown?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Motown?uselang=it">Motown</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motownrecords.com"><span style="font-style:italic;">Sito ufficiale</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">motownrecords.com</span>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43327#P856" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Gerald Early, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Motown"><span style="font-style:italic;">Motown</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43327#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/it/label/1723"><span style="font-style:italic;">Motown</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></span>, Zink Media.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43327#P1955" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/8e479e57-ef44-490c-b75d-cd28df89bf1b"><span style="font-style:italic;">Motown</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a></span>, MetaBrainz Foundation.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43327#P966" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Universal_Music_Group"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universal_Music_Group" title="Template:Universal Music Group"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/wiki/Discussioni_template:Universal_Music_Group" title="Discussioni template:Universal Music Group"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Universal_Music_Group&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Interscope-Geffen-A%26M" title="Interscope-Geffen-A&M">Interscope Geffen A&M Records</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%;"><a href="/wiki/Interscope_Records" title="Interscope Records">Interscope Records</a></th><td colspan="1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r112970134">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child:before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child:after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li:before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child:before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_Entertainment" title="Aftermath Entertainment">Aftermath Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shady_Records" title="Shady Records">Shady Records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garibay" title="Fernando Garibay">F2 Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suretone_Records" title="Suretone Records">Suretone Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Stewart" title="David A. Stewart">Weapons of Mass Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Levine" title="Adam Levine">222 Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_Drummer_Records" title="Ear Drummer Records">Ear Drummer Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konichiwa_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Konichiwa Records">Konichiwa Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Blanco" title="Benny Blanco">Mad Love Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Blanco" title="Benny Blanco">Friends Keep Secrets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%;"><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Records" title="Geffen Records">Geffen Records</a></th><td colspan="1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r112970134"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>will.i.am Music Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flawless_Records" title="Flawless Records">Flawless Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Music_Group" title="Capitol Music Group">Capitol Music Group</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r112970134"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Note_Records" title="Blue Note Records">Blue Note Records</a></li> <li>Capitol Christian Music Group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sparrow_Records" title="Sparrow Records">Sparrow Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ForeFront_Records" title="ForeFront Records">ForeFront Records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twista" title="Twista">Get Money Gang Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Unit_Records" title="G-Unit Records">G-Unit Records</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G-Unit_Records" title="G-Unit Records">G-Note Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Unit_Records" title="G-Unit Records">G-Unit West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Unit_Records" title="G-Unit Records">G-Unit Philly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Unit_Records" title="G-Unit Records">G-Unit South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Unit_Records" title="G-Unit Records">G-Unit Film & Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_Seconds_of_Summer" title="5 Seconds of Summer">Hi or Hey Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_Records" title="Harvest Records">Harvest Records</a> <small>(dal 2013)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priority_Records" title="Priority Records">Priority Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">10 Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin Records America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astralwerks" title="Astralwerks">Astralwerks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Control_Music" title="Quality Control Music">Quality Control Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau5trap" title="Mau5trap">mau5trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_J._Blige" title="Mary J. Blige">Matriarch Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown Records">Motown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motown_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown Records">Motown Gospel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Republic_Records" title="Republic Records">Republic Records</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r112970134"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Recordings" title="American Recordings">American Recordings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brushfire_Records" title="Brushfire Records">Brushfire Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lil_Jon" title="Lil Jon">BME Recordings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Records" title="Casablanca Records">Casablanca Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_Money_Records" title="Cash Money Records">Cash Money Records</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cash_Money_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash Money West">Cash Money West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_Records" title="Lava Records">Lava Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serjical_Strike_Records" title="Serjical Strike Records">Serjical Strike Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift Productions, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XO_(etichetta_discografica)" title="XO (etichetta discografica)">XO Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_Finish_Records" title="Photo Finish Records">Photo Finish Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Varvatos" title="John Varvatos">John Varvatos Records</a> <small>(joint venture con <a href="/wiki/John_Varvatos" title="John Varvatos">John Varvatos</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Money_Entertainment" title="Young Money Entertainment">Young Money Entertainment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Island_Records" title="Island Records">Island Records</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r112970134"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>4th & B'way Records</li> <li>Safehouse Records</li> <li>Super Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Records" title="Island Records">Teen Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff_Gong" title="Tuff Gong">Tuff Gong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings" title="Def Jam Recordings">Def Jam Recordings</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r112970134"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings" title="Def Jam Recordings">Def Jam South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOOD_Music" title="GOOD Music">GOOD Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Very_GOOD_Beats" class="mw-redirect" title="Very GOOD Beats">Very GOOD Beats</a></li></ul></li> <li>Darksyde Productions Inc Records <ul><li>Black Star Records</li></ul></li> <li>Disturbing tha Peace</li> <li>Desert Storm Records</li> <li>Radio Killa Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_I.D." title="No I.D.">ARTium Recordings</a></li> <li>Circa 13 Music</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Records" title="Caroline Records">Caroline Records</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r112970134"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Caroline International</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_Records" title="Fiction Records">Fiction Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Unit_Records" title="G-Unit Records">G-Unit Records</a> <small>(joint venture con la società sorella <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Music_Group" title="Capitol Music Group">Capitol Music Group</a>)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G-Unit_Records" title="G-Unit Records">G-Note Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Unit_Records" title="G-Unit Records">G-Unit West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Unit_Records" title="G-Unit Records">G-Unit Philly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Unit_Records" title="G-Unit Records">G-Unit South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Unit_Records" title="G-Unit Records">G-Unit Film & Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_Records" title="Harvest Records">Harvest Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinefarm_Records" title="Spinefarm Records">Spinefarm Records</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candlelight_Records" title="Candlelight Records">Candlelight Records</a></li></ul></li> <li>TenThousand Projects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Money_Records" title="Internet Money Records">Internet Money Records</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Isolation Network</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r112970134"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Fontana Distribution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_Records" title="Fontana Records">Fontana Records</a> <ul><li>SoBe Entertainment</li></ul></li> <li>Relativity Music Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATO_Records" title="ATO Records">ATO Records</a></li> <li>Executive Music Group</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Verve_Records" title="Verve Records">The Verve Label Group</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%;"><a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Label Group</a></th><td colspan="1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r112970134"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury XK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Records" title="Philips Records">Philips Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%;"><a href="/wiki/Verve_Records" title="Verve Records">The Verve Music Group</a></th><td colspan="1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r112970134"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verve_Records" title="Verve Records">Verve Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRP_Records" title="GRP Records">GRP Records</a></li> <li>Impulse! Records</li> <li>Verve Forecast Records</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Rock_Entertainment" title="Eagle Rock Entertainment">Eagle Rock Entertainment</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r112970134"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Records" title="Eagle Records">Eagle Records</a></li> <li>Armoury Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Rock_Entertainment" title="Eagle Rock Entertainment">Eagle Rock Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Rock_Entertainment" title="Eagle Rock Entertainment">Eagle-i Music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music UK</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r112970134"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polydor_Records" title="Polydor Records">Polydor Records</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_Records" title="Fascination Records">Fascination Records</a></li> <li>A&M Records UK</li> <li>Rolling Stones Records</li></ul></li> <li>Virgin EMI Records <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings" title="Def Jam Recordings">Def Jam UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo_Records" title="Vertigo Records">Vertigo Records</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Blackened Recordings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Records</a></li> <li>Positiva Records</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Records" title="Island Records">Island Records</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios" title="Abbey Road Studios">Abbey Road Studios</a></li> <li>UMC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calderstone_Productions" title="Calderstone Productions">Calderstone Productions Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma_Records" title="Charisma Records">Charisma Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Music_Group" title="Disney Music Group">Disney Music Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Music_Group" title="Disney Music Group">Buena Vista Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Records" title="Hollywood Records">DMG Nashville</a></li> <li>Fox Music</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Records" title="Hollywood Records">Hollywood Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Records" title="Walt Disney Records">Walt Disney Records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin Records</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music France</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r112970134"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barclay_(etichetta_discografica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclay (etichetta discografica)">Barclay Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editions_of_Contemporary_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Editions of Contemporary Music">ECM New Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCA_Records" title="MCA Records">MCA Records France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Records" title="Casablanca Records">Casablanca Records France</a></li> <li>PM:AM Recordings France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings" title="Def Jam Recordings">Def Jam France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stromae" title="Stromae">Mosaert</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Italia</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r112970134"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billion_Headz_Music_Group" title="Billion Headz Music Group">Billion Headz Music Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marracash" title="Marracash">Roccia Music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Altre etichette</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r112970134"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Awesomeness Music</li> <li>Bravado</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinepoly_Records" title="Cinepoly Records">Cinepoly Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonovisa_Records" title="Fonovisa Records">Fonovisa Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaPro_Music" title="MediaPro Music">MediaPro Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">Perfume Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Music" title="Polar Music">Polar Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">Polygram Entertainment</a></li> <li>Spinnup</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeeen" title="Greeeen">Zen Music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Etichette principali defunte/ibernate</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r112970134"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Records" title="ABC Records">ABC Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records" title="A&M Records">A&M Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysalis_Records" title="Chrysalis Records">Chrysalis Records</a> <small>(Nord America)</small></li> <li>Coral Records <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vocalion_Records" title="Vocalion Records">Vocalion Records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Records" title="DreamWorks Records">DreamWorks Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhill_Records" title="Dunhill Records">Dunhill Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.G._Records" title="E.G. Records">E.G. Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigma_Records" title="Enigma Records">Enigma Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Records" title="Fantasy Records">Fantasy Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Records" title="Imperial Records">Imperial Records</a> <small>(US & Canada)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.R.S._Records" title="I.R.S. Records">I.R.S. Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Island_Def_Jam_Music_Group" title="The Island Def Jam Music Group">The Island Def Jam Music Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Records" title="Laurie Records">Laurie Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Records" title="Liberty Records">Liberty Records</a> <small>(US & Canada)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loud_Records" title="Loud Records">Loud Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCA_Records" title="MCA Records">MCA Records</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MCA_Records" title="MCA Records">Gasoline Alley Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_Records" title="Radioactive Records">Radioactive Records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Records" title="MGM Records">MGM Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roc-A-Fella_Records" title="Roc-A-Fella Records">Roc-A-Fella Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Artists_Records" title="United Artists Records">United Artists Records</a> <small>(Nord America)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Records" title="Universal Records">Universal Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Records" title="Republic Records">Universal Republic Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Motown_Records" title="Universal Motown Records">Universal Motown Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uptown_Records" title="Uptown Records">Uptown Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses" title="Guns N' Roses">UZI Suicide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; 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