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Globalisasi - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pengenalan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengenalan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pengenalan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pengenalan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Pengenalan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pengenalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etimologi_dan_penggunaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi_dan_penggunaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etimologi dan penggunaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi_dan_penggunaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengertian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengertian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pengertian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengertian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kuno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Kuno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Awal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Awal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern Awal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Awal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karakteristik_Globalisasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karakteristik_Globalisasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Karakteristik Globalisasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karakteristik_Globalisasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Teori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aspek</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aspek-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Aspek</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aspek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organisasi_bisnis_global" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisasi_bisnis_global"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Organisasi bisnis global</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisasi_bisnis_global-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perdagangan_internasional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perdagangan_internasional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Perdagangan internasional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perdagangan_internasional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perjanjian_dagang,_blok_ekonomi,_dan_zona_perdagangan_khusus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perjanjian_dagang,_blok_ekonomi,_dan_zona_perdagangan_khusus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1.1</span> <span>Perjanjian dagang, blok ekonomi, dan zona perdagangan khusus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perjanjian_dagang,_blok_ekonomi,_dan_zona_perdagangan_khusus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surga_pajak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surga_pajak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Surga pajak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surga_pajak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pariwisata_internasional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pariwisata_internasional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Pariwisata internasional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pariwisata_internasional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olahraga_internasional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olahraga_internasional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Olahraga internasional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olahraga_internasional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perdagangan_internasional_ilegal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perdagangan_internasional_ilegal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Perdagangan internasional ilegal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perdagangan_internasional_ilegal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perdagangan_obat-obatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perdagangan_obat-obatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5.1</span> <span>Perdagangan obat-obatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perdagangan_obat-obatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perdagangan_dan_penyelundupan_manusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perdagangan_dan_penyelundupan_manusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5.2</span> <span>Perdagangan dan penyelundupan manusia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perdagangan_dan_penyelundupan_manusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalisasi_ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalisasi_ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Globalisasi ekonomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalisasi_ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sistem_keuangan_global" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_keuangan_global"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Sistem keuangan global</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_keuangan_global-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pengetatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengetatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1.1</span> <span>Pengetatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengetatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelarian_modal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelarian_modal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Pelarian modal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelarian_modal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukuran_globalisasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukuran_globalisasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Ukuran globalisasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukuran_globalisasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3.1</span> <span>Indeks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indeks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kebijakan_perdagangan_bebas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kebijakan_perdagangan_bebas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3.2</span> <span>Kebijakan perdagangan bebas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kebijakan_perdagangan_bebas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalisasi_sosial-budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalisasi_sosial-budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Globalisasi sosial-budaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalisasi_sosial-budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Budaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multilingualisme_dan_lingua_franca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilingualisme_dan_lingua_franca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1.1</span> <span>Multilingualisme dan lingua franca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilingualisme_dan_lingua_franca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Politik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media_dan_opini_publik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_dan_opini_publik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2.1</span> <span>Media dan opini publik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_dan_opini_publik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pertumbuhan_penduduk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pertumbuhan_penduduk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span>Pertumbuhan penduduk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pertumbuhan_penduduk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urbanisasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanisasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4.1</span> <span>Urbanisasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanisasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kesehatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesehatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.5</span> <span>Kesehatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesehatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lingkungan_alam_global" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lingkungan_alam_global"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Lingkungan alam global</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lingkungan_alam_global-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenaga_kerja_global" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenaga_kerja_global"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Tenaga kerja global</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenaga_kerja_global-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perpindahan_internasional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perpindahan_internasional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Perpindahan internasional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perpindahan_internasional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dukungan_dan_tentangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dukungan_dan_tentangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dukungan dan tentangan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dukungan_dan_tentangan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Dukungan dan tentangan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dukungan_dan_tentangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pendukung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendukung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Pendukung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pendukung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liberalisme_ekonomi_dan_perdagangan_bebas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberalisme_ekonomi_dan_perdagangan_bebas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Liberalisme ekonomi dan perdagangan bebas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberalisme_ekonomi_dan_perdagangan_bebas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demokrasi_global" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demokrasi_global"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Demokrasi global</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demokrasi_global-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kerja_sama_internasional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerja_sama_internasional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Kerja sama internasional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kerja_sama_internasional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kewarganegaraan_global" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kewarganegaraan_global"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Kewarganegaraan global</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kewarganegaraan_global-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kritik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kritik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Kritik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kritik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gerakan_anti-globalisasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerakan_anti-globalisasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Gerakan anti-globalisasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerakan_anti-globalisasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taktik_gerakan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taktik_gerakan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1.1</span> <span>Taktik gerakan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taktik_gerakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penolakan_integrasi_pasar_modal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penolakan_integrasi_pasar_modal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Penolakan integrasi pasar modal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penolakan_integrasi_pasar_modal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keadilan_dan_kesenjangan_global" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keadilan_dan_kesenjangan_global"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Keadilan dan kesenjangan global</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keadilan_dan_kesenjangan_global-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kesenjangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesenjangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3.1</span> <span>Kesenjangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesenjangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kesenjangan_gender_di_angkatan_kerja_global" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesenjangan_gender_di_angkatan_kerja_global"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3.2</span> <span>Kesenjangan gender di angkatan kerja global</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesenjangan_gender_di_angkatan_kerja_global-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-konsumerisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-konsumerisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Anti-konsumerisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-konsumerisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-pemerintahan_global" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-pemerintahan_global"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.5</span> <span>Anti-pemerintahan global</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-pemerintahan_global-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penolakan_pencinta_lingkungan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penolakan_pencinta_lingkungan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.6</span> <span>Penolakan pencinta lingkungan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penolakan_pencinta_lingkungan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurnal_utama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurnal_utama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Jurnal utama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurnal_utama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lanjutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bacaan lanjutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Globalisasi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 137 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">137 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Globalisering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisierung" title="Globalisierung – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Globalisierung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizaci%C3%B3n" title="Globalización – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Globalización" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9" title="عولمة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عولمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="গোলকীকৰণ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গোলকীকৰণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizaci%C3%B3n" title="Globalización – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Globalización" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qloballa%C5%9Fma" title="Qloballaşma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qloballaşma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87" title="کوره‌سل‌لشمه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوره‌سل‌لشمه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Глобалләшеү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Глобалләшеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluobal%C4%97zac%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Gluobalėzacėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gluobalėzacėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Глабалізацыя – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Глабалізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Глябалізацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Глябалізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Глобализация – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глобализация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="বিশ্বায়ন – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশ্বায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="বিশ্বায়ন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বিশ্বায়ন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedeladur" title="Bedeladur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bedeladur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacija" title="Globalizacija – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Globalizacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Globalisasi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Globalisasi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Гүн хамтаралга – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гүн хамтаралга" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalitzaci%C3%B3" title="Globalització – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Globalització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Глобализаци – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Глобализаци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جیھانگیری – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جیھانگیری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizace" title="Globalizace – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Globalizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaleiddio" title="Globaleiddio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Globaleiddio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Globalisering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisierung" title="Globalisierung – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Globalisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizasyon" title="Globalizasyon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Globalizasyon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Παγκοσμιοποίηση – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγκοσμιοποίηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globali%C5%9Basi%C3%B2un" title="Globaliśasiòun – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Globaliśasiòun" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Globalization" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutmondi%C4%9Do" title="Tutmondiĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tutmondiĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizaci%C3%B3n" title="Globalización – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Globalización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaliseerumine" title="Globaliseerumine – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Globaliseerumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizazio" title="Globalizazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Globalizazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86" title="جهانی شدن – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جهانی شدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisaatio" title="Globalisaatio – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Globalisaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cleilmastumin%C3%B5" title="Üleilmastuminõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Üleilmastuminõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alheimsger%C3%B0" title="Alheimsgerð – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alheimsgerð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondialisation" title="Mondialisation – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mondialisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisearring" title="Globalisearring – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Globalisearring" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domhand%C3%BA" title="Domhandú – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Domhandú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondyalizasyon" title="Mondyalizasyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mondyalizasyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dl%C3%B9th-chruinneas" title="Dlùth-chruinneas – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dlùth-chruinneas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizaci%C3%B3n" title="Globalización – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Globalización" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A4%D9%86" title="جهانيأبؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="جهانيأبؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yv%C3%B3ra_%C3%B1emopete%C4%A9" title="Yvóra ñemopeteĩ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvóra ñemopeteĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3" title="વૈશ્વિકરણ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વૈશ્વિકરણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="גלובליזציה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלובליזציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="वैश्वीकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वैश्वीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisvikaran" title="Vaisvikaran – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vaisvikaran" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacija" title="Globalizacija – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Globalizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaliz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Globalizáció – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Globalizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Գլոբալացում – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլոբալացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisasion" title="Globalisasion – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Globalisasion" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaligo" title="Globaligo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Globaligo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnattv%C3%A6%C3%B0ing" title="Hnattvæðing – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hnattvæðing" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizzazione" title="Globalizzazione – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Globalizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="グローバリゼーション – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グローバリゼーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluobalaizieshan" title="Gluobalaizieshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gluobalaizieshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Globalisasi – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Globalisasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გლობალიზაცია – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გლობალიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globallas%C4%B1w" title="Globallasıw – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Globallasıw" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aj%C9%9By%C9%9B_kp%C9%9Bnd%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Ajɛyɛ kpɛndʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ajɛyɛ kpɛndʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Жаһандану – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жаһандану" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಜಾಗತೀಕರಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾಗತೀಕರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%ED%99%94" title="세계화 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세계화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Глобализация – Karachai Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Глобализация" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachai Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollvyselheans" title="Ollvyselheans – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ollvyselheans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83" title="Глобалдашуу – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Глобалдашуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizatio" title="Globalizatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Globalizatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalis%C3%A9ierung" title="Globaliséierung – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Globaliséierung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globali" title="Globali – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Globali" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Globalisering" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizzazion" title="Globalizzazion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Globalizzazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ໂລກາພິວັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂລກາພິວັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacija" title="Globalizacija – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Globalizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaliz%C4%81cija" title="Globalizācija – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Globalizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Глобализациясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Глобализациясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanatontoloana" title="Fanatontoloana – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanatontoloana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Глобализација – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Глобализација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ആഗോളവത്കരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആഗോളവത്കരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Даяарчлал – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Даяарчлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="जागतिकीकरण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जागतिकीकरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Globalisasi – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Globalisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaliza%C3%A7on" title="Globalizaçon – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Globalizaçon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဂလိုဘယ်လိုက်ဇေးရှင်း – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂလိုဘယ်လိုက်ဇေးရှင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisatschoon" title="Globalisatschoon – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Globalisatschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="विश्वव्यापीकरण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विश्वव्यापीकरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="हलिमिकरण – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हलिमिकरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondialisering" title="Mondialisering – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mondialisering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Globalisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Globalisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacion" title="Globalizacion – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Globalizacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸੰਸਾਰੀਕਰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਸਾਰੀਕਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacja" title="Globalizacja – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Globalizacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondialisassion" title="Mondialisassion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mondialisassion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="گلوبلائزیشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گلوبلائزیشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8" title="نړيوالتوب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نړيوالتوب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Globalização – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Globalização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisaziun" title="Globalisaziun – Reto-Roman" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Globalisaziun" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Roman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizare" title="Globalizare – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Globalizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Глобализация – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глобализация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ґлобалізація – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґлобалізація" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="वैश्वीकरणम् – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वैश्वीकरणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Глобализация – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Глобализация" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glubbalizzazzioni" title="Glubbalizzazzioni – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Glubbalizzazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisation" title="Globalisation – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Globalisation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="عالمگيريت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عالمگيريت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacija" title="Globalizacija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Globalizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ගෝලීයකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගෝලීයකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Globalization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaliz%C3%A1cia" title="Globalizácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Globalizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacija" title="Globalizacija – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Globalizacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizimi" title="Globalizimi – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Globalizimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Глобализација – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глобализација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Globalisasi – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Globalisasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Globalisering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utandawazi" title="Utandawazi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utandawazi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உலகமயமாதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலகமயமாதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3" title="ప్రపంచీకరణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రపంచీకరణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҷаҳонишудан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷаҳонишудан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="โลกาภิวัตน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลกาภิวัตน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisasyon" title="Globalisasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Globalisasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCreselle%C5%9Fme" title="Küreselleşme – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Küreselleşme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D2%AF" title="Глобальләшү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Глобальләшү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Глобалізація – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глобалізація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="عالمگیریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عالمگیریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globallashuv" title="Globallashuv – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Globallashuv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacii" title="Globalizacii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Globalizacii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7u_h%C3%B3a" title="Toàn cầu hóa – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Toàn cầu hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisasyon" title="Globalisasyon – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Globalisasyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="全球化 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="全球化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გლობალიზაცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გლობალიზაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="גלאבאליזאציע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גלאבאליזאציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="全球化 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="全球化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%C3%A2n-ki%C3%BB-h%C3%B2a" title="Choân-kiû-hòa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Choân-kiû-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="全球化 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="全球化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7181#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Lihat halaman isi 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href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Globalisasi"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Globalisasi&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Globalization" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link 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mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333518">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg/170px-WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg/255px-WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg/340px-WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Globalisasi</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_budaya" title="Globalisasi budaya">Budaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundialisasi_demokratis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundialisasi demokratis (halaman belum tersedia)">Demokratis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_ekonomi" title="Globalisasi ekonomi">Ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah globalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Historis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garis_besar_globalisasi" title="Garis besar globalisasi">Garis besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Istilah_globalisasi" title="Kategori:Istilah globalisasi">Istilah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:Globalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studi_global" title="Studi global">Studi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons page"><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Globalisasi_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:Globalisasi sidebar"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Globalisasi_sidebar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Globalisasi sidebar (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Globalisasi_sidebar&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Globalisasi</b> adalah proses integrasi internasional yang terjadi dikarenakan oleh pertukaran <a href="/wiki/Pandangan_dunia" title="Pandangan dunia">pandangan dunia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Produk" title="Produk">produk</a>, pemikiran, dan aspek-aspek <a href="/wiki/Kebudayaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebudayaan">kebudayaan</a> lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-GCSP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCSP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Albrow_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albrow-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salah satu sebab globalisasi adalah kecendrungan segala sesuatu nya berpengaruh terhadap perekonomian dunia<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Era globalisasi saat ini sangat jelas menunjukkan hubungan atau keterkaitan dan ketergantungan antar bangsa dan antar manusia di seluruh dunia<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Kemajuan infrastruktur <a href="/wiki/Transportasi" title="Transportasi">transportasi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Telekomunikasi" title="Telekomunikasi">telekomunikasi</a>, termasuk kemunculan <a href="/wiki/Telegraf" title="Telegraf">telegraf</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, merupakan faktor utama dalam globalisasi yang semakin mendorong saling ketergantungan (<i>interdependensi</i>) aktivitas ekonomi dan budaya.<sup id="cite_ref-Stever_1972_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stever_1972-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meski sejumlah pihak menyatakan bahwa globalisasi berawal di <a href="/wiki/Modernitas" title="Modernitas">era modern</a>, beberapa pakar yang lainnya melacak sejarah globalisasi sampai sebelum zaman Eropa dan pelayaran ke <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Baru" title="Dunia Baru">Dunia Baru</a>. Ada pula pakar yang mencatat terjadinya globalisasi pada milenium ketiga sebelum Masehi.<sup id="cite_ref-GL-H-09_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GL-H-09-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GL-H-10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GL-H-10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, keterhubungan ekonomi dan budaya dunia berlangsung sangat cepat. </p><p>Istilah <b>globalisasi</b> makin sering digunakan sejak pertengahan tahun 1980-an dan lebih sering lagi sejak pertengahan 1990-an.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2000, <a href="/wiki/Dana_Moneter_Internasional" title="Dana Moneter Internasional">Dana Moneter Internasional</a> (IMF) mengidentifikasi empat aspek dasar globalisasi: <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan" title="Perdagangan">perdagangan</a> dan transaksi, pergerakan modal dan <a href="/wiki/Investasi" title="Investasi">investasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migrasi_manusia" title="Migrasi manusia">migrasi</a> dan perpindahan manusia, dan pembebasan ilmu <a href="/wiki/Pengetahuan" title="Pengetahuan">pengetahuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12th_April_2000:_IMF_Publications_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12th_April_2000:_IMF_Publications-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain itu, tantangan-tantangan lingkungan seperti <a href="/wiki/Perubahan_iklim" title="Perubahan iklim">perubahan iklim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polusi_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Polusi air">polusi air</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Polusi_udara" class="mw-redirect" title="Polusi udara">udara</a> lintas perbatasan, dan <a href="/wiki/Pemancingan_berlebihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemancingan berlebihan">pemancingan berlebihan</a> dari lautan juga ada hubungannya dengan globalisasi.<sup id="cite_ref-Bridges2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridges2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Proses globalisasi memengaruhi dan dipengaruhi oleh <a href="/wiki/Bisnis" title="Bisnis">bisnis</a> dan tata <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_kerja" title="Tenaga kerja">kerja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi" title="Ekonomi">ekonomi</a>, sumber daya <a href="/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat">sosial</a>-<a href="/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya">budaya</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Lingkungan_alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingkungan alam">lingkungan alam</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengenalan">Pengenalan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Pengenalan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengenalan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Silk_route.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/250px-Silk_route.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/375px-Silk_route.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/500px-Silk_route.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>Rentang <a href="/wiki/Jalur_Sutra" title="Jalur Sutra">Jalur Sutra</a> dan rute <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_rempah" title="Perdagangan rempah">perdagangan rempah</a> milik <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah">Kesultanan Utsmaniyah</a> pada masa penjelajahan tahun 1453</figcaption></figure> <p>Manusia telah berinteraksi dalam kisaran jarak jauh selama ribuan tahun. Sebagai contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Jalur_Sutra" title="Jalur Sutra">Jalur Sutra</a> darat yang menghubungkan <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> dan menyebabkan banyak perubahan pada peradaban bangsa-bangsa di "<a href="/wiki/Dunia_Lama" title="Dunia Lama">Dunia Lama</a>". Pemikiran, agama, bahasa, kesenian, dan aspek budaya lainnya menyebar dan bercampur ketika negara-negara bertukar barang dan ide. </p><p>Perpindahan manusia, barang, dan ide secara global meluas pada abad-abad selanjutnya. Pada abad ke-15 dan 16, bangsa <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> membuat rintisan terpenting dalam penjelajahan samudra, salah satunya adalah pelayaran transatlantik ke "<a href="/wiki/Dunia_Baru" title="Dunia Baru">Dunia Baru</a>" yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Amerika" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerika">Amerika</a>. Pada awal abad ke-19, perkembangan bentuk transportasi baru (seperti <a href="/wiki/Kapal_uap" title="Kapal uap">kapal uap</a> dan rel kereta) dan <a href="/wiki/Telekomunikasi" title="Telekomunikasi">telekomunikasi</a> yang menyusutkan ruang dan waktu memungkinan terjadinya interaksi global dengan sangat cepat.<sup id="cite_ref-When_Did_Globalization_Begin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-When_Did_Globalization_Begin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada abad ke-20, kendaraan darat, angkutan intermodal, dan <a href="/wiki/Maskapai_penerbangan" title="Maskapai penerbangan">maskapai penerbangan</a> membuat transportasi semakin cepat. Penemuan telekomunikasi elektronik, seperti <a href="/wiki/Telepon_genggam" title="Telepon genggam">telepon genggam</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, membuat miliaran orang bisa saling terhubung dengan berbagai cara pada tahun 2010. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png/275px-1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png/413px-1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png/550px-1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>Peta kabel <a href="/wiki/Telegraf" title="Telegraf">telegraf</a> bawah laut milik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cable_%26_Wireless_Worldwide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cable &amp; Wireless Worldwide (halaman belum tersedia)">Eastern Telegraph Company</a> tahun 1901. Inilah contoh globalisasi <a href="/wiki/Teknologi" title="Teknologi">teknologi</a> modern pada awal abad ke-20.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nieuwe_haarmode_KLM_stewardessen,_Bestanddeelnr_911-3376.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nieuwe_haarmode_KLM_stewardessen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-3376.jpg/250px-Nieuwe_haarmode_KLM_stewardessen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-3376.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nieuwe_haarmode_KLM_stewardessen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-3376.jpg/375px-Nieuwe_haarmode_KLM_stewardessen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-3376.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nieuwe_haarmode_KLM_stewardessen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-3376.jpg/500px-Nieuwe_haarmode_KLM_stewardessen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-3376.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2378" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Awak pesawat pada era "<a href="/wiki/Jet_set" title="Jet set">Jet set</a>" sekitar tahun 1960.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etimologi_dan_penggunaan">Etimologi dan penggunaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi dan penggunaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi dan penggunaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istilah 'globalisasi' diambil dari kata <i>globalize</i> yang merujuk pada kemunculan jaringan sistem sosial dan ekonomi berskala internasional.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Istilah ini pertama kali digunakan sebagai kata benda dalam sebuah tulisan berjudul <i>Towards New Education</i>; kata 'globalisasi' di sini menunjukkan pandangan pengalaman manusia secara menyeluruh di bidang pendidikan.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Istilah serupa, <i>corporate giants</i> (raksasa perusahaan), dicetuskan oleh <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a> pada tahun 1897<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> untuk menyebut perusahaan-perusahaan besar nasional pada waktu itu. Tahun 1960-an, kedua istilah tadi mulai dijadikan sinonim oleh para ekonom dan ilmuwan sosial lainnya. Ekonom <i>Theodore Levitt</i> diakui secara luas sebagai pencipta istilah kata 'globalisasi' melalui artikelnya yang berjudul "Globalization of Markets". Artikel ini terbit di <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a> edisi Mei–Juni 1983. Namun, kata 'globalisasi' sebelumnya sudah banyak digunakan (setidaknya sejak 1944) dan dipakai oleh beberapa pengamat sejak 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Levitt bisa dianggap sebagai orang yang memopulerkan kata ini dan memperkenalkannya ke kalangan pebisnis utama pada paruh akhir 1980-an. Sejak dirumuskan, konsep globalisasi telah menginspirasi sejumlah definisi dan interpretasi, mulai dari cakupan perdagangan dan imperium besar di <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Hindia" title="Samudra Hindia">Samudra India</a> pada abad ke-15 sampai seterusnya.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bakari13_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakari13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Karena konsep ini begitu rumit, banyak proyek penelitian, artikel, dan diskusi yang tetap berfokus pada aspek tunggal globalisasi.<sup id="cite_ref-GCSP_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCSP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roland_Robertson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Roland Robertson (halaman belum tersedia)">Roland Robertson</a>, dosen sosiologi Universitas Aberdeen, salah satu penulis pertama di bidang globalisasi, mendefinisikan globalisasi pada tahun 1992 sebagai: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21477316">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...pemadatan dunia dan pemerkayaan kesadaran dunia secara keseluruhan.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sosiolog <i>Martin Albrow</i> dan Elizabeth King mendefinisikan globalisasi sebagai: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...semua proses yang menyatukan penduduk dunia menjadi satu masyarakat dunia yang tunggal.<sup id="cite_ref-Albrow_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albrow-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Di <i>The Consequences of Modernity</i>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a> memakai definisi berikut: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Globalisasi dapat diartikan sebagai intensifikasi hubungan sosial dunia yang menghubungkan tempat-tempat jauh sehingga peristiwa di suatu tempat dapat dipengaruhi oleh peristiwa yang terjadi di tempat lain sekian kilometer jauhnya dan sebaliknya.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Di <i>Global Transformations</i>, <a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a> dan lainnya mendefinisikan globalisasi sebagai: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Meski dalam artian paling sederhananya globalisasi mengacu pada pelebaran, pendalaman, dan pemercepatan interkoneksi global, definisi semacam itu perlu dijelaskan lebih jauh lagi. ... Globalisasi dapat ditempatkan di dalam satu kontinuum bersama lokal, nasional, dan regional. Di satu ujung kontinuum, terdapat hubungan dan jaringan sosial dan ekonomi yang berbasis lokal dan/atau nasional; di ujung lain, terdapat hubungan dan jaringan sosial dan ekonomi yang menguat pada skala interaksi regional dan global. Globalisasi dapat merujuk pada proses perubahan ruang-waktu yang menopang transformasi susunan kehidupan manusia dengan menghubungkan sekaligus memperluas aktivitas manusia melintasi wilayah dan benua. Tanpa melihat kaitan keruangan seperti itu, istilah ini takkan bisa dirumuskan secara jelas atau runtun. ... Definisi globalisasi yang tepat harus bisa mencakup elemen-elemen berikut: jangkauan, intensitas, kecepatan, dan pengaruh.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Dalam buku <i>The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization</i>, jurnalis Swedia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Larsson_(jurnalis)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Larsson (jurnalis) (halaman belum tersedia)">Thomas Larsson</a> menyatakan bahwa globalisasi adalah: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...proses penyusutan dunia sehingga jarak semakin pendek dan segala hal terasa semakin dekat. Globalisasi mengacu pada semakin mudahnya interaksi antara seseorang di satu tempat dengan orang lain di belahan dunia yang lain.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Jurnalis <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Friedman" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas L. Friedman">Thomas L. Friedman</a> memopulerkan kata <a href="/wiki/The_World_Is_Flat" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Is Flat">"flat world"</a> (dunia datar). Ia berpendapat bahwa <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_global" class="mw-redirect" title="Perdagangan global">perdagangan global</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rantai_suplai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rantai suplai">rantai suplai</a>, dan kekuatan politik telah mengubah dunia lebih baik atau buruk secara permanen. Ia menegaskan bahwa globalisasi berlangsung semakin cepat dan pengaruhnya terhadap organisasi dan praktik bisnis akan terus berkembang.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ekonom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takis_Fotopoulos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Takis Fotopoulos (halaman belum tersedia)">Takis Fotopoulos</a> mendefinisikan "globalisasi ekonomi" sebagai pembebasan dan deregulasi pasar komoditas, modal, dan tenaga kerja yang berujung pada globalisasi <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> masa kini. Ia memakai istilah "globalisasi politik" untuk menyebut kemunculan kaum elit transnasional dan hilangnya <a href="/wiki/Negara_bangsa" title="Negara bangsa">negara bangsa</a>. "<a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_budaya" title="Globalisasi budaya">Globalisasi budaya</a>" digunakan untuk menyebut homogenisasi budaya dunia. Istialh lainnya adalah "globalisasi <a href="/wiki/Ideologi" title="Ideologi">ideologi</a>", "globalisasi <a href="/wiki/Teknologi" title="Teknologi">teknologi</a>", dan "globalisasi <a href="/wiki/Sosial" class="mw-disambig" title="Sosial">sosial</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Steger&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Steger (halaman belum tersedia)">Manfred Steger</a>, dosen <a href="/wiki/Studi_global" title="Studi global">studi global</a> dan ketua riset di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Cities_Institute&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Cities Institute (halaman belum tersedia)">Global Cities Institute</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=RMIT_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="RMIT University (halaman belum tersedia)">RMIT University</a>, mengidentifikasi empat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimensi_globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimensi globalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">dimensi globalisasi</a> empiris utama: ekonomi, politik, budaya, dan ekologi, ditambah dimensi kelima (ideologi) yang melintasi empat dimensi lainnya. Menurut Steger, dimensi ideologi dipenuhi oleh serangkaian norma, klaim, kepercayaan, dan penjelasan tentang fenomena itu sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2000, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) mengidentifikasi empat aspek dasar globalisasi: <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan" title="Perdagangan">perdagangan</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transaksi_keuangan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transaksi keuangan (halaman belum tersedia)">transaksi</a>, pergerakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modal_(ekonomi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modal (ekonomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">modal</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Investasi" title="Investasi">investasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migrasi_manusia" title="Migrasi manusia">migrasi</a> dan perpindahan manusia, dan pembebasan ilmu <a href="/wiki/Pengetahuan" title="Pengetahuan">pengetahuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12th_April_2000:_IMF_Publications_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12th_April_2000:_IMF_Publications-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di sektor perdagangan dan transaksi, negara-negara berkembang telah meningkatkan pangsa perdagangan dunianya dari 19 persen tahun 1971 menjadi 29 persen pada tahun 1999. Akan tetapi, ada perbedaan besar di sejumlah kawasan. Misalnya, <a href="/wiki/Negara_industri_baru" title="Negara industri baru">negara industri baru</a> (NIE) di Asia berhasil, sedangkan seluruh negara di Afrika gagal. Barang yang diekspor negara merupakan indikator kesuksesan yang penting. Ekspor barang pabrikan meningkat dan didominasi oleh negara-negara maju dan NIE. Ekspor komoditas seperti makanan dan bahan mentah biasanya berasal dari negara-negara berkembang. Pangsa total ekspor komoditas menurun seiring waktu. </p><p>Dari sini, pergerakan modal dan investasi dapat dipandang sebagai aspek dasar globalisasi yang lain. Arus modal swasta ke negara-negara berkembang naik sepanjang 1990-an, menggantikan "bantuan" atau "bantuan pembangunan" yang berkurang setelah awal 1980-an. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Investasi_langsung_asing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Investasi langsung asing (halaman belum tersedia)">Investasi langsung asing</a> (FDI) menjadi kategori paling penting. Investasi portofolio dan kredit bank meningkat namun semakin volatil dan akhirnya anjlok akibat krisis keuangan akhir 1990-an. Antara 1965–90, jumlah tenaga kerja yang bermigrasi bertambah dua kali lipat. Sebagian besar migrasi terjadi antara negara berkembang dna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara_kurang_maju&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Negara kurang maju (halaman belum tersedia)">negara kurang maju</a> (LDC).<sup id="cite_ref-Saggi2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saggi2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(akademisi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul James (akademisi)">Paul James</a>, Direktur <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact" title="United Nations Global Compact">United Nations Global Compact</a> Cities Programme, berpendapat bahwa empat bentuk globalisasi yang berbeda juga bisa dibedakan sehingga melengkapi dan melintasi semua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimensi_globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimensi globalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">dimensi globalisasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut James, bentuk globalisasi dominan yang tertua adalah globalisasi berwujud, yaitu perpindahan manusia. Bentuk dominan tertua kedua adalah globalisasi lembaga, yaitu sirkulasi agen dari berbagai institusi, organisasi, dan badan, termasuk agen-agen <a href="/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme">imperial</a>. Bentuk ketiganya, globalisasi objek, merupakan pergerakan komoditas dan objek tukar lainnya. Perpindahan ide, gambar, ilmu pengetahuan, dan informasi di dunia disebut globalisasi tak berwujud, dan saat ini globalisasi tak berwujud merupakan bentuk yang paling dominan. James berpendapat bahwa pengelompokkan semacam ini memungkinkan kita memahami bahwa bentuk globalisasi yang paling berwujud seperti perpindahan pengungsi dan migran justru semakin dibatasi, sedangkan bentuk yang paling tak berwujud seperti sirkulasi instrumen keuangan semakin tidak dibatasi.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengertian">Pengertian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Pengertian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengertian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menurut asal katanya, kata "globalisasi" diambil dari kata <i>global</i>, yang maknanya ialah <i>universal</i>. Achmad Suparman menyatakan <i>Globalisasi adalah suatu proses menjadikan sesuatu (benda atau perilaku) sebagai ciri dari setiap individu di dunia ini tanpa dibatasi oleh wilayah</i>. Globalisasi belum memiliki definisi yang mapan, kecuali sekadar definisi kerja (<i>working definition</i>), sehingga bergantung dari sisi mana orang melihatnya. Ada yang memandangnya sebagai suatu proses <a href="/wiki/Sosial" class="mw-disambig" title="Sosial">sosial</a>, atau proses <a href="/wiki/Sejarah" title="Sejarah">sejarah</a>, atau proses alamiah yang akan membawa seluruh bangsa dan <a href="/wiki/Negara" title="Negara">negara</a> di dunia makin terikat satu sama lain, mewujudkan satu tatanan kehidupan baru atau kesatuan ko-eksistensi dengan menyingkirkan batas-batas geografis, <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi" title="Ekonomi">ekonomi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya">budaya masyarakat</a>. </p><p>Di sisi lain, ada yang melihat globalisasi sebagai sebuah proyek yang diusung oleh negara-negara <a href="/wiki/Adikuasa" title="Adikuasa">adikuasa</a>, sehingga bisa saja orang memiliki pandangan negatif atau curiga terhadapnya. Dari sudut pandang ini, globalisasi tidak lain adalah kapitalisme dalam bentuk yang paling mutakhir. Negara-negara yang kuat dan kaya praktis akan mengendalikan <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi" title="Ekonomi">ekonomi</a> dunia dan negara-negara kecil makin tidak berdaya karena tidak mampu bersaing. Sebab, globalisasi cenderung berpengaruh besar terhadap perekonomian dunia, bahkan berpengaruh terhadap bidang-bidang lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya">budaya</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">agama</a>. Theodore Levitte merupakan orang yang pertama kali menggunakan istilah Globalisasi pada tahun 1985. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Aart_Scholte&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Aart Scholte (halaman belum tersedia)">Jan Aart Scholte</a> melihat bahwa ada beberapa definisi yang dimaksudkan orang dengan globalisasi: </p> <ul><li><i>Internasionalisasi</i>: Globalisasi diartikan sebagai meningkatnya hubungan internasional. Dalam hal ini masing-masing negara tetap mempertahankan identitasnya masing-masing, namun menjadi semakin tergantung satu sama lain.</li> <li><i>Liberalisasi</i>: Globalisasi juga diartikan dengan semakin diturunkankan batas antar negara, misalnya hambatan tarif ekspor impor, lalu lintas devisa, maupun migrasi.</li> <li><i>Universalisasi</i>: Globalisasi juga digambarkan sebagai semakin tersebarnya hal material maupun imaterial ke seluruh dunia. Pengalaman di satu lokalitas dapat menjadi pengalaman seluruh dunia.</li> <li><i>Westernisasi</i>: Westernisasi adalah salah satu bentuk dari universalisasi dengan semakin menyebarnya pikiran dan budaya dari barat sehingga mengglobal.</li> <li><i>Hubungan transplanetari dan suprateritorialitas</i>: Arti kelima ini berbeda dengan keempat definisi di atas. Pada empat definisi pertama, masing-masing negara masih mempertahankan status ontologinya. Pada pengertian yang kelima, dunia global memiliki status ontologi sendiri, bukan sekadar gabungan negara-negara.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah globalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah globalisasi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_perdagangan_global&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu perdagangan global (halaman belum tersedia)">Garis waktu perdagangan global</a></div> <p>Ada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyebab_dekat_dan_mutlak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyebab dekat dan mutlak (halaman belum tersedia)">penyebab jauh dan dekat</a> yang dapat ditemukan pada faktor-faktor sejarah yang memengaruhi globalisasi. Globalisasi berskala besar dimulai pada abad ke-19.<sup id="cite_ref-When_Did_Globalization_Begin_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-When_Did_Globalization_Begin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuno">Kuno</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Kuno" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kuno"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Colonisation2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Colonisation2.gif/250px-Colonisation2.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Colonisation2.gif/375px-Colonisation2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Colonisation2.gif/500px-Colonisation2.gif 2x" data-file-width="1849" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Peta animasi yang menunjukkan perkembangan <a href="/wiki/Imperium_kolonial" title="Imperium kolonial">imperium kolonial</a> sejak 1492 sampai sekarang.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_kuno" title="Globalisasi kuno">Globalisasi kuno</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_kuno" title="Globalisasi kuno">Globalisasi kuno</a> dipandang sebagai suatu fase dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah globalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">sejarah globalisasi</a> yang mengacu pada peristiwa dan perkembangan globalisasi sejak masa peradaban terawal sampai kira-kira tahun 1600-an. Istilah ini dipakai untuk menyebut hubungan antara masyarakat dan negara dan cara keduanya dibentuk oleh persebaran ide dan norma sosial baik di tingkat lokal maupun regional.<sup id="cite_ref-M_45_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_45-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam skema ini, ada tiga penyebab yang dipaparkan sebagai pemicu globalisasi. Penyebab pertama adalah pemikiran Timur yang berarti bahwa negara-negara Barat telah mengadaptasi dan menerapkan prinsip-prinsip yang dipelajari dari Timur.<sup id="cite_ref-M_45_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_45-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tanpa ide tradisional dari Timur, globalisasi Barat tidak akan terjadi sebagaimana mestinya. Penyebab kedua adalah jarak; interaksi antarnegara belum berskala global dan masih berada di seputaran Asia, Afrika Utara, Timur Tengah, dan sebagian Eropa.<sup id="cite_ref-M_45_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_45-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada globalisasi awal, negara masih sulit berinteraksi dengan negara lain yang letaknya jauh. Kemajuan teknologi kemudian memungkinkan negara mengetahui keberadaan negara lain yang letaknya jauh, dan fase globalisasi yang baru pun terjadi. Penyebab ketiga adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saling_ketergantungan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saling ketergantungan (halaman belum tersedia)">saling ketergantungan</a>, kestabilan, dan regularitas. Jika suatu negara tidak bergantung dengan negara lain, tidak ada cara lain bagi negara tersebut untuk memengaruhi dan dipengaruhi oleh negara lain. Inilah salah satu penggerak utama di balik hubungan dan perdagangan global. Tanpa keduanya, globalisasi tidak akan berjalan seperti yang sudah-sudah dan negara akan tetap bergantung pada produksi dan sumber dayanya sendiri supaya bisa terus berdiri. Sejumlah pakar berpendapat bahwa globalisasi kuno tidak berjalan seperti globalisasi modern karena negara-negara waktu itu tidak saling bergantung seperti sekarang.<sup id="cite_ref-M_45_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_45-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ada pula sifat multipolar dalam globalisasi kuno yang melibatkan partisipasi aktif bangsa non-Eropa. Karena globalisasi kuno sudah ada sebelum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembelahan_Besar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembelahan Besar (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembelahan Besar</a> abad ke-19, masa ketika <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Barat" title="Eropa Barat">Eropa Barat</a> memiliki produksi industri dan hasil ekonomi yang lebih maju ketimbang kawasan lain di dunia, globalisasi kuno menjadi fenomena yang tidak hanya digerakkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> tetapi juga oleh wilayah <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Lama" title="Dunia Lama">Dunia Lama</a> yang ekonominya sudah maju seperti <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, pesisir Tiongkok, dan <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:NanbanCarrack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/NanbanCarrack.jpg/250px-NanbanCarrack.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/NanbanCarrack.jpg/375px-NanbanCarrack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/NanbanCarrack.jpg/500px-NanbanCarrack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karak (halaman belum tersedia)">Karak</a> Portugal di <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_Nanban" class="mw-redirect" title="Perdagangan Nanban">seni Nanban</a> Jepang abad ke-17</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ekonom" title="Ekonom">Ekonom</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sosiolog" title="Sosiolog">sosiolog</a> historis <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Jerman">Jerman</a> <a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a> berpendapat bahwa globalisasi diawali oleh munculnya hubungan dagang antara <a href="/wiki/Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Lembah_Indus" title="Peradaban Lembah Indus">Peradaban Lembah Indus</a> pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milenium_ketiga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Milenium ketiga (halaman belum tersedia)">milenium ketiga</a> <a href="/wiki/Sebelum_Masehi" title="Sebelum Masehi">SM</a>. Globalisasi kuno ini terjadi pada <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Helenistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Peradaban Helenistik">Zaman Helenistik</a>, zaman ketika pusat-pusat kota komersial membentuk poros budaya <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Yunani" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Yunani">Yunani</a> yang merentang dari <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> sampai <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> dan kota-kota <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agung" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Agung">era Alexander</a> lainnya. Sejak itu, posisi geografis Yunani dan <a href="/wiki/Impor" title="Impor">impor</a> gandum memaksa bangsa Yunani melakukan perdagangan lewat laut. Perdagangan di Yunani kuno sangat tidak dibatasi, dan negara hanya mengendalikan suplai gandum.<sup id="cite_ref-GL-H-09_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GL-H-09-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:New_World_Domesticated_plants.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/New_World_Domesticated_plants.JPG/250px-New_World_Domesticated_plants.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/New_World_Domesticated_plants.JPG/375px-New_World_Domesticated_plants.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/New_World_Domesticated_plants.JPG/500px-New_World_Domesticated_plants.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Tanaman asli <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Baru" title="Dunia Baru">Dunia Baru</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Pertukaran_Columbus" title="Pertukaran Columbus">tersebar ke seluruh dunia</a>: Jagung, tomat, kentang, <a href="/wiki/Vanila" title="Vanila">vanila</a>, karet, <a href="/wiki/Biji_kakao" title="Biji kakao">kakao</a>, tembakau</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Awal">Modern Awal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Modern Awal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Modern Awal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Proto-globalisasi" title="Proto-globalisasi">Proto-globalisasi</a></div> <p>Globalisasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_awal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern awal (halaman belum tersedia)">modern awal</a> atau proto-globalisasi mencakup periode <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah globalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">sejarah globalisasi</a> antara 1600 dan 1800. Konsep proto-globalisasi pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh sejarawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._G._Hopkins&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="A. G. Hopkins (halaman belum tersedia)">A. G. Hopkins</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Bayly&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Bayly (halaman belum tersedia)">Christopher Bayly</a>. Istilah ini berarti fase peningkatan hubungan dagang dan pertukaran budaya yang menjadi ciri khas periode sebelum munculnya globalisasi modern pada akhir abad ke-19.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fase globalisasi ini dicirikan oleh bangkitnya imperium maritim Eropa pada abad ke-16 dan 17. Imperium pertama yang muncul adalah <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Portugal" title="Imperium Portugal">Portugal</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Spanyol" title="Imperium Spanyol">Spanyol</a>, yang diikuti <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Belanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Belanda">Belanda</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">Britania</a>. Pada abad ke-17, perdagangan dunia berkembang lebih jauh ketika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perusahaan_kerajaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perusahaan kerajaan (halaman belum tersedia)">perusahaan kerajaan</a> (<i>chartered company</i>) seperti <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> (didirikan tahun 1600) dan <a href="/wiki/Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie" class="mw-redirect" title="Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie">Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie</a> (didirikan tahun 1602, sering dianggap sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perusahaan_multinasional_pertama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perusahaan multinasional pertama (halaman belum tersedia)">perusahaan multinasional pertama</a> yang membuka sahamnya) didirikan.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Globalisasi modern awal berbeda dengan globalisasi modern dalam hal tujuan ekspansionisme, cara mengelola perdagangan global, dan tingkat pertukaran informasi. Periode ini ditandai oleh banyaknya perjanjian dagang seperti yang dilakukan <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, peralihan <a href="/wiki/Hegemoni" title="Hegemoni">hegemoni</a> ke Eropa Barat, terjadinya konflik berskala besar antara negara besar seperti Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun, dan munculnya komoditas baru seperti <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_budak" class="mw-redirect" title="Perdagangan budak">perdagangan budak</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perdagangan_Segitiga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perdagangan Segitiga (halaman belum tersedia)">Perdagangan Segitiga</a> memungkinan Eropa mendapatkan keuntungan dari sumber daya - sumber daya di dunia barat. Perpindahan hewan, tanaman, dan wabah penyakit yang dikaitkan dengan konsep <a href="/wiki/Pertukaran_Columbus" title="Pertukaran Columbus">Pertukaran Columbus</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Crosby" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a> juga memainkan peran penting dalam proses ini. Perdagangan dan komunikasi modern awal melibatkan banyak kelompok masyarakat, termasuk pedagang <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a>, terutama di kawasan <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Hindia" title="Samudra Hindia">Samudra Hindia</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Marshall%27s_flax-mill,_Holbeck,_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg/250px-Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg/375px-Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg/500px-Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Bersatu_Britania_Raya_dan_Irlandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia">Britania Raya</a> pada abad ke-19 menjadi kekuatan super ekonomi pertama di dunia berkat teknologi pabriknya yang superior dan sistem transportasi global yang maju seperti <a href="/wiki/Kapal_uap" title="Kapal uap">kapal uap</a> dan rel kereta api.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Modern" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Modern"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah globalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah globalisasi</a></div> <p>Sepanjang abad ke-19, globalisasi mulai mendekati bentuknya yang modern akibat <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_industri" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolusi industri">revolusi industri</a>. Industrialisasi memungkinkan <a href="/wiki/Standardisasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardisasi">standardisasi</a> produksi barang-barang rumah tangga menggunakan ekonomi skala, sedangkan pertumbuhan penduduk yang cepat menciptakan permintaan barang yang stabil. Pada abad ke-19, <a href="/wiki/Kapal_uap" title="Kapal uap">kapal uap</a> sangat menghemat biaya transportasi internasional dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rel_kereta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rel kereta (halaman belum tersedia)">rel kereta</a> menjadikan transportasi darat lebih murah. Revolusi transportasi terjadi antara 1820 dan 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-When_Did_Globalization_Begin_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-When_Did_Globalization_Begin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jumlah negara yang ikut dalam perdagangan internasional semakin banyak.<sup id="cite_ref-When_Did_Globalization_Begin_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-When_Did_Globalization_Begin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Globalisasi pada masa ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh <a href="/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme">imperialisme</a> abad ke-19 seperti yang terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Scramble for Africa">Afrika</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperialisme_Barat_di_Asia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperialisme Barat di Asia (halaman belum tersedia)">Asia</a>. Penemuan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontainer_kapal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontainer kapal (halaman belum tersedia)">kontainer kapal</a> tahun 1956 turut memajukan globalisasi perdagangan.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setelah Perang Dunia Kedua, para politikus berhasil mewujudkan <a href="/wiki/Konferensi_Bretton_Woods" title="Konferensi Bretton Woods">konferensi Bretton Woods</a>, perjanjian yang disepakati negara-negara besar untuk menyusun kebijakan moneter internasional, perdagangan dan keuangan, dan pembentukan sejumlah lembaga internasional yang bertujuan memfasilitasi pertumbuhan ekonomi, pembebasan perdagangan secara bertahap, dan penyederhanaan dan pengurangan batasan perdagangan. Awalnya, <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT) mengeluarkan beberapa perjanjian untuk menghapus batasan perdagangan. GATT kemudian digantikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia" title="Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia">Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia</a> (WTO) untuk mengelola sistem perdagangan. Ekspor nyaris berlipat dari 8,5% total produk bruto dunia tahun 1970 menjadi 16,2% tahun 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pemanfaatan perjanjian global untuk memajukan perdagangan terhambat oleh gagalnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Putaran_Doha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Putaran Doha (halaman belum tersedia)">putaran negosiasi Doha</a>. Banyak negara yang beralih ke perjanjian bilateral atau perjanjian multilateral yang lebih kecil, misalnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Perdagangan_Bebas_Amerika_Serikat%E2%80%93Korea_Selatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Amerika Serikat–Korea Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Amerika Serikat–Korea Selatan</a> 2011. </p><p>Sejak 1970-an, penerbangan semakin terjangkau bagi kelas menengah di negara-negara berkembang. Kebijakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langit_terbuka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Langit terbuka (halaman belum tersedia)">langit terbuka</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maskapai_bertarif_rendah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maskapai bertarif rendah (halaman belum tersedia)">maskapai bertarif rendah</a> ikut mendorong persaingan pasar. Pada tahun 1990-an, pertumbuhan jaringan komunikasi bertarif rendah memangkas biaya komunikasi antarnegara. Banyak hal yang bisa dilakukan melalui komputer tanpa memedulikan lokasinya seperti akuntansi, pengembangan perangkat lunak, dan desain rekayasa. </p><p>Pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, keterhubungan ekonomi dan kebudayaan dunia tumbuh sangat cepat. Pertumbuhan ini melambat sejak 1910-an sampai seterusnya akibat Perang Dunia dan <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tetapi berhasil melaju lagi sejak kebijakan <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> dirintis tahun 1980-an dan <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> serta <a href="/wiki/Reformasi_ekonomi_Tiongkok" title="Reformasi ekonomi Tiongkok">reformasi ekonomi Tiongkok</a> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> membawa paham kapitalisme barat ke Blok Timur lama.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada awal 2000-an, sebagian besar negara maju mengalami <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resesi_akhir_2000-an&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Resesi akhir 2000-an (halaman belum tersedia)">Resesi Besar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sehingga memperlambat proses globalisasi untuk sementara.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perdagangan dan globalisasi telah berevolusi jauh pada masa kini. Masyarakat yang terglobalisasi memiliki serangkaian pendorong dan faktor yang terus mendekatkan manusia, kebudayaan, pasar, kepercayaan, dan aktivitasnya.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karakteristik_Globalisasi">Karakteristik Globalisasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Karakteristik Globalisasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karakteristik Globalisasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Antena_Parabola_di_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Antena_Parabola_di_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Antena_Parabola_di_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Antena_Parabola_di_Indonesia.jpg/330px-Antena_Parabola_di_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Antena_Parabola_di_Indonesia.jpg/440px-Antena_Parabola_di_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Antena_parabola" title="Antena parabola">antena parabola</a> pada TV memungkinkan seseorang merasakan banyak hal dari budaya lain, karena parabola tidak hanya menyediakan saluran dalam negeri saja melainkan juga dari luar negeri.</figcaption></figure> Perubahan konsep ruang serta waktu. Perkembangan barang-barang seperti <a href="/wiki/Telepon_genggam" title="Telepon genggam">telepon genggam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Televisi_satelit" title="Televisi satelit">televisi satelit</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> membuat komunikasi global terjadi dengan cepat. Pergerakan massa, seperti <a href="/wiki/Pariwisata" title="Pariwisata">pariwisata</a> , membuat kita dapat merasakan banyak hal dari bermacam-macam budaya di dunia.</li> <li>Pasar dan produksi <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi" title="Ekonomi">ekonomi</a> di negara-negara yang berbeda menjadikan masing-masing saling bergantung sebagai akibat dari pertumbuhan perekonomian, pembagian pekerjaan yang baru secara internasional, meningkatnya pengaruh perusahaan multinasional, dan dominasi organisasi dunia seperti <i><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></i> (WTO).</li> <li>Peningkatan interaksi kultural lewat perkembangan media massa (contohnya televisi, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> , musik, serta transmisi berita dan olahraga internasional). Saat ini, kita dapat mengonsumsi dan mengalamai gagasan dan pengalaman baru mengenai hal-hal yang beraneka ragam dari berbagai budaya, misalnya fashion, literatur, dan makanan.</li> <li>Meningkatnya masalah bersama, misalnya dalam aspek lingkungan, ekonomi, perdagangan obat terlarang internasional, kesehatan, dan terorisme.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teori">Teori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Teori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Teori"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cochrane dan Pain menegaskan bahwa dalam kaitannya dengan globalisasi, terdapat tiga posisi teoretis yang dapat dilihat, yaitu: </p> <ul><li>Para <b>globalis</b> percaya bahwa globalisasi adalah sebuah kenyataan yang memiliki konsekuensi nyata terhadap bagaimana orang dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranata_sosial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pranata sosial (halaman belum tersedia)">lembaga</a> di seluruh dunia berjalan. Mereka percaya bahwa negara-negara dan <a href="/wiki/Kebudayaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebudayaan">kebudayaan</a> lokal akan hilang diterpa kebudayaan dan ekonomi global yang homogen. meskipun demikian, para globalis tidak memiliki pendapat sama mengenai konsekuensi terhadap proses tersebut.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Para <b>globalis positif</b> dan optimistis menanggapi dengan baik perkembangan semacam itu dan menyatakan bahwa globalisasi akan menghasilkan masyarakat dunia yang toleran dan bertanggung jawab.</li> <li>Para <b>globalis pesimis</b> berpendapat bahwa globalisasi adalah sebuah fenomena negatif karena hal tersebut sebenarnya adalah bentuk penjajahan <a href="/wiki/Dunia_barat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunia barat">barat</a> (terutama <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>) yang memaksa sejumlah bentuk budaya dan konsumsi yang homogen dan terlihat sebagai sesuatu yang benar dipermukaan. Beberapa dari mereka kemudian membentuk kelompok untuk menentang globalisasi (<a href="/wiki/Antiglobalisasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiglobalisasi">antiglobalisasi</a>).</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Para <b>tradisionalis</b> tidak percaya bahwa globalisasi tengah terjadi. Mereka berpendapat bahwa fenomena ini adalah sebuah mitos semata atau, jika memang ada, terlalu dibesar-besarkan. Mereka merujuk bahwa <a href="/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme">kapitalisme</a> telah menjadi sebuah fenomena <a href="/wiki/Internasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Internasional">internasional</a> selama ratusan tahun. Apa yang tengah kita alami saat ini hanyalah merupakan tahap lanjutan, atau <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a>, dari produksi dan perdagangan kapital.</li> <li>Para <b>transformasionalis</b> berada di antara para globalis dan tradisionalis. Mereka setuju bahwa pengaruh globalisasi telah sangat dilebih-lebihkan oleh para globalis. Namun, mereka juga berpendapat bahwa sangat bodoh jika kita menyangkal keberadaan konsep ini. Posisi teoretis ini berpendapat bahwa globalisasi seharusnya dipahami sebagai "<i>seperangkat hubungan yang saling berkaitan dengan murni melalui sebuah kekuatan, yang sebagian besar tidak terjadi secara langsung</i>". Mereka menyatakan bahwa proses ini bisa dibalik, terutama ketika hal tersebut negatif atau, setidaknya, dapat dikendalikan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspek">Aspek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Aspek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aspek"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Global_Competitiveness_Index_2008-2009.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Global_Competitiveness_Index_2008-2009.svg/250px-Global_Competitiveness_Index_2008-2009.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Global_Competitiveness_Index_2008-2009.svg/375px-Global_Competitiveness_Index_2008-2009.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Global_Competitiveness_Index_2008-2009.svg/500px-Global_Competitiveness_Index_2008-2009.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_Ketersaingan_Global&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks Ketersaingan Global (halaman belum tersedia)">Indeks Ketersaingan Global</a> (2008–2009): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketersaingan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketersaingan (halaman belum tersedia)">ketersaingan</a> (<i>competitiveness</i>) adalah hal utama yang menentukan kesejahteraan negara-bangsa di lingkungan internasional</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisasi_bisnis_global">Organisasi bisnis global</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Organisasi bisnis global" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Organisasi bisnis global"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Bisnis_internasional" title="Bisnis internasional">Bisnis internasional</a></div> <p>Seiring kemajuan <a href="/wiki/Transportasi" title="Transportasi">transportasi</a> dan komunikasi, bisnis internasional tumbuh pesat setelah awal abad ke-20. Bisnis internasional mencakup semua transaksi komersial (<a href="/wiki/Perusahaan_swasta" title="Perusahaan swasta">swasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penjualan" title="Penjualan">penjualan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Investasi" title="Investasi">investasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logistik" title="Logistik">logistik</a>, dan transportasi) yang terjadi antara dua <a href="/wiki/Wilayah" title="Wilayah">wilayah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negara" title="Negara">negara</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bangsa" title="Bangsa">bangsa</a> atau lebih di luar batas politiknya. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diversifikasi_internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diversifikasi internasional (halaman belum tersedia)">Diversifikasi internasional</a> ini disesuaikan dengan kinerja dan <a href="/wiki/Inovasi" title="Inovasi">inovasi</a>, namun biasanya kinerja meningkat dan inovasi menurun.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Biasanya perusahaan-perusahaan swasta melakukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transaksi_keuangan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transaksi keuangan (halaman belum tersedia)">transaksi</a> untuk mendapatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laba_(akuntansi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Laba (akuntansi) (halaman belum tersedia)">laba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Transaksi bisnis semacam ini melibatkan sumber daya ekonomi seperti <a href="/wiki/Modal" title="Modal">modal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumber_daya_alam" title="Sumber daya alam">sumber daya alam</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sumber_daya_manusia" title="Sumber daya manusia">sumber daya manusia</a> untuk produksi barang fisik dan jasa internasional seperti <a href="/wiki/Keuangan" title="Keuangan">keuangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perbankan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perbankan">perbankan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asuransi" title="Asuransi">asuransi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstruksi" title="Konstruksi">konstruksi</a>, dan aktivitas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produksi_(ekonomi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Produksi (ekonomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">produksi</a> lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kerja sama bisnis internasional membuahkan <a href="/wiki/Perusahaan_multinasional" title="Perusahaan multinasional">perusahaan multinasional</a>, yaitu perusahaan yang memiliki pendekatan global terhadap pasar dan produksi atau perusahaan yang beroperasi di lebih dari satu negara. Sebuah perusahaan multinasional bisa juga disebut perusahaan transnasional. Perusahaan multinasional terkenal mencakup perusahaan <a href="/wiki/Makanan_cepat_saji" class="mw-redirect" title="Makanan cepat saji">makanan cepat saji</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald&#39;s">McDonald's</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yum_Brands&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yum Brands (halaman belum tersedia)">Yum Brands</a>, produsen kendaraan seperti <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>, produsen elektronika konsumen seperti <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, <a href="/wiki/LG" class="mw-redirect" title="LG">LG</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, dan perusahaan energi seperti <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/BP" class="mw-redirect" title="BP">BP</a>. Sebagian besar perusahaan besar beroperasi di beberapa pasar nasional. </p><p>Perusahaan atau bisnis umumnya berpendapat bahwa kelangsungan di pasar global yang baru mengharuskan mereka untuk mencari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barang_(ekonomi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barang (ekonomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">barang</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jasa_(ekonomi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jasa (ekonomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">jasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_kerja_manual" title="Tenaga kerja manual">tenaga kerja</a>, dan material dari luar negeri supaya produk dan teknologinya bisa terus diperbarui agar dapat bertahan di tengah-tengah persaingan yang memanas.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut laporan terkini dari McKinsey Global Institute, arus barang, jasa, dan keuangan mencapai $26 triliun pada tahun 2012 atau 36 persen dari PDB global. Jumlah tersebut 1,5 kali lebih banyak ketimbang tahun 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perdagangan_internasional">Perdagangan internasional</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Perdagangan internasional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perdagangan internasional"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_internasional" title="Perdagangan internasional">Perdagangan internasional</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:1_singapore_city_skyline_dusk_panorama_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Singapore skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1_singapore_city_skyline_dusk_panorama_2011.jpg/250px-1_singapore_city_skyline_dusk_panorama_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1_singapore_city_skyline_dusk_panorama_2011.jpg/375px-1_singapore_city_skyline_dusk_panorama_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1_singapore_city_skyline_dusk_panorama_2011.jpg/500px-1_singapore_city_skyline_dusk_panorama_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4254" data-file-height="2830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a>, negara teratas di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Enabling_Trade_Report&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Enabling Trade Report (halaman belum tersedia)">Enabling Trade Index</a>, menerima globalisasi dan menjadi negara yang sangat maju</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_internasional" title="Perdagangan internasional">Perdagangan internasional</a> adalah pertukaran modal, barang, dan jasa melintasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbatasan_internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbatasan internasional (halaman belum tersedia)">perbatasan</a> atau wilayah internasional.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di kebanyakan negara, perdagangan internasional menduduki pangsa besar dalam <a href="/wiki/Produk_domestik_bruto" title="Produk domestik bruto">produk domestik bruto</a> (PDB). <a href="/wiki/Industrialisasi" title="Industrialisasi">Industrialisasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportasi" title="Transportasi">transportasi</a> maju, <a href="/wiki/Perusahaan_multinasional" title="Perusahaan multinasional">perusahaan multinasional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offshoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshoring">offshoring</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a> sama-sama memberi dampak besar terhadap perdagangan global. Pertumbuhan perdagangan internasional adalah komponen dasar dari globalisasi. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keuntungan_absolut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Keuntungan absolut (halaman belum tersedia)">Keuntungan perdagangan absolut</a> muncul ketika negara-negara dapat memproduksi suatu komoditas dengan biaya lebih rendah per unit ketimbang mitra dagangnya. Dengan logika yang sama, negara tersebut harus mengimpor komoditas yang memiliki kerugian absolut.<sup id="cite_ref-ingham_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ingham-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Meski ada kemungkinan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Untung_dagang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Untung dagang (halaman belum tersedia)">untung dagang</a> dari keuntungan absolut, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keuntungan_komparatif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Keuntungan komparatif (halaman belum tersedia)">keuntungan komparatif</a>, yaitu kemampuan menawarkan barang dan jasa dengan <a href="/wiki/Biaya_marjinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Biaya marjinal">biaya marjinal</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Biaya_kesempatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biaya kesempatan">biaya kesempatan</a> yang lebih rendah, memperluas batas kemungkinan pertukaran yang sama-sama menguntungkan. Di lingkungan bisnis yang terglobalisasi, perusahaan berpikir bahwa keuntungan komparatif yang ditawarkan perdagangan internasional merupakan hal yang penting agar bisa terus bersaing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Perjanjian_dagang,_blok_ekonomi,_dan_zona_perdagangan_khusus"><span id="Perjanjian_dagang.2C_blok_ekonomi.2C_dan_zona_perdagangan_khusus"></span>Perjanjian dagang, blok ekonomi, dan zona perdagangan khusus</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Perjanjian dagang, blok ekonomi, dan zona perdagangan khusus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perjanjian dagang, blok ekonomi, dan zona perdagangan khusus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Globalization-5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Globalization-5.png/300px-Globalization-5.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Globalization-5.png/450px-Globalization-5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Globalization-5.png/600px-Globalization-5.png 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Produk_domestik_bruto" title="Produk domestik bruto">Produk domestik bruto</a> per kapita dalam dolar AS tahun 2011 per kapita, disesuaikan dengan inflasi dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paritas_kemampuan_beli&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paritas kemampuan beli (halaman belum tersedia)">paritas kemampuan beli</a> (skala log) dari tahun 1860 sampai 2011. Lingkaran populasi: Amerika Serikat (kuning), Britania Raya (oranye), Jepang (merah), Tiongkok (merah), dan India (biru).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Penetapan kawasan perdagangan bebas menjadi sesuatu yang harus dilakukan pemerintahan era modern untuk melakukan perjanjian dagang dengan entitas asing dan multinasional.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zona_Ekonomi_Khusus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zona Ekonomi Khusus (halaman belum tersedia)">Zona Ekonomi Khusus</a> (<i>Special Economic Zone</i>; SEZ) adalah kawasan geografis hukum ekonomi dan hukum lainnya lebih condong ke pasar bebas daripada hukum nasional negara tersebut. Hukum nasional bisa ditangguhkan di dalam zona khusus ini. Kategori SEZ mencakup berbagai macam zona, termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zona_Perdagangan_Bebas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zona Perdagangan Bebas (halaman belum tersedia)">Zona Perdagangan Bebas</a> (FTZ), Zona Pemrosesan Ekspor (EPZ), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zona_ekonomi_bebas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zona ekonomi bebas (halaman belum tersedia)">Zona Bebas</a> (FZ), <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_industri" title="Kawasan industri">kawasan industri</a> (IE), <a href="/wiki/Pelabuhan_bebas" title="Pelabuhan bebas">pelabuhan bebas</a>, Zona Perusahaan Kota, dan lain-lain. Biasanya, tujuan zona ini adalah meningkatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Investasi_langsung_asing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Investasi langsung asing (halaman belum tersedia)">investasi langsung asing</a> oleh investor asing, terutama <a href="/wiki/Bisnis_internasional" title="Bisnis internasional">bisnis internasional</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Perusahaan_multinasional" title="Perusahaan multinasional">perusahaan multinasional</a> (MNC). Zona ini adalah wilayah khusus yang pajak perusahaannya sangat rendah atau bahkan ditiadakan sama sekali untuk mendorong aktivitas ekonomi. Pelabuhan bebas sejak dulu memiliki peraturan cukai yang menguntungkan, misalnya pelabuhan bebas <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>. Seringkali pelabuhan bebas ini merupakan bagian dari zona ekonomi bebas. </p><p>FTZ adalah tempat barang didatangkan, ditangani, diproduksi atau disesuaikan, dan diekspor kembali tanpa campur tangan otoritas bea cukai. Ketika barang sudah pindah ke tangan konsumen di dalam negara di luar FTZ, barulah barang tersebut tunduk pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peraturan_cukai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peraturan cukai (halaman belum tersedia)">peraturan cukai</a> yang ada. Zona perdagangan bebas ditetapkan di sekitar pelabuhan besar, bandara internasional, dan perbatasan nasional, tempat-tempat dengan keuntungan dagang secara geografis.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is a region where a group of countries has agreed to reduce or eliminate trade barriers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Jakarta_Welcome_ASEAN_Delegates_Billboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jakarta_Welcome_ASEAN_Delegates_Billboard.jpg/250px-Jakarta_Welcome_ASEAN_Delegates_Billboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jakarta_Welcome_ASEAN_Delegates_Billboard.jpg/375px-Jakarta_Welcome_ASEAN_Delegates_Billboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jakarta_Welcome_ASEAN_Delegates_Billboard.jpg/500px-Jakarta_Welcome_ASEAN_Delegates_Billboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="2551" /></a><figcaption>Papan iklan di Jakarta yang menyambut delegasi KTT <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_perdagangan_bebas" title="Kawasan perdagangan bebas">Kawasan perdagangan bebas</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Blok_dagang" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok dagang">blok dagang</a> yang negara-negara anggotanya telah menandatangani perjanjian perdagangan bebas yang menghapus <a href="/wiki/Tarif" title="Tarif">tarif</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuota_impor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuota impor (halaman belum tersedia)">kuota impor</a>, dan preferensi pada sebagian besar (jika tidak semua) barang dan jasa yang diperdagangkan antarnegara. Jika penduduknya bebas berpindah antarnegara, selain kawasan perdagangan bebas, kawasan ini juga bisa dianggap sebagai <a href="/wiki/Perbatasan_terbuka" title="Perbatasan terbuka">perbatasan terbuka</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a>, yang beranggotakan 27 negara, menyediakan kawasan perdagangan bebas dan perbatasan terbuka. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zona_Industri_Khusus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zona Industri Khusus (halaman belum tersedia)">Zona Industri Khusus</a> (<i>Qualified Industrial Zone</i>; QIZ) adalah kawasan industri yang menaungi operasi pabrik di <a href="/wiki/Yordania" title="Yordania">Yordania</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a>. QIZ adalah zona perdagangan bebas khusus yang didirikan bekerja sama dengan <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> untuk memanfaatkan perjanjian perdagangan bebas antara Amerika Serikat dan <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">israel</a>. Di bawah perjanjian dagang dengan Yordania seperti yang ditetapkan Amerika Serikat, barang-barang yang diproduksi di QIZ bisa langsung masuk ke pasar AS tanpa <a href="/wiki/Tarif" title="Tarif">tarif</a> datau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuota_impor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuota impor (halaman belum tersedia)">kuota impor</a> jika memenuhi syarat tertentu. Untuk mendapat status tersebut, barang yang dihasilkan di zona ini harus mengandung sedikit sumbangan atau input dari Israel. Selain itu, nilai minimum sebesar 35% harus ditambahkan ke produk akhirnya. QIZ adalah ide pebisnis Yordania Omar Salah, dan QIZ pertama ditetapkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Kongres_Amerika_Serikat" title="Kongres Amerika Serikat">Kongres Amerika Serikat</a> pada tahun 1997. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pasifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pasifik">Asia Pasifik</a> disebut-sebut sebagai "kawasan dagang paling terintegrasi di muka Bumi" karena perdagangan intraregionalnya mencakup sekitar 50-60% dari total impor dan ekspor Asia Pasifik.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Asia Pasifik juga memiliki perdagangan ekstraregional. Ekspor barang konsumen seperti televisi, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, sepeda, dan tekstil ke Amerika Serikat, Eropa, dan Jepang turut mendorong ekspansi ekonomi.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Perdagangan_Bebas_ASEAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan Perdagangan Bebas ASEAN">Kawasan Perdagangan Bebas ASEAN</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> adalah perjanjian <a href="/wiki/Blok_dagang" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok dagang">blok dagang</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhimpunan_Negara-negara_Asia_Tenggara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhimpunan Negara-negara Asia Tenggara (halaman belum tersedia)">Perhimpunan Negara-negara Asia Tenggara</a> (ASEAN) yang mendukung produsen lokal di semua negara ASEAN. Perjanjian AFTA ditandatangani pada 28 Januari 1992 di Singapura. Ketika perjanjian AFTA ditandatangani, ASEAN masih beranggotakan enam negara, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> bergabung tahun 1995, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> tahun 1997 dan <a href="/wiki/Kamboja" title="Kamboja">Kamboja</a> tahun 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surga_pajak">Surga pajak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Surga pajak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Surga pajak"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:German_GDP_in_tax_havens.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/German_GDP_in_tax_havens.png/250px-German_GDP_in_tax_havens.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/German_GDP_in_tax_havens.png/375px-German_GDP_in_tax_havens.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/German_GDP_in_tax_havens.png/500px-German_GDP_in_tax_havens.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Aset Jerman di surga pajak jika dibandingkan dengan total PDB Jerman.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> "7 Besar"-nya adalah Hong Kong, Irlandia, Lebanon, Liberia, Panama, Singapura, dan Swiss.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Surga_pajak" title="Surga pajak">Surga pajak</a></div> <p>Surga pajak adalah negara atau daerah yang menurunkan <a href="/wiki/Pajak" title="Pajak">pajak</a> atau bahkan meniadakannya sama sekali. Daerah seperti ini dimanfaatkan sejumlah perusahaan untuk upaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghindaran_pajak_dan_pengelakan_pajak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penghindaran pajak dan pengelakan pajak (halaman belum tersedia)">penghindaran pajak dan pengelakan pajak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ssrn_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssrn-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pihak perorangan maupun perusahaan menganggap surga pajak cocok untuk mendirikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perusahaan_terselubung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perusahaan terselubung (halaman belum tersedia)">anak perusahaan terselubung</a> atau pindah ke wilayah yang nilai pajaknya rendah atau tidak ada sama sekali. Keberadaan surga pajak menciptakan situasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persaingan_pajak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Persaingan pajak (halaman belum tersedia)">persaingan pajak</a> di kalangan pemerintahan. Beberapa <a href="/wiki/Yurisdiksi" title="Yurisdiksi">yurisdiksi</a> sengaja menjadikan wilayahnya surga bagi kategori pajak tertentu dan kategori penduduk dan perusahaan tertentu.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Negara yang <a href="/wiki/Kedaulatan" title="Kedaulatan">berdaulat</a> atau memiliki pemerintahan sendiri di bawah <a href="/wiki/Hukum_internasional" title="Hukum internasional">hukum internasional</a> secara teori memiliki kekuasaan tak terbatas untuk menerapkan hukum pajak di wilayahnya, kecuali dibatasi oleh perjanjian internasional sebelumnya. Fitur utama surga pajak adalah hukum dan peraturannya dapat digunakan untuk menghindari atau mengelak dari hukum atau peraturan yurisdiksi lain.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam laporan pemanfaatan surga pajak oleh perusahaan Amerika Serikat bulan Desember 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> U.S. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_Accountability_Office&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Government Accountability Office (halaman belum tersedia)">Government Accountability Office</a> tidak mampu menetapkan definisi surga pajak yang pas, tetapi mencantumkan kriteria tertentu yang menguatkan keberadaannya: pajak tidak ada atau sedikit; tidak adanya pertukaran informasi pajak yang efektif dengan otoritas pajak asing; tidak adanya transparansi daam pelaksanaan peraturan legislatif, hukum, atau administratif; tidak adanya persyaratan untuk pendirian cabang; dan promosi diri sebagai <a href="/wiki/Pusat_keuangan_lepas_pantai" title="Pusat keuangan lepas pantai">pusat keuangan lepas pantai</a>. </p><p>Laporan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tax_Justice_Network&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tax Justice Network (halaman belum tersedia)">Tax Justice Network</a> tahun 2012 memperkirakan bahwa antara US$21 triliun dan $32 triliun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelindung_pajak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelindung pajak (halaman belum tersedia)">dilindungi</a> dari pajak di sejumlah surga pajak rahasia di dunia. Apabila kekayaan sebanyak itu mendapat bunga 3% per tahunnya dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laba_modal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Laba modal (halaman belum tersedia)">laba modalnya</a> dipajaki sebesar 30%, pendapatan pajak bisa mencapai $190 miliar sampai $280 miliar, lebih banyak dibandingkan pelindung pajak manapun.<sup id="cite_ref-tjn12_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tjn12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jika aset lepas pantai rahasia ikut dihitung, beberapa negara pengutang bisa dianggap sebagai negara kreditur.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc12_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc12-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Akan tetapi, direktur kebijakan pajak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartered_Institute_of_Taxation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chartered Institute of Taxation (halaman belum tersedia)">Chartered Institute of Taxation</a> mengaku skeptis dengan keakuratan jumlah tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_J._Mitchell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel J. Mitchell (halaman belum tersedia)">Daniel J. Mitchell</a> dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cato_Institute&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cato Institute (halaman belum tersedia)">Cato Institute</a> mengatakan bahwa laporan tersebut, saat menghitung pendapatan pajak yang hilang, berasumsi bahwa 100% uang yang disimpan di luar negeri merupakan upaya pengelakan pajak.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surga pajak menuai kritik karena sering berakhir dengan menumpuknya uang kas yang menganggur (<i>idle cash</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang mahal dan tidak efisien untuk <a href="/wiki/Repatriasi" title="Repatriasi">repatriasi</a> perusahaan.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Keuntungan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelindung_pajak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelindung pajak (halaman belum tersedia)">pelindung pajak</a> menciptakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Insiden_pajak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Insiden pajak (halaman belum tersedia)">insiden pajak</a> yang merugikan masyarakat miskin.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Banyak surga pajak yang dianggap memiliki koneksi dengan pelaku "penipuan, pencucian uang, dan terorisme."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Walaupun banyak invetigasi penyalahgunaan surga pajak ilegal, jumlah pelaku yang dipidanakan tidak banyak.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelobian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelobian (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelobian</a> terkait surga pajak dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harga_transfer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Harga transfer (halaman belum tersedia)">harga transfer</a> juga dikritik.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pandangan para <a href="/wiki/Akuntan" title="Akuntan">akuntan</a> terhadap kepantasan surga pajak telah berubah,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> begitu pula pandangan para nasabah perusahaan,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> pemerintahan,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan politikus,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> meskipun pemanfaatan surga pajak oleh perusahaan <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan lainnya masih lazim.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rencana reformasi yang berpusat pada firma akuntansi yang masuk dalam <a href="/wiki/Empat_Besar_(firma_audit)" title="Empat Besar (firma audit)">Empat Besar</a> terus didorong.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa pemerintahan tampaknya menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Spyware" class="mw-redirect" title="Spyware">spyware</a> komputer untuk mengungkap neraca keuangan sejumlah perusahaan.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pariwisata_internasional">Pariwisata internasional</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Pariwisata internasional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pariwisata internasional"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Pariwisata" title="Pariwisata">Pariwisata</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pariwisata" title="Pariwisata">Pariwisata</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Perjalanan" title="Perjalanan">perjalanan</a> untuk keperluan <a href="/wiki/Rekreasi" title="Rekreasi">rekreasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liburan" title="Liburan">liburan</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Bisnis" title="Bisnis">bisnis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Pariwisata_Dunia" title="Organisasi Pariwisata Dunia">Organisasi Pariwisata Dunia</a> mendefinisikan wisatawan sebagai orang-orang yang "bepergian ke dan menetap di tempat-tempat selain lingkungan sekitar mereka selama tidak lebih dari satu tahun untuk keperluan liburan, bisnis, dan lain-lain".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ada bermacam bentuk pariwisata seperti <a href="/wiki/Wisata_pertanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisata pertanian">wisata pertanian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisata_kelahiran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisata kelahiran (halaman belum tersedia)">wisata kelahiran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisata_kuliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisata kuliner">wisata kuliner</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisata_budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisata budaya (halaman belum tersedia)">wisata budaya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisata_lingkungan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisata lingkungan (halaman belum tersedia)">wisata lingkungan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisata_ekstrem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisata ekstrem (halaman belum tersedia)">wisata ekstrem</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisata_geografi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisata geografi (halaman belum tersedia)">wisata geografi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisata_sejarah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisata sejarah (halaman belum tersedia)">wisata sejarah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisata_LGBT&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisata LGBT (halaman belum tersedia)">wisata LGBT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisata_medis" title="Wisata medis">wisata medis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisata_laut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisata laut (halaman belum tersedia)">wisata laut</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisata_budaya_pop&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisata budaya pop (halaman belum tersedia)">wisata budaya pop</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisata_agama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisata agama (halaman belum tersedia)">wisata agama</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisata_kumuh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisata kumuh (halaman belum tersedia)">wisata kumuh</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisata_perang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisata perang (halaman belum tersedia)">wisata perang</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisata_kehidupan_liar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisata kehidupan liar (halaman belum tersedia)">wisata kehidupan liar</a>. </p><p>Globalisasi membuat pariwisata sebagai aktivitas liburan global yang populer. <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Kesehatan_Dunia" title="Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia">Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia</a> memperkirakan bahwa saat ini juga ada sekitar 500.000 orang di dalam pesawat terbang di seluruh dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Boarding.easyjet.a319.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Boarding.easyjet.a319.arp.jpg/250px-Boarding.easyjet.a319.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Boarding.easyjet.a319.arp.jpg/375px-Boarding.easyjet.a319.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Boarding.easyjet.a319.arp.jpg/500px-Boarding.easyjet.a319.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Penerbangan modern memudahkan manusia bepergian jarak jauh.</figcaption></figure> <p>Akibat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resesi_akhir_2000-an&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Resesi akhir 2000-an (halaman belum tersedia)">resesi akhir 2000-an</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perilaku_perjalanan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perilaku perjalanan (halaman belum tersedia)">permintaan perjalanan</a> internasional turun drastis sejak paruh akhir 2008 sampai akhir 2009. Setelah meningkat sebanyak 5% pada paruh pertama 2008, pertumbuhan kedatangan wisatawan internasional mulai menurun pada paruh akhir 2008 dan persentase kenaikan untuk tahun itu turun menjadi 2%, berbeda dengan 7% pada tahun 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tren negatif ini semakin parah pada tahun 2009 karena merebaknya wabah <a href="/wiki/Pandemi_flu_2009" title="Pandemi flu 2009">virus influenza H1N1</a> sehingga jumlah kedatangan wisatawan internasional turun 4,2% pada tahun 2009 menjadi 880 juta orang, dan pendapatan pariwisata internasional turun 5,7%.<sup id="cite_ref-WTOaugust10_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTOaugust10-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salah satu pengecualian bagi perjalanan bebas adalah perjalanan dari <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko">Meksiko</a> yang memiliki perbatasan semi-terbuka. Berdasarkan hukum Amerika Serikat, perjalanan ke negara-negara tersebut saat ini memerlukan <a href="/wiki/Paspor" title="Paspor">paspor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2010, jumlah uang yang berputar di bidang pariwisata internasional mencapai <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>919 miliar, naik 6,5% sejak 2009, berkat peningkatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilai_riil_versus_nominal_(ekonomi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nilai riil versus nominal (ekonomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">nilai riil</a> sebesar 4,7%.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tahun 2010, terdapat 940 juta kedatangan wisatawan internasional di seluruh dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-WTO2011Highlights_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTO2011Highlights-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Olahraga_internasional">Olahraga internasional</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Olahraga internasional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Olahraga internasional"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wheelchair_basketball_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="wheelchair basketball" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wheelchair_basketball_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics.jpg/250px-Wheelchair_basketball_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wheelchair_basketball_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics.jpg/375px-Wheelchair_basketball_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wheelchair_basketball_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics.jpg/500px-Wheelchair_basketball_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Tim basket kursi roda di <a href="/wiki/Paralimpiade_Musim_Panas_2008" title="Paralimpiade Musim Panas 2008">Paralimpiade Musim Panas 2008</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade" title="Olimpiade">Olimpiade</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_kejuaraan_dunia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar kejuaraan dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar kejuaraan dunia</a></div> <p>Ajang olahraga internasional modern bisa menjadi peristiwa besar yang memengaruhi aspek politik, ekonomi, dan budaya negara-negara di seluruh dunia. Dalam hal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politik_dan_olahraga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Politik dan olahraga (halaman belum tersedia)">politik dan olahraga</a>, olahraga dapat memengaruhi negara, identitasnya, dan dunia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade" title="Olimpiade">Olimpiade</a> kuno merupakan serangkaian kompetisi yang diadakan antara perwakilan beberapa <a href="/wiki/Negara_kota" title="Negara kota">negara kota</a> dan kerajaan dari <a href="/wiki/Yunani_Kuno" title="Yunani Kuno">Yunani Kuno</a>. Kegiatan ini menampilkan pertandingan atletik, pertarungan, dan balap kereta kuda. Saat Olimpiade berlangsung, semua peperangan antara negara kota yang berpartisipasi ditunda sampai Olimpiade selesai.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Asal usul Olimpiade dipenuhi misteri dan legenda.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sepanjang abad ke-19, Olimpiade menjadi kegiatan global yang populer. </p><p>Meski sejumlah ekonom skeptis dengan manfaat ekonomi penyelenggaraan Olimpiade sambil menekankan bahwa "kegiatan mega" seperti ini memakan biaya besar, penyelenggaraan Olimpiade (atau pencalonannya saja) dapat meningkatkan nilai ekspor negara penyelenggara, karena negara penyelenggara atau kandidat memberi tanda-tanda keterbukaan perdagangan saat mencalonkan diri sebagai penyelenggara Olimpiade.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain itu, ada penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa penyelenggaraan Olimpiade Musim Panas memberi efek positif yang kuat terhadap <a href="/wiki/Filantropi#Penggunaan_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Filantropi">sumbangan filantropis perusahaan</a> yang berkantor pusat di kota penyelenggara sehingga menguntungkan sektor nirlaba lokal. Efek positif ini mulai muncul pada tahun-tahun menjelang Olimpiade dan dapat bertahan beberapa tahun sesudahnya, tetapi tidak permanen. Temuan ini memperlihatkan bahwa penyelenggaraan Olimpiade mampu menciptakan kesempatan bagi pemerintah kota untuk memengaruhi perusahaan setempat agar menguntungkan sektor nirlaba lokal dan masyarakat sipil.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Olimpiade juga memberi efek negatif terhadap masyarakat di kota penyelenggara. Misalnya, Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions melaporkan bahwa persiapan Olimpiade membuat lebih dari dua juta orang terusir dari tempat tinggalnya selama dua dasawarsa terakhir dan merugikan masyarakat miskin.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Globalisasi terus meningkatkan persaingan internasional di bidang olahraga. <a href="/wiki/Piala_Dunia_FIFA" title="Piala Dunia FIFA">Piala Dunia FIFA</a> merupakan pesta olahraga yang paling banyak ditonton di dunia. Sekitar 700 juta orang menyaksikan pertandingan final <a href="/wiki/Piala_Dunia_FIFA_2010" title="Piala Dunia FIFA 2010">Piala Dunia FIFA 2010</a> di <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut peelitian A.T. Kearney tahun 2011 terhadap tim, liga, dan federasi olahraga, industri olahraga global bernilai antara €350 miliar dan €450 miliar (<a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>480-$620 miliar).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Semuanya mencakup konstruksi infrastruktur, perlengkapan olahraga, produk berlisensi, dan pertandingan olahraga langsung. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perdagangan_internasional_ilegal">Perdagangan internasional ilegal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Perdagangan internasional ilegal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perdagangan internasional ilegal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Pasar_gelap" title="Pasar gelap">Pasar gelap</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kejahatan_terorganisasi_transnasional" title="Kejahatan terorganisasi transnasional">Kejahatan terorganisasi transnasional</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Waterberg_Nashorn2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Waterberg_Nashorn2.jpg/250px-Waterberg_Nashorn2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Waterberg_Nashorn2.jpg/375px-Waterberg_Nashorn2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Waterberg_Nashorn2.jpg/500px-Waterberg_Nashorn2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3572" data-file-height="2381" /></a><figcaption>Pasar gelap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanduk_badak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanduk badak (halaman belum tersedia)">tanduk badak</a> membuat populasi badak dunia menyusut sebanyak lebih dari 90 persen selama 40 tahun terakhir.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Pasar_gelap" title="Pasar gelap">Pasar gelap</a>" dan <a href="/wiki/Kejahatan_terorganisasi" title="Kejahatan terorganisasi">kejahatan terorganisasi</a> biasanya beroperasi di tataran transnasional dengan total penjualan global senilai hampir <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>2 triliun per tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-havocscope_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-havocscope-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Perdagangan_obat-obatan">Perdagangan obat-obatan</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Perdagangan obat-obatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perdagangan obat-obatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada tahun 2010, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (<a href="/wiki/UNODC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNODC">UNODC</a>) melaporkan bahwa perdagangan obat-obatan terlarang global menghasilkan lebih dari <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>320&#160;miliar per tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> PBB memperkirakan bahwa di seluruh dunia terdapat lebih dari 50 pengguna rutin heroin, kokain, dan obat sintetis.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Perdagangan <a href="/wiki/Spesies_terancam" title="Spesies terancam">spesies terancam</a> internasional menempati posisi kedua di bawah perdagangan obat-obatan dalam "industri" penyelundupan.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obat_tradisional_Tiongkok&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Obat tradisional Tiongkok (halaman belum tersedia)">Obat tradisional Tiongkok</a> biasanya membutuhkan bahan dari semua bagian tumbuhan, daun, batang, bunga, akar, serta bahan dari hewan dan mineral. Penggunaan bagian tubuh spesies terancam (seperti <a href="/wiki/Kuda_laut" title="Kuda laut">kuda laut</a>, tanduk <a href="/wiki/Badak" title="Badak">badak</a>, tanduk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antelope_saiga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antelope saiga (halaman belum tersedia)">antelope saiga</a>, dan tulang dan cakar <a href="/wiki/Harimau" title="Harimau">harimau</a>) menciptakan <a href="/wiki/Pasar_gelap" title="Pasar gelap">pasar gelap</a> pemburu yang memburu hewan-hewan terlarang.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Perdagangan_dan_penyelundupan_manusia">Perdagangan dan penyelundupan manusia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Perdagangan dan penyelundupan manusia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perdagangan dan penyelundupan manusia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_manusia" title="Perdagangan manusia">Perdagangan manusia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:USFK_Prostitution_Warning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/USFK_Prostitution_Warning.jpg/250px-USFK_Prostitution_Warning.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/USFK_Prostitution_Warning.jpg/375px-USFK_Prostitution_Warning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/USFK_Prostitution_Warning.jpg/500px-USFK_Prostitution_Warning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Poster peringatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitusi_untuk_militer_A.S._di_Korea_Selatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostitusi untuk militer A.S. di Korea Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">prostitusi dan perdagangan manusia di Korea Selatan untuk prajurit G.I.</a> yang diterbitkan United States Forces Korea.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_manusia" title="Perdagangan manusia">Perdagangan manusia</a> adalah aktivitas yang menjadikan manusia sebagai barang yang diperdagangkan, biasanya untuk keperluan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbudakan_seks&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbudakan seks (halaman belum tersedia)">perbudakan seks</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenaga_kerja_paksa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenaga kerja paksa (halaman belum tersedia)">tenaga kerja paksa</a>, atau pengambilan organ atau jaringan tubuh,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> termasuk pengganti kehamilan (<i>surrogacy</i>) dan pengangkatan sel telur.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Perdagangan manusia adalah industri bernilai tinggi dan salah satu industri dengan pertumbuhan tercepat yang nilainya mencapai <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>32 miliar per tahun. Sebagai perbandingan, semua perdagangan ilegal internasional pada tahun 2010 bernilai sekitar <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>650 miliar.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Perdagangan manusia merupakan masalah global yang muncul akibat kesulitan ekonomi, budaya, hukum, dan kebijakan imigrasi.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tahun 2004, total pendapatan tahunan perdagangan manusia diperkirakan antara <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>5 miliar dan $9 miliar.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tahun 2005, Patrick Belser dari <a href="/wiki/ILO" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO">ILO</a> memperkirakan laba global tahunan dari perdagangan manusia mencapai <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>31,6 miliar.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tahun 2008, <a href="/wiki/Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a> memperkirakan hampir 2,5 juta orang dari 127 negara diperdagangkan ke 137 negara di seluruh dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perdagangan manusia berbeda dengan <a href="/wiki/Penyelundupan_manusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyelundupan manusia">penyelundupan manusia</a>. Dalam penyelundupan manusia, orang yang diselundupkan dengan sukarela meminta atau mempekerjakan seseorang, biasa disebut penyelundup, untuk memindahkan mereka secara diam-diam dari satu tempat ke tempat lain. Biasanya penyelundupan jenis ini melibatkan pemindahan dari satu negara ke negara yang pernah menolak masuk pihak terselundup di perbatasan internasional. Tidak ada penipuan saat perjanjian awal antara pihak penyelundup dan terselundup. Setelah masuk ke negara tujuan dan tiba di tempat akhir, orang yang diselundupkan biasanya bebas untuk mencari jalannya sendiri. Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Centre_for_Migration_Policy_Development&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="International Centre for Migration Policy Development (halaman belum tersedia)">International Centre for Migration Policy Development</a> (ICMPD), penyelundupan manusia adalah kejahatan terhadap negara karena melanggar hukum imigrasi dan tidak menganggap pelanggaran hak-hak migran yang diselundupkan sebagai tindak kejahatan. Perdagangan manusia adalah kejahatan terhadap korbannya karena melanggar hak-hak korban melalui paksaan dan eksploitasi.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalisasi_ekonomi">Globalisasi ekonomi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Globalisasi ekonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Globalisasi ekonomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_ekonomi" title="Globalisasi ekonomi">Globalisasi ekonomi</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Shanghai-pudong_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Shanghai-pudong_night.jpg/250px-Shanghai-pudong_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Shanghai-pudong_night.jpg/375px-Shanghai-pudong_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Shanghai-pudong_night.jpg/500px-Shanghai-pudong_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="1957" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> menjadi simbol ledakan ekonomi <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a> yang baru. Pada tahun 2011, Tiongkok memiliki 960.000 jutawan.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Globalisasi ekonomi adalah meningkatnya saling ketergantungan ekonomi negara-negara di dunia berkat percepatan pergerakan barang, jasa, teknologi, dan modal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintas_perbatasan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintas perbatasan (halaman belum tersedia)">lintas perbatasan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Joshi,_Rakesh_Mohan_2009_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joshi,_Rakesh_Mohan_2009-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jika globalisasi bisnis terpusat pada penghapusan peraturan perdagangan internasional semisal tarif, pajak, dan beban lainnya yang menghambat perdagangan global, globalisasi ekonomi adalah proses peningkatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrasi_ekonomi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrasi ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">integrasi ekonomi</a> antar negara yang berujung pada munculnya pasar global dan pasar dunia tunggal.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tergantung paradigmanya, globalisasi ekonomi bisa dipandang sebagai fenomena positif atau negatif. Globalisasi ekonomi terdiri dari globalisasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produksi_(ekonomi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Produksi (ekonomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">produksi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasar" title="Pasar">pasar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebersaingan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebersaingan (halaman belum tersedia)">persaingan</a>, teknologi, dan perusahaan dan industri.<sup id="cite_ref-Joshi,_Rakesh_Mohan_2009_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joshi,_Rakesh_Mohan_2009-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tren globalisasi saat ini dapat dianggap hasil dari integrasi <a href="/wiki/Negara_maju" title="Negara maju">negara maju</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Negara_berkembang" title="Negara berkembang">negara yang kurang maju</a> melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Investasi_langsung_asing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Investasi langsung asing (halaman belum tersedia)">investasi langsung asing</a>, pengurangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batasan_perdagangan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Batasan perdagangan (halaman belum tersedia)">batasan perdagangan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_ekonomi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reformasi ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">reformasi ekonomi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Imigrasi" title="Imigrasi">imigrasi</a>. </p><p>Tahun 1944, 44 negara menghadiri <a href="/wiki/Konferensi_Bretton_Woods" title="Konferensi Bretton Woods">Konferensi Bretton Woods</a> untuk menstabilkan mata uang dunia dan menetapkan kredit untuk perdagangan internasional pada era pasca Perang Dunia II. Tatanan ekonomi internasional yang direncanakan oleh konferensi ini menjadi pemicu tatanan ekonomi neoliberal yang digunakan hari ini. Konferensi ini juga menubuhkan beberapa organisasi yang penting bagi terbentuknya <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_dunia" title="Ekonomi dunia">ekonomi global</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_keuangan_global" title="Sistem keuangan global">sistem keuangan global</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Bank_Dunia" title="Bank Dunia">Bank Dunia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dana_Moneter_Internasional" title="Dana Moneter Internasional">Dana Moneter Internasional</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia" title="Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia">Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia</a>. </p><p>Misalnya, <a href="/wiki/Reformasi_ekonomi_Tiongkok" title="Reformasi ekonomi Tiongkok">reformasi ekonomi Tiongkok</a> menghadapkan <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a> pada arus globalisasi tahun 1980-an. Para ahli menemukan bahwa Tiongkok berhasil mencapai tingkat keterbukaan yang sulit ditemukan di negara-negara besar dan padat lainnya. Persaingan barang asing menyentuh hampir semua sektor ekonomi Tiongkok. Investasi asing turut membantu meningkatkan kualitas produk dan pengetahuan dan standar, terutama di bidang industri berat. Pengalaman Tiongkok menguatkan klaim bahwa globalisasi ikut menambah kekayaan negara miskin.<sup id="cite_ref-Loren_13_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loren_13-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada 2005–2007, <a href="/wiki/Pelabuhan_Shanghai" title="Pelabuhan Shanghai">Pelabuhan Shanghai</a> menyandang gelar <a href="/wiki/Pelabuhan_tersibuk_di_dunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelabuhan tersibuk di dunia">pelabuhan tersibuk di dunia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contoh lainnya, <a href="/wiki/Liberalisasi_ekonomi_di_India" title="Liberalisasi ekonomi di India">liberalisasi ekonomi di India</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_India" title="Ekonomi India">reformasi ekonominya</a> dimulai pada tahun 1991. Per 2009, sekitar 300 juta orang, setara dengan jumlah penduduk Amerika Serikat, telah keluar dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemiskinan_di_India&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemiskinan di India (halaman belum tersedia)">jeratan kemiskinan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alihdaya_proses_bisnis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alihdaya proses bisnis (halaman belum tersedia)">alihdaya proses bisnis</a> disebut-sebut sebagai "mesin pembangunan utama India sampai beberapa dasawarsa selanjutnya yang banyak berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan PDB, penambahan lapangan pekerjaan, dan pemberantasan kemiskinan".<sup id="cite_ref-Kuruvilla_2008_39–72_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuruvilla_2008_39–72-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:US_corporate_profits_and_business_investment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/US_corporate_profits_and_business_investment.png/250px-US_corporate_profits_and_business_investment.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/US_corporate_profits_and_business_investment.png/375px-US_corporate_profits_and_business_investment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/US_corporate_profits_and_business_investment.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Merah: Laba perusahaan A.S. setelah dikurangi pajak. Biru: Investasi bisnis non-penduduk A.S. Keduanya diwakili oleh pangsa PDB tahun 1989–2012. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsentrasi_kekayaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsentrasi kekayaan (halaman belum tersedia)">Konsentrasi kekayaan</a> laba perusahaan di <a href="/wiki/Surga_pajak" title="Surga pajak">surga pajak</a> karena <a href="/wiki/Penghindaran_pajak" title="Penghindaran pajak">penghindaran pajak</a> akibat penerapan kebijakan pengetatan bisa menghambat investasi sehingga memperlambat laju pertumbuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sistem_keuangan_global">Sistem keuangan global</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Sistem keuangan global" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sistem keuangan global"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Sistem_keuangan_global" title="Sistem keuangan global">Sistem keuangan global</a></div> <p>Pada awal abad ke-21, kerangka kerja perjanjian hukum, institusi, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agen_(ekonomi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agen (ekonomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">pelaku ekonomi</a> formal dan informal dunia bersama-sama membantu arus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modal_keuangan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modal keuangan (halaman belum tersedia)">modal keuangan</a> internasional untuk keperluan <a href="/wiki/Investasi" title="Investasi">investasi</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keuangan_perdagangan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Keuangan perdagangan (halaman belum tersedia)">pendanaan perdagangan</a>. Sistem keuangan global ini muncul saat terjadinya gelombang <a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_ekonomi" title="Globalisasi ekonomi">globalisasi ekonomi</a> modern pertama yang ditandai dengan pendirian <a href="/wiki/Bank_sentral" title="Bank sentral">bank sentral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Perjanjian">perjanjian</a> <a href="/wiki/Multilateralisme" title="Multilateralisme">multilateral</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_antarpemerintah" title="Organisasi antarpemerintah">organisasi antarpemerintah</a> yang bertujuan memperbaiki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparansi_(pasar)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparansi (pasar) (halaman belum tersedia)">transparansi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulasi_keuangan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Regulasi keuangan (halaman belum tersedia)">regulasi</a>, dan keefektifan pasar internasional.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassis_2006_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassis_2006-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_dunia" title="Ekonomi dunia">Ekonomi dunia</a> semakin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrasi_keuangan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrasi keuangan (halaman belum tersedia)">terintegrasi secara finansial</a> sepanjang abad ke-20 seiring terjadinya liberalisasi modal dan deregulasi sektor keuangan di setiap negara. Setelah terekspos dengna arus modal yang volatil, serangkaian <a href="/wiki/Krisis_keuangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Krisis keuangan">krisis keuangan</a> di Eropa, Asia, dan Amerika Latin turut berpengaruh pada negara-negara lain. Pada awal abad ke-21, berbagai lembaga keuangan tumbuh besar dengan jaringan aktivitas ekonomi yang lebih canggih dan terhubung. Ketika Amerika Serikat mengalami krisis keuangan pada awal abad tersebut, krisis tersebut merambat dengan cepat ke negara-negara lain. Krisis ini dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisis_keuangan_2007%E2%80%9308&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisis keuangan 2007–08 (halaman belum tersedia)">krisis keuangan global</a> dan diakui sebagai pemicu <a href="/wiki/Resesi_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Resesi Besar">Resesi Besar</a> di seluruh dunia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pengetatan">Pengetatan</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Pengetatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengetatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengetatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengetatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengetatan</a></div> <p>Pemerintah kadang menjalankan kebijakan pengetatan atau austeritas untuk mengurangi <a href="/wiki/Defisit_anggaran_pemerintah" class="mw-redirect" title="Defisit anggaran pemerintah">defisit anggaran</a> saat ekonomi melesu. Kebijakan ini meliputi pemotongan belanja, kenaikan pajak, atau campuran keduanya.<sup id="cite_ref-ft_lexicon_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft_lexicon-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Traynor_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traynor-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wesbury_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesbury-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kebijakan pengetatan menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Likuiditas" title="Likuiditas">likuiditas</a> pemerintah terhadap <a href="/wiki/Kreditur" title="Kreditur">krediturnya</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Badan_penilai_kredit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Badan penilai kredit (halaman belum tersedia)">badan penilai kredit</a> dengan cara menyetarakan pendapatan fiskal dengan belanja. </p><p>Efek pengetatan dari segi ekonomi belum jelas karena definisinya yang luas dan tidak spesifik, contoh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperimen_alamiah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksperimen alamiah (halaman belum tersedia)">eksperimen alamiahnya</a> yang sedikit dari dulu, serta kemungkinan bercampur dengan efek peristiwa lain yang cenderung mendahului pengetatan seperti <a href="/wiki/Resesi" title="Resesi">resesi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Krisis_keuangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Krisis keuangan">krisis keuangan</a>. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Makroekonomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Makroekonomi">makroekonomi</a>, pengurangan belanja pemerintah akan meningkatkan jumlah pengangguran. Hal ini pula meningkatkan <a href="/wiki/Jaring_pengaman_sosial" title="Jaring pengaman sosial">belanja jaring pengaman</a> dan mengurangi pendapatan pajak sampai batas tertentu. Belanja pemerintah turut berkontribusi pada <a href="/wiki/Produk_domestik_bruto" title="Produk domestik bruto">produk domestik bruto</a> (PDB) sehingga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasio_utang-ke-PDB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasio utang-ke-PDB (halaman belum tersedia)">rasio utang-ke-PDB</a> yang menandakan likuiditas bisa jadi tidak segera membaik. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belanja_defisit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Belanja defisit (halaman belum tersedia)">Belanja defisit</a> jangka pendek berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan PDB saat konsumen dan bisnis tidak mau atau tidak mampu belanja.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut teori <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontraksi_fiskal_ekspansioner&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontraksi fiskal ekspansioner (halaman belum tersedia)">kontraksi fiskal ekspansioner</a> (EFC), pengurangan belanja pemerintahan secara besar-besaran dapat mengubah ekspektasi pajak dan belanja pemerintah masa depan sehingga mendorong konsumsi swasta dan perluasan ekonomi secara menyeluruh.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sejak 2011, <a href="/wiki/Dana_Moneter_Internasional" title="Dana Moneter Internasional">Dana Moneter Internasional</a> mengeluarkan peringatan terhadap upaya pengetatan yang dijalankan tanpa memperhatikan dasar-dasar ekonomi<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan banyak pengkritik yang mengatakan bahwa upaya pengetatan sering kali salah diarahkan dan berbahaya bagi ekonomi negara saat dijalankan.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pelarian_modal">Pelarian modal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Pelarian modal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pelarian modal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Pelarian_modal" title="Pelarian modal">Pelarian modal</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisis_likuiditas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisis likuiditas (halaman belum tersedia)">Krisis likuiditas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sendatan_mendadak_(ekonomi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sendatan mendadak (ekonomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Sendatan mendadak (ekonomi)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekspor_pajak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekspor pajak (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekspor pajak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghentian_modal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penghentian modal (halaman belum tersedia)">Penghentian modal</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arus_keuangan_ilegal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arus keuangan ilegal (halaman belum tersedia)">Arus keuangan ilegal</a></div> <p>Pelarian modal terjadi ketika aset atau uang mengalir keluar dari suatu negara dengan cepat karena negara tersebut baru menaikkan tingkat <a href="/wiki/Pajak" title="Pajak">pajak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarif" title="Tarif">tarif</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upah_tenaga_kerja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Upah tenaga kerja (halaman belum tersedia)">upah tenaga kerja</a>, atau kondisi keuangan lainnya yang dianggap merugikan seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macet_(keuangan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Macet (keuangan (halaman belum tersedia)">kemacetan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utang_pemeirntah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Utang pemeirntah (halaman belum tersedia)">utang pemeirntah</a> yang mengganggu para <a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">investor</a>. Pelarian modal kadang mengakibatkan hilangnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekayaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekayaan (halaman belum tersedia)">kekayaan</a> dengan sangat cepat dan biasanya diiringi oleh turunnya <a href="/wiki/Nilai_tukar" title="Nilai tukar">nilai tukar</a> negara yang terdampak dengan tajam, lantas memicu <a href="/wiki/Depresiasi" title="Depresiasi">depresiasi</a> nilai <a href="/wiki/Pasar_valuta_asing" title="Pasar valuta asing">tukar mata uang</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Devaluasi" title="Devaluasi">devaluasi</a> paksa dengan <a href="/wiki/Nilai_tukar_tetap" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilai tukar tetap">nilai tukar tetap</a>. Peristiwa ini bisa sangat merugikan jika modalnya dimiliki oleh warga negara terdampak, karena bukan hanya warganya yang dibebani oleh hilangnya kepercayaan pada ekonomi dan devaluasi mata uangnya, tetapi juga aset mereka kehilangan banyak nilai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilai_riil_versus_nominal_(ekonomi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nilai riil versus nominal (ekonomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">nominalnya</a>. Ini pun mengakibatkan penurunan tajam <a href="/wiki/Daya_beli" title="Daya beli">daya beli</a> aset negara tersebut dan kenaikan harga barang <a href="/wiki/Impor" title="Impor">impor</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Argentina_trade_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Argentina_trade_chart.svg/250px-Argentina_trade_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Argentina_trade_chart.svg/375px-Argentina_trade_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Argentina_trade_chart.svg/500px-Argentina_trade_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisis_ekonomi_Argentina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisis ekonomi Argentina (halaman belum tersedia)">Krisis ekonomi Argentina</a> tahun 2001 mengakibatkan devaluasi mata uang dan pelarian modal yang kemudian menurunkan jumlah impor.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pelarian modal dapat menyebabkan krisis likuiditas di negara terdampak yang mengalami arus modal keluar, negara yang mengalami kehilangan aset investor karena dilikuidasi, dan negara yang terlibat di <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_internasional" title="Perdagangan internasional">perdagangan internasional</a> seperti perkapalan dan keuangan. Penelitian tahun 2008 yang diterbitkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Financial_Integrity&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Financial Integrity (halaman belum tersedia)">Global Financial Integrity</a> memperkirakan pelarian modal atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arus_keuangan_ilegal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arus keuangan ilegal (halaman belum tersedia)">arus keuangan ilegal</a> dari negara berkembang mencapai "sekitar <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>850 miliar sampai $1 triliun per tahun."<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pelaku pasar yang membutuhkan <a href="/wiki/Uang_tunai" class="mw-redirect" title="Uang tunai">uang tunai</a> kesulitan mencari rekan dagang potensial untuk dijadikan target penjualan <a href="/wiki/Aset" title="Aset">asetnya</a>. Ini bisa jadi merupakan konsekuensi partisipasi pasar yang rendah atau pengurangan uang tunai oleh <a href="/wiki/Pelaku_pasar_keuangan" title="Pelaku pasar keuangan">pelaku pasar keuangan</a>. Pemilik aset pun lantas terpaksa menjual aset-asetnya dengan harga di bawah harga dasar jangka panjang. Para peminjam biasanya menghadapi biaya pinjaman yang lebih tinggi dan persayratan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolateral_(keuangan)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolateral (keuangan) (halaman belum tersedia)">kolateral</a>, berbeda dengan masa-masa ketika likuiditas masih masuk akal. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utang_tanpa_jaminan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Utang tanpa jaminan (halaman belum tersedia)">Utang tanpa jaminan</a> hampir sulit diperoleh. Saat terjadi krisis likuiditas, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasar_peminjaman_antarbank&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasar peminjaman antarbank (halaman belum tersedia)">pasar peminjaman antarbank</a> tidak berjalan mulus. </p><p>Pelarian modal juga memengaruhi negara maju. Artikel tahun 2009 di <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> melaporkan bahwa ratusan pemberi pinjaman dan pengusaha kaya belakangan ini keluar dari <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a> karena pemerintahnya menaikkan pajak. Mereka pindah ke tempat-tempat yang pajaknya rendah seperti <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Man" title="Pulau Man">Pulau Man</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Virgin_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepulauan Virgin Britania">Kepulauan Virgin Britania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bulan Mei 2012, skala pelarian modal dari <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> pasca <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_legislatif_Yunani_Mei_2012&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilihan umum legislatif Yunani Mei 2012 (halaman belum tersedia)">pemilu legislatif "tanpa hasil"</a> diperkirakan mencapai €4 miliar per minggu.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada akhir bulan itu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Spain&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bank of Spain (halaman belum tersedia)">Bank Sentral Spanyol</a> mengungkapkan bahwa arus modal senilai €97 miliar keluar dari <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Spanyol" title="Ekonomi Spanyol">ekonomi Spanyol</a> pada kuartal pertama 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukuran_globalisasi">Ukuran globalisasi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Ukuran globalisasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ukuran globalisasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Indeks">Indeks</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Indeks" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Indeks"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks Globalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Indeks Globalisasi</a></div> <p>Pengukuran globalisasi ekonomi berfokus pada berbagai variabel seperti <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan" title="Perdagangan">perdagangan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Investasi_Langsung_Asing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Investasi Langsung Asing (halaman belum tersedia)">Investasi Langsung Asing</a> (FDI), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Investasi_portofolio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Investasi portofolio (halaman belum tersedia)">investasi portofolio</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pendapatan" title="Pendapatan">pendapatan</a>. Indeks-indeks baru justru berusaha mengukur globalisasi dengan variabel yang lebih umum seperti aspek politik, sosial, budaya, dan lingkungan.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salah satu indeks globalisasi adalah KOF Index. KOF Index mengukur tiga dimensi utama globalisasi, yaitu ekonomi, sosial, dan politik.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Another is the <a href="/wiki/A.T._Kearney" class="mw-redirect" title="A.T. Kearney">A.T. Kearney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy Magazine</a> Globalization Index.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"> <caption><br />Indeks Globalisasi KOF 2013 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Peringkat</th> <th>Negara </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Belgia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Irlandia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Irlandia</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Belanda"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Singapura"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Denmark"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Swedia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Hungaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Swiss"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td width="5%">&#160; </td> <td width="50%"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Indeks Globalisasi<br />A.T. Kearney / Foreign Policy Magazine 2006 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Peringkat</th> <th>Negara </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Singapura"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Swiss"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Amerika Serikat"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Irlandia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Denmark"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Kanada"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Belanda"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Australia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kebijakan_perdagangan_bebas">Kebijakan perdagangan bebas</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Kebijakan perdagangan bebas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kebijakan perdagangan bebas"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Enabling_Trade_Report&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Enabling Trade Report (halaman belum tersedia)">Global Enabling Trade Report</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Enabling_Trade_Report&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Enabling Trade Report (halaman belum tersedia)">Enabling Trade Index</a> mengukur faktor, kebijakan, dan jasa yang membantu perdagangan barang lintas perbatasan sampai kota tujuan. Indeks ini terdiri dari empat sub-indeks, yakni akses pasar, kepengurusan perbatasan, sarana transportasi dan komunikasi, dan lingkungan bisnis. 20 negara teratas dalam indeks versi tahun 2010 adalah:<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18261910">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width:30em;">2<div class="hatnote" style="color:red">The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. 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5,70</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> - 5,41</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a> - 5,41</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a> - 5,37</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a> - 5,33</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a> - 5,32</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> - 5,29</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg">Luksemburg</a> - 5,28</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> - 5,26</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia">Islandia</a> - 5,26</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a> - 5,25</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> - 5,20</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> - 5,17</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> - 5,13</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Uni_Emirat_Arab" title="Uni Emirat Arab">Uni Emirat Arab</a> - 5,12</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a> - 5,06</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Chili">Chili</a> - 5,06</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> - 5,03</li> <li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Prancis"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a></span> - 5,02</li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalisasi_sosial-budaya">Globalisasi sosial-budaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Globalisasi sosial-budaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Globalisasi sosial-budaya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Shakira_Rio_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Shakira_Rio_03.jpg/250px-Shakira_Rio_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Shakira_Rio_03.jpg/375px-Shakira_Rio_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Shakira_Rio_03.jpg/500px-Shakira_Rio_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3230" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a>, penulis-pengarang multibahasa asal Kolombia, mengadakan konser di luar negara asalnya.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Budaya">Budaya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Budaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Budaya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_budaya" title="Globalisasi budaya">Globalisasi budaya</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_budaya" title="Globalisasi budaya">Globalisasi budaya</a> telah meningkatkan kontak lintas budaya namun diiringi dengan berkurangnya keunikan komunitas yang dulunya terisolasi. Misalnya, <a href="/wiki/Sushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sushi">sushi</a> dapat ditemukan di Jerman dan Jepang, tetapi di sisi lain popularitas Euro-Disney melampaui popularitas kota Paris sehingga bisa saja mengurangi permintaan roti Prancis yang autentik.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kontribusi globalisasi pada pengasingan seseorang dari tradisinya masih tergolong rendah daripada dampak modernitas itu sendiri seperti yang dikatakan <a href="/wiki/Eksistensialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksistensialis">eksistensialis</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>. Globalisasi telah memperluas kesempatan memperoleh rekreasi melalui penyebaran budaya pop lewat Internet dan televisi satelit. </p><p>Agama adalah salah satu elemen budaya pertama yang mengglobal; ada yang disebarkan melalui paksa, migrasi, <a href="/wiki/Evangelisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelisme">evangelis</a>, imperialis, dan pedagang. <a href="/wiki/Kristen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen">Kristen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">Buddhisme</a>, dan sekte-sekte terbaru seperti <a href="/wiki/Mormonisme" title="Mormonisme">Mormonisme</a> sudah memengaruhi kebudayaan endemik di tempat-tempat yang jauh dari tempat asalnya.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:McDonald%27s_National_Route_Sekime_Store_20050421.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Japanese McDonald&#39;s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/McDonald%27s_National_Route_Sekime_Store_20050421.jpg/250px-McDonald%27s_National_Route_Sekime_Store_20050421.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/McDonald%27s_National_Route_Sekime_Store_20050421.jpg/375px-McDonald%27s_National_Route_Sekime_Store_20050421.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/McDonald%27s_National_Route_Sekime_Store_20050421.jpg/500px-McDonald%27s_National_Route_Sekime_Store_20050421.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>McDonald's di <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>, mengilustrasikan <a href="/wiki/McDonaldisasi" title="McDonaldisasi">McDonaldisasi</a> masyarakat global</figcaption></figure> <p>Conversi mengklaim pada tahun 2010 bahwa globalisasi lebih didorong oleh arus aktivitas budaya dan ekonomi dari Amerika Serikat yang lebih dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Amerikanisasi" title="Amerikanisasi">Amerikanisasi</a><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> atau <a href="/wiki/Westernisasi" title="Westernisasi">Westernisasi</a>. Misalnya, dua gerai makanan dan minuman global tersukses di dunia adalah perusahaan asal Amerika Serikat, <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald&#39;s">McDonald's</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a>. Keduanya sering dijadikan contoh globalisasi karena masing-masing memiliki lebih dari 32.000<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan 18.000 gerai di seluruh dunia per tahun 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Istilah globalisasi bermakna transformasi. Tradisi kebudayaan seperti musik tradisional bisa saja lenyap atau berubah menjadi gabungan tradisi. Globalisasi mampu menciptakan keadaan darurat demi melestarikan warisan musik. Para pengarsip berusaha mengoleksi, merekam, atau menulis repertoar sebelum melodinya mengalami asimilasi atau penyesuaian. Musisi lokal berjuang mendapatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keautentikan_seni&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Keautentikan seni (halaman belum tersedia)">keautentikan</a> dan melestarikan tradisi musik daerah. Globalisasi dapat membuat para pementas atau seniman mengabaikan instrumen musik tradisional. Genre gabungan yang baru bisa menjadi bahan penelitian yang menarik.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Globalisasi mendorong fenomena <a href="/wiki/Musik_Dunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Musik Dunia">Musik Dunia</a> dengan mengizinkan musik yang direkam di suatu tempat untuk mencapai pendengar di dunia Barat yang hendak mencari ide dan suara baru. Contohnya, banyak musisi Barat yang telah mengadopsi inovasi yang berasal dari kebudayaan lain.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Istilah "Musik Dunia" awalnya ditujukan pada musik etnis. Sekarang, globalisasi memperluas cakupan istilah ini hingga sub-genre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genre_hibrid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Genre hibrid (halaman belum tersedia)">hibrid</a> seperti <i>World fusion</i>, <i>Global fusion</i>, <i>Ethnic fusion</i><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Worldbeat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Worldbeat (halaman belum tersedia)">Worldbeat</a><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Coca-Cola_does_Chinese_New_Year.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Coca-Cola_does_Chinese_New_Year.jpg/250px-Coca-Cola_does_Chinese_New_Year.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Coca-Cola_does_Chinese_New_Year.jpg/375px-Coca-Cola_does_Chinese_New_Year.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Coca-Cola_does_Chinese_New_Year.jpg/500px-Coca-Cola_does_Chinese_New_Year.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Gerai <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> di luar pusat perbelanjaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Gateway_Shanghai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Gateway Shanghai (halaman belum tersedia)">Grand Gateway 66</a> di <a href="/wiki/Xujiahui" title="Xujiahui">Xujiahui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Musik juga tersebar keluar dari dunia Barat. Musik pop Anglo-Amerika menyebar ke seluruh dunia melalui <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>. Teori dependensi menjelaskan bahwa dunia adalah sistem internasional yang terpadu. Dari sudut pandang musik, ini berarti kehilangan identitas musik daerah.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bourdieu mengatakan bahwa persepsi konsumsi bisa dipandang sebagai identifikasi diri dan pembentukan identitas. Dari sisi musik, ini artinya setiap manusia memiliki identitas musiknya sendiri berdasarkan kesukaan dan selera. Kesukaan dan selera ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh kebudayaan karena kebudayaan adalah fakto paling mendasar yang membentuk keinginan dan perilaku seseorang. Konsep kebudayaan lokal sekarang berubah akibat globalisasi. Selain itu, globalisasi turut meningkatkan interdependensi faktor pribadi, politik, budaya, dan ekonomi.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laporan UNESCO tahun 2005<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> menunjukkan bahwa pertukaran budaya makin sering terjadi dari kawasan Asia Timur, namun negara-negara Barat masih eksportir budaya terbesar. Pada tahun 2002, Tiongkok merupakan eksportir budaya terbesar di dunia setelah Britania Raya dan Amerika Serikat. Antara tahun 1994 dan 2002, pangsa ekspor budaya Amerika Utara dan Uni Eropa menurun, sementara ekspor budaya Asia naik melampaui Amerika Utara. Fakta lainnya yang terkait adalah populasi dan luas Asia lebih besar berkali-kali lipat daripada Amerika Utara. Amerikanisasi berhubungan dengan masa-masa tingginya pengaruh politik tinggi Amerika Serikat dan pertumbuhan toko, pasar, dan barang Amerika Serikat yang diekspor ke negara lain. </p><p>Globalisasi, sebagia fenomena yang beragam, berkaitan dengan dunia politik multilateral serta perkembangan pasar dan benda budaya antarnegara. Pengalaman yang dialami India mengungkapkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluralisme_budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluralisme budaya (halaman belum tersedia)">jamaknya</a> pengaruh globalisasi budaya.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Multilingualisme_dan_lingua_franca">Multilingualisme dan lingua franca</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Multilingualisme dan lingua franca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Multilingualisme dan lingua franca"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Multilingualisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingualisme">Multilingualisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua franca">Lingua franca</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_lingua_franca&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar lingua franca (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar lingua franca</a></div> <p>Penutur <a href="/wiki/Multilingualisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingualisme">multibahasa</a> melampaui jumlah penutur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monobahasa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Monobahasa (halaman belum tersedia)">monobahasa</a> di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saat ini, kebanyakan orang di dunia bisa menuturkan lebih dari satu bahasa.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kontak_bahasa" title="Kontak bahasa">Kontak bahasa</a> terjadi ketika dua bahasa/<a href="/wiki/Varietas_(linguistik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Varietas (linguistik)">varietas</a> atau lebih saling beinteraksi. Kontak bahasa terjadi dalam berbagai fenomena, termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvergensi_bahasa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvergensi bahasa (halaman belum tersedia)">konvergensi bahasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kata_pinjaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Kata pinjaman">peminjaman kata</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Releksifikasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Releksifikasi (halaman belum tersedia)">releksifikasi</a>. Hasil kontak yang paling lazim adalah <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_kreol" title="Bahasa kreol">kreol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganti_kode&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganti kode (halaman belum tersedia)">ganti kode</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_campuran" title="Bahasa campuran">bahasa campuran</a>. </p><p>Multilingualisme mencuat sebagai fenomena sosial yang diatur oleh kebutuhan globalisasi dan keterbukaan budaya.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Berkat kemudahan akses informasi yang difasilitasi Internet, umat manusia semakin sering terekspos dengan bahasa asing, lantas memicu perlunya penguasaan beberapa bahasa. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua franca">Lingua franca</a> adalah bahasa yang secara sistematis dipakai untuk berkomunikasi antar orang-orang yang <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_ibu" title="Bahasa ibu">bahasa ibunya</a> tidak sama, biasanya memakai bahasa ketiga yang berbeda dengan bahasa ibu dua orang tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saat ini, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_kedua" title="Bahasa kedua">bahasa kedua</a> yang paling populer adalah bahasa Inggris. Sekitar 3,5 miliar orang lumayan paham dengan bahasa tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa yang paling dominan di Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sekitar 35% surat, teleks, dan kawat di dunia ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris; sekitar 40% program radio dunia disiarkan dalam bahasa Inggris.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meski penutur multibahasa sering dijumpai, jumlah bahasa yang dituturkan secara global terus berkurang. <a href="/wiki/Daftar_bahasa_menurut_jumlah_penutur_asli" title="Daftar bahasa menurut jumlah penutur asli">20 bahasa terbesar</a> yang penuturnya lebih dari 50 juta orang dituturkan oleh 50% penduduk dunia, sedangkan sisanya dituturkan di daerah-daerah kecil. Kebanyakan bahasa memiliki kurang dari 10.000 penutur.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bahasa yang kurang tersebar ini sejak dulu terlindungi oleh lokasi geografisnya yang tertutup. Sekarang, penutur bahasa daerah dan minoritas makin sulit bersaing dengan penutur bahasa dominan sehinga bahasa-bahasa tersebut dianggap <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_terancam" title="Bahasa terancam">bahasa terancam</a>. Jumlah total bahasa di dunia tepatnya tidak diketahui dan perkiraannya bermacam-macam tergantung faktornya. Perkiraan saat ini berada di antara 6.000 dan 7.000 bahasa<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan sekitar 50–90% di antaranya akan punah pada tahun 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politik">Politik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Politik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Politik_global" title="Politik global">Politik global</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:The_United_Nations_Secretariat_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_United_Nations_Secretariat_Building.jpg/250px-The_United_Nations_Secretariat_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_United_Nations_Secretariat_Building.jpg/375px-The_United_Nations_Secretariat_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_United_Nations_Secretariat_Building.jpg/500px-The_United_Nations_Secretariat_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Markas_Besar_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Markas Besar Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Markas Besar Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a> di <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Secara umum, globalisasi pada akhirnya akan mengurangi keistimewaan <a href="/wiki/Negara_bangsa" title="Negara bangsa">negara bangsa</a>. Lembaga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supranasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Supranasional (halaman belum tersedia)">supranasional</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a>, <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a>, <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Internasional" title="Mahkamah Internasional">Mahkamah Internasional</a> menggantikan atau memperluas fungsi negara untuk memfasilitasi perjanjian internasional.<sup id="cite_ref-Scholte,_2005_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholte,_2005-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sejumlah pengamat menyebut globalisasi sebagai penyebab turunnya kekuatan Amerika Serikat, salah satunya akibat defisit perdagangan AS yang tinggi. Hal ini memicu perpindahan kekuatan global ke negara-negara Asia seperti Tiongkok yang memiliki kekuatan pasar dan berhasil meraih level pertumbuhan yang luar biasa. Per 2011, ekonomi Tiongkok diperkirakan akan mengalahkan Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-PWC,_2011_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWC,_2011-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Organisasi_nonpemerintah" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisasi nonpemerintah">Organisasi nonpemerintah</a> terus memengaruhi kebijakan publik melintasi batas negara, termasuk di bidang <a href="/wiki/Humanitarianisme" title="Humanitarianisme">bantuan kemanusiaan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pembangunan_internasional" title="Pembangunan internasional">pembangunan negara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-globall_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globall-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Organisasi amal dengan misi global juga selangkah di depan di bidang kemanusiaan. Badan amal seperti <a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Accion_International&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Accion International (halaman belum tersedia)">Accion International</a>, Acumen Fund (sekarang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acumen_Fund&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Acumen Fund (halaman belum tersedia)">Acumen</a>), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Echoing_Green&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Echoing Green (halaman belum tersedia)">Echoing Green</a> menggabungkan <a href="/wiki/Model_bisnis" title="Model bisnis">model bisnis</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Filantropi" class="mw-redirect" title="Filantropi">filantropi</a> yang kemudian melahirkan organisasi bisnis seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Philanthropy_Group&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Philanthropy Group (halaman belum tersedia)">Global Philanthropy Group</a> dan asosiasi filantropi baru seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Philanthropy_Forum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Philanthropy Forum (halaman belum tersedia)">Global Philanthropy Forum</a>. Proyek-proyek Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation mencakup komitmen senilai ratusan miliar dolar untuk mendanai imunisasi di beberapa negara miskin yang pertumbuhannya cepat,<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> serta ratusan juta dolar untuk mendanai program sosialisasi menabung bagi orang-orang miskin.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson_Institute&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hudson Institute (halaman belum tersedia)">Hudson Institute</a> memperkirakan bahwa total aliran dana dari filantropis swasta ke negara-negara berkembang mencapai <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>59 miliar pada tahun 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menanggapi globalisasi, sejumlah negara mulai menganut kebijakan <a href="/wiki/Isolasionisme" title="Isolasionisme">isolasionisme</a>. Misalnya, pemerintah <a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a> mempersulit orang asing untuk memasuki negaranya dan sangat mengawasi aktivitas mereka seandainya dibolehkan masuk. Para pekerja sosial diperiksa secara menyeluruh dan tidak diizinkan mengunjungi tempat-tempat yang dilarang pemerintah. Warga Korea Utara tidak bisa seenaknya keluar dari negara itu.<sup id="cite_ref-nkr_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nkr-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unhcr_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Media_dan_opini_publik">Media dan opini publik</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Sunting bagian: Media dan opini publik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Media dan opini publik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_(komunikasi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Media (komunikasi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Media (komunikasi)</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Opini_publik" title="Opini publik">Opini publik</a></div> <p>Penelitian tahun 2005 oleh Peer Fiss dan Paul Hirsch menemukan peningkatan jumlah artikel negatif terhadap globalisasi pada tahun-tahun sebelumnya. Tahun 1998, artikel negatif mengalahkan artikel positif dengan perbandingan dua banding satu.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiss_2005_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiss_2005-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2008, Greg Ip mengklaim bahwa kenaikan jumlah penolakan terhadap globalisasi ini diakibatkan oleh nafsu ekonomi pribadi.<sup id="cite_ref-ip08_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ip08-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jumlah artikel koran yang cenderung negatif bertambah dari 10% total artikel koran tahun 1991 menjadi 55% pada tahun 1999. Peningkatan ini terjadi pada masa ketika jumlah total artikel mengenai globalisasi nyaris berlipat ganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiss_2005_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiss_2005-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejumlah jajak pendapat internasional menunjukkan bahwa penduduk negara berkembang cenderung lebih menyukai globalisasi.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> BBC menemukan bahwa semakin banyak masyarakat negara berkembang yang menganggap globalisasi berjalan terlalu cepat. Di beberapa negara seperti Meksiko, Amerika Tengah, Indonesia, Brasil, dan Kenya, mayoritas masyarakatnya justru merasa globalisasi berjalan terlalu lambat.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc08_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc08-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip Gordon mengatakan bahwa, "[per 2004] mayoritas warga Eropa percaya bahwa globalisasi dapat memperkaya hidup mereka, dan percaya bahwa Uni Eropa dapat membantu mereka memanfaatkan keuntungan globalisasi sekaligus melindungi mereka dari dampak negatifnya."<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penolakan lebih banyak berasal dari kalangan sosialis, grup lingkungan, dan nasionalis. </p><p>Penduduk UE tampak tidak merasa terancam oleh globalisasi pada 2004. Pasar pekerjaan UE lebih stabil dan kecil sekali kemungkinan pemotongan upah/tunjangan bagi para pekerjanya. Anggaran sosial di Uni Eropa lebih tinggi daripada Amerika Serikat.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam jajak pendapat di Denmark tahun 2007, 76% responden menjawab bahwa globalisasi adalah sesuatu yang bagus.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fiss, <i>et al.</i>, menyurvei opini publik Amerika Serikat tahun 1993. Survei mereka menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 1993 lebih dari 40% responden tidak kenal dengan konsep globalisasi. Ketika survei ini dilakukan lagi tahun 1998, 89% responden memiliki pandangan yang terbelah terhadap globalisasi, ada yang baik dan ada yang buruk. Pada saat yang sama, diskursus tentang globalisasi bermula di komunitas keuangan sebelum beralih ke perdebatan panas antara pendukung dan penentang dari kalangan pelajar dan pekerja. Polarisasi pendapat meningkat secara dramatis setelah WTO dibentuk tahun 1995; peristiwa ini dan unjuk rasa selanjutnya memunculkan pergerakan anti-globalisasi yang lebih besar.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiss_2005_179-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiss_2005-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Awalnya, pekerja berpendidikan tinggi berkemungkinan besar untuk mendukung globalisasi. Pekerja kurang berpendidikan, yang lebih layak bersaing dengan imigran dan pekerja di negara berkembang, cenderung menentang globalisasi. Situasi berubah pasca <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisis_keuangan_2007%E2%80%932010&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisis keuangan 2007–2010 (halaman belum tersedia)">krisis keuangan 2007</a>. Menurut jajak pendapat tahun 1997, 58% lulusan universitas mengatakan bahwa globalisasi bagus bagi Amerika Serikat. Pada 2008, hanya 33% lulusan universitas yang berkata seperti itu. Responden yang pendidikan terakhirnya SMA juga menentang globalisasi.<sup id="cite_ref-ip08_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ip08-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut Takenaka Heizo dan Chida Ryokichi, pada 1998 ada persepsi di Jepang bahwa ekonomi mereka "kecil dan rapuh". Jepang memang minim sumber daya dan menggunakan aktivitas ekspor untuk membeli bahan mentah. Kegelisahan atas posisi mereka ini memunculkan istilah-istilah seperti 'internasionalisasi' dan 'globalisasi' ke percakapan sehari-hari. Namun tradisi Jepang dari dulu mengutamakan pemenuhan kebutuhan diri semampunya, terutama dalam hal pertanian.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keadaan bisa saja berubah pasca krisis keuangan 2007. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> World Public Poll yang dilakukan tahun 2008 saat krisis terjadi menunjukkan bahwa penolakan globalisasi di negara-negara maju terus meningkat. Jajak pendapat BBC bertanya apakah globalisasi <i>tumbuh terlalu cepat</i> atau tidak. Jawaban positif lebih banyak di Prancis, Spanyol, Jepang, Korea Selatan, dan Jerman. Tren penolakan di negara-negara ini tampaknya lebih kuat daripada di Amerika Serikat. Jajak pendapat tersebut juga mengaitkan kecenderungan anggapan bahwa globalisasi berjalan terlalu cepat dengan persepsi bahwa kerentanan ekonomi dan kesenjangan sosial terus meningkat.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc08_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc08-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banyak pihak di negara berkembang memandang globalisasi sebagai penggerak positif yang mengangkat mereka dari jeratan kemiskinan.<sup id="cite_ref-bhagwati_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhagwati-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pihak penentang globalisasi biasanya menggabungkna permasalahan lingkungan dengan nasionalisme. Mereka menganggap pemerintah sebagai agen <a href="/wiki/Neo-kolonialisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-kolonialisme">neo-kolonialisme</a> yang tunduk kepada <a href="/wiki/Perusahaan_multinasional" title="Perusahaan multinasional">perusahaan multinasional</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-visuality.org_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visuality.org-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kritik semacam ini berasal dari kelas menengah. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institute&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brookings Institute (halaman belum tersedia)">Brookings Institute</a> berpendapat bahwa kritik muncul karena kelas menengah melihat kelompok masyarakat berpendapatan rendah yang mobilitas sosialnya ke atas mengancam keamanan ekonomi mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meski banyak kritikus menyalahkan globalisasi atas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerasan_kelas_menengah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemerasan kelas menengah (halaman belum tersedia)">menurunna kelas menengah</a> di negara-negara maju, kelas menengah justru tumbuh cepat di negara-negara berkembang.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Disertai urbanisasi, pertumbuhan kelas menengah semakin memperlebar celah kemakmuran antara kota dan desa.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tahun 2002, 70% penduduk India tinggal di pedesaan dan bergantung pada sumber daya alam untuk aktivitas sehari-hari.<sup id="cite_ref-visuality.org_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visuality.org-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Akibatnya, organisasi masyarakat di pedesaan sering merasa keberatan dengan proses globalisasi.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organisasi nirlaba <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> setiap tahunnya merilis <a href="/wiki/Indeks_Kebebasan_Pers" title="Indeks Kebebasan Pers">Indeks Kebebasan Pers</a>, yaitu peringkat negara-negara di dunia berdasarkan catatan <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_pers" title="Kebebasan pers">kebebasan pers</a> pada tahun sebelumnya. Indeks ini mencerminkan tingkat kebebasan yang dinikmati <a href="/wiki/Jurnalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurnalis">jurnalis</a>, kantor berita, dan <a href="/wiki/Netizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Netizen">netizen</a> di setiap negara, serta upaya pemerintah untuk menghormati dan menjamin kebebasan ini. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internet">Internet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Sunting bagian: Internet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Internet"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:InternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/InternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg/350px-InternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/InternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg/525px-InternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/InternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg/700px-InternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemanfaatan_Internet_global&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemanfaatan Internet global (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemanfaatan Internet global</a>: Persentase penduduk yang terhubung ke Internet tahun 2012<sup id="cite_ref-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemanfaatan_Internet_global&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemanfaatan Internet global (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemanfaatan Internet global</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_jumlah_pengguna_Internet" title="Daftar negara menurut jumlah pengguna Internet">Daftar negara menurut jumlah pengguna Internet</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> adalah produk globalisasi sekaligus penggerak (katalis) yang menghubungkan para pengguna komputer di seluruh dunia. Sejak 2000 sampai 2009, jumlah pengguna Internet di seluruh dunia naik dari 394 juta orang menjadi 1,858 miliar.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2010, 22 persen penduduk dunia memiliki akses ke perangkat komputer dengan jumlah entri pencarian <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> sebanyak 1 miliar per hari, 300 juta pengunjung blog, dan 2 miliar video ditonton setiap harinya di YouTube.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut lembaga penelitian <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Data_Corporation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="International Data Corporation (halaman belum tersedia)">IDC</a>, ukuran perdagangan elektronik dunia secara keseluruhan, termasuk transaksi bisnis-bisnis dan bisnis-konsumen global, mendekati <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>16 triliun pada tahun 2013. <a href="/w/index.php?title=IDate&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="IDate (halaman belum tersedia)">IDate</a>, lembaga penelitian lainnya, memperkirakan pasar produk dan jasa digital global bernilai <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>4,4 triliun pada tahun 2013. Laporan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_Economics&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford Economics (halaman belum tersedia)">Oxford Economics</a> menambahkan kedua jumlah tersebut untuk mematok ukuran <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_digital" title="Ekonomi digital">ekonomi digital</a> secara keseluruhan di angka $20,4 triliun, setara dengan kira-kira 13,8% dari aktivitas penjualan dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walaupun banyak pihak mengklaim <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_elektronik" title="Perdagangan elektronik">perdagangan Internet</a> membawa keuntungan ekonomi, ada pula bukti bahwa beberapa elemen Internet seperti peta dan jasa berbasis lokasi bisa mendorong <a href="/wiki/Kesenjangan_ekonomi" title="Kesenjangan ekonomi">kesenjangan ekonomi</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celah_digital&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Celah digital (halaman belum tersedia)">celah digital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Perdagangan elektronik mungkin ikut bertanggung jawab atas <a href="/wiki/Konsolidasi_(bisnis)" title="Konsolidasi (bisnis)">konsolidasi</a> dan lenyapnya bisnis rumah tangga (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mom_and_pop&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mom and pop (halaman belum tersedia)">mom and pop</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brick_and_mortar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brick and mortar (halaman belum tersedia)">brick and mortar</a></i>) sehingga terjadi peningkatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesenjangan_pendapatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesenjangan pendapatan (halaman belum tersedia)">kesenjangan pendapatan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Komunitas_daring" title="Komunitas daring">Komunitas daring</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Komunitas_virtual" class="mw-redirect" title="Komunitas virtual">komunitas virtual</a> yang eksis di Internet, dan anggota-anggotanya dapat membuatnya eksis dengan ambil bagian dalam ritual keanggotaan. Perubahan sosio-teknis yang besar bisa jadi diakibatkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Jejaring_sosial" title="Jejaring sosial">jejaring sosial</a> Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pertumbuhan_penduduk">Pertumbuhan penduduk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Sunting bagian: Pertumbuhan penduduk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pertumbuhan penduduk"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Penduduk_dunia" title="Penduduk dunia">Penduduk dunia</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelebihan_penduduk_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelebihan penduduk manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelebihan penduduk manusia</a></div> <p>Penduduk dunia terus mengalami <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_penduduk" title="Pertumbuhan penduduk">pertumbuhan</a> sejak akhir <a href="/wiki/Kelaparan_Besar_1315%E2%80%931317" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelaparan Besar 1315–1317">Kelaparan Besar</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wabah_Hitam" class="mw-redirect" title="Wabah Hitam">Wabah Hitam</a> tahun 1350 pada angka 370&#160;juta.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tingkat pertumbuhan tertinggi&#160;– penduduk dunia bertambah di atas 1,8% per tahun&#160;– sempat terjadi pada 1950-an dan agak lama pada 1960-an dan 1970-an. Tingkat pertumbuhan memuncak di level 2,2% pada tahun 1963, dan turun sampai 1,1% pada tahun 2011. Total kelahiran tahunan sedang tinggi-tingginya pada akhir 1980-an atau sekitar 138&#160;juta jiwa.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tingkat kelahiran ini diperkirakan bertahan di level tahun 2011 sebanyak 134&#160;juta jiwa. Tingkat kematian mencapai 56&#160;juta jiwa per tahun dan diperkirakan naik menjadi 80&#160;juta jiwa per tahun pada 2040.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Proyeksi terkini menunjukkan adanya kenaikan jumlah penduduk (namun tingkat pertumbuhannya turun perlahan) dan populasi dunia diperkirakan mencapai 7,5 dan 10.5&#160;miliar tahun 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldOMeterSite_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldOMeterSite-205"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kepala <a href="/wiki/International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="International Food Policy Research Institute">International Food Policy Research Institute</a>, menyatakan pada tahun 2008 bahwa perubahan pola makan secara bertahap di kalangan orang kaya baru adalah faktor terpenting yang mendorong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisis_harga_pangan_dunia_2007%E2%80%932008&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisis harga pangan dunia 2007–2008 (halaman belum tersedia)">kenaikan harga pangan dunia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sejak 1950 sampai 1984, seiring terjadinya transformasi pertanian di seluruh dunia melalui <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Hijau" title="Revolusi Hijau">Revolusi Hijau</a>, produksi gandum naik lebih dari 250%.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Populasi_dunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Populasi dunia">Populasi dunia</a> bertambah 4&#160;miliar jiwa sejak awal Revolusi Hijau. Tanpa Revolusi Hijau, akan terjadi <a href="/wiki/Kelaparan" title="Kelaparan">kelaparan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Malagizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagizi">malagizi</a> yang lebih besar daripada yang didokumentasikan PBB saat ini; sekitar 850 juta orang menderita malagizi kronis tahun 2005).<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Muncul kekhawatiran mengenai naiknya tingkat erosi tanah karena semakin banyak lahan digarap menggunakan peralatan mekanik, pupuk kimia, dan alat lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dengan berlipatnya konsumsi makanan laut oleh manusia dalam 30 tahun terakhir yang menyusutkan tambak dan menghancurkan ekosistem laut, manusia perlu menyadari untuk menciptakan suplai makanan laut yang berkelanjutan.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pertumbuhan penduduk, berkurangnya sumber energi, kelangkaan pangan akan menghasilkan "badai sempurna" pada tahun 2030 menurut kepala ilmuwan pemerintah Britania Raya, John Beddington. Beddington mencatat bahwa cadangan pangan dunia berada di titik terendah dalam 50 tahun terakhir dan dunia akan memerlukan energi, pangan, dan air 50% lebih banyak pada 2030..<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kondisi pembalakan hutan dan erosi tanah di kawasan Sahel di selatan Sahara sangat parah.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dunia harus menghasilkan makanan 70% lebih banyak pada 2050 untuk memberi makan sekitar 2,3&#160;miliar jiwa tambahan dan memenuhi permintaan seiring naiknya pendapatan, menurut <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Pangan_dan_Pertanian" title="Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian">Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian</a> (FAO) PBB .<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sejumlah peneliti sosial telah memperingatkan adanya kemungkinan bahwa peradaban global akan mengalami periode kontraksi dan re-lokalisasi ekonomi akibat berkurangnya bahan bakar fosil dan naiknya krisis transportasi dan produksi makanan.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Helga Vierich memprediksi kembalinya aktivitas ekonomi lokal berkelanjutan seperti <a href="/wiki/Pemburu-pengumpul" title="Pemburu-pengumpul">pemburu-pengumpul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hortikultura" title="Hortikultura">hortikultura</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pastoralisme" title="Pastoralisme">pastoralisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Urbanisasi">Urbanisasi</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Sunting bagian: Urbanisasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Urbanisasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Urbanisasi" title="Urbanisasi">Urbanisasi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Megakota" title="Megakota">Megakota</a></div> <p>Pertumbuhan penduduk sepanjang masa industrialisasi cepat dan globalisasi abad ke-20 diiringi dengan bertambahnya urbanisasi di seluruh dunia. Tahun 2011, mayoritas penduduk dunia tinggal di <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_perkotaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan perkotaan">kawasan perkotaan</a> industri yang dikelilingi pabrik dan kantor bisnis, bukan lagi kawasan <a href="/wiki/Pedesaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedesaan">pedesaan</a> tradisional yang didominasi pertanian.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa kota mulai muncul sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kota_global" title="Kota global">kota global</a> dan dianggap sebagai pusat aktivitas ekonomi penting dunia. Megakota, yaitu kota yang dihuni lebih dari 10 juta orang, bertambah jumlahnya dari 3 kota pada tahun 1973 menjadi 24 pada tahun 2013. Jumlah tersebut diperkirakan bertambah menjadi 27 kota pada 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kesehatan">Kesehatan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=35" title="Sunting bagian: Kesehatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kesehatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kesehatan_global" title="Kesehatan global">Kesehatan global</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_dan_penyakit" title="Globalisasi dan penyakit">Globalisasi dan penyakit</a></div> <p>Kesehatan global merupakan <a href="/wiki/Kesehatan" title="Kesehatan">kesehatan</a> penduduk dalam konteks global yang mencakup sudut pandang dan kekhawatiran negara-negara.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Permasalahan kesehatan yang melintasi perbatasan negara atau memiliki pengaruh poliitk dan ekonomi secara global terus ditekankan.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kesehatan global didefinisikan sebagai 'bidang studi, penelitian, dan praktik yang prioritasnya adalah memperbaiki kesehatan dan mencapai kesetaraan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesehatan_untuk_semua&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesehatan untuk semua (halaman belum tersedia)">kesehatan untuk semua</a> orang di dunia'.<sup id="cite_ref-Koplan_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koplan-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lantas kesehatan global berkutat dengan perbaikan kesehatan dunia, pengurangan kesenjangan, dan perlindungan dari ancaman global yang tidak peduli dengan perbatasan negara.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Mental_Health&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Mental Health (halaman belum tersedia)">Global Mental Health</a> merupakan salah satu penerapan prinsip tersebut di ranah <a href="/wiki/Kesehatan_mental" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesehatan mental">kesehatan mental</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Patel_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patel-229"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:CDC_fever_screening_station_at_Taoyuan_Airport_20070401a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/CDC_fever_screening_station_at_Taoyuan_Airport_20070401a.jpg/250px-CDC_fever_screening_station_at_Taoyuan_Airport_20070401a.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/CDC_fever_screening_station_at_Taoyuan_Airport_20070401a.jpg/375px-CDC_fever_screening_station_at_Taoyuan_Airport_20070401a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/CDC_fever_screening_station_at_Taoyuan_Airport_20070401a.jpg/500px-CDC_fever_screening_station_at_Taoyuan_Airport_20070401a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Pos periksa <a href="/wiki/SARS" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS">SARS</a> di terminal kedatangan internasional Bandara Internasional Taoyuan Taiwan</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Kesehatan_Dunia" title="Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia">Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia</a> (WHO) merupakan lembaga kesehatan utama di tingkat internasional. Lembaga penting lainnya yang turut mengurus aktivitas kesehatan global adalah <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" class="mw-redirect" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> (WFP), <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations University (halaman belum tersedia)">United Nations University</a> International Institute for Global Health, dan <a href="/wiki/Bank_Dunia" title="Bank Dunia">Bank Dunia</a>. Inisiatif besar untuk memperbaiki kesehatan global diresmikan dengan nama Deklarasi Milenium Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dan <a href="/wiki/Tujuan_Pembangunan_Milenium" title="Tujuan Pembangunan Milenium">Tujuan Pembangunan Milenium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perjalanan internasional ikut menyebarkan <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_menular" title="Penyakit menular">penyakit menular</a> yang mematikan.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Moda transportasi modern memungkinkan orang dan barang dalam jumlah besar bepergian keliling dunia secara lebih cepat, tetapi mereka juga membuka celah bagi perpindahan vektor penyakit lintas benua.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salah satunya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=AIDS/HIV&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="AIDS/HIV (halaman belum tersedia)">AIDS/HIV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Akibat imigrasi, sekitar 500.000 orang di Amerika Serikat diyakini menderita <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_Chagas" title="Penyakit Chagas">penyakit Chagas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2006, kadar <a href="/wiki/Tuberkulosis" title="Tuberkulosis">tuberkulosis</a> (TB) di kalangan penduduk Amerika Serikat kelahiran luar negeri 9,5 kali lipat lebih besar daripada penduduk kelahiran A.S.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Berawal di Asia, Wabah Hitam menewaskan sedikitnya sepertiga penduduk Eropa pada abad ke-14.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kehancuran yang lebih parah dialami oleh penduduk asli benua Amerika setelah kedatangan pendatang Eropa "<a href="/wiki/Dunia_Baru" title="Dunia Baru">Dunia Baru</a>" seperti <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Maya" title="Peradaban Maya">Maya</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Inca">Inca</a> tewas akibat penyakit <a href="/wiki/Cacar" class="mw-disambig" title="Cacar">cacar</a> yang menyebar melalui proses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolonisasi_Eropa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolonisasi Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">kolonisasi Eropa</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lingkungan_alam_global">Lingkungan alam global</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=36" title="Sunting bagian: Lingkungan alam global" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lingkungan alam global"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Lingkungan_alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingkungan alam">Lingkungan alam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumber_daya_alam" title="Sumber daya alam">Sumber daya alam</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Modal_alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal alam">Modal alam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Ekologi_manusia" title="Ekologi manusia">Ekologi manusia</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_manusia%E2%80%93lingkungan_ganda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem manusia–lingkungan ganda (halaman belum tersedia)">Sistem manusia–lingkungan ganda</a></div> <p>Lingkungan alam mencakup semua makhluk <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">hidup</a> dan benda tak hidup yang terbentuk secara <a href="/wiki/Alam" title="Alam">alamiah</a> di <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a> atau suatu wilayah. Lingkungan alam adalah lingkungan yang meliputi interaksi seluruh spesies makhluk hidup.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lingkungan alam berbeda dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingkungan_bangun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingkungan bangun (halaman belum tersedia)">lingkungan bangun</a> yang terdiri dari daerah dan komponen yang sangat dipengaruhi aktivitas manusia. Sulit untuk menemukan lingkungan yang benar-benar alami. Kealamiahan (<i>naturalness</i>) bervariasi dalam satu kontinuum, mulai dari 100% alami sampai 0% alami. Kita bisa mempertimbangkan berbagai aspek atau komponen lingkungan, lalu mengamati bahwa tingkat kealamiahannya tidak seragam.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Meski begitu, di dunia ini sudah tercipta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_gabungan_manusia%E2%80%93lingkungan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem gabungan manusia–lingkungan (halaman belum tersedia)">sistem gabungan manusia–lingkungan</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Global_Warming_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Global_Warming_Map.jpg/250px-Global_Warming_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Global_Warming_Map.jpg/375px-Global_Warming_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Global_Warming_Map.jpg/500px-Global_Warming_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Peta plot yang dibuat berdasarkan data <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a> GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP).</figcaption></figure> <p>Ancaman manusia terhadap lingkungan alam, seperti <a href="/wiki/Perubahan_iklim" title="Perubahan iklim">perubahan iklim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Polusi">polusi</a> air dan udara lintas perbatasan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemancingan_berlebih&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemancingan berlebih (halaman belum tersedia)">pemancingan berlebih</a> di lautan, dan penyebaran <a href="/wiki/Spesies_invasif" title="Spesies invasif">spesies invasif</a>, membutuhkan solusi transnasional dan global. Karena pabrik-pabrik di negara berkembang meningkatkan produksi global dan kurang diatur oleh regulasi lingkungan, terjadi penambahan polusi air dan udara di seluruh dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoekstra_and_Chapagain_(2008)_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoekstra_and_Chapagain_(2008)-239"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laporan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_World_(seri_buku)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="State of the World (seri buku) (halaman belum tersedia)">State of the World</a></i> tahun 2006 mencantumkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi India dan Tiongkok yang tinggi tidak berkelanjutan. Laporan tersebut menyatakan, "Kapasitas ekologi dunia tidak cukup untuk memuaskan keinginan Tiongkok, India, Jepang, Eropa, dan Amerika Serikat serta keinginan seluruh dunia secara berkelanjutan."<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-241"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam artikel berita tahun 2006, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> melaporkan, "...apabila Tiongkok dan India mengonsumsi sumber daya per kapita yang sama seperti Amerika Serikat atau Jepang pada 2030, seisi planet Bumi dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan mereka semua."<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-241"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam jangka panjang, efek ini dapat mengakibatkan bertambahnya konflik perebutan sumber daya alam<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bencana_Malthus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bencana Malthus (halaman belum tersedia)">bencana Malthus</a>. Investasi langsung internasional di negara berkembang akan memunculkan "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_to_the_bottom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Race to the bottom (halaman belum tersedia)">race to the bottom</a>" karena negara-negara tersebut berlomba-lomba melonggarkan hukum perlindungan lingkungan dan sumber daya alamnya untuk menarik modal asing.<sup id="cite_ref-Bridges2002_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridges2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kebalikan teori ini bisa pula terjadi seandainya negara maju mempertahankan aktivitas ramah lingkungan dan membebankan tanggung jawabnya pada negara target investasinya, lantas menciptakan fenomena "race to the top".<sup id="cite_ref-Bridges2002_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridges2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:NASAburningbrazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NASAburningbrazil.jpg/250px-NASAburningbrazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NASAburningbrazil.jpg/375px-NASAburningbrazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NASAburningbrazil.jpg/500px-NASAburningbrazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Hutan terbakar di <a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a>. Pembalakan hutan untuk mendirikan <a href="/wiki/Peternakan" title="Peternakan">peternakan</a> adalah penyebab utama deforestasi di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_Brasil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amazon Brasil (halaman belum tersedia)">Amazon Brasil</a> sejak pertengahan 1960-an. <a href="/wiki/Kacang_kedelai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kacang kedelai">Kacang kedelai</a> merupakan salah satu kontributor deforestasi terbesar di Amazon Brasil.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Waktu yang perlu dilalui dalam perjalanan lintas benua dan negara semakin menyusut karena globalisasi, sehingga negara-negara berkembang dan maju perlu mencari cara baru untuk menyelesaikan masalah dalam skala global, bukan regional lagi. Agencies like the United Nations now must be the global regulators of pollution, whereas before, regional governance was enough.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Serangkaian tindakan telah diambil oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa untuk mengawasi dan mengurangi polutan atmosfer melalui <a href="/wiki/Protokol_Kyoto" title="Protokol Kyoto">Protokol Kyoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Program_Lingkungan_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Program Lingkungan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Inisiatif Udara Bersih PBB</a>, dan penelitian polusi udara dan kebijakan publik.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lalu lintas, produksi, dan konsumsi dunia mengakibatkan peningkatan jumlah polutan udara secara global. Belahan Bumi utara adalah penghasil karbon monoksida dan sulfur dioksida terbesar.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perubahan modal alam mulai mengikis pemikiran ekonomi di salah satu bidang utama globalisasi ekonomi: <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_kerja_global" title="Tenaga kerja global">pembagian tenaga kerja internasional</a> dan produksi yang berbasis pada rantai persediaan global.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis_2009_427–434_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis_2009_427–434-248"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batas_keplanetan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Batas keplanetan (halaman belum tersedia)">Batas keplanetan</a> untuk sejumlah sumber daya alam strategis telah dicapai, dan sumber daya lainnya hampir mencapai batasnya. Seiring waktu, puncak minyak dan perubahan iklim akan menyebabkan "puncak globalisasi" yang dapat dilihat dari berkurangnya ton-mil barang yang diangkut lintas lautan dan benua. keunggulan komparatif rantai persediaan global akan dipatahkan oleh kenaikan biaya transportasi dan penundaan saat barang transit.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis_2009_427–434_248-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis_2009_427–434-248"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tiongkok dan India meningkatkan konsumsi <a href="/wiki/Bahan_bakar_fosil" title="Bahan bakar fosil">bahan bakar fosil</a> mereka setelah ekonominya beralih dari <a href="/wiki/Pertanian_subsisten" title="Pertanian subsisten">pertanian subsisten</a> ke industri dan urbanisasi.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Konsumsi minyak Tiongkok naik 8% setiap tahun antara 2002 dan 2006, bertambah dua kali lipat sejak 1996–2006.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tahun 2007, <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a> mengalahkan Amerika Serikat sebagai produsen emisi <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub>2</sub></span></a> terbesar di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hanya 1 persen dari 560 juta penduduk kota di Tiongkok (per 2007) yang menghirup udara bersih sesuai standar <a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a>. Ini artinya negara-negara maju bisa "mengalihdayakan" sebagian polusi konsumsinya ke negara yang punya banyak industri penghasil polusi. </p><p>Masyarakat memanfaatkan sumber daya hutan untuk menapai tingkat pembangunan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan. Dari dulu, hutan di negara-negara berkembang awal mengalami "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transisi_hutan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transisi hutan (halaman belum tersedia)">transisi hutan</a>", yaitu periode deforestasi dan reforestasi ketika masyarakat di sekitarnya semakin maju, terindustrialisasi, dan memindahkan produksi sumber daya alam primernya ke negara lain melalui impor. Untuk negara di <a href="/wiki/Teori_sistem_dunia#Negara_pinggiran" title="Teori sistem dunia">pinggir</a> sistem global, tidak ada negara yang bisa dijadikan tempat pemindahan produksi SDA, dan degradasi hutan akan berlangsung tanpa henti. Transisi hutan memberi pengaruh besar terhadap hidrologi, perubahan iklim, dan keragaman hayati suatu wilayah melalui penurunan kualitas air serta penumpukan gas rumah kaca melalui reboisasi hutan baru menjadi hutan generasi kedua dan ketiga.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MeyfroidtLambin2011_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeyfroidtLambin2011-254"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sumber utama <a href="/wiki/Deforestasi" title="Deforestasi">deforestasi</a> adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industri_perkayuan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Industri perkayuan (halaman belum tersedia)">industri perkayuan</a> yang didominasi oleh Tiongkok dan Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pasar minyak palem global mengakibatkan deforestasi parah di Asia Tenggara sehingga banyak spesies hewan yang terancam keberlangsungannya, seperti badak, harimau, dan orangutan.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tanpa daur ulang, <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a> akan habis terpakai pada tahun 2037, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a> akan habis tahun 2017, dan <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a> habis pada tahun 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fenomena "puncak" lainnya, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puncak_minyak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Puncak minyak (halaman belum tersedia)">puncak minyak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puncak_batubara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Puncak batubara (halaman belum tersedia)">puncak batubara</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puncak_gas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Puncak gas (halaman belum tersedia)">puncak gas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puncak_air&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Puncak air (halaman belum tersedia)">puncak air</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puncak_gandum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Puncak gandum (halaman belum tersedia)">puncak gandum</a>, ikut memengaruhi ketersediaan dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keberlangsungan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Keberlangsungan (halaman belum tersedia)">keberlangsungan</a> modal alam. </p><p>Pada tahun 2003, 29% <a href="/wiki/Tambak" class="mw-disambig" title="Tambak">tambak</a> laut terbuka terancam gagal.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jurnal <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(jurnal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (jurnal)">Science</a></i> merilis sebuah penelitian empat tahun pada November 2006 yang memprediksi bahwa dengan frekuensi saat ini, dunia akan kehabisan makanan laut liar pada tahun 2048.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebaliknya, globalisasi menciptakan pasar global untuk <a href="/wiki/Budi_daya_perairan" title="Budi daya perairan">budi daya ikan dan makanan laut</a> yang pada tahun 2009 menyediakan 38% persediaan dunia dan mampu mengurangi pemancingan berlebih.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perdagangan barang global bergantung pada transportasi barang yang andal dan murah dalam rantai persediaan yang rumit dan jauh.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis_2009_427–434_248-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis_2009_427–434-248"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pemanasan global dan puncak minyak menghambat globalisasi karena memiliki dampak atas biaya transportasi dan pergerakan barang. Karena melawan pola geografis keunggulan komparatif dengan biaya transportasi yang tinggi, perubahan iklim dan puncak minyak dapat mengakibatkan puncak globalisasi. Setelah puncak globalisasi, volume ekspor akan menurun berdasarkan ton-mil barang yang diangkut.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenaga_kerja_global">Tenaga kerja global</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=37" title="Sunting bagian: Tenaga kerja global" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tenaga kerja global"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_kerja_global" title="Tenaga kerja global">Tenaga kerja global</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pembagian_tenaga_kerja_internasional_baru" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembagian tenaga kerja internasional baru">Pembagian tenaga kerja internasional baru</a></div> <p>Tenaga kerja global mengacu pada kelompok pekerja internasional, termasuk mereka yang <a href="/wiki/Pekerjaan" title="Pekerjaan">dipekerjakan</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Perusahaan_multinasional" title="Perusahaan multinasional">perusahaan multinasional</a> dan terhubung melalui sistem <a href="/wiki/Jaringan_komputer" title="Jaringan komputer">jaringan</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produksi_(ekonomi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Produksi (ekonomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">produksi</a> global, <a href="/wiki/Pekerja_asing" title="Pekerja asing">pekerja imigran</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekerja_migran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekerja migran (halaman belum tersedia)">pekerja migran</a> transien, pekerja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telekomuter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Telekomuter (halaman belum tersedia)">telekomuter</a>, dan mereka yang terlibat dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekerjaan_berorientasi_ekspor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekerjaan berorientasi ekspor (halaman belum tersedia)">pekerjaan berorientasi ekspor</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenaga_kerja_kontingen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenaga kerja kontingen (halaman belum tersedia)">pekerjaan kontingen</a> serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekerjaan_keras&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekerjaan keras (halaman belum tersedia)">pekerjaan keras</a>. Per 2012, kelompok tenaga kerja global mencakup kira-kira 3 miliar orang, dan 200 juta di antaranya <a href="/wiki/Pengangguran" title="Pengangguran">menganggur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ILO1_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILO1-263"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tenaga kerja global atau tenaga kerja internasional mencerminkan pembagian tenaga kerja internasional baru yang sudah muncul sejak akhir 1970-an pasca gelombang globalisasi yang lain. aktor ekonomi global yang mendorong bangkitnya perusahaan multinasional, yaitu perpindahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barang_(ekonomi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barang (ekonomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">barang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sektor_ekonomi_tersier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sektor ekonomi tersier">jasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teknologi" title="Teknologi">teknologi</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modal_(ekonomi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modal (ekonomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">modal</a> lintas perbatasan, terus mengubah cara pandang kita tentang tenaga kerja dan strukturnya saat ini. Berangkat dari proses sosial yang mendorong <a href="/wiki/Standardisasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardisasi">standardisasi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Industrialisasi" title="Industrialisasi">industrialisasi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masyarakat_pasca-industri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Masyarakat pasca-industri (halaman belum tersedia)">masyarakat pasca-industri</a> di dunia Barat ditopang oleh industrialisasi di belahan dunia lain, terutama di Asia. Ketika industrialisasi berlangsung di seluruh dunia dan banyak kebudayaan beralih dari praktik kerja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masyarakat_tradisional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Masyarakat tradisional (halaman belum tersedia)">tradisional</a>, cara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majikan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Majikan (halaman belum tersedia)">majikan</a> (<i>employer</i>) memandang dan memanfaatkan tenaga kerja ikut berubah. </p><p>Tenaga kerja global bersifat kompetitif dan disebut-sebut sebagai "perang pencarian bakat."<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Persaingan ini sebagian disebabkan oleh teknologi komunikasi yang membantu berbagai perusahaan mendapatkan status multinasional. Teknologi komunikasi juga memungkinkan perusahaan mencari pekerja tanpa perlu membatasi pencariannya secara lokal; proses seperti ini disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbitrase_tenaga_kerja_global&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbitrase tenaga kerja global (halaman belum tersedia)">arbitrase tenaga kerja global</a>. Salah satu contoh perang pencarian bakat adalah pengangkatan kepala eksekutif asing di markas perusahaan loka.<sup id="cite_ref-Arp,_F.,_Hutchings,_K.,_&amp;_Smith,_W.A._(2013)._Foreign_executives_in_local_organisations:_An_exploration_of_differences_to_other_types_of_expatriates._Journal_of_Global_Mobility:_The_Home_of_Expatriate_Management_Research,_1(3),_312–335;_&#123;&#123;ISSN&#124;2049-8799&#125;&#125;;_DOI:10.1108/JGM-01-2013-0006_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arp,_F.,_Hutchings,_K.,_&amp;_Smith,_W.A._(2013)._Foreign_executives_in_local_organisations:_An_exploration_of_differences_to_other_types_of_expatriates._Journal_of_Global_Mobility:_The_Home_of_Expatriate_Management_Research,_1(3),_312–335;_{{ISSN|2049-8799}};_DOI:10.1108/JGM-01-2013-0006-265"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Foreign_Executives_in_Local_Organisations_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Executives_in_Local_Organisations-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meski begitu, pekerja produksi dan jasa di negara-negara maju gagal bersaing secara langsung dengan pekerja berupah rendah di negara-negara berkembang.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-270"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Negara yang menerapkan upah rendah mendapatkan elemen kerja bernilai tambah rendah yang sebelumnya ada di negara maju, sedangkan pekerjaan bernilai tingginya masih bertahan. Misalnya, jumlah total orang yang bekerja di pabrik di Amerika Serikat berkurang, namun nilai tambah per pekerjanya meningkat.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ada banyak contoh perpindahan tenaga kerja ke negara berkembang. Dua contoh di antaranya bisa ditemukan di Tiongkok dan Afrika Selatan. Kesuksesan Tiongkok membuat jumlah lapangan pekerjaan di negara berkembang lainnya dan negara-negara Barat berkurang drastis.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sejak 2000 hingga 2007, Amerika Serikat kehilangan 3,2&#160;juta lapangan pekerjaan manufaktur (pabrik).<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tanggal 26 April 2005, <i><a href="/wiki/Asia_Times_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Times Online">Asia Times Online</a></i> menulis bahwa, "Di raksasa regional <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a>, sekitar 300.000 pekerja tekstil kehilangan pekerjaannya dalam dua tahun terakhir karena masuknya barang-barang buatan Tiongkok [ke Afrika Selatan]."<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2012, menurut Eurostat, tingkat pengangguran Eropa mencetak rekor tertinggi sebesar 11,8%, artinya 18,8 juta orang tidak memiliki pekerjaan dan jumlah pengangguran muda mencapai tingkat tertinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tingkat pengangguran muda pada awal 2013 di Spanyol naik 56%, sedangkan di Yunani naik 62,5%.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kaum pemuda di Eropa khawatir dengan masa depan mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ekonom pemenang Hadiah Nobel, Michael Spence, menulis bahwa, "Perubahan ekonomi global besar-besaran sejak Perang Dunia II memberi efek yang sangat positif. Ratusan juta orang di negara berkembang keluar dari jeratan kemiskinan, dan jutaan lainnya akan menyusul pada masa depan. Ekonomi global akan terus tumbuh, sedikitnya tiga kali lipat dalam kurun 30 tahun selanjutnya. Keuntungan seseorang bukanlah kerugian orang lain; pertumbuhan global itu sama sekali bukan masalah menang atau kalah. Namun, globalisasi masih merugikan sejumlah kelompok masyarakat di berbagai negara, termasuk negara maju.”<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tidak semua orang bersikap optimis mengenai kelanjutan pertumbuhan ekonomi pada masa depan. Agustinus Karlo Lumban Raja, kepala Departemen Inisiatif Lingkungan dan Kebijakan Sawit Watch, mengatakan bahwa, "Penyebaran dan intensifikasi konflik sosial horizontal atas batas tanah adat membuktikan bahwa suku Malind terancam. Tanah adat mereka menjadi target pembangunan oleh sektor swasta tanpa adanya musyawarah dengan berbagai klan dan suku yang mengklaim tanah tersebut.”"<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perpindahan_internasional">Perpindahan internasional</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=38" title="Sunting bagian: Perpindahan internasional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perpindahan internasional"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perpindahan_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perpindahan manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Perpindahan manusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pekerja_asing" title="Pekerja asing">Pekerja asing</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_menurut_tingkat_migrasi_bruto&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar negara menurut tingkat migrasi bruto (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar negara menurut tingkat migrasi bruto</a></div> <p>Banyak negara yang memiliki semacam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_pekerja_tamu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Program pekerja tamu (halaman belum tersedia)">program pekerja tamu</a> yang kebijakannya sama seperti yang ada di A.S. yang mengizinkan perusahaan A.S. untuk mempekerjakan warga non-A.S. selama tiga tahun, lalu <a href="/wiki/Deportasi" title="Deportasi">mendeportasi</a> mereka seandainya belum mengajukan permohonan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartu_Penduduk_Permanen_Amerika_Serikat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kartu Penduduk Permanen Amerika Serikat (halaman belum tersedia)">kartu hijau</a>. Per 2009, lebih dari 1.000.000 pekerja tamu menetap di Amerika Serikat. Program terbesarnya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visa_H-1B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Visa H-1B (halaman belum tersedia)">visa H-1B</a>, melibatkan 650.000 pekerja di Amerika Serikat,<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan program terbesar keduanya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visa_L-1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Visa L-1 (halaman belum tersedia)">visa L-1</a>, melibatkan 350.000 pekerja.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ada lagi jenis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visa_Amerika_Serikat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Visa Amerika Serikat (halaman belum tersedia)">visa Amerika Serikat</a> yang diberlakukan untuk pekerja tamu, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visa_H-2A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Visa H-2A (halaman belum tersedia)">visa H-2A</a> yang mengizinkan petani memperkerjakan pekerja tamu dengan jumlah tak terbatas. Amerika Serikat menjalankan program pekerja tamu Meksiko pada 1942–1964 dengan nama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Bracero&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Program Bracero (halaman belum tersedia)">Program Bracero</a>. </p><p>Sebuah artikel di <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i> mengkritik program pekerja tamu dengan menyamakan mereka dengan <a href="/wiki/Warga_kelas_dua" title="Warga kelas dua">warga kelas dua</a> yang tidak akan mampu mendapatkan kewarganegaraan dan mendapatkan hak yang lebih sedikit daripada warga Amerika Serikat.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perpindahan pekerja berpendidikan dan terampil disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengurasan_otak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengurasan otak (halaman belum tersedia)">pengurasan otak</a>. Misalnya, Amerika Serikat mempersilakan para perawat dari seluruh dunia untuk bekerja di sana.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pengurasan otak dari Eropa ke Amerika Serikat berarti bahwa sekitar 400.000 mahasiswa lulusan jurusan iptek di Eropa sekarang tinggal di Amerika Serikat, dan kebanyakan di antaranya tidak berencana pulang ke Eropa.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hampir 14 juta imigran datang ke Amerika Serikat sejak tahun 2000 sampai 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imigran di Amerika Serikat bersama keturunannya mendirikan lebih dari 40 persen perusahaan di daftar <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> versi 2010. Mereka mendirikan tujuh dari sepuluh perusahaan paling bernilai di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengurasan_otak_terbalik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengurasan otak terbalik (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengurasan otak terbalik</a> adalah perpindahan <a href="/wiki/Modal_manusia" title="Modal manusia">modal manusia</a> dari negara yang lebih maju ke negara yang kurang maju. Ini dianggap sebagai hasil yang masuk akal dari strategi menabung dan mengasah kemampuan yang dilakukan migran di luar negeri agar mereka bisa memanfaatkannya di negara asalnya.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pengurasan otak terbalik bisa terjadi ketika ilmuwan, teknisi, atau kaum intelektual lainnya pindah ke negara maju untuk belajar di universitasnya, melakukan penelitian, atau mencari pengalaman kerja di bidang-bidang yang mungkin dibatasi di negara asalnya. Para profesinoal ini kemudian pulang ke negara asalnya setelah beberapa tahun mencari pengalaman untuk merintis bisnis, mengajar di perguruan tinggi, atau bekerja untuk perusahaan multinasional di negara asalnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature-Feb09_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-Feb09-288"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Remitansi" title="Remitansi">Remitansi</a> adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_kawat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transfer kawat (halaman belum tersedia)">transfer uang</a> dari seorang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekerja_migran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekerja migran (halaman belum tersedia)">pekerja asing</a> ke negara asalnya. Remitansi memainkan peran penting dalam ekonomi beberapa negara serta berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kelangsungan hidup masyarakat yang kurang mampu. Menurut perkiraan <a href="/wiki/Bank_Dunia" title="Bank Dunia">Bank Dunia</a>, total remitansi tahun 2009 mencapai <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>414 miliar, <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>316 miliar di antaranya mengalir ke negara-negara berkembang dan melibatkan 192 juta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekerja_migran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekerja migran (halaman belum tersedia)">pekerja migran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-go.worldbank.org_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-go.worldbank.org-289"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bagi sejumlah negara, nilai remitansi bisa mewakili sepertiga PDB-nya.<sup id="cite_ref-go.worldbank.org_289-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-go.worldbank.org-289"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Karena penerima remitansi memiliki kemungkinan besar untuk memiliki rekening bank, remitansi memberi jalan bagi pengirim dan penerima untuk memanfaatkan layanan keuangan. Inilah aspek penting remitansi yang bertujuan mempromosikan pembangunan ekonomi. Negara yang memiliki persentase remitansi besar di <a href="/wiki/PDB" class="mw-redirect" title="PDB">PDB</a>-nya didominasi negara-negara kecil seperti <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> (45%), <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> (38%), dan <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> (25%).<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a> menyebutkan terdapat lebih dari 200 juta migran di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> termasuk yang melalui <a href="/wiki/Imigrasi_ilegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Imigrasi ilegal">imigrasi ilegal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Arus remitansi ke negara berkembang mencapai <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>328&#160;miliar pada tahun 2008 dan diperkirakan mencapai <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>515 miliar pada tahun 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pernikahan_transnasional" title="Pernikahan transnasional">Pernikahan transnasional</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Pernikahan" title="Pernikahan">pernikahan</a> antar dua orang dari negara yang berbeda. Berbagai permasalahan muncul dalam pernikahan beda negara, termasuk masalah <a href="/wiki/Kewarganegaraan" title="Kewarganegaraan">kewarganegaraan</a> dan budaya yang menambah kerumitan dan tantangan pada hubungan suami-istri. Di era globalisasi, ketika orang-orang punya jaringan kenalan dan tempat di seluruh dunia dan tidak terpaku pada satu tempat lagi, semakin banyak orang yang menikah tanpa melihat batas negara. Penikahan transnasional adalah produk sampingan pergerakan dan perpindahan manusia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dukungan_dan_tentangan">Dukungan dan tentangan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=39" title="Sunting bagian: Dukungan dan tentangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dukungan dan tentangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reaksi terhadap proses yang memengaruhi globalisasi terus bermunculan dan beragam seiring waktu berjalan. Perbedaan <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Filosofi">filosofis</a> mengenai kerugian dan keuntungan proses semacam itu melahirkan berbagai <a href="/wiki/Ideologi" title="Ideologi">ideologi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gerakan_sosial" title="Gerakan sosial">gerakan sosial</a>. Pendukung <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_ekonomi" title="Pertumbuhan ekonomi">pertumbuhan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perluasan_ekonomi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perluasan ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">perluasan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pembangunan_ekonomi" title="Pembangunan ekonomi">pembangunan ekonomi</a> umumnya memandang proses globalisasi dalah sesuatu yang diinginkan atau diperlukan demi kesejahteraan <a href="/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat">umat manusia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen1970_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen1970-295"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penentangnya melihat satu atau beberapa proses globalisasi sebagai sesuatu yang merusak kesejahteraan sosial di tingkat global maupun lokal;<sup id="cite_ref-Sen1970_295-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen1970-295"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mereka mempertanyakan <a href="/wiki/Keberlanjutan" title="Keberlanjutan">keberlanjutan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keberlanjutan_sosial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Keberlanjutan sosial (halaman belum tersedia)">sosial</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keberlanjutan_alam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Keberlanjutan alam (halaman belum tersedia)">alamiah</a> dari perluasan ekonomi jangka panjang yang berjalan terus-menerus, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesenjangan_struktur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesenjangan struktur (halaman belum tersedia)">kesenjangan struktur</a> sosial yang diakibatkan oleh proses-proses tersebut, serta <a href="/wiki/Etnosentrisme" title="Etnosentrisme">etnosentrisme</a> <a href="/wiki/Kolonialisme" title="Kolonialisme">kolonial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme">imperialistik</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Hegemoni" title="Hegemoni">hegemonik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asimilasi_budaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Asimilasi budaya">asimilasi budaya</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apropriasi_budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Apropriasi budaya (halaman belum tersedia)">apropriasi budaya</a> yang mendasari proses tersebut. </p><p>Seperti yang dikatakan <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sistem <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> yang ada saat ini membuat kata "globalisasi" merujuk pada versi tertentu integrasi ekonomi internasional yang mereka inginkan, yang mengutamakan hak-hak investor dan pemberi pinjaman, sedangkan hak-hak masyarakat hanyalah sampingan semata. Mengenai penggunaan kata ini, pihak-pihak yang mendukung bentuk lain dari integrasi internasional yang mengutamakan hak-hak asasi manusia menjadi kaum "anti-globalis". Ini propaganda vulgar, layaknya istilah "anti-Soviet" yang digunakan oleh para penguasa kejam untuk menyebut para pengkritiknya. Istilah itu tidak hanya vulgar, tapi bodoh. Mari kita ambil contoh <a href="/wiki/Forum_Sosial_Dunia" title="Forum Sosial Dunia">Forum Sosial Dunia</a> (WSF) yang disebut "anti-globalisasi" dalam sistem propaganda yang kebetulan mencakup media, masyarakat berpendidikan, dan lain-lain dengan pengecualian tertentu. WSF adalah contoh paradigma globalisasi. WSF adalah perkumpulan manusia dalam jumlah besar dari seluruh dunia, dari setiap bidang kehidupan yang kita tahu, berbeda dengan kaum elit berjumlah kecil yang bertemu di <a href="/wiki/Forum_Ekonomi_Dunia" title="Forum Ekonomi Dunia">Forum Ekonomi Dunia</a> dan disebut "pro-globalisasi" oleh sistem propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pendukung">Pendukung</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=40" title="Sunting bagian: Pendukung" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pendukung"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Umumnya, pebisnis korporat, terutama di sektor <a href="/wiki/Keuangan" title="Keuangan">keuangan</a>, melihat globalisasi sebagai pendorong positif di dunia. Banyak <a href="/wiki/Ekonom" title="Ekonom">ekonom</a> mengutip statistik yang tampaknya mendukung dampak positif tersebut. Misalnya, pertumbuhan <a href="/wiki/Produk_domestik_bruto" title="Produk domestik bruto">produk domestik bruto</a> (PDB) per kapita di negara-negara global pasca-1980 naik dari 1,4 persen per tahun pada 1960-an dan 2,9 persen per tahun pada 1970-an menjadi 3,5 persen pada 1980-an dan 5,0 persen pada 1990-an. Percepatan pertbumuhan ini sangat luar biasa karena negara-negara kaya mengalami penurunan pertumbuhan yang stabil dari 4,7 persen pada 1960-an ke 2,2 persen pada 1990-an. Selain itu, negara berkembang non-global seolah menderita lebih parah ketimbang para pengglobal (<i>globalizer</i>). Tingkat pertumbuhan tahunan negara-negara tersebut jatuh dari 3,3 persen sepanjang 1970-an menjadi hanya 1,4 persen sepanjang 1990-an. Pertumbuhan cepat di kalangan pengglobal ini bukan hanya disebabkan oleh kuatnya ekonomi Tiongkok dan India tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an – 18 dari 24 negara pengglobal mengalami kenaikan pertumbuhan, banyak di antaranya lumayan tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-DDollar_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDollar-297"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberalisme_ekonomi_dan_perdagangan_bebas">Liberalisme ekonomi dan perdagangan bebas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=41" title="Sunting bagian: Liberalisme ekonomi dan perdagangan bebas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Liberalisme ekonomi dan perdagangan bebas"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Liberalisme_ekonomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalisme ekonomi">Liberalisme ekonomi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalisme" title="Neoliberalisme">Neoliberalisme</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg/250px-20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg/375px-20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg/500px-20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> bertemu saat menghadiri KTT <a href="/wiki/Kerja_Sama_Ekonomi_Asia-Pasifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerja Sama Ekonomi Asia-Pasifik">APEC</a> di Santiago de Chile, 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>Kaum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_ekonomi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">liberal ekonomi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalisme" title="Neoliberalisme">neoliberal</a> umumnya berpendapat bahwa tingkat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebebasan_ekonomi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebebasan ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">kebebasan ekonomi</a> dan politik yang lebih luas dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_bebas" title="Perdagangan bebas">perdagangan bebas</a> di negara maju merupakan harga mati, sehingga menghasilkan kekayaan material yang lebih banyak. Globalisasi dipandang sebagai proses penyebaran <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan" title="Kebebasan">kebebasan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme">kapitalisme</a> yang menguntungkan.<sup id="cite_ref-The_End_of_Poverty_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_End_of_Poverty-298"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a>, mantan penasihat globalisasi untuk PBB, mengatakan bahwa meskipun jelas sekali masalah yang dihasilkan pembangunan yang terlalu cepat, globalisasi adalah dorongan positif yang mengangkat sebuah negara dari garis kemiskinan dengan memulai siklus ekonomi disertai pertumbuhan ekonomi yang cepat.<sup id="cite_ref-bhagwati_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhagwati-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ekonom <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a> adalah pendukung globalisasi dan perdagangan bebas garis keras lainnya yang hampir selalu tidak setuju dengan sebagian besar kritikus globalisasi. Ia berpendapat bahwa para kritikus tadi kurang memiliki pengetahuan dasar soal <a href="/wiki/Keunggulan_komparatif" class="mw-redirect" title="Keunggulan komparatif">keunggulan komparatif</a> dan manfaatnya di dunia modern.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arus migran ke negara-negara yang ekonominya maju diklaim berhasil menciptakan penyatuan upah global. Penelitian IMG menunjukkan adanya kemungkinan transfer keterampilan ke negara berkembang setelah upah di negara tersebut naik.<sup id="cite_ref-12th_April_2000:_IMF_Publications_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12th_April_2000:_IMF_Publications-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pembebasan pengetahuan juga merupakan aspek integral dari globalisasi. Inovasi teknologi (atau transfer teknologi) dirancang supaya lebih menguntungkan bagi negara berkembang dan negara kurang berkembang, contohnya dalam hal penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Telepon_genggam" title="Telepon genggam">telepon genggam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saggi2002_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saggi2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pertumbuhan ekonomi cepat mulai terjadi di Asia setelah Asia menerapkan kebijakan ekonomi berbasis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orientasi_pasar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Orientasi pasar (halaman belum tersedia)">orientasi pasar</a> yang mengutamakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_kepemilikan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak kepemilikan (halaman belum tersedia)">hak kepemilikan</a> swasta, perusahaan bebas, dan persaingan. Lebih spesifik lagi, di negara-negara berkembang Asia Timur, <a href="/wiki/PDB" class="mw-redirect" title="PDB">PDB</a> per kapita naik 5,9% per tahun sejak 1975 sampai 2001 (menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_Development_Report&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Human Development Report (halaman belum tersedia)">Human Development Report</a> 2003<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang dirilis UNDP). Jurnalis ekonomi Britania Raya, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Wolf" title="Martin Wolf">Martin Wolf</a>, mengatakan bahwa pendapatan negara-negara berkembang miskin, yang jumlah penduduknya mewakili lebih dari separuh populasi dunia, tumbuh lebih cepat ketimbang negara-negara kaya yang pertumbuhannya relatif stabil, lantas mengurangi kesenjangan internasional dan kemiskinan. </p><p>Perubahan demografi tertentu di negara berkembang setelah <a href="/wiki/Liberalisasi_ekonomi" title="Liberalisasi ekonomi">liberalisasi ekonomi</a> dan integrasi internasional aktif menghasilkan peningkatan kesejahteraan umum dan berkurangnya kesenjangan. Menurut Wolf, di semua negara berkembang, harapan hidup naik empat bulan setiap tahunnya sejak 1970, dan kematian bayi berkurang dari 107 per 1.000 bayi pada tahun 1970 menjadi 58 per 1.000 pada tahun 2000 berkat perbaikan <a href="/wiki/Standar_hidup" title="Standar hidup">standar hidup</a> dan kondisi kesehatan. Selain itu, tingkat melek huruf dewasa di negara berkembang naik 53% pada tahun 1970 menjadi 74% pada tahun 1998, dan tingkat buta huruf yang lebih rendah di kalangan pemuda menandakan bahwa jumlah penduduk buta huruf akan terus berkurang seiring waktu. Turunnya <a href="/wiki/Tingkat_kelahiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingkat kelahiran">tingkat kelahiran</a> di seluruh negara berkembang dari 4,1 kelahiran per wanita tahun 1980 hingga 2,8 kelahiran per wanita tahun 2000 menandakan adanya kenaikan tingkat pengetahuan wanita mengenai kelahiran serta pengawasan anak melalui perhatian orang tua.<sup id="cite_ref-Incensed_about_Inequality_in_&#39;Why_Globalization_Works&#39;_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Incensed_about_Inequality_in_&#39;Why_Globalization_Works&#39;-301"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Konsekuensinya, orang tua yang lebih sejahtera dan berpendidikan yang anak-anaknya sedikit memutuskan untuk menjauhkan mereka dari kerja dini supaya mereka bisa berkesempatan menuntut ilmu di sekolah; keputusan ini turut menyelesaikan masalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenaga_kerja_anak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenaga kerja anak (halaman belum tersedia)">tenaga kerja anak</a>. Walaupun seolah ada <a href="/wiki/Distribusi_pendapatan" title="Distribusi pendapatan">distribusi pendapatan</a> yang tidak setara di negara-negara berkembang, pertumbuhan dan pembangunan ekonominya memberi standar hidup yang lebih tinggi dan kesejahteraan bagi semua orang. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Berg_Ostry_2011_Chart_4.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Berg_Ostry_2011_Chart_4.gif/250px-Berg_Ostry_2011_Chart_4.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Berg_Ostry_2011_Chart_4.gif/375px-Berg_Ostry_2011_Chart_4.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Berg_Ostry_2011_Chart_4.gif/500px-Berg_Ostry_2011_Chart_4.gif 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Dari faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi durasi <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_ekonomi" title="Pertumbuhan ekonomi">pertumbuhan ekonomi</a> di negara maju dan berkembang, <a href="/wiki/Kesenjangan_ekonomi" title="Kesenjangan ekonomi">kesenjangan pendapatan</a> memberi dampak yang lebih menguntungkan ketimbang keterbukaan perdagangan, lembaga politik besar, dan investasi asing.<sup id="cite_ref-BergOstryEE_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BergOstryEE-302"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demokrasi_global">Demokrasi global</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=42" title="Sunting bagian: Demokrasi global" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Demokrasi global"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_demokratis" title="Globalisasi demokratis">Globalisasi demokratis</a></div> <p>Globalisasi demokrasi adalah gerakan yang memperjuangkan sistem <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi">demokrasi</a> global yang akan memberi warga dunia hak suara di lembaga politik. Demokrasi global akan melintasi negara-bangsa, oligopoli perusahaan, <a href="/wiki/Lembaga_swadaya_masyarakat" title="Lembaga swadaya masyarakat">lembaga swadaya masyarakat</a> ideologis, aliran politik, dan magia. Salah seorang pendukung yang paling lantang adalah pemikir politik asal <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a>. Pendukung globalisasi demokrasi berpendapat bahwa perluasan dan pembangunan ekonomi harus dijadikan tahap pertama pelaksanaan globalisasi demokrasi, kemudian diikuti tahap pembangunan <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_politik_internasional" title="Ekonomi politik internasional">lembaga politik global</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Stipo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Stipo (halaman belum tersedia)">Francesco Stipo</a>, Direktur United States Association of the <a href="/wiki/Club_of_Rome" title="Club of Rome">Club of Rome</a>, mendukung agar semua negara bersatu membentuk <a href="/wiki/Pemerintahan_dunia" title="Pemerintahan dunia">pemerintahan dunia</a>. Ia berpendapat bahwa pemerintahan dunia "mencerminkan keseimbangan politik dan ekonomi negara-negara di dunia. Konfederasi dunia tidak akan melampaui kewenangan pemerintahan masing-masing negara, melainkan menjadi pelengkap, karena pemerintah negara dan dunia memiliki kekuasaan di dalam lingkup kompetensinya".<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mantan <a href="/wiki/Senat_Kanada" title="Senat Kanada">Senator Kanada</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Roche&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Roche (halaman belum tersedia)">Douglas Roche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Canada">O.C.</a>, melihat globalisasi sebagai sesuatu yang tak dapat dihindari dan mendukung pembentukan institusi-institusi seperti <a href="/wiki/Majelis_Parlementer_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Majelis Parlementer Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Majelis Parlementer Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Pemilihan_langsung" title="Pemilihan langsung">dipilih langsung</a> untuk mengawasi badan internasional yang anggotanya tidak masuk melalui pemilihan langsung.<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kerja_sama_internasional">Kerja sama internasional</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=43" title="Sunting bagian: Kerja sama internasional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kerja sama internasional"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kerja sama militer pernah terjadi pada masa lalu. Salah satu contohnya adalah kerja sama keamanan antara Amerika Serikat dan bekas Uni Soviet setelah Perang Dingin yang berhasil membuat komunitas internasional tercengang. Pengendalian senjata dan perjanjian pelucutan senjata, termasuk Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (lihat <a href="/wiki/START_I" title="START I">START I</a>, <a href="/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a>, <a href="/wiki/START_III" title="START III">START III</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a>) dan pembentukan Kemitraan Perdamaian <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a>, Dewan NATO Rusia, Kemitraan Global <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> Melawan Penyebaran Senjata dan Bahan Penghancur Massal, merintis serangkaian inisiatif pengendalian senjata dan denuklirisasi yang konkret. Kerja sama A.S.–Rusia diperkuat oleh perjanjian anti-terorisme yang disahkan pasca 9/11.<sup id="cite_ref-globalpolicyjournal1_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalpolicyjournal1-305"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salah satu kerja sama lingkungan tersukses yang pernah terjadi adalah perjanjian pengurangan klorofluorokarbon (CFC) sesuai <a href="/wiki/Protokol_Montreal" title="Protokol Montreal">Protokol Montreal</a> untuk mengurangi penipisan ozon. Perdebatan terkini seputar energi nuklir dan pembangkit listrik tenaga batu bara menghasilkan satu konsensus lagi soal tindakan yang perlu diambil setiap negara. Selain itu, pencapaian besar di Mahkamah Internasional dapat dipelajari melalui studi pembangunan.<sup id="cite_ref-globalpolicyjournal1_305-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalpolicyjournal1-305"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kewarganegaraan_global">Kewarganegaraan global</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=44" title="Sunting bagian: Kewarganegaraan global" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kewarganegaraan global"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Reach_Toronto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Reach_Toronto.jpg/250px-Reach_Toronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Reach_Toronto.jpg/375px-Reach_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Reach_Toronto.jpg/500px-Reach_Toronto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Monument to Multiculturalism</i> karya Francesco Perilli di <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Empat patung serupa dipasang di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_City_Local_Municipality&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Buffalo City Local Municipality (halaman belum tersedia)">Buffalo City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a>; dan <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kewarganegaraan_global" title="Kewarganegaraan global">Kewarganegaraan global</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Multikulturalisme" title="Multikulturalisme">Multikulturalisme</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penduduk_global&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penduduk global (halaman belum tersedia)">Penduduk global</a></div> <p>Kewarganegaraan global memaparkan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Kewarganegaraan" title="Kewarganegaraan">kewarganegaraan</a> dapat dipahami dalam skala global sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kontrak_sosial" title="Kontrak sosial">kontrak sosial</a> antara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penduduk_global&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penduduk global (halaman belum tersedia)">penduduk global</a> pada era interdependensi dan interaksi. Para pengusung konsep ini mendefinisikannya sebagai pemikiran bahwa kita punya hak dan tanggung jawab tertentu terhadap satu sama lain atas dasar wujud kita sebagai manusia di Bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-case_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case-306"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Penduduk_dunia" title="Penduduk dunia">Penduduk dunia</a> memiliki beberapa makna sejenis, dan kadang-kadang merujuk pada seseorang yang tidak setuju dengan pembagian <a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">geopolitik</a> tradisional yang berasla dari <a href="/wiki/Kependudukan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kependudukan">kependudukan</a> nasional. Kemunculan sentimen ini bisa dilacak hingga zaman <a href="/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates">Sokrates</a>. Plutarkhus mengutip bahwa Sokrates pernah berkat: "Aku bukan warga Athena, bukan warga Yunani, melainkan warga dunia."<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di dunia yang semakin saling tergantung, warga dunia membutuhkan pemandu atau kompas untuk membentuk pola pikirnya dan menciptakan kesadaran bersama dan rasa tanggung jawab global atas isu-isu seperti masalah lingkungan dan <a href="/wiki/Proliferasi_nuklir" title="Proliferasi nuklir">proliferasi nuklir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-feasible_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feasible-308"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kosmopolitanisme" title="Kosmopolitanisme">Kosmopolitanisme</a> adalah usulan bahwa semua suku bangsa merupakan satu <a href="/wiki/Komunitas" title="Komunitas">komunitas</a> tunggal dengan <a href="/wiki/Moralitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moralitas">moralitas</a> yang sama. Seseorang yang menganut ide kosmopolitanisme dalam bentuk apapun disebut kosmopolitan atau kosmopolit.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Masyarakat kosmopolitan bisa diwujudkan atas dasar moralitas inklusif, hubungan ekonomi bersama, atau struktur politik yang mencakup berbagai negara. Masyarakat kosmopolitan adalah masyarakat yang setiap individunya berasal dari tempat yang berbeda (e.g. negara-bangsa) dan berhubungan atas dasar saling menghargai. Misalnya, <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Kwame Anthony Appiah</a> menunjukkan adanya kemungkinan masyarakat kosmopolitan yang para individunya datang dari berbagai latar belakang (fisik, ekonomi, dll.) dan menciptakan hubungan atas dasar saling menghargai meski berbeda kepercayaan (agama, politik, dll.).<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Filsuf Kanada <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a> memopulerkan istilah <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desa_global_(istilah)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Desa global (istilah) (halaman belum tersedia)">Desa Global</a></i> pada 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pandangannya menyebutkan bahwa globalisasi akan menciptakan dunia ketika semua negara semakin terintegrasi dan sadar akan kepentingan bersama dan kemanusiaan.<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kritik">Kritik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=45" title="Sunting bagian: Kritik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kritik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kritik_terhadap_globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kritik terhadap globalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Kritik terhadap globalisasi</a></div> <p>Kritik terhadap globalisasi biasanya berawal dari diskusi seputar dampak proses globalisasi pada planet Bumi dan manusia. Para pengkritik mempertanyakan patokan ukur tradisional seperti PDB dan beralih ke patokan lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Koefisien_Gini" title="Koefisien Gini">koefisien Gini</a> <sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> atau <a href="/wiki/Happy_Planet_Index" title="Happy Planet Index">Happy Planet Index</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> serta menyebut bahwa "berbagai konsekuensi fatal yang saling berkaitan–disintegrasi sosial, kegagalan demokrasi, kerusakan lingkungan yang cepat dan meluas, penyebaran penyakit baru, bertambahnya kemiskinan dan pengasingan"<sup id="cite_ref-The_Hidden_Connections_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hidden_Connections-315"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> adalah konsekuensi globalisasi yang tak disengaja. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gini_Coefficient_World_CIA_Report_2009-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gini_Coefficient_World_CIA_Report_2009-1.png/350px-Gini_Coefficient_World_CIA_Report_2009-1.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gini_Coefficient_World_CIA_Report_2009-1.png/525px-Gini_Coefficient_World_CIA_Report_2009-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gini_Coefficient_World_CIA_Report_2009-1.png/700px-Gini_Coefficient_World_CIA_Report_2009-1.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Perbandingan kesetaraan pendapatan nasional di seluruh dunia berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Koefisien_Gini" title="Koefisien Gini">koefisien Gini</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Kritik berdatangan dari kalangan perkumpulan gereja, kelompok pembebasan nasional, <a href="/wiki/Serikat_pekerja" title="Serikat pekerja">serikat pekerja</a>, intelektual, seniman, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteksionis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteksionis (halaman belum tersedia)">proteksionis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarkisme" title="Anarkisme">anarkis</a>, pendukung <a href="/wiki/Lokalisme_(politik)" title="Lokalisme (politik)">relokalisasi</a> (e.g., konsumsi barang lokal), dan lain-lain. Ada kritikus yang <a href="/wiki/Reformisme" title="Reformisme">reformis</a> (mendukung kapitalisme yang lebih moderat), dan ada pula yang revolusioner (mendukung peralihan kekuasaan dari swasta ke publik) atau <a href="/wiki/Reaksioner" title="Reaksioner">reaksioner</a> (publik ke swasta). </p><p>Sejumlah kritikus berpendapat bahwa globalisasi merusak keragaman budaya. Ketika kebudayaan negara pendominasi diperkenalkan ke negara penerima melalui globalisasi, kebudayaan asing itu bisa mengancam keragaman budaya lokal. Ada juga yang berpendapat bahwa globalisasi akan mengakibatkan <a href="/wiki/Westernisasi" title="Westernisasi">westernisasi</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Amerikanisasi" title="Amerikanisasi">Amerikanisasi</a> kebudayaan, suatu fenomena ketika konsep budaya negara-negara Barat yang lebih maju dari segi ekonomi dan politik menyebar dan mengancam kebudayaan lokal. </p><p>Beberapa penentang melihat globalisasi sebagai pengutamaan kepentingan kaum <a href="/wiki/Korporatisme" title="Korporatisme">korporatis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mereka juga mengklaim bahwa bertambahnya otonomi dan kekuatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entitas_perusahaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Entitas perusahaan (halaman belum tersedia)">entitas perusahaan</a> turut membentuk kebijakan pollitik negara.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Corporation_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Corporation-317"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Confessions_of_an_Economic_Hit_Man_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confessions_of_an_Economic_Hit_Man-318"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mereka mendukung institusi global dan kebijakan-kebijakan yang menurutnya mampu menyelesaikan permasalahan moral kelas bawah dan pekerja serta masalah lingkungan.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pendapat ekonomi yang dilontarkan para teoriwan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perdagangna_adil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perdagangna adil (halaman belum tersedia)">perdagangna adil</a> mengklaim bahwa perdagangan bebas tak terbatas menguntungkan pihak-pihak yang memiliki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keunggulan_finansial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Keunggulan finansial (halaman belum tersedia)">keunggulan finansial</a> yang lebih tinggi (i.e., orang kaya) dan mengorbankan orang miskin.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Para kritikus berpendapat bahwa globalisasi menyebabkan: </p> <ul><li><b>Negara-negara miskin merugi</b>: Perdagangan bebas memang mendorong terjadinya globalisasi di semua negara, tetapi beberapa negara mencoba melindungi pemasok dalam negerinya. Ekspor utama negara miskin biasanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produk_pertanian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Produk pertanian (halaman belum tersedia)">produk pertanian</a>. Negara besar biasanya memberi subsidi untuk <a href="/wiki/Subsidi_pertanian" title="Subsidi pertanian">petani</a> (e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Agricultural_Policy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Common Agricultural Policy (halaman belum tersedia)">Common Agricultural Policy</a> Uni Eropa) sehingga menurunkan harga hasil tani asing di pasaran.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst_E._Charles_P.41_321-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst_E._Charles_P.41-321"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Joseph Stiglitz berpendapat bahwa negara-negara yang mengelola sendiri ekonominya mendapatkan banyak manfaat dari globalisasi, sedangkan negara-negara yang ekonominya dikelola oleh lembaga internasional seperti IMF kurang mendapatkan manfaat dari globalisasi.<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Perpindahan ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alihdaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alihdaya (halaman belum tersedia)">alihdaya</a></b>: Globalisasi memungkinkan perusahaan memindahkan lapangan pekerjaan produksi dan jasa dari daerah berupah tinggi, sehingga menciptakan kesempatan ekonomi dengan upah dan tunjangan pekerja yang bersaing.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuruvilla_2008_39–72_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuruvilla_2008_39–72-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:May_Day_Immigration_March_LA60.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/May_Day_Immigration_March_LA60.jpg/250px-May_Day_Immigration_March_LA60.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/May_Day_Immigration_March_LA60.jpg/375px-May_Day_Immigration_March_LA60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/May_Day_Immigration_March_LA60.jpg/500px-May_Day_Immigration_March_LA60.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Unjuk rasa hak amnesti imigran pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hari_Pekerja_Internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hari Pekerja Internasional (halaman belum tersedia)">Hari Buruh</a> tahun 2006 di <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Serikat_pekerja" title="Serikat pekerja">Serikat pekerja</a> lemah</b>: Surplus tenaga kerja murah ditambah kenaikan jumlah perusahaan yang menjalani transisi memperlemah serikat pekerja di daerah berupah tinggi. Serikat pekerja kehilangan keefektifannya dan pekerja kehilangan antusiasmenya untuk bergabung karena jumlah anggota serikat terus berkurang.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst_E._Charles_P.41_321-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst_E._Charles_P.41-321"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Peningkatan eksploitasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenaga_kerja_anak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenaga kerja anak (halaman belum tersedia)">tenaga kerja anak</a></b>: Negara yang kurang melindungi anak-anak rentan disusupi perusahaan terselubung dan geng kriminal yang ingin mengeksploitasi mereka. Contoh pekerjaan yang dipaksakan kepada anak-anak adalah pertambangan, pembongkaran kapal, dan perkebunan, namun ada pula penyelundupan, budak seks, kerja paksa, prostitusi, dan pornografi.<sup id="cite_ref-Edmonds_Pavcni_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmonds_Pavcni-323"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena_Norberg-Hodge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Helena Norberg-Hodge (halaman belum tersedia)">Helena Norberg-Hodge</a>, direktur dan pendiri ISEC, mengkritik globalisasi dari berbagai sisi. Dalam bukunya, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Futures:_Learning_from_Ladakh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh (halaman belum tersedia)">Ancient Futures</a></i>, Norberg-Hodge mengklaim bahwa "keseimbangan lingkungan dan keselarasan sosial yang bertahan selama sekian abad terancam oleh tekanan pembangunan dan globalisasi." Ia juga mengkritik standardisasi dan rasionalisasi globalisasi, as it does not always yield the expected growth outcomes. Walaupun globalisasi berlangsung dengan tahap-tahap yang sama di hampir semua negara, para pakar seperti Hodge mengatakan bahwa globalisasi tidak efektif bagi negara-negara tertentu. Globalisasi justru memundurkan sejumlah negara dan tidak membangun sama sekali.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gerakan_anti-globalisasi">Gerakan anti-globalisasi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=46" title="Sunting bagian: Gerakan anti-globalisasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=46" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Gerakan anti-globalisasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Gerakan_anti-globalisasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerakan anti-globalisasi">Gerakan anti-globalisasi</a></div> <p>Anti-globalisasi, atau kontra-globalisasi,<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> terdiri dari sejumlah kritik terhadap globalisasi, namun umumnya kritis terhadap globalisasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapitalisme_korporat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapitalisme korporat (halaman belum tersedia)">kapitalisme korporat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gerakan ini juga lebih sering disebut sebagai gerakan <a href="/wiki/Alter-globalisasi" title="Alter-globalisasi">alter-globalisasi</a>, gerakan anti-globalis, gerakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktivisme_anti-perusahaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktivisme anti-perusahaan (halaman belum tersedia)">anti-globalisasi perusahaan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Juris_327-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juris-327"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> atau gerakan melawan globalisasi <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a>. Gerakan anti-globalisasi bisa disebut meliputi ideologi-ideologi yang ada di "gerakan" lainnya, yaitu penolakan terhadap integrasi pasar modal, keadilan sosial dan kesenjangan, anti-konsumerisme, anti-pemerintahan global, dan penolakan pencinta lingkungan. Setiap ideologi tersebut dapat disertakan dalam gerakan anti-globalisasi, tetapi pada umumnya gerakan ini mengerahkan segala upayanya pada prinsip-prinsip utama ini. Gerakan anti-globalisasi dianggap sebagai gerakan sosial yang baru dan modern, karena isu-isu yang diperjuangkannya cocok dengan zaman modern. Akan tetapi, peristiwa yang membakar semangat gerakan ini sudah ada sejak zaman perlawanan terhadap kolonialisme Eropa dan imperialisme Amerika Serikat 500 tahun yang lalu.<sup id="cite_ref-stwr.org_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stwr.org-328"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ini mengacu pada benua Afrika yang dikolonisasi dan diperas sumber daya alamnya oleh bangsa Eropa pada abad ke-19. Gerakan anti-globalisasi juga sangat terkait dengan mobilisasi anti-Perang Vietnam antara 1960 dan 1970, serta protes internasional terhadap penyesuaian struktur di Afrika, Asia, dan Amerika Latin. Sosiolog Britania <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Q. Hirst</a> dan ekonom politik Grahame F. Thompson mengatakan bahwa istilah ini masih kabur;<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> aktivitas "gerakan anti-globalisasi" mencakup upaya-upaya untuk menunjukkan kedaulatan, mempraktikkan pembuatan keputusan demokratis lokal, atau membatasi pergerakan orang, barang, dan ideologi kapitalis, terutama deregulasi <a href="/wiki/Pasar_bebas" title="Pasar bebas">pasar bebas</a>, secara internasional. Pengarang dan aktivis sosial Kanada <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a> berpendapat bahwa istilah ini bisa berarti satu <a href="/wiki/Gerakan_sosial" title="Gerakan sosial">gerakan sosial</a> atau beberapa gerakan sosial seperti nasionalisme dan sosialisme.<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bruce Podobnik, sosiolog di Lewis and Clark College, menyatakan bahwa, "mayoritas kelompok yang berpartisipasi dalam protes semacam ini mendapatkan dukungan internasional, dan mereka biasanya menuntut globalisasi yang memperbaiki perwakilan demokratis, hak asasi manusia, dan egalitarianisme."<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ekonom <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> dan Andrew Charlton menulis: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Gerakan anti-globalisasi menolak aspek-aspek globalisasi yang mereka anggap negatif. Istilah 'anti-globalisasi' sendiri adalah sebuah kesalahan, karena kelompok yang mewakili banyak kepentingan dan isu dan orang-orang yang terlibat dalam gerakan anti-globalisasi justru mendukung hubungan yang lebih erat antara masyarakat dan kebudayaan dunia melalui, misalnya, bantuan, bantuan pengungsi, dan isu lingkungan global.<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Umumnya, penentang globalisasi di negara-negara maju berasal dari kelas menengah dan berpendidikan tinggi. Ini berbeda jauh dengan penentang globalisasi di negara-negara berkembang. Gerakan anti-globalisasi di negara berkembang lebih berhasil menarik perhatian jutaan pekerja dan petani.<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Para pendukung gerakan ini sadar dengan ketidaksetaraan kekuasaan dan sikap menghargai dalam perdagangan internasional antara negara maju dan kurang maju.<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aktivis yang mendukung gerakan anti-globalisasi menentang masalah yang bermacam-macam. Ada beberapa dimensi globalisasi, yaitu ekonomi, politik, budaya, lingkungan, dan ideologi. Subkelompoknya yang banyak mencakup anggota serikat pekerja, environmentalis, anarkis, aktivis hak lahan dan hak pribumi, organisasi HAM dan pembangunan berkelanjutan, penentang swastanisasi, dan aktivis anti-pabrik peras (<i>sweatshop</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-stwr.org_328-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stwr.org-328"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Taktik_gerakan">Taktik gerakan</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=47" title="Sunting bagian: Taktik gerakan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=47" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Taktik gerakan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>D.A. Snow et al. mengatakan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Gerakan_anti-globalisasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerakan anti-globalisasi">gerakan anti-globalisasi</a> merupakan contoh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_sosial_baru&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan sosial baru (halaman belum tersedia)">gerakan sosial baru</a>. Gerakan jenis ini menggunakan taktik yang unik dan memanfaatkan sumber daya yang tidak pernah digunakan oleh gerakan sosial lain.<sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Para pelakunya berpartisipasi dalam hal-hal seperti taktik disruptif (mengganggu), misalnya <i>flash mob</i> untuk menarik perhatian sekitar dan menyebarkan informasi soal efek globalisasi. Ada pula penyebaran informasi tentang gerakan sosial melalui media sosial, dan getok tular tentang LSM, organisasi, dan gerakan yang bekerja untuk meringangkan efek globalisasi. Situs-situs web seperti <a href="/wiki/Twitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> menjadi alat yang berguna bagi masyarakat untuk mengetahui peristiwa-peristiwa di dunia, unjuk rasa atau taktik yang sedang berlangsung, serta aktivitas LSM yang membantu negara-negara miskin. </p><p>Salah satu taktik gerakan ini yang paling terkenal adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Seattle_(1999)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Seattle (1999) (halaman belum tersedia)">Battle of Seattle</a> tahun 1999, yaitu unjuk rasa menolak Rapat Tingkat Menteri Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia ke-3.<sup id="cite_ref-stwr.org_328-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stwr.org-328"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Protes atau unjuk rasa ini bisa disebut sebagai perkumpulan orang-orang akar rumput yang memiliki tujuan dalam gerakan anti-globalisasi yang berunju krasa melawan kekuasaan korporat di WTO. Di seluruh dunia, gerakan sosial baru melakukan protes di luar gedung pertemuan WTO, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Bank Dunia, Forum Ekonomi Dunia, dan Group of Eight (G8).<sup id="cite_ref-stwr.org_328-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stwr.org-328"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam unjuk rasa di Seattle, para pesertanya menggunakan taktik kreatif dan kekerasan untuk menggalang kesadaran atas permasalahan globalisasi. Battle of Seattle masih merupakan salah satu protes gerakan sosial terpenting dalam 20 tahun terakhir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penolakan_integrasi_pasar_modal">Penolakan integrasi pasar modal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=48" title="Sunting bagian: Penolakan integrasi pasar modal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=48" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penolakan integrasi pasar modal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_anti-kapitalis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan anti-kapitalis (halaman belum tersedia)">Gerakan anti-kapitalis</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg/250px-Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg/375px-Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg/500px-Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Pengunjuk rasa Bank Dunia, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pasar modal memiliki kaitan dengan pengumpulan dan investasi uang di berbagai badan usaha. Eratnya integrasi <a href="/wiki/Pasar_keuangan" title="Pasar keuangan">pasar keuangan</a> antarnegara menciptakan pasar modal global atau pasar dunia tunggal. Dalam jangka panjang, pergerakan modal antarnegara akan menguntungkan para pemilik modal; dalam jangka pendek, pemilik dan pekerja di sektor-sektor tertentu di negara pengekspor modal dibebani karena harus menyesuaikan dengan pergerakan modal yang semakin banyak.<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cukup wajar apabila kondisi seperti ini berujung pada perpecahan politik saat membicarakan dorongan atau peningkatan integrasi pasar modal internasional. </p><p>Para penentang integrasi pasar modal atas dasar <a href="/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia" title="Hak asasi manusia">hak asasi manusia</a> merasa terganggu oleh berbagai pelanggaran yang dirasa diotaki oleh lembaga-lembaga global dan internasional yang katanya mempromosikan <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalisme" title="Neoliberalisme">neoliberalisme</a> tanpa mematuhi standar etik. Ini bisa disebut "kapitalisme korporat", yaitu organisasi-organisasi berorientasi uang seperti Bank Dunia dan Dana Moneter Internasional, dan perusahaan multinasional yang populer dan kompetitif seperti Nike dan lain-lain. Target yang paling lazim bagi pengunjuk rasa adalah <a href="/wiki/Bank_Dunia" title="Bank Dunia">Bank Dunia</a> (WB), <a href="/wiki/Dana_Moneter_Internasional" title="Dana Moneter Internasional">Dana Moneter Internasional</a> (IMF), <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Kerja_Sama_dan_Pembangunan_Ekonomi" title="Organisasi Kerja Sama dan Pembangunan Ekonomi">Organisasi Kerja Sama dan Pembangunan Ekonomi</a> (OECD), dan <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia" title="Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia">Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia</a> (WTO), dan perjanjian <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_bebas" title="Perdagangan bebas">perdagangan bebas</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Trade Area of the Americas (halaman belum tersedia)">Free Trade Area of the Americas</a> (FTAA), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilateral_Agreement_on_Investment&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Multilateral Agreement on Investment (halaman belum tersedia)">Multilateral Agreement on Investment</a> (MAI), dan <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">General Agreement on Trade in Services</a> (GATS). Karena ada celah ekonomi antara negara kaya dan miskin, para pendukung gerakan ini mengklaim "perdagangan bebas" tanpa peraturan yang melindungi negara kurang modal hanya akan memperkuat kekuatan negara-negara maju (sering disebut "Utara", berlawanan dengan "Selatan" untuk menyebut dunia berkembang). Beberapa perusahaan Utara yang kuat telah menerapkan kebijakan seperti swastanisasi industri publik dan pengurangan tarif. Aksi ini justru memunculkan banyak pabrik peras (<i>sweatshop</i>) di negara berkembang yang upahnya kecil dan tidak adil dan kondisinya tidak aman bagi kesehatan dan psikologi pekerja. Negara-negara Utara mendapatkan manfaatnya dengan membeli barang yang harganya lebih murah. Sayangnya, produksi barang murah ini merugikan orang-orang miskin dan komunitasnya atau negaranya secara keseluruhan. Saat ini, perdagangan adil telah diberlakukan untuk membangun kembali ekonomi negara-negara dunia ketiga dengan membayar karyawan produsen barang ekspor dengan pantas sesuai kinerjanya.<sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keadilan_dan_kesenjangan_global">Keadilan dan kesenjangan global</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=49" title="Sunting bagian: Keadilan dan kesenjangan global" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=49" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keadilan dan kesenjangan global"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_keadilan_global&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan keadilan global (halaman belum tersedia)">Gerakan keadilan global</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Global_Digital_Divide1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Global_Digital_Divide1.png/250px-Global_Digital_Divide1.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Global_Digital_Divide1.png/375px-Global_Digital_Divide1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Global_Digital_Divide1.png/500px-Global_Digital_Divide1.png 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celah_digital_global&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Celah digital global (halaman belum tersedia)">Celah digital global</a>: Komputer per 100 jiwa</figcaption></figure> <p>Gerakan keadilan global adalah perkumpulan individu dan kelompok—biasa disebut "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_pergerakan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan pergerakan (halaman belum tersedia)">gerakan pergerakan</a>"—yang menuntut adanya aturan <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_adil" title="Perdagangan adil">perdagangan adil</a> dan melihat badan integrasi ekonomi global saat ini sebagai suatu masalah.<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gerakan ini sering dicap sebagai gerakan anti-globalisasi oleh media arus utama. Anggota gerakan ini sering membantah bahwa mereka <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalisasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalisasi">anti-globalisasi</a> serta menegaskan bahwa mereka mendukung globalisasi komunikasi dan manusia dan hanya menentang ekspansi kekuasaan perusahaan secara global.<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gerakan ini didasarkan pada ide <a href="/wiki/Keadilan_sosial" title="Keadilan sosial">keadilan sosial</a> yang menginginkan terbentuknya masyarakat atau lembaga berdasarkan prinsip <a href="/wiki/Kesetaraan_sosial" title="Kesetaraan sosial">kesetaraan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Solidaritas" title="Solidaritas">solidaritas</a>, nilai hak asasi manusia, dan martabat setiap manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2006_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-340"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2005_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-341"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesenjangan_struktural&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesenjangan struktural (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesenjangan sosial</a> di dalam dan antar negara, termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celah_digital_global&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Celah digital global (halaman belum tersedia)">celah digital global</a>, adalah fokus utama gerakan ini. Banyak lembaga swadaya masyarakat dibentuk untuk memerangi kesenjangan yang terjadi di Amerika Latin, Afrika, dan Asia. Beberapa <a href="/wiki/Lembaga_swadaya_masyarakat" title="Lembaga swadaya masyarakat">lembaga swadaya masyarakat</a> yang terkenal adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=War_Child&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="War Child (halaman belum tersedia)">War Child</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Cross&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Cross (halaman belum tersedia)">Red Cross</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_The_Children&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Free The Children (halaman belum tersedia)">Free The Children</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=CARE_International&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CARE International (halaman belum tersedia)">CARE International</a>. Mereka biasanya bekerja sama memperbaiki kehidupan masyarakat di dunia ketiga dengan membangun sekolah, memperbaiki infrastruktur, memasok air bersih, membeli perlengkapan dan persediaan untuk rumah sakit, dan bantuan lainnya. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Occupy_Wall_Street_Washington_Square_Park_2011_Shankbone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Occupy_Wall_Street_Washington_Square_Park_2011_Shankbone.JPG/250px-Occupy_Wall_Street_Washington_Square_Park_2011_Shankbone.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Occupy_Wall_Street_Washington_Square_Park_2011_Shankbone.JPG/375px-Occupy_Wall_Street_Washington_Square_Park_2011_Shankbone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Occupy_Wall_Street_Washington_Square_Park_2011_Shankbone.JPG/500px-Occupy_Wall_Street_Washington_Square_Park_2011_Shankbone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Rapat terbuka <a href="/wiki/Gerakan_Occupy" title="Gerakan Occupy">gerakan Occupy</a> di <a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City">New York City</a>, 8 Oktober 2011</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kesenjangan">Kesenjangan</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=50" title="Sunting bagian: Kesenjangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=50" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kesenjangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kesenjangan_ekonomi" title="Kesenjangan ekonomi">Kesenjangan ekonomi</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesenjangan_internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesenjangan internasional (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesenjangan internasional</a></div> <p>Pesatnya <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_internasional" title="Perdagangan internasional">perdagangan internasional</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larangan_masuk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Larangan masuk (halaman belum tersedia)">larangan masuk</a> yang tinggi, <a href="/wiki/Konsolidasi_(bisnis)" title="Konsolidasi (bisnis)">konsolidasi</a> perusahaan, surga pajak dan cara <a href="/wiki/Penghindaran_pajak" title="Penghindaran pajak">penghindaran pajak</a> lainnya, dan <a href="/wiki/Korupsi_politik" class="mw-redirect" title="Korupsi politik">korupsi politik</a> telah meningkatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesenjangan_pendapatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesenjangan pendapatan (halaman belum tersedia)">kesenjangan pendapatan</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemusatan_kekayaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemusatan kekayaan (halaman belum tersedia)">pemusatan kekayaan</a>: distribusi <a href="/wiki/Aset" title="Aset">aset</a> (kekayaan) ekonomi dan <a href="/wiki/Pendapatan" title="Pendapatan">pendapatan</a> yang semakin tidak merata di antara penduduk dunia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesenjangan_internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesenjangan internasional (halaman belum tersedia)">negara</a>, dan individu. Kesenjangan ekonomi bervariasi antara masyarakat, periode sejarah, struktur atau sistem ekonomi (misalnya <a href="/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme">kapitalisme</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Sosialisme" title="Sosialisme">sosialisme</a>), peperangan yang sedang berlangsung atau selesai, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celah_upah_gender&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Celah upah gender (halaman belum tersedia)">gender</a>, dan kemampuan individu untuk menghasilkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekayaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekayaan (halaman belum tersedia)">kekayaan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ada berbagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_(ekonomi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks (ekonomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">indeks</a> numerik untuk mengukur kesenjangan ekonomi. Indeks yang paling terkenal adalah <a href="/wiki/Koefisien_Gini" title="Koefisien Gini">koefisien Gini</a>, namun selain itu ada juga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukuran_kesenjangan_pendapatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukuran kesenjangan pendapatan (halaman belum tersedia)">beberapa metode lain</a>. </p><p>Kesenjangan ekonomi memengaruhi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekuitas_(ekonomi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekuitas (ekonomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">ekuitas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetaraan_pengeluaran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesetaraan pengeluaran (halaman belum tersedia)">kesetaraan pengeluaran</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kesetaraan_kesempatan" title="Kesetaraan kesempatan">kesetaraan kesempatan</a>. Walaupun pemikiran lama menganggap kesenjangan ekonomi diperlukan dan membawa manfaat,<sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> kesenjangan ekonomi belakangan ini lebih sering dianggap sebagai masalah sosial.<sup id="cite_ref-Spirit_Level_345-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spirit_Level-345"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penelitian-penelitian awal yang menunjukkan bahwa kesetaraan lebih besar menghambat <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_ekonomi" title="Pertumbuhan ekonomi">pertumbuhan ekonomi</a> terbukti salah karena tidak mempertimbangkan waktu yang dibutuhkan bagi kesenjangan untuk menghambat pertumbuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-BanerjeeDuflo_346-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BanerjeeDuflo-346"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kenyataannya, salah satu penentu pertumbuhan ekonomi tetap yang paling jelas dan penting adalah tingkat kesenjangan pendapatan.<sup id="cite_ref-BergOstryEE_302-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BergOstryEE-302"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesenjangan_internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesenjangan internasional (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesenjangan internasional</a> adalah kesenjangan yang terjadi antarnegara. <a href="/wiki/Kesenjangan_ekonomi" title="Kesenjangan ekonomi">Kesenjangan ekonomi</a> antara negara kaya dan miskin sangat besar. Menurut Laporan Pembangunan Manusia <a href="/wiki/Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a> tahun 2004, PDB per kapita di negara yang pembangunan manusianya tinggi, sedang, dan rendah (klasifikasi menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia_PBB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks Pembangunan Manusia PBB (halaman belum tersedia)">Indeks Pembangunan Manusia PBB</a>) masing-masing 24.806, 4.269, dan 1.184 PPP$ (<a href="/wiki/Keseimbangan_kemampuan_berbelanja" title="Keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja">keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Dolar_Amerika_Serikat" title="Dolar Amerika Serikat">dolar Amerika Serikat</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kesenjangan_gender_di_angkatan_kerja_global">Kesenjangan gender di angkatan kerja global</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=51" title="Sunting bagian: Kesenjangan gender di angkatan kerja global" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=51" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kesenjangan gender di angkatan kerja global"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kesenjangan_gender" title="Kesenjangan gender">Kesenjangan gender</a></div> <p>Wanita sering terlibat dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekerjaan_keras&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekerjaan keras (halaman belum tersedia)">pekerjaan keras</a>, termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekerjaan_berorientasi_ekspor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekerjaan berorientasi ekspor (halaman belum tersedia)">pekerjaan berorientasi ekspor</a>. Serangkaian bukti menunjukkan bahwa meski globalisasi memperluas akses pekerjaan bagi wanita, tujuan jangka panjang globalisasi berupa perubahan kesenjangan gender masih tak tercapai dan tampaknya tidak akan bisa dicapai tanpa pengaturan modal serta reorientasi dan perluasan peran negara dalam mendanai kepentingan masyarakat dan menyediakan jaring pengaman sosial.<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-konsumerisme">Anti-konsumerisme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=52" title="Sunting bagian: Anti-konsumerisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=52" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Anti-konsumerisme"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Anti-konsumerisme" title="Anti-konsumerisme">Anti-konsumerisme</a></div> <p>Anti-konsumerisme adalah gerakan sosial-politik yang menentang penyetaraan kebahagiaan pribadi dengan konsumsi dan pembelian barang kepemilikan. Istilah "konsumerisme" pertama kali digunakan tahun 1915 untuk menyebut "dukungan terhadap hak dan kepentingan konsumen", namun istilah "<a href="/wiki/Konsumerisme" title="Konsumerisme">konsumerisme</a>" di sini mengacu pada makna yang dicetuskan tahun 1960, yaitu "pemerolehan barang konsumsi". Kekhawatiran atas perlakuan konsumen melahirkan aktivisme yang lumayan besar serta penyertaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_konsumen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan konsumen (halaman belum tersedia)">pendidikan konsumen</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Kurikulum" title="Kurikulum">kurikulum</a> sekolah. </p><p>Aktivisme anti-konsumeris sejalan dengan aktivisme lingkungan, anti-globalisasi, dan aktivisme hak asasi hewan yang sama-sama mengutuk perusahaan modern atau organisasi yang mengejar kepentingan ekonomi saja. Salah satu variasi topik ini adalah aktivisme yang dilakukan kaum poskonsumen. Kaum poskonsumen lebih menekankan pada kehidupan pasca-konsumerisme adiktif. </p><p>Belakangan ini semakin banyak buku dan film yang memperkenalkan <a href="/wiki/Ideologi" title="Ideologi">ideologi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktivisme_anti-perusahaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktivisme anti-perusahaan (halaman belum tersedia)">anti-perusahaan</a> kepada masyarakat, seperti buku <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=No_Logo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="No Logo (halaman belum tersedia)">No Logo</a></i> karya Naomi Klein dan film <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Corporation_(film)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Corporation (film) (halaman belum tersedia)">The Corporation</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surplus_(film)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Surplus (film) (halaman belum tersedia)">Surplus</a></i>. </p><p>Penolakan terhadap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Materialisme_ekonomi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Materialisme ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">materialisme ekonomi</a> berasal dari dua sumber utama, <a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">agama</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktivisme_sosial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktivisme sosial (halaman belum tersedia)">aktivisme sosial</a>. Beberapa agama mengajarkan bahwa materialisme mengganggu hubungan antara manusia dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keagungan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Keagungan (halaman belum tersedia)">Tuhan</a> dan materialisme adalah gaya hidup yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imoralitas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Imoralitas (halaman belum tersedia)">tidak bermoral</a>. Para aktivis sosial percaya bahwa materialisme ada kaitannya dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toko_gedung_besar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Toko gedung besar (halaman belum tersedia)">barang ritel global</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvergensi_pemasok&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvergensi pemasok (halaman belum tersedia)">konvergensi pemasok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perang" title="Perang">perang</a>, ketamakan, <a href="/wiki/Anomi" title="Anomi">anomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kejahatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kejahatan">kejahatan</a>, kerusakan lingkungan, serta <a href="/wiki/Malaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaise">malaise</a> dan ketidakpuasan sosial secara umum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-pemerintahan_global">Anti-pemerintahan global</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=53" title="Sunting bagian: Anti-pemerintahan global" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=53" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Anti-pemerintahan global"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Pemerintahan_global" title="Pemerintahan global">Pemerintahan global</a></div> <p>Sejak 1930-an, muncul penolakan terhadap ide pemerintahan dunia sebagaimana yang diusung oleh sejumlah organisasi seperti World Federalist Movement (WFM).<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Para penentang pemerintahan global biasanya beropini atas dasar ide tersebut kurang cocok, opresif, dan tidak perlu.<sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Umumnya, para penentang khawatir dengan pemusatan kekuasaan atau kekayaan yang dimiliki pemerintahan seperti itu. Alasan keagamaan juga diangkat; pemerintahan global dipandang sebagai <a href="/wiki/Antikristus" title="Antikristus">Antikristus</a> atau perwujudannya (lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatanan_Dunia_Baru_(teori_konspirasi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatanan Dunia Baru (teori konspirasi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Tatanan Dunia Baru (teori konspirasi)</a>). Alasan semacam ini sudah ada sejak zaman pendirian <a href="/wiki/Liga_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Liga Bangsa-Bangsa">Liga Bangsa-Bangsa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penolakan_pencinta_lingkungan">Penolakan pencinta lingkungan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=54" title="Sunting bagian: Penolakan pencinta lingkungan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=54" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penolakan pencinta lingkungan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg/250px-Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg/375px-Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg/500px-Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deforestasi" title="Deforestasi">Deforestasi</a> Plato Dataran Tinggi <a href="/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar">Madagaskar</a> mengakibatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siltasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Siltasi (halaman belum tersedia)">siltasi</a> besar-besaran dan aliran <a href="/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai">sungai</a> barat yang tidak stabil.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Environmentalisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalisme">Environmentalisme</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Pemanasan_global" title="Pemanasan global">Pemanasan global</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perubahan_iklim" title="Perubahan iklim">Perubahan iklim</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Deforestasi" title="Deforestasi">Deforestasi</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Environmentalisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalisme">Environmentalisme</a> adalah pemikiran, ideologi, dan gerakan sosial bercakupan luas<sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang memperhatikan masalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_pelestarian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan pelestarian (halaman belum tersedia)">pelestarian</a> lingkungan dan perbaikan kesehatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingkungan_(biofisik)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingkungan (biofisik) (halaman belum tersedia)">lingkungan</a>, apalagi ketika menyangkut makhluk hidup non-manusia. Environmentalisme menuntut perlindungan, pengembalian, dan perbaikan lingkungan alam agar hubungan antara manusia dan <a href="/wiki/Lingkungan_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingkungan alami">lingkungan alaminya</a> seimbang. Keseimbangan ini masih kontroversial dan ada banyak cara untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan lingkungan. Environmentalisme dan masalah lingkungan sering diwakili atau digambarkan oleh warna <a href="/wiki/Hijau" title="Hijau">hijau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Light,_Dark_and_Bright_Green_Environmentalism_354-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Light,_Dark_and_Bright_Green_Environmentalism-354"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tetapi kaitan warna ini dimanfaatkan oleh industri pemasaran sebagai taktik utama dalam <a href="/wiki/Pencucian_hijau" title="Pencucian hijau">pencucian hijau</a> (<i>greenwashing</i>). Masalah lingkungan yang menyangkut globalisasi meliputi <a href="/wiki/Pemanasan_global" title="Pemanasan global">pemanasan global</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perubahan_iklim" title="Perubahan iklim">perubahan iklim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krisis_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Krisis air">krisis air</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pasokan_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasokan air">pasokan air</a> dunia, ketidaksetaraan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsumsi_energi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsumsi energi (halaman belum tersedia)">konsumsi energi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Konservasi_energi" class="mw-disambig" title="Konservasi energi">konservasi energi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polusi_udara" class="mw-redirect" title="Polusi udara">polusi udara</a> transnasional dan polusi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lautan_dunia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lautan dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">lautan dunia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelebihan_penduduk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelebihan penduduk">kelebihan penduduk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keberlanjutan" title="Keberlanjutan">keberlanjutan</a> <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> dunia, <a href="/wiki/Deforestasi" title="Deforestasi">deforestasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keragaman_hayati" class="mw-redirect" title="Keragaman hayati">keragaman hayati</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepunahan_spesies&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepunahan spesies (halaman belum tersedia)">kepunahan spesies</a>. </p><p>Masalah lainnya adalah "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apartheid_lingkungan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Apartheid lingkungan (halaman belum tersedia)">apartheid lingkungan</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-355" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-355"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang mengklaim bahwa sumber daya dan kekayaan masyarakat dinikmati oleh minoritas kecil ras atau kelas yang sangat terlindungi. Mayoritas penduduk pun tidak berkesempatan mengakses sumber daya yang dibutuhkan untuk bertahan hidup. Pada masa pra-Rio, negara-negara Utara-lah yang banyak berkontribusi pada kerusakan lingkungan. Globalisasi menata ulang struktur kendali atas sumber daya sampai-sampai SDA yang dimiliki negara miskin diambil alih oleh negara kaya dan polusi yang dihasilkan negara kaya dilimpahkan ke negara miskin.<sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Contohnya, 90 persen <a href="/wiki/Emisi_karbon_dioksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Emisi karbon dioksida">emisi karbon dioksida</a> dari dulu berasal dari negara maju. Negara maju menghasilkan 90 persen limbah berbahaya dunia setiap tahunnya. Perdagangan bebas global telah mengglobalkan penghancuran lingkungan dengan pola asimetris. Beberapa pihak berpendapat bahwa ekonomi dikendalikan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan Utara dan mereka terus mengeruk sumber daya negara miskin untuk keperluan aktivias globalnya, sedangkan negara-negara Selatan-lah yang menerima beban lingkungan dari ekonomi global ini. Globalisasi lantas memicu terjadinya apartheid lingkungan.<sup id="cite_ref-357" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-357"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Permasalahan terkait ialah <a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_surga_polusi" title="Hipotesis surga polusi">hipotesis surga polusi</a> yang menyatakan bahwa ketika negara maju besar ingin mendirikan pabrik atau kantor di luar negeri, mereka akan mencari opsi sumber daya dan tenaga kerja termurah yang memiliki akses lahan dan material yang dibutuhkan (lihat <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_to_the_bottom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Race to the bottom (halaman belum tersedia)">race to the bottom</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Unmaskingthe_358-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unmaskingthe-358"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aktivitas ini biasanya mengabaikan praktik-praktik ramah lingkungan. Negara berkembang yang sumber daya dan tenaga kerjanya murah cenderung memiliki <a href="/wiki/Hukum_lingkungan" title="Hukum lingkungan">peraturan lingkungan</a> yang longgar. Sebaliknya, negara yang peraturan lingkungannya ketat dirasa semakin tidak cocok bagi perusahaan karena butuh biaya banyak untuk memenuhi standar lingkungan tersebut. Karena itu, perusahaan yang memutuskan berinvestasi secara fisik di luar negeri akan pindah ke negara yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standar_lingkungan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Standar lingkungan (halaman belum tersedia)">standar lingkungannya</a> rendah atau penegakan hukumnya lemah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurnal_utama">Jurnal utama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=55" title="Sunting bagian: Jurnal utama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=55" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jurnal utama"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Daftar_jurnal_tentang_globalisasi" title="Daftar jurnal tentang globalisasi">Daftar jurnal tentang globalisasi</a></div> <p>Jurnal-jurnal akademik utama yang mempelajari globalisasi: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipode_(jurnal)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antipode (jurnal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Antipode</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Development_and_Change" title="Development and Change">Development and Change</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_Geography_(jurnal)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic Geography (jurnal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Economic Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization_and_Health&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalization and Health (halaman belum tersedia)">Globalization and Health</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glocalismjournal.net"><i>Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529190317/http://glocalismjournal.net/">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-05-29 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_World-Systems_Research&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of World-Systems Research (halaman belum tersedia)">Journal of World-Systems Research</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Development_(jurnal)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="World Development (jurnal) (halaman belum tersedia)">World Development</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=56" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=56" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar" style="width:auto;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Sumber pustaka</a> mengenai <br /> <b>Globalisasi</b> <hr /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/ftl?st=wp&amp;su=Globalisasi&amp;library=OLBP">Buku daring</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/ftl?st=wp&amp;su=Globalisasi">Sumber di perpustakaan Anda</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/ftl?st=wp&amp;su=Globalisasi&amp;library=0CHOOSE0">Sumber di perpustakaan lain</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22254620">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18261910"><div class="div-col" style="column-count:3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalisasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalisasi">Anti-globalisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalisasi" title="Deglobalisasi">Deglobalisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deklarasi_Milenium_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Deklarasi Milenium Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Deklarasi Milenium PBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_global" title="Desa global">Desa global</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimensi_globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimensi globalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Dimensi globalisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Ungu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekonomi Ungu">Ekonomi Ungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garis_besar_globalisasi" title="Garis besar globalisasi">Garis besar globalisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_budaya" title="Globalisasi budaya">Globalisasi budaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalisme" title="Globalisme">Globalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interdependensi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Interdependensi (halaman belum tersedia)">Interdependensi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebersamaan_global&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebersamaan global (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebersamaan global</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemaslahatan_umum_global&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemaslahatan umum global (halaman belum tersedia)">Kemaslahatan umum global</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kependudukan_global&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kependudukan global (halaman belum tersedia)">Kependudukan global</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kewarganegaraan_transnasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kewarganegaraan transnasional (halaman belum tersedia)">Kewarganegaraan transnasional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konsensus_Washington" title="Konsensus Washington">Konsensus Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmopolitanisme" title="Kosmopolitanisme">Kosmopolitanisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreolisasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreolisasi">Kreolisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kritik_pembangunan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kritik pembangunan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kritik pembangunan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misi_peradaban&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Misi peradaban (halaman belum tersedia)">Misi peradaban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundialisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundialisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Mundialisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembagi_Utara-Selatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembagi Utara-Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembagi Utara-Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peralihan_Besar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peralihan Besar (halaman belum tersedia)">Peralihan Besar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfilman_transnasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perfilman transnasional (halaman belum tersedia)">Perfilman transnasional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertukaran_Columbus" title="Pertukaran Columbus">Pertukaran Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posmodernisme" title="Posmodernisme">Posmodernisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumpun_bahasa_Inggris_dunia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumpun bahasa Inggris dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Rumpun bahasa Inggris dunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategi_Lisbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategi Lisbon">Strategi Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studi_global" title="Studi global">Studi global</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatanan_Dunia_Baru_(teori_konspirasi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatanan Dunia Baru (teori konspirasi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Tatanan Dunia Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teknokapitalisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teknokapitalisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Teknokapitalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timur_Tengah_dan_globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Timur Tengah dan globalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Timur Tengah dan globalisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triadisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Triadisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Triadisasi</a></li> <li><i><a 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Nayef and Gérard Stoudmann. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091128001215/http://www.sustainablehistory.com/articles/definitions-of-globalization.pdf">Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albrow-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Albrow_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albrow_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Albrow, Martin and Elizabeth King (eds.) (1990). <i>Globalization, Knowledge and Society </i>London: Sage. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780803983243" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8039-8324-3</a> p. 8. 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"Globalization and Sustainable Development: False Twins?". <i>New Global Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 23–56. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1940-0004">1940-0004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Global+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Globalization+and+Sustainable+Development%3A+False+Twins%3F&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=23-56&amp;rft.issn=1940-0004&amp;rft.aulast=Bakari&amp;rft.aufirst=Mohamed+El-Kamel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robertson, Roland (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalizationsoc0000robe"><i>Globalization&#160;: social theory and global culture</i></a> (edisi ke-Reprint.). London: Sage. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0803981872" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0803981872">0803981872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Globalization+%3A+social+theory+and+global+culture&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.edition=Reprint.&amp;rft.pub=Sage&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=0803981872&amp;rft.aulast=Robertson&amp;rft.aufirst=Roland&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalizationsoc0000robe&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony. (1991). <i>The Consequences of Modernity</i> Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780745609232" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7456-0923-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Held, David, et al. (1999). <i>Global Transformations</i> Cambridge: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780745614984" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7456-1498-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larsson, Thomas. (2001). <i>The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization</i> Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781930865150" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-930865-15-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Thomas L. "The Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention". <i>Emerging: A Reader.</i> Ed. Barclay Barrios. Boston: Bedford, St. Martins, 2008. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fotopoulos, Takis. (2001). 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=A+Global+Breakdown+Of+The+Recession+In+2009&amp;rft.date=2009-01-15&amp;rft.au=Roubini%2C+Nouriel&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F14%2Fglobal-recession-2009-oped-cx_nr_0115roubini.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faiola, Anthony. (2009). "A Global Retreat As Economies Dry Up." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/04/AR2009030404221.html"><i>The Washington Post</i>, 5 March 2009.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415055546/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/04/AR2009030404221.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-04-15 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gjelten, Tom. (2009). "Economic Crisis Poses Threat To Global Stability." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100781975">NPR, 18 February 2009.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141552/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100781975">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-05-20 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lodge, George C. (1995). <i>Managing Globalization in the Age of Interdependence</i>. Golden Books Center: Kuala Lumpur. p.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sorrells, Kathryn. (2012). <i>Intercultural Communication Globalization and Social Justice</i>. Thousand Oaks: Sage Pubs. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781412927444" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4129-2744-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Maryati, Kun,. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958874412"><i>Sosiologi&#160;: Kelompok Peminatan Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial untuk SMA/MA. 3, &#91;Schülerband&#93; Kelas XII</i></a>. Suryawati, Juju, (edisi ke-Kurikulum 2013, Sekolah Menengah Atas/Madrasah Aliyah). Jakarta. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-602-254-135-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-602-254-135-6">978-602-254-135-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/958874412">958874412</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806174409/https://www.worldcat.org/title/958874412">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sosiologi+%3A+Kelompok+Peminatan+Ilmu-Ilmu+Sosial+untuk+SMA%2FMA.+3%2C+%5BSch%C3%BClerband%5D+Kelas+XII&amp;rft.place=Jakarta&amp;rft.edition=Kurikulum+2013%2C+Sekolah+Menengah+Atas%2FMadrasah+Aliyah&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958874412&amp;rft.isbn=978-602-254-135-6&amp;rft.au=Maryati%2C+Kun%2C&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F958874412&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span>,hlm. 56-57: pada TV memungkinkan seseorang merasakan banyak hal dari budaya lain, karena parabola tidak hanya menyediakan saluran dalam negeri saja melainkan juga dari luar negeri.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hitt, Michael A.; Hoskisson, Robert E.; Kim, Hicheon (August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_academy-of-management-journal_1997-08_40_4/page/767">"International Diversification: Effects on Innovation and Firm Performance in Product-Diversified Firms"</a>. <i>The Academy of Management Journal</i>. New York, NY: Sage Publications. <b>40</b> (4): 767–798. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F256948">10.2307/256948</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-4273">0001-4273</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/256948">256948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Academy+of+Management+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=International+Diversification%3A+Effects+on+Innovation+and+Firm+Performance+in+Product-Diversified+Firms&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=767-798&amp;rft.date=1997-08&amp;rft.issn=00014273&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F256948&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F256948&amp;rft.aulast=Hitt&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&amp;rft.au=Hoskisson%2C+Robert+E.&amp;rft.au=Kim%2C+Hicheon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_academy-of-management-journal_1997-08_40_4%2Fpage%2F767&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal dan tahun (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Tanggal_dan_tahun" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal dan tahun">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniels, J., Radebaugh, L., Sullivan, D. (2007). International Business: environment and operations, 11th edition. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0131869426" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-13-186942-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakesh_Mohan_Joshi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rakesh Mohan Joshi (halaman belum tersedia)">Joshi, Rakesh Mohan</a>, (2009) <i>International Business</i>. Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0195689097" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-568909-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hitt, Michael A.; Laszlo Tihanyi; Toyah Miller; Brian L. Connelly (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140211142351/http://jom.sagepub.com/content/32/6/831.full.pdf">"International Diversification: Antecedents, Outcomes, and Moderators"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Management</i>. 32(6) (6): 831–867. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0149206306293575">10.1177/0149206306293575</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jom.sagepub.com/content/32/6/831.full.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2014-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management&amp;rft.atitle=International+Diversification%3A+Antecedents%2C+Outcomes%2C+and+Moderators&amp;rft.volume=32%286%29&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=831-867&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0149206306293575&amp;rft.aulast=Hitt&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&amp;rft.au=Laszlo+Tihanyi&amp;rft.au=Toyah+Miller&amp;rft.au=Brian+L.+Connelly&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjom.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F32%2F6%2F831.full.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160123152624/http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/globalization/global_flows_in_a_digital_age">"Salinan arsip"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Finsights%2Fglobalization%2Fglobal_flows_in_a_digital_age&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/trade">"dictionary.reference.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208141706/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/trade">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2006-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=dictionary.reference.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Ftrade&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ingham-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ingham_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ingham, Barbara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=zIaS9R7HUGIC&amp;printsec=frontcover#PPT37,M1"><i>International economics: a European focus</i></a>. Savvas Learning Company. hlm.&#160;336. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-273-65507-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-273-65507-8">0-273-65507-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806174407/https://books.google.com/books?id=zIaS9R7HUGIC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=en#PPT37,M1">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=International+economics%3A+a+European+focus&amp;rft.pages=336&amp;rft.pub=Savvas+Learning+Company&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0-273-65507-8&amp;rft.aulast=Ingham&amp;rft.aufirst=Barbara&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DzIaS9R7HUGIC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPT37%2CM1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grafik: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=10;ti=2011$zpv;v=1$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=ti;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=lin;dataMin=1864;dataMax=2082$map_y;scale=log;dataMin=236;dataMax=141476$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=i110_l001800dRaJ;i238_l001800eAbq;i239_l001800eSaC;i101_d001800dzao;i44_d001800duar">Gapminder.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bhagwati, Jagdish N.; Panagariya, Arvind (1996). <i>The economics of preferential trade agreements</i>. AEI Press. hlm.&#160;168. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0844739694" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0844739694">978-0844739694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+economics+of+preferential+trade+agreements&amp;rft.pages=168&amp;rft.pub=AEI+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-0844739694&amp;rft.aulast=Bhagwati&amp;rft.aufirst=Jagdish+N.&amp;rft.au=Panagariya%2C+Arvind&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/218417/free-trade-zone">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501080540/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/218417/free-trade-zone">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-05-01 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Definition of Free Trade Zone-Source-Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Savvas Learning Company; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220014709/https://www.savvas.com/index.cfm?locator=PS3jRm"><i>Economics</i></a>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Savvas Learning Company. hlm.&#160;454. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-13-063085-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-13-063085-3">0-13-063085-3</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.savvas.com/index.cfm?locator=PS3jRm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2016-12-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Economics&amp;rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey+07458&amp;rft.pages=454&amp;rft.pub=Savvas+Learning+Company&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-063085-3&amp;rft.au=Savvas+Learning+Company&amp;rft.au=Steven+M.+Sheffrin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.savvas.com%2Findex.cfm%3Flocator%3DPS3jRm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/economics/asia-pacific-leads-in-integrated-trade/story-e6frg926-1226119214899">"Asia-Pacific leads world in integration of trade"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105124712/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/economics/asia-pacific-leads-in-integrated-trade/story-e6frg926-1226119214899">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Asia-Pacific+leads+world+in+integration+of+trade&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Feconomics%2Fasia-pacific-leads-in-integrated-trade%2Fstory-e6frg926-1226119214899&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vogel, Ezra F. 1991. <i>The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia.</i> Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604121337/http://www.aseansec.org/4920.htm">"AFTA &amp; FTAs (ASEAN Secretariat)"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aseansec.org/4920.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=AFTA+%26+FTAs+%28ASEAN+Secretariat%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aseansec.org%2F4920.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shafik Hebous (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1934164">"Money at the Docks of Tax Havens: A Guide"</a>, CESifo Working Paper Series No. 3587, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssrn-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ssrn_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dharmapala, Dhammika und Hines Jr., James R. (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=952721">Which Countries Become Tax Havens?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508230643/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=952721">Diarsipkan</a> 2020-05-08 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moran Harari, Markus Meinzer and Richard Murphy (October 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/FSI2012_BanksBig4.pdf">"Financial Secrecy, Banks and the Big 4 Firms of Accountants"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195324/http://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/FSI2012_BanksBig4.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2017-10-17 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Tax Justice Network</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/Identifying_Tax_Havens_Jul_07.pdf">"The Truth About Tax Havens&#160;– retrieved 28 December 2007"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604085545/https://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/Identifying_Tax_Havens_Jul_07.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2011-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Truth+About+Tax+Havens+%E2%80%93+retrieved+28+December+2007&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxjustice.net%2Fcms%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2FIdentifying_Tax_Havens_Jul_07.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-157">"<i>International Taxation: Large U.S. Corporations and Federal Contractors with Subsidiaries in Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions</i> GAO:GAO-09-157"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_Accountability_Office&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Government Accountability Office (halaman belum tersedia)">Government Accountability Office</a>. December 18, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428221455/https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-09-157">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=International+Taxation%3A+Large+U.S.+Corporations+and+Federal+Contractors+with+Subsidiaries+in+Jurisdictions+Listed+as+Tax+Havens+or+Financial+Privacy+Jurisdictions+GAO%3AGAO-09-157&amp;rft.pub=Government+Accountability+Office&amp;rft.date=2008-12-18&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fproducts%2FGAO-09-157&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tjn12-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tjn12_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tax Justice Network (July 22, 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/The_Price_of_Offshore_Revisited_Presser_120722.pdf">"Revealed: Global super-rich has at least $21 trillion hidden in secret tax havens"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181230194959/http://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/The_Price_of_Offshore_Revisited_Presser_120722.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2018-12-30 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc12-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbc12_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canadian Broadcasting Co. 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In fact, the US, UK and German authorities are doing a lot", and noting that if the figures were accurate "you would expect the havens to be more conspicuously wealthy than they are". However, he also admitted that "I cannot disprove the figures at all, but they do seem staggering" <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18944097">"Tax havens: Super-rich 'hiding' at least $21tn"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2012-07-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417045750/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18944097">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2019-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uspirgedfund.org/sites/pirg/files/reports/Picking_Up_the_Tab_USP.pdf">"Picking Up the Tab"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031185645/https://uspirgedfund.org/sites/pirg/files/reports/Picking_Up_the_Tab_USP.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2021-10-31 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>U.S. Public Interest Research Group</i>, April 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/06/opinion/sunday/these-islands-arent-just-a-shelter-from-taxes.html">"These Islands Aren’t Just a Shelter From Taxes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Human+trafficking+for+organs%2Ftissue+removal&amp;rft.pub=Fightslaverynow.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffightslaverynow.org%2Fwhy-fight-there-are-27-million-reasons%2Fotherformsoftrafficking%2Forgan-removal%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224231821/http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/genewatch/GeneWatchPage.aspx?pageId=313%20">"Human trafficking for ova removal or surrogacy"</a>. Councilforresponsiblegenetics.org. 2004-03-31. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/genewatch/GeneWatchPage.aspx?pageId=313">versi asli</a> tanggal 2018-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Human+trafficking+for+ova+removal+or+surrogacy&amp;rft.pub=Councilforresponsiblegenetics.org&amp;rft.date=2004-03-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org%2Fgenewatch%2FGeneWatchPage.aspx%3FpageId%3D313&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Haken, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418003627/http://www.gfintegrity.org/storage/gfip/documents/reports/transcrime/gfi_transnational_crime_web.pdf">"Transnational Crime In The Developing World"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Global Financial Integrity. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfintegrity.org/storage/gfip/documents/reports/transcrime/gfi_transnational_crime_web.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2015-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Transnational+Crime+In+The+Developing+World&amp;rft.pub=Global+Financial+Integrity&amp;rft.aulast=Haken&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeremy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfintegrity.org%2Fstorage%2Fgfip%2Fdocuments%2Freports%2Ftranscrime%2Fgfi_transnational_crime_web.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sorrells, Kathryn (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interculturalcom0000sorr"><i>Intercultural Communication: Globalization and Social Justice</i></a>. Los Angeles: Sage. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interculturalcom0000sorr/page/101">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4129-2744-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4129-2744-4">978-1-4129-2744-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Intercultural+Communication%3A+Globalization+and+Social+Justice&amp;rft.place=Los+Angeles&amp;rft.pages=101&amp;rft.pub=Sage&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4129-2744-4&amp;rft.aulast=Sorrells&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathryn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterculturalcom0000sorr&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unece.org/press/pr2004/04gen_n03e.htm">"Economic Roots of Trafficking in the UNECE Region – Regional Prep. Meeting for Beijing"</a>. Unece.org. 15 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429184757/http://www.unece.org/press/pr2004/04gen_n03e.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2011-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Economic+Roots+of+Trafficking+in+the+UNECE+Region+%E2%80%93+Regional+Prep.+Meeting+for+Beijing&amp;rft.pub=Unece.org&amp;rft.date=2004-12-15&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unece.org%2Fpress%2Fpr2004%2F04gen_n03e.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&amp;context=forcedlabor">"Forced Labor and Human Trafficking: Estimating the Profits"</a>. Cornell University ILR School. 2005-03-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106222418/http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&amp;context=forcedlabor">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2017-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2011-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Forced+Labor+and+Human+Trafficking%3A+Estimating+the+Profits&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+ILR+School&amp;rft.date=2005-03-01&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1016%26context%3Dforcedlabor&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=25524&amp;Cr=trafficking&amp;Cr1">"UN-backed container exhibit spotlights plight of sex trafficking victims"</a>. Un.org. 2008-02-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094224/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=25524&amp;Cr=trafficking&amp;Cr1">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2011-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=UN-backed+container+exhibit+spotlights+plight+of+sex+trafficking+victims&amp;rft.pub=Un.org&amp;rft.date=2008-02-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D25524%26Cr%3Dtrafficking%26Cr1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130221065500/http://www.anti-trafficking.net/differencebetweensmugglingand.html">"Difference between Smuggling and Trafficking"</a>. Anti-trafficking.net. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anti-trafficking.net/differencebetweensmugglingand.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Difference+between+Smuggling+and+Trafficking&amp;rft.pub=Anti-trafficking.net&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anti-trafficking.net%2Fdifferencebetweensmugglingand.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-13/news/29413775_1_chinese-millionaires-yuan-chinese-economy">China close to have $1 million millionaires</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>. 13 April 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joshi,_Rakesh_Mohan_2009-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joshi,_Rakesh_Mohan_2009_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joshi,_Rakesh_Mohan_2009_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshi, Rakesh Mohan, (2009) International Business, Oxford University Press, New Delhi and New York <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0195689097" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-568909-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riley, T: "Year 12 Economics", page 9. Tim Riley Publications, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loren_13-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loren_13_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandt2008">Brandt 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/business/world-port-ranking-2005.html">"World Port Rankings 2005"</a>. American Association of Port Authorities. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120520202106/http://www.infoplease.com/business/world-port-ranking-2005.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=World+Port+Rankings+2005&amp;rft.pub=American+Association+of+Port+Authorities&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fbusiness%2Fworld-port-ranking-2005.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/business/world-port-ranking.html">"World Port Rankings 2006"</a>. American Association of Port Authorities. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521002930/http://www.infoplease.com/business/world-port-ranking.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=World+Port+Rankings+2006&amp;rft.pub=American+Association+of+Port+Authorities&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fbusiness%2Fworld-port-ranking.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%2020081.pdf">"Salinan arsip"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202024733/http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%2020081.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faapa.files.cms-plus.com%2FStatistics%2FWORLD%2520PORT%2520RANKINGS%252020081.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">China has grown into the world's second largest economy, its resilience apparent in its relative economic stability during the 2008 global financial meltdown. Indeed, this sustained economic growth may be observed in many East Asian and Asia-Pacific economies, indicating that the 21st century's economic growth will be driven by Asian economies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Nick Gillespie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090613102213/http://reason.com/blog/show/131810.html">"What Slumdog Millionaire can teach Americans about economic stimulus"</a>. Reason. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reason.com/blog/show/131810.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2009-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=What+Slumdog+Millionaire+can+teach+Americans+about+economic+stimulus&amp;rft.pub=Reason&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Nick+Gillespie&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reason.com%2Fblog%2Fshow%2F131810.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuruvilla_2008_39–72-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuruvilla_2008_39–72_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuruvilla_2008_39–72_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKuruvilla2008" class="citation journal">Kuruvilla (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_industrial-labor-relations-review_2008-10_62_1/page/39">"ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES AND MACRO- AND MICRO-LEVEL HUMAN RESOURCE POLICIES: THE CASE OF INDIA'S "OUTSOURCING" INDUSTRY"</a>. <i>Industrial &amp; Labor Relations Review</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 39–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Industrial+%26+Labor+Relations+Review&amp;rft.atitle=ECONOMIC+DEVELOPMENT+STRATEGIES+AND+MACRO-+AND+MICRO-LEVEL+HUMAN+RESOURCE+POLICIES%3A+THE+CASE+OF+INDIA%27S+%22OUTSOURCING%22+INDUSTRY&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=39-72&amp;rft.date=2008-10&amp;rft.au=Kuruvilla&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_industrial-labor-relations-review_2008-10_62_1%2Fpage%2F39&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/15777592?story_id=E1_TVSSSVJN">"Outsourcing to Africa: The world economy calls &#124; The Economist"</a>. 16 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511114732/http://www.economist.com/node/15777592?story_id=E1_TVSSSVJN">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Outsourcing+to+Africa%3A+The+world+economy+calls+%26%23124%3B+The+Economist&amp;rft.date=2011-04-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F15777592%3Fstory_id%3DE1_TVSSSVJN&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lem.sssup.it/WPLem/documents/fazzari2.pdf">"Aggregate Demand, Instability and Growth"</a> <i>Review of Keynesian Economics</i>, January 2013 (see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slackwire.blogspot.com/2013/02/aggregate-demand-in-long-run.html">this review</a> of the paper)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassis_2006-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cassis_2006_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cassis, Youssef (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/capitalsofcapita0000cass"><i>Capitals of Capital: A History of International Financial Centres, 1780-2005</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-511-33522-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-511-33522-8">978-0-511-33522-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Capitals+of+Capital%3A+A+History+of+International+Financial+Centres%2C+1780-2005&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-511-33522-8&amp;rft.au=Cassis%2C+Youssef&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcapitalsofcapita0000cass&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ft_lexicon-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ft_lexicon_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322221836/http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=austerity-measure">"Austerity measure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> Lexicon</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=austerity-measure">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=Government+Austerity%3A+The+Good%2C+Bad+And+Ugly&amp;rft.date=2010-07-26&amp;rft.aulast=Wesbury&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian+S.&amp;rft.au=Robert+Stein&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F26%2Fgovernment-spending-taxes-opinions-columnists-brian-wesbury-robert-stein.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Krugman, Paul (15 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/16/opinion/krugman-europes-economic-suicide.html">"Europe's Economic Suicide"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409010353/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/16/opinion/krugman-europes-economic-suicide.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Europe%27s+Economic+Suicide&amp;rft.date=2012-04-15&amp;rft.aulast=Krugman&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F04%2F16%2Fopinion%2Fkrugman-europes-economic-suicide.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">{{cite web <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/ardagna/files/Economic_Policy_1998_b.pdf">[3]</a>, Tales of Fiscal Adjustments, Alberto Alesina &amp; Silvia Ardagna}}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luc Eyraud and Anke Weber. 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Reclaiming Democracy, the Anti-globalization Movement in South Asia". <i>Feminist review</i> 70, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://visuality.org/globalization/wmst250_readings/the_antiglobalization_mvmnt.pdf">http://visuality.org/globalization/wmst250_readings/the_antiglobalization_mvmnt.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514074310/http://visuality.org/globalization/wmst250_readings/the_antiglobalization_mvmnt.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-05-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Individuals_Internet_2000-2012.xls">"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012"</a>, International Telecommunications Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/">Internet users graphs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806072316/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-08-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Market Information and Statistics, International Telecommunications Union</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Radja, Aditia Maruli, ed. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ANTARA+News&amp;rft.atitle=Google+Earth+demonstrates+how+technology+benefits+RI%60s+civil+society%2C+govt&amp;rft.date=2011-05-26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antaranews.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F71940%2Fgoogle-earth-demonstrates-how-technology-benefits-ris-civil-society-govt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myclouddoor.com/web/documents/The%20New%20Digital%20Economy.pdf">"The New Digital Economy: How it will transform business"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706101452/http://www.myclouddoor.com/web/documents/The%20New%20Digital%20Economy.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2014-07-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Oxford Economics, 2 July 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Badger, Emily (6 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130211095334/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/technology/2013/02/how-internet-reinforces-inequality-real-world/4602/">"How the Internet Reinforces Inequality in the Real World"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&amp;rft.atitle=How+the+Internet+Reinforces+Inequality+in+the+Real+World&amp;rft.date=2013-02-06&amp;rft.au=Badger%2C+Emily&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlanticcities.com%2Ftechnology%2F2013%2F02%2Fhow-internet-reinforces-inequality-real-world%2F4602%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/e-commerce-will-make-the-shopping-mall-a-retail-wasteland-7000009960/">"E-commerce will make the shopping mall a retail wasteland"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219011301/http://www.zdnet.com/e-commerce-will-make-the-shopping-mall-a-retail-wasteland-7000009960/">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-02-19 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>ZDNet</i>, January 17, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Press_Releases/2012/12/Free_Shipping_Day_Promotion_Spurs_Late-Season_Online_Spending_Surge">"‘Free Shipping Day’ Promotion Spurs Late-Season Online Spending Surge, Improving Season-to-Date Growth Rate to 16 Percent vs. Year Ago"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128191411/http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Press_Releases/2012/12/Free_Shipping_Day_Promotion_Spurs_Late-Season_Online_Spending_Surge">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-01-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Comscore</i>, December 23, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlanticcities.com/jobs-and-economy/2012/12/death-american-shopping-mall/4252/">"The Death of the American Shopping Mall"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215044619/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/jobs-and-economy/2012/12/death-american-shopping-mall/4252/">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-02-15 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Atlantic – Cities</i>, December 26, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilkka_Tuomi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilkka Tuomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Tuomi, Ilkka</a> "Internet, Innovation and Open Source: Actors in the Network" 2000 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Monday_(journal)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="First Monday (journal) (halaman belum tersedia)">First Monday</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Noël Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13. 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Worldometers.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206045137/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2021-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=World+Population+Clock+%E2%80%93+Worldometers&amp;rft.pub=Worldometers.info&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpopinfo.php">"International Data Base (IDB) – World Population"</a>. Census.gov. 28 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707175239/http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpopinfo.php">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=International+Data+Base+%28IDB%29+%E2%80%93+World+Population&amp;rft.pub=Census.gov&amp;rft.date=2010-06-28&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fipc%2Fwww%2Fidb%2Fworldpopinfo.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Braun, "High and Rising Food Prices", 2008, p 5, slide 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKindall,_Henery_W_&amp;_Pimentel,_David1994" class="citation journal">Kindall, Henery W &amp; Pimentel, David (May 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011060735/http://dieoff.org/page36.htm">"Constraints on the Expansion of the Global Food Supply"</a>. <i>Ambio</i>. <b>23</b> (3). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dieoff.org/page36.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2018-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ambio.&amp;rft.atitle=Constraints+on+the+Expansion+of+the+Global+Food+Supply&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.date=1994-05&amp;rft.au=Kindall%2C+Henery+W+%26+Pimentel%2C+David&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdieoff.org%2Fpage36.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6496585.stm">The limits of a Green Revolution?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728055441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6496585.stm">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-07-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". BBC News. 29 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/feb/26/food.unitednations">Feed the world? We are fighting a losing battle, UN admits</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122224002/http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/feb/26/food.unitednations">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-01-22 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". The Guardian. 26 February 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<cite class="citation web">David R. Montgomery (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520248700">"Dirt: the erosion of civilizations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221050200/http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520248700">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dirt%3A+the+erosion+of+civilizations&amp;rft.date=2007-05&amp;rft.au=David+R.+Montgomery&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook.php%3Fisbn%3D9780520248700&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/news95954293.html">"Salinan arsip"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320053143/http://phys.org/news95954293.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews95954293.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090902112105.htm">" Humans Causing Erosion Comparable To World’s Largest Rivers And Glaciers, Study Finds|date= September 7, 2009|ref=University of British Columbia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425151439/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090902112105.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-04-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJacquet_J._L_&amp;_D._Pauly2007" class="citation journal">Jacquet J. 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"The rise of seafood awareness campaigns in an era of collapsing fisheries". <i>Marine Policy</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 308–313. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2006.09.003">10.1016/j.marpol.2006.09.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Policy&amp;rft.atitle=The+rise+of+seafood+awareness+campaigns+in+an+era+of+collapsing+fisheries&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=308-313&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2006.09.003&amp;rft.au=Jacquet+J.+L+%26+D.+Pauly&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/mar/18/perfect-storm-john-beddington-energy-food-climate">World faces 'perfect storm' of problems by 2030, chief scientist to warn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623063138/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/mar/18/perfect-storm-john-beddington-energy-food-climate">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-06-23 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". The Guardian. 18 March 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7951838.stm">Global crisis 'to strike by 2030'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115024509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7951838.stm">Diarsipkan</a> 2016-11-15 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". BBC News. 19 March 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<cite class="citation journal">Vierich, HID &amp; Stoop,Willem (June 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016788099090214X">"Changes in West African Savanna agriculture in response to growing population and continuing low rainfall"</a>. <i>Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</i>. <b>31</b> (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115220547/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016788099090214X">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2018-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Agriculture%2C+Ecosystems+%26+Environment&amp;rft.atitle=Changes+in+West+African+Savanna+agriculture+in+response+to+growing+population+and+continuing+low+rainfall&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.date=1990-06&amp;rft.au=Vierich%2C+HID+%26+Stoop%2CWillem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2F016788099090214X&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1017966.shtml">Global food production will have to increase 70% for additional 2.3&#160;billion people by 2050</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310205117/http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1017966.shtml">Diarsipkan</a> 2016-03-10 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". Finfacts.com. 24 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tainter, JA 1996. Complexity, Problem Solving, and Sustainable Societies. In Costanza, R, Segura,O &amp; Martinez-Alier, J (eds) Getting Down to Earth: Practical Applications of Ecological Economics. Washington, D.C.: Island Press:61–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pimentel, D &amp; Pimentel, M 2008. Food, Energy, and Society. 3rd edition. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press:137–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catton, WR Jr 1980. Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helga Vierich "Before farming and after globalization: the future of hunter-gatherers may be brighter than you think", In Before Farming 2008/4 article 4(1). See also discussion at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waspress.co.uk/journals/beforefarming/journal_20084/editorial/index.php">Waspress.co.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629055434/http://www.waspress.co.uk/journals/beforefarming/journal_20084/editorial/index.php">Diarsipkan</a> 2014-06-29 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626064130/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2013/2013-world-population-data-sheet.aspx"><i>2013 World Population Data Sheet</i></a>. Population Reference Bureau. 2013. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2013/2013-world-population-data-sheet.aspx">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=2013+World+Population+Data+Sheet&amp;rft.pub=Population+Reference+Bureau&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2FPublications%2FDatasheets%2F2013%2F2013-world-population-data-sheet.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Liotta, P.H and James F. Miskel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realpopulationbo0000liot"><i>The Real Population Bomb</i></a>. Potomac Books. hlm.&#160;264. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781597975513" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781597975513">9781597975513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Real+Population+Bomb&amp;rft.pages=264&amp;rft.pub=Potomac+Books&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=9781597975513&amp;rft.au=Liotta%2C+P.H+and+James+F.+Miskel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frealpopulationbo0000liot&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The World Health Organization and the Transition From "International" to "Global" Public Health. Brown et al., AJPH: Jan 2006, Vol 96, No 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/96/1/62">http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/96/1/62</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090801125051/http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/96/1/62">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-08-01 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Global Health Initiative (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110308223639/http://www.familiesusa.org/issues/global-health/matters/"><i>Why Global Health Matters</i></a>. Washington, DC: FamiliesUSA. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familiesusa.org/issues/global-health/matters/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Why+Global+Health+Matters&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&amp;rft.pub=FamiliesUSA&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Global+Health+Initiative&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.familiesusa.org%2Fissues%2Fglobal-health%2Fmatters%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koplan-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koplan_227-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, et al.; Consortium of Universities for Global Health Executive Board. Towards a common definition of global health. Lancet. 2009;373:1993–1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macfarlane SB, Jacobs M, Kaaya EE. In the name of global health: trends in academic institutions. J Public Health Policy. 29(4):383–401. 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patel-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patel_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patel V, Prince M. Global mental health – a new global health field comes of age. JAMA. 2010;303:1976–1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/">"Climate change deal reached in Durban"</a>. Un.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070504153515/http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Climate+change+deal+reached+in+Durban&amp;rft.pub=Un.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fmillenniumgoals%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Daulaire. <i>Globalization and Health</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://econpapers.repec.org/article/paldevelp/v_3a42_3ay_3a1999_3ai_3a4_3ap_3a22-24.htm">http://econpapers.repec.org/article/paldevelp/v_3a42_3ay_3a1999_3ai_3a4_3ap_3a22-24.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425031820/https://econpapers.repec.org/article/paldevelp/v_3a42_3ay_3a1999_3ai_3a4_3ap_3a22-24.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-04-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008231653/https://www.nap.edu/read/11588/chapter/1">"The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control: Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities, Workshop Summary – Forum on Microbial Threats"</a>. Nap.edu. 1 June 2003. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/books/0309100984/html/22.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2020-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Globalization+on+Infectious+Disease+Emergence+and+Control%3A+Exploring+the+Consequences+and+Opportunities%2C+Workshop+Summary+%E2%80%93+Forum+on+Microbial+Threats&amp;rft.pub=Nap.edu&amp;rft.date=2003-06-01&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fbooks%2F0309100984%2Fhtml%2F22.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-aids30oct30,0,1617683.story?coll=la">The virus from Africa reached the U.S. by way of Haiti, a genetic study shows</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071228100308/http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-aids30oct30,0,1617683.story?coll=la">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-12-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 30 October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthcentral.com/ency/408/001372.html">Chagas disease</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107040254/http://www.healthcentral.com/ency/408/001372.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2014-11-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.", HealthCentral.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5611a2.htm">Trends in Tuberculosis Incidence – United States, 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425151436/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5611a2.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-04-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". CDC.gov. 23 March 2007 / 56(11);245–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Histoire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="L&#39;Histoire (halaman belum tersedia)">L'Histoire</a></i> n° 310, June 2006, pp.45–46, say "between one-third and two-thirds"; Robert Gottfried (1983). "Black Death" in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictionary of the Middle Ages (halaman belum tersedia)">Dictionary of the Middle Ages</a></i>, volume 2, pp.257–67, says "between 25 and 45&#160;percent".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Johnson, D. L.; Ambrose, S. H.; Bassett, T. J.; Bowen, M. L.; Crummey, D. 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Diakses tanggal November 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+State+of+World+Fisheries+and+Aquaculture&amp;rft.pub=FAO&amp;rft.au=FAO&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F013%2Fi1820e%2Fi1820e.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Held, David (1999). <i>Global Transformations</i>. Cambridge: Polity Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Global+Transformations&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Polity+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.aulast=Held&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILO1-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ILO1_263-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Torres, Raymond (ed.) (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_202326.pdf"><i>World of work report 2013: Repairing the economic and social fabric</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Geneva: International Labour Organisation, International Institute for Labour Studies. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-9292510183" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-9292510183">978-9292510183</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230722114603/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_202326.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=World+of+work+report+2013%3A+Repairing+the+economic+and+social+fabric&amp;rft.place=Geneva&amp;rft.pub=International+Labour+Organisation%2C+International+Institute+for+Labour+Studies&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-9292510183&amp;rft.au=Torres%2C+Raymond+%28ed.%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fwcmsp5%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2F---dgreports%2F---dcomm%2F---publ%2Fdocuments%2Fpublication%2Fwcms_202326.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marin, Dalia and Theirry Verdier (2012). Globalization and the empowerment of talent. <i>Journal of International Economics</i> 86(2): 209–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arp,_F.,_Hutchings,_K.,_&amp;_Smith,_W.A._(2013)._Foreign_executives_in_local_organisations:_An_exploration_of_differences_to_other_types_of_expatriates._Journal_of_Global_Mobility:_The_Home_of_Expatriate_Management_Research,_1(3),_312–335;_&#123;&#123;ISSN&#124;2049-8799&#125;&#125;;_DOI:10.1108/JGM-01-2013-0006-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arp,_F.,_Hutchings,_K.,_&amp;_Smith,_W.A._(2013)._Foreign_executives_in_local_organisations:_An_exploration_of_differences_to_other_types_of_expatriates._Journal_of_Global_Mobility:_The_Home_of_Expatriate_Management_Research,_1(3),_312–335;_{{ISSN|2049-8799}};_DOI:10.1108/JGM-01-2013-0006_265-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Arp, Frithjof. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JGM-01-2013-0006">"Foreign executives in local organisations: An exploration of differences to other types of expatriates"</a>. Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research, 1(3), 312–335; DOI:10.1108/JGM-01-2013-0006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806174406/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JGM-01-2013-0006/full/html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Foreign+executives+in+local+organisations%3A+An+exploration+of+differences+to+other+types+of+expatriates.&amp;rft.pub=Journal+of+Global+Mobility%3A+The+Home+of+Expatriate+Management+Research%2C+1%283%29%2C+312%E2%80%93335%3B+DOI%3A10.1108%2FJGM-01-2013-0006&amp;rft.aulast=Arp&amp;rft.aufirst=Frithjof&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1108%2FJGM-01-2013-0006&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foreign_Executives_in_Local_Organisations-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foreign_Executives_in_Local_Organisations_266-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Arp, Frithjof (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feloresearch.info/further-reading/">"Foreign Executives in Local Organisations"</a>. FELOresearch.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205204550/https://feloresearch.info/further-reading/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 Nov</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Foreign+Executives+in+Local+Organisations&amp;rft.pub=FELOresearch.info&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.aulast=Arp&amp;rft.aufirst=Frithjof&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeloresearch.info%2Ffurther-reading%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Arp, Frithjof (2013-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/239700221302700302">"Typologies: What Types of Foreign Executives are Appointed by Local Organisations and What Types of Organisations Appoint Them?"</a>. <i>German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift für Personalforschung</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>27</b> (3): 167–194. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F239700221302700302">10.1177/239700221302700302</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2397-0022">2397-0022</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425031820/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/239700221302700302">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=German+Journal+of+Human+Resource+Management%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Personalforschung&amp;rft.atitle=Typologies%3A+What+Types+of+Foreign+Executives+are+Appointed+by+Local+Organisations+and+What+Types+of+Organisations+Appoint+Them%3F&amp;rft.chron=2013-08&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=167-194&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F239700221302700302&amp;rft.issn=2397-0022&amp;rft.aulast=Arp&amp;rft.aufirst=Frithjof&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F239700221302700302&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Arp, Frithjof; Hutchings, Kate; A. Smith, Wendy (2013-11-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JGM-01-2013-0006/full/html">"Foreign executives in local organisations: An exploration of differences to other types of expatriates"</a>. <i>Journal of Global Mobility</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>1</b> (3): 312–335. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJGM-01-2013-0006">10.1108/JGM-01-2013-0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2049-8799">2049-8799</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806174406/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JGM-01-2013-0006/full/html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+Mobility&amp;rft.atitle=Foreign+executives+in+local+organisations%3A+An+exploration+of+differences+to+other+types+of+expatriates&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=312-335&amp;rft.date=2013-11-29&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FJGM-01-2013-0006&amp;rft.issn=2049-8799&amp;rft.aulast=Arp&amp;rft.aufirst=Frithjof&amp;rft.au=Hutchings%2C+Kate&amp;rft.au=A.+Smith%2C+Wendy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FJGM-01-2013-0006%2Ffull%2Fhtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Arp, Frithjof (2014-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hrm.21610">"Emerging Giants, Aspiring Multinationals, and Foreign Executives: Leapfrogging, Capability Building, and Competing with Developed Country Multinationals"</a>. <i>Human Resource Management</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>53</b> (6): 851–876. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhrm.21610">10.1002/hrm.21610</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421020257/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hrm.21610">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Human+Resource+Management&amp;rft.atitle=Emerging+Giants%2C+Aspiring+Multinationals%2C+and+Foreign+Executives%3A+Leapfrogging%2C+Capability+Building%2C+and+Competing+with+Developed+Country+Multinationals&amp;rft.chron=2014-11&amp;rft.volume=53&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=851-876&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhrm.21610&amp;rft.aulast=Arp&amp;rft.aufirst=Frithjof&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fhrm.21610&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_270-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reich, Robert. (1992). <i>The Work of the Nations, Preparing Ourselves for 21st century Capitalism</i>. Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/18484080">"Economics focus: Cash machines &#124; The Economist"</a>. 16 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713190131/http://www.economist.com/node/18484080">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2017-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Economics+focus%3A+Cash+machines+%26%23124%3B+The+Economist&amp;rft.date=2011-04-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F18484080&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN238294820100323">China trade blamed for 2.4 mln lost US jobs-report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425151436/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN238294820100323">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-04-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". Reuters. 23 March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-04-20-4155011268_x.htm">Factory jobs: 3 million lost since 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314204351/http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-04-20-4155011268_x.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-03-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". USATODAY.com. 20 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/GD26Dj01.html">Asia strips Africa's textile industry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050425165247/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/GD26Dj01.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2005-04-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". <i><a href="/wiki/Asia_Times_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Times Online">Asia Times Online</a></i>. 26 April 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Zaw, HayMann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/oct/31/europe-unemployment-rate-by-country-eurozone">"Unemployment in Europe: get the figures for every country"</a>. <i>Student</i>. The Gurdian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426031852/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/oct/31/europe-unemployment-rate-by-country-eurozone">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Student&amp;rft.atitle=Unemployment+in+Europe%3A+get+the+figures+for+every+country&amp;rft.aulast=Zaw&amp;rft.aufirst=HayMann&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdatablog%2F2012%2Foct%2F31%2Feurope-unemployment-rate-by-country-eurozone&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Thompson, Derek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/05/europes-record-youth-unemployment-the-scariest-graph-in-the-world-just-got-scarier/276423">"Europe's Record Youth Unemployment: The Scariest Graph in the World Just Got Scarier"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608225544/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/05/europes-record-youth-unemployment-the-scariest-graph-in-the-world-just-got-scarier/276423/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Record+Youth+Unemployment%3A+The+Scariest+Graph+in+the+World+Just+Got+Scarier&amp;rft.pub=The+Atlantic&amp;rft.aulast=Thompson&amp;rft.aufirst=Derek&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fbusiness%2Farchive%2F2013%2F05%2Feuropes-record-youth-unemployment-the-scariest-graph-in-the-world-just-got-scarier%2F276423&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Zaw, HayMann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schoolreport/21885919">"Young people 'worried about unemployment<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230511161852/https://www.bbc.co.uk/schoolreport/21885919">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Council On Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424041510/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67874/michael-spence/globalization-and-unemployment">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Unemployment&amp;rft.pub=The+Council+On+Foreign+Affairs&amp;rft.aulast=Zaw&amp;rft.aufirst=HayMann&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F67874%2Fmichael-spence%2Fglobalization-and-unemployment&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705210027/http://ens-newswire.com/2013/09/03/starvation-poverty-follow-indigenous-land-sales-in-indonesia/">"Salinan arsip"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ens-newswire.com/2013/09/03/starvation-poverty-follow-indigenous-land-sales-in-indonesia">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fens-newswire.com%2F2013%2F09%2F03%2Fstarvation-poverty-follow-indigenous-land-sales-in-indonesia&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">North, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.org/estimating-h1b-population-2-11">"Estimating the Size of the H-1B Population in the U.S."</a> Center for Immigration Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701035328/http://cis.org/estimating-h1b-population-2-11">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2017-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Estimating+the+Size+of+the+H-1B+Population+in+the+U.S.&amp;rft.pub=Center+for+Immigration+Studies&amp;rft.aulast=North&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cis.org%2Festimating-h1b-population-2-11&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hira, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531000429/http://epi.3cdn.net/60b75ba377ebc081b5_hem6b5qjc.pdf">"Bridge to Immigration or Cheap Temporary Labor?"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Economic Policy Institute. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epi.3cdn.net/60b75ba377ebc081b5_hem6b5qjc.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2013-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bridge+to+Immigration+or+Cheap+Temporary+Labor%3F&amp;rft.pub=Economic+Policy+Institute&amp;rft.aulast=Hira&amp;rft.aufirst=Ron&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepi.3cdn.net%2F60b75ba377ebc081b5_hem6b5qjc.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/article/thats-hospitality">"The New Republic. <i>That's Hospitality</i> April 17, 2006"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806175016/https://newrepublic.com/article/65389/thats-hospitality">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Republic.+That%27s+Hospitality+April+17%2C+2006&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com%2Farticle%2Fthats-hospitality&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arends-Kuenning, Mary. (2006). The Balance of Care: Trends in the Wages and Employment of Immigrant Nurses in the US between 1990 and 2000. <i>Globalizations</i> 3(3): 333–48. See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/culture-and-globalization">Culture and Globalization: Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130214142354/http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/culture-and-globalization">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-02-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChu2004" class="citation news">Chu, Jeff (11 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520185203/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,574849-1,00.html">"How To Plug Europe's Brain Drain"</a>. <i>Time magazine</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,574849-1,00.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&amp;rft.atitle=How+To+Plug+Europe%27s+Brain+Drain&amp;rft.date=2004-01-11&amp;rft.aulast=Chu&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeff&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C574849-1%2C00.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.yahoo.com/immigrant-population-record-40-million-2010-100108933.html">Immigrant Population at Record 40 Million in 2010</a>". Yahoo! News. 6 October 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/pdf/2011/partnership_for_a_new_american_economy_fortune_500.pdf">The "New American" Fortune 500</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528102717/https://www.nyc.gov/html/om/pdf/2011/partnership_for_a_new_american_economy_fortune_500.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-05-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. The partnership for a new American economy. June 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stark, O &amp; Bloom, D.E. (1985). The new economics of labor migration. The American Economic Review. 75(2) p.173–178.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1805591">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425151439/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1805591">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-04-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature-Feb09-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nature-Feb09_288-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCyranoski2009" class="citation journal">Cyranoski, David (19 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-02-19_457_7232/page/953">"Materials science: China's crystal cache"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>457</b> (7232): 953–5. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F457953a">10.1038/457953a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19225494">19225494</a>. <q>High-temperature superconductor specialist Hong Ding had several attractive offers last year. But neither Boston University in Massachusetts, where he had been for a decade, nor any other institution could match the deal he was offered at the Institute of Physics in Beijing. "It is a matter of time before the United States becomes alarmed by this rapid <b>reverse of the brain drain</b>," says Ding. Dessau, who tried and failed to recruit Ding, says that "10 years ago it would have been unheard of [for a Chinese person to turn down a position in the United States]. But I wouldn't be surprised if the trend continues."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Materials+science%3A+China%27s+crystal+cache&amp;rft.volume=457&amp;rft.issue=7232&amp;rft.pages=953-5&amp;rft.date=2009-02-19&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F457953a&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19225494&amp;rft.aulast=Cyranoski&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_nature-uk_2009-02-19_457_7232%2Fpage%2F953&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-go.worldbank.org-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-go.worldbank.org_289-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-go.worldbank.org_289-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416060705/http://go.worldbank.org/NPD63OTRR0">"Payment Systems and Remittances – Remittance Market Outlook"</a>. Go.worldbank.org. 30 March 2009. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.worldbank.org/NPD63OTRR0">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Payment+Systems+and+Remittances+%E2%80%93+Remittance+Market+Outlook&amp;rft.pub=Go.worldbank.org&amp;rft.date=2009-03-30&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.worldbank.org%2FNPD63OTRR0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peoplemove.worldbank.org/en/content/remittance-flows-to-developing-countries">Remittance flows to developing countries are estimated to exceed $300 billion in 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223020016/http://peoplemove.worldbank.org/en/content/remittance-flows-to-developing-countries">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-02-23 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. 18 February 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=733&amp;feed=rss">Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727083352/http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=733&amp;feed=rss">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-07-27 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". Stephen Castles, University of Oxford. Mark J. Miller, University of Delaware. July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3568329.stm">Guinea: Unstoppable exodus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428174413/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3568329.stm">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-04-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.", BBC News, 18 May 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec02/0,4670,EUWorldMigrationReport,00.html">Rich world needs more foreign workers: report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218070615/http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec02/0,4670,EUWorldMigrationReport,00.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-12-18 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". 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The World Bank.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen1970-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sen1970_295-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen1970_295-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sen, Amartya K. (1970). <i>Collective choice and social welfare.</i> San Francisco, CA: Holden-Day.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zcommunications.org/chomsky-interview-by-noam-chomsky">"<i>Noam Chomsky Interview.</i> Znet 7 May 2002"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130610074600/http://www.zcommunications.org/chomsky-interview-by-noam-chomsky">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Child Labor in the Global Economy". <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 199–220. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F0895330053147895">10.1257/0895330053147895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&amp;rft.atitle=Child+Labor+in+the+Global+Economy&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=199-220&amp;rft.date=2005-09&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2F0895330053147895&amp;rft.aulast=Pavcnik&amp;rft.aufirst=Nina&amp;rft.au=Pavcnik%2C+Nina&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Norberg-Hodge, Helena (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientfuturesle00norbrich"><i>Ancient futures&#160;: learning from Ladakh</i></a> (edisi ke-Sierra Club Books pbk.). San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0871566435" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0871566435">0871566435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ancient+futures+%3A+learning+from+Ladakh&amp;rft.place=San+Francisco&amp;rft.edition=Sierra+Club+Books+pbk.&amp;rft.pub=Sierra+Club+Books&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=0871566435&amp;rft.aulast=Norberg-Hodge&amp;rft.aufirst=Helena&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientfuturesle00norbrich&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> (May 2004) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondediplo.com/2004/11/06derrida">Enlightenment past and to come</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719035915/http://mondediplo.com/2004/11/06derrida">Diarsipkan</a> 2017-07-19 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i>, speech at the party for 50 years of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Monde_diplomatique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Monde diplomatique (halaman belum tersedia)">Le Monde diplomatique</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Douglas "Globalization and Media Democracy: The Case of Indymedia", <i>Shaping the Network Society</i>, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a> 2003. 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Durham: Duke University Press. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/networkingfuture0000juri/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8223-4269-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8223-4269-4">978-0-8223-4269-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Networking+Futures%3A+The+Movements+against+Corporate+Globalization&amp;rft.place=Durham&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4269-4&amp;rft.aulast=Juris&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnetworkingfuture0000juri&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stwr.org-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stwr.org_328-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stwr.org_328-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stwr.org_328-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stwr.org_328-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engler, M. (2007, May 30). The Anti-Globalization Movement Defined&#160;— STWR&#160;– Share The World's Resources. Share The World’s Resources&#160;— STWR. Retrieved March 14, 2013, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.stwr.org/the-un-people-politics/the-anti-globalization-movement-defined.html">http://www.stwr.org/the-un-people-politics/the-anti-globalization-movement-defined.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111242/http://www.stwr.org/the-un-people-politics/the-anti-globalization-movement-defined.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-09-24 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Grahame F. and Paul Q. Hirst. (2002). The Future of Globalisation." In <i>Cooperation and Conflict</i>, 37(3): 247–265. <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836702037003671">10.1177/0010836702037003671</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/short/37/3/247">CAC.sagepub.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100225153755/http://cac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/short/37/3/247">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-02-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Klein, Naomi (6 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nologonospacenoc00klei"><i>No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs</i></a>. Picador. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-312-42143-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-312-42143-5">0-312-42143-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=No+Logo%3A+No+Space%2C+No+Choice%2C+No+Jobs&amp;rft.pub=Picador&amp;rft.date=2002-04-06&amp;rft.isbn=0-312-42143-5&amp;rft.aulast=Klein&amp;rft.aufirst=Naomi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnologonospacenoc00klei&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Podobnik, Bruce, <i>Resistance to Globalization: Cycles and Evolutions in the Globalization Protest Movement</i>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stiglitz, Joseph &amp; Charlton <i>Fair Trade for All: How Trade Can Promote Development</i>. 2005 p. 54 n. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marable, Manning. (2006.) "Globalization and Racialization." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greens.org/s-r/39/39-06.html"><i>Synthesis/Regeneration</i>, 39 (Winter).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421020259/http://www.greens.org/s-r/39/39-06.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-04-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staggenborg, S. (2011). Social movements (Rev. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snow, D. A., Soule, S. A., &amp; Kriesi, H. (2004). The Blackwell companion to social movements. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frieden, Jeffry A. (1991). "Invested Interests: The Politics of National Economic Policies in a World of Global Finance." <i>International Organization</i>, 45(4): 425-451. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2706944">Published by: The MIT Press.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425105921/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2706944">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-04-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lemay, J. (2005). Anti-globalization movements and the collective identity of organizations: The tribulations of a fair trade association. Anthropologie Et Societes, 29(3), 39-58. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://search.proquest.com/docview/60041247?accountid=14701">http://search.proquest.com/docview/60041247?accountid=14701</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912154900/https://search.proquest.com/docview/60041247?accountid=14701">Diarsipkan</a> 2017-09-12 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Mertes, "A Movement of Movements", New York: Verso, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">della Porta, D. 2005. "The Social Bases of the Global Justice Movement: Some Theoretical Reflections and Empirical Evidence from the First European Social Forum." Civil Society and Social Movements Programme Paper No. 21.Geneva: UNRISD (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2006-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2006_340-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Education and Social Justice By J. Zajda, S. Majhanovich, V. Rust, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1402047215" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4020-4721-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2005-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2005_341-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nursing ethics: across the curriculum and into practice By Janie B. Butts, Karen Rich, Jones and Bartlett Publishers 2005, <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780763747350" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7637-4735-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/mcl/pdf/mcl-act-135-of-2004.pdf">"Salinan arsip"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011611/http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/mcl/pdf/mcl-act-135-of-2004.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislature.mi.gov%2Fdocuments%2Fmcl%2Fpdf%2Fmcl-act-135-of-2004.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wojciech Kopczuk, Emmanuel Saez, and Jae Song find that “most of the increase in the variance of (log) annual earnings is due to increases in the variance of (log) permanent earnings with modest increases in the variance of transitory (log) earnings.” Thus, in fact, the increase in earnings inequality is in lifetime income. Furthermore, they find that it remains difficult for someone to move up the earnings distribution (though they do find upward mobility for women in their lifetime). See their “Earnings Inequality and Mobility in the United States: Evidence from Social Security Data since 1937,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 125, no. 1 (2010): 91– 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/itv/articles/?id=1920">U.S. Income Inequality: It’s Not So Bad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420033148/http://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/itv/articles/?id=1920">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-04-20 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. By Thomas A. 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economics.mit.edu/files/753">versi asli</a> tanggal 2021-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cultural+Liberty+in+Today%E2%80%99s+Diverse+World.+UN+Human+Development+Report%2C+2004.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Freports%2Fglobal%2Fhdr2004%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSeguinoGrown2006" class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Seguino&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephanie Seguino (halaman belum tersedia)">Seguino, Stephanie</a>; Grown, Caren (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1295">"Gender equity and globalization: macroeconomic policy for developing countries"</a>. <i>Journal of International Development</i>. Wiley. <b>18</b> (8): 1081–1104. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjid.1295">10.1002/jid.1295</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806174936/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.1295">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Development&amp;rft.atitle=Gender+equity+and+globalization%3A+macroeconomic+policy+for+developing+countries&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=1081-1104&amp;rft.date=2006-11&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjid.1295&amp;rft.aulast=Seguino&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephanie&amp;rft.au=Grown%2C+Caren&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2Fjid.1295&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/Seguino_GrownGenderEquityandGlobalizationJID.pdf">Pdf version - via the World Bank.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605144218/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/Seguino_GrownGenderEquityandGlobalizationJID.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-06-05 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfm-igp.org/site/about">"<i>About us</i>. World Federalist Movement - Institute for Global Policy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201210223/http://www.wfm-igp.org/site/about">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=About+us.+World+Federalist+Movement+-+Institute+for+Global+Policy.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wfm-igp.org%2Fsite%2Fabout&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, Paul. (2006.) <i>The Parliament of Man: The Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations.</i> New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780375501654" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-375-50165-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/ideology.html">"Ideology and Sustainability"</a>. Formal.stanford.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042425/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/ideology.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Sustainability&amp;rft.pub=Formal.stanford.edu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-formal.stanford.edu%2Fjmc%2Fprogress%2Fideology.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ronald Bailey from the February 2002 issue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/2002/02/01/debunking-green-myths">"Debunking Green Myths"</a>. Reason.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120710221038/http://reason.com/archives/2002/02/01/debunking-green-myths">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Debunking+Green+Myths&amp;rft.pub=Reason.com&amp;rft.au=Ronald+Bailey+from+the+February+2002+issue&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Farchives%2F2002%2F02%2F01%2Fdebunking-green-myths&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Gibson. Environmentalism: Ideology and Power. Nova Science Pub Inc. 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Light,_Dark_and_Bright_Green_Environmentalism-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Light,_Dark_and_Bright_Green_Environmentalism_354-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Cat Lincoln (Spring 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425173005/http://www.greendaily.com/2009/04/23/light-dark-and-bright-green-environmentalism/">"Light, Dark and Bright Green Environmentalism"</a>. Green Daily. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greendaily.com/2009/04/23/light-dark-and-bright-green-environmentalism/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2009-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Light%2C+Dark+and+Bright+Green+Environmentalism&amp;rft.pub=Green+Daily&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.au=Cat+Lincoln&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greendaily.com%2F2009%2F04%2F23%2Flight-dark-and-bright-green-environmentalism%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bigs, Shannon. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalexchange.org/blogs/peopletopeople/2011/12/14/is-the-un-promoting-environmental-apartheid-news-from-the-durban-climate-talks-and-why-you-should-care/">"Is the UN Promoting Environmental Apartheid? News from the Durban Climate Talks and Why You Should Care." <i>People-to-People Blog</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170523122656/http://www.globalexchange.org/blogs/peopletopeople/2011/12/14/is-the-un-promoting-environmental-apartheid-news-from-the-durban-climate-talks-and-why-you-should-care/">Diarsipkan</a> 2017-05-23 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Low, Nicholas. (2002). <i>Global Ethics and Environment</i>. Routledge Science. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780415197359" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-19735-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lechner, Frank J., and John Boli. 2012. <i>The Globalization Reader</i>, 4th ed. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780470655634" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-470-65563-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unmaskingthe-358"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unmaskingthe_358-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Levinson, Arik; M. Scott Taylor (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_international-economic-review_2008-02_49_1/page/223">"Unmasking the Pollution Haven Effect"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Economic_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="International Economic Review (halaman belum tersedia)">International Economic Review</a></i>. <b>49</b> (1): 223–54. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2354.2008.00478.x">10.1111/j.1468-2354.2008.00478.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Economic+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Unmasking+the+Pollution+Haven+Effect&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=223-54&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2354.2008.00478.x&amp;rft.aulast=Levinson&amp;rft.aufirst=Arik&amp;rft.au=M.+Scott+Taylor&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_international-economic-review_2008-02_49_1%2Fpage%2F223&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lanjutan">Bacaan lanjutan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=58" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lanjutan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=58" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lanjutan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicola_Acocella&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicola Acocella (halaman belum tersedia)">Acocella, Nicola</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=vbfoISnmoTMC"><i>Economic policy in the age of globalisation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-54038-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-54038-0">0-521-54038-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806174908/https://books.google.com/books?id=vbfoISnmoTMC&amp;hl=en">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Economic+policy+in+the+age+of+globalisation&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-54038-0&amp;rft.au=Acocella%2C+Nicola&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DvbfoISnmoTMC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Barbara, Christopher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/International-legal-personality-pandemonium-globalization/dp/3639115147/"><i>International legal personality: Panacea or pandemonium? Theorizing about the individual and the state in the era of globalization</i></a>. Saarbrücken: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verlag_Dr._M%C3%BCller&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Verlag Dr. Müller (halaman belum tersedia)">Verlag Dr. Müller</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/3-639-11514-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/3-639-11514-7">3-639-11514-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618090102/http://www.amazon.com/International-legal-personality-pandemonium-globalization/dp/3639115147/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=International+legal+personality%3A+Panacea+or+pandemonium%3F+Theorizing+about+the+individual+and+the+state+in+the+era+of+globalization&amp;rft.place=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&amp;rft.pub=Verlag+Dr.+M%C3%BCller&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=3-639-11514-7&amp;rft.aulast=Barbara&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FInternational-legal-personality-pandemonium-globalization%2Fdp%2F3639115147%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">von Braun, Joachim; Eugenio Diaz-Bonilla (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpri.org/PUBS/otherpubs/globalpoor.asp"><i>Globalization of Food and Agriculture and the Poor</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-569528-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-569528-1">978-0-19-569528-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728230220/http://www.ifpri.org/PUBS/otherpubs/globalpoor.asp">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Globalization+of+Food+and+Agriculture+and+the+Poor&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-569528-1&amp;rft.aulast=von+Braun&amp;rft.aufirst=Joachim&amp;rft.au=Eugenio+Diaz-Bonilla&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpri.org%2FPUBS%2Fotherpubs%2Fglobalpoor.asp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li>Carpenter, John. "Puritan Missions as Globalization," <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fides_et_Historia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fides et Historia (halaman belum tersedia)">Fides et Historia</a></i>. 31:2, 1999 pp.&#160;103–123.</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nayan_Chanda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nayan Chanda (halaman belum tersedia)">Chanda, Nayan</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boundtogetherhow00chan"><i>Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Warriors and Adventurers Shaped Globalization</i></a>. Yale University Press, New Haven. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-300-11201-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-300-11201-6">978-0-300-11201-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bound+Together%3A+How+Traders%2C+Preachers%2C+Warriors+and+Adventurers+Shaped+Globalization&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press%2C+New+Haven&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-300-11201-6&amp;rft.aulast=Chanda&amp;rft.aufirst=Nayan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboundtogetherhow00chan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Chomsky, Noam and Robert W. McChesney (2011). <i>Profit Over People: Neoliberalism &amp; Global Order</i>. Seven Stories Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1888363821" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1888363821">978-1888363821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Profit+Over+People%3A+Neoliberalism+%26+Global+Order&amp;rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-1888363821&amp;rft.au=Chomsky%2C+Noam+and+Robert+W.+McChesney&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Fernando, Salvetti (ed.) (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420161433/http://cultural-intelligence.info/"><i>"Glocal" Working. Living and Working across the World with Cultural Intelligence</i></a>. Milan: Franco Angeli. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-88-568-2733-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-88-568-2733-0">978-88-568-2733-0</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultural-intelligence.info">versi asli</a> tanggal 2018-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%22Glocal%22+Working.+Living+and+Working+across+the+World+with+Cultural+Intelligence&amp;rft.place=Milan&amp;rft.pub=Franco+Angeli&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-88-568-2733-0&amp;rft.aulast=Fernando&amp;rft.aufirst=Salvetti+%28ed.%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cultural-intelligence.info&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Glyn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Glyn (halaman belum tersedia)">Glyn, Andrew</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226155428/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/International/?view=usa&amp;ci=9780199226795"><i>Capitalism Unleashed: Finance, Globalization, and Welfare</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-922679-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-922679-2">0-19-922679-2</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/International/?view=usa&amp;ci=9780199226795">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Capitalism+Unleashed%3A+Finance%2C+Globalization%2C+and+Welfare&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-922679-2&amp;rft.aulast=Glyn&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oup.com%2Fus%2Fcatalog%2Fgeneral%2Fsubject%2FEconomics%2FInternational%2F%3Fview%3Dusa%26ci%3D9780199226795&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_James_(academic)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul James (academic) (halaman belum tersedia)">James, Paul</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_author_Sage_Publications_London_2006"><i>Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In</i></a>. London: Sage Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200123033214/https://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_2006_">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Globalism%2C+Nationalism%2C+Tribalism%3A+Bringing+Theory+Back+In&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Sage+Publications&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.aulast=James&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1642214%2FGlobalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_author_Sage_Publications_London_2006&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li>Jones, Andrew (2010) <i>Globalization. Key Thinkers.</i> Cambridge: Polity Press, John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0745643221" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7456-4322-1</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavin_Kitching&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gavin Kitching (halaman belum tersedia)">Kitching, Gavin</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128130328/http://www.gavinkitching.com/africa_3.htm"><i>Seeking Social Justice through Globalization. Escaping a Nationalist Perspective</i></a>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-271-02162-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-271-02162-4">0-271-02162-4</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gavinkitching.com/africa_3.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Seeking+Social+Justice+through+Globalization.+Escaping+a+Nationalist+Perspective&amp;rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0-271-02162-4&amp;rft.aulast=Kitching&amp;rft.aufirst=Gavin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gavinkitching.com%2Fafrica_3.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Klein, Naomi</a> (2008). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Shock_Doctrine:_The_Rise_of_Disaster_Capitalism&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (halaman belum tersedia)">The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism</a></i>. Picador. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0312427993" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0312427993">978-0312427993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Shock+Doctrine%3A+The+Rise+of+Disaster+Capitalism&amp;rft.pub=Picador&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0312427993&amp;rft.au=Klein%2C+Naomi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kohler, Gernot (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novapublishers.com/"><i>Globalization: Critical Perspectives</i></a>. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-59033-346-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-59033-346-2">1-59033-346-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711194934/http://www.novapublishers.com/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Globalization%3A+Critical+Perspectives&amp;rft.pub=Hauppauge%2C+New+York%3A+Nova+Science+Publishers&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=1-59033-346-2&amp;rft.aulast=Kohler&amp;rft.aufirst=Gernot&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novapublishers.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span> With contributions by <a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Mander&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Mander (halaman belum tersedia)">Mander, Jerry</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caseagainstgloba00mand"><i>The case against the global economy: and for a turn toward the local</i></a>. San Francisco: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Club_Books&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sierra Club Books (halaman belum tersedia)">Sierra Club Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-87156-865-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-87156-865-9">0-87156-865-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+case+against+the+global+economy%3A+and+for+a+turn+toward+the+local&amp;rft.place=San+Francisco&amp;rft.pub=Sierra+Club+Books&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=0-87156-865-9&amp;rft.au=Mander%2C+Jerry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaseagainstgloba00mand&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Moore_(academic)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Moore (academic) (halaman belum tersedia)">Moore, Karl</a>; David Charles Lewis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415805988/"><i>Origins of Globalization</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-80598-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-80598-8">978-0-415-80598-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107011300/http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415805988/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Origins+of+Globalization&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-80598-8&amp;rft.aulast=Moore&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl&amp;rft.au=David+Charles+Lewis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780415805988%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Murray, Warwick E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geographiesofglo0000murr"><i>Geographies of Globalization</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-415-31799-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-415-31799-1">0-415-31799-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Geographies+of+Globalization&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-31799-1&amp;rft.aulast=Murray&amp;rft.aufirst=Warwick+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeographiesofglo0000murr&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Norberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Norberg (halaman belum tersedia)">Norberg, Johan</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Globalization"</a>. Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Hamowy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Hamowy (halaman belum tersedia)">Hamowy, Ronald</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cato_Institute&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cato Institute (halaman belum tersedia)">Cato Institute</a>. hlm.&#160;207–8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4129-6580-4">978-1-4129-6580-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Globalization&amp;rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&amp;rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&amp;rft.pages=207-8&amp;rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&amp;rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&amp;rft.aulast=Norberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Johan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Neumann, Iver B.; Ole Jacob Sending (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=371804"><i>Governing the Global Polity: Practice, Mentality, Rationality</i></a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-472-07093-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-472-07093-0">978-0-472-07093-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914035757/http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=371804">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Governing+the+Global+Polity%3A+Practice%2C+Mentality%2C+Rationality&amp;rft.place=Ann+Arbor&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-472-07093-0&amp;rft.aulast=Neumann&amp;rft.aufirst=Iver+B.&amp;rft.au=Ole+Jacob+Sending&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.umich.edu%2FtitleDetailDesc.do%3Fid%3D371804&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Osterhammel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jürgen Osterhammel (halaman belum tersedia)">Osterhammel, Jürgen</a>; Niels P. Petersson (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Globalization-Short-History-Jurgen-Osterhammel/dp/0691121656/"><i>Globalization: A Short History</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-691-12165-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-691-12165-6">0-691-12165-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107090909/http://www.amazon.com/Globalization-Short-History-Jurgen-Osterhammel/dp/0691121656">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Globalization%3A+A+Short+History&amp;rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=0-691-12165-6&amp;rft.aulast=Osterhammel&amp;rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&amp;rft.au=Niels+P.+Petersson&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FGlobalization-Short-History-Jurgen-Osterhammel%2Fdp%2F0691121656%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li>Panitch, Leo and Sam Gindin (2012). <i>The Making of Global Capitalism: the Political Economy of American Empire</i>. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781844677429" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-84467-742-9</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Pfister, Ulrich (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012060507"><i>Globalization</i></a>. Mainz: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_European_History&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of European History (halaman belum tersedia)">Institute of European History</a>,. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728230202/https://d-nb.info/1043606203/34">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Globalization&amp;rft.place=Mainz&amp;rft.pub=Institute+of+European+History%2C&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.aulast=Pfister&amp;rft.aufirst=Ulrich&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3A0159-2012060507&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Reinsdorf, Marshall and Matthew J. Slaughter (2009). <i>International Trade in Services and Intangibles in the Era of Globalization</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-226-70959-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-226-70959-8">978-0-226-70959-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=International+Trade+in+Services+and+Intangibles+in+the+Era+of+Globalization&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-70959-8&amp;rft.au=Reinsdorf%2C+Marshall+and+Matthew+J.+Slaughter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Samimi, Parisa, Guan Choo Lim and Abdul Aziz Buang (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificpapers.org/economics/globalization-measurement-notes-on-common-globalization-indexes/">"Globalization Measurement: Notes on Common Globalization Indexes"</a>. <i>Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology</i>. <b>1</b> (7). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425135855/http://www.scientificpapers.org/economics/globalization-measurement-notes-on-common-globalization-indexes/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Knowledge+Management%2C+Economics+and+Information+Technology&amp;rft.atitle=Globalization+Measurement%3A+Notes+on+Common+Globalization+Indexes&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.date=2011-12&amp;rft.au=Samimi%2C+Parisa%2C+Guan+Choo+Lim+and+Abdul+Aziz+Buang&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificpapers.org%2Feconomics%2Fglobalization-measurement-notes-on-common-globalization-indexes%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen, Amartya</a> (1999). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_as_Freedom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Development as Freedom (halaman belum tersedia)">Development as Freedom</a></i>. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0375406190" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0375406190">0375406190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Development+as+Freedom&amp;rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=0375406190&amp;rft.aulast=Sen&amp;rft.aufirst=Amartya&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Sirkin, Harold L (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080923010617/http://www.bcg.com/globality"><i>Globality: Competing with Everyone from Everywhere for Everything</i></a>. New York: Business Plus. hlm.&#160;292. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-446-17829-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-446-17829-2">0-446-17829-2</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcg.com/globality">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Globality%3A+Competing+with+Everyone+from+Everywhere+for+Everything&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=292&amp;rft.pub=Business+Plus&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=0-446-17829-2&amp;rft.aulast=Sirkin&amp;rft.aufirst=Harold+L&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcg.com%2Fglobality&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Emrys_Smith&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Emrys Smith (halaman belum tersedia)">Smith, Charles</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationaltra0000smit_k3f7"><i>International Trade and Globalisation, 3rd edition</i></a>. Stocksfield: Anforme. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-905504-10-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-905504-10-1">1-905504-10-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=International+Trade+and+Globalisation%2C+3rd+edition&amp;rft.place=Stocksfield&amp;rft.pub=Anforme&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=1-905504-10-1&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationaltra0000smit_k3f7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Steger, Manfred (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalismnewmark0000steg"><i>Globalism: the new market ideology</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7425-0072-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7425-0072-1">0-7425-0072-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Globalism%3A+the+new+market+ideology&amp;rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0-7425-0072-1&amp;rft.aulast=Steger&amp;rft.aufirst=Manfred&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalismnewmark0000steg&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Stiglitz" title="Joseph E. Stiglitz">Stiglitz, Joseph E.</a> (2002). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization_and_Its_Discontents&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalization and Its Discontents (halaman belum tersedia)">Globalization and Its Discontents</a></i>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-393-32439-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-393-32439-7">0-393-32439-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Its+Discontents&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0-393-32439-7&amp;rft.aulast=Stiglitz&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Stiglitz" title="Joseph E. Stiglitz">Stiglitz, Joseph E.</a> (2006). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Making_Globalization_Work&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Making Globalization Work (halaman belum tersedia)">Making Globalization Work</a></i>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-393-06122-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-393-06122-1">0-393-06122-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Making+Globalization+Work&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=0-393-06122-1&amp;rft.aulast=Stiglitz&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Tausch, Arno (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/multiculturaleur0000taus"><i>Multicultural Europe: Effects of the Global Lisbon Process</i></a>. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-60456-806-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-60456-806-6">978-1-60456-806-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Multicultural+Europe%3A+Effects+of+the+Global+Lisbon+Process&amp;rft.place=Hauppauge%2C+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-60456-806-6&amp;rft.aulast=Tausch&amp;rft.aufirst=Arno&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmulticulturaleur0000taus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Osle, Rafael Domingo (2010). <i>The New Global Law</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780521193870" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780521193870">9780521193870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Global+Law&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780521193870&amp;rft.aulast=Osle&amp;rft.aufirst=Rafael+Domingo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Wolf" title="Martin Wolf">Wolf, Martin</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyglobalization00wolf"><i>Why Globalization Works</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-300-10252-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-300-10252-9">978-0-300-10252-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Why+Globalization+Works&amp;rft.place=New+Haven&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-300-10252-9&amp;rft.aulast=Wolf&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhyglobalization00wolf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li>Sparks, C. (2007). Globalization, development and the mass media. Los Angeles: SAGE.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Maryati, Kun (2007). <i>Sosiologi 3 Untuk SMA dan MA Kelas XII</i>. Jakarta: Esis/Erlangga. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9797345297" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 979-734-529-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sosiologi+3+Untuk+SMA+dan+MA+Kelas+XII&amp;rft.place=Jakarta&amp;rft.pub=Esis%2FErlangga&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Maryati&amp;rft.aufirst=Kun&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalisasi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Indonesia" lang="Indonesia">(Indonesia)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=59" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=59" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Globalization" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Globalization"><b><i>Globalization</i></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikiquote" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a> memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan: <i><b><a href="https://id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Globalisasi" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Globalisasi">Globalisasi</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/73px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Lihat entri <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/globalisation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:globalisation">globalisation</a></b></i>&#160;atau <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/globalization" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:globalization">globalization</a></b></i> di kamus bebas Wiktionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar" style="width:auto;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Sumber pustaka</a> mengenai <br /> <b>globalisation</b> <hr /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/ftl?st=wp&amp;su=Globalisasi">Sumber di perpustakaan Anda</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polity.co.uk/global/whatisglobalization.asp">Comprehensive discussion of the term at the Site Global Transformations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091012141330/http://www.polity.co.uk/global/whatisglobalization.asp">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-10-12 di Portuguese Web Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sociology.emory.edu/globalization/">Globalization Website (Emory University) Links, Debates, Glossary etc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026043416/http://www.sociology.emory.edu/globalization/">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-10-26 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/business/2007/globalisation/default.stm">BBC News Special Report – "Globalisation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111211311/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/business/2007/globalisation/default.stm">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-01-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/globalisation">Globalisasi</a> - Berita dan komentar di <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art24/main.html">"Resilience, Panarchy, and World-Systems Analysis"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928195159/http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art24/main.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-09-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., from the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_and_Society&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology and Society (halaman belum tersedia)">Ecology and Society</a></i> Journal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization/">"Globalization" <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709135751/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization/">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-07-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Analysis of the idea and its history.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~mapglobe/HTML/home.html">Mapping Globaliztion, Pinceton University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421020258/http://www.princeton.edu/~mapglobe/HTML/home.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-04-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AFA_CALC_IN3">OECD Globalization statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720114519/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AFA_CALC_IN3">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-07-20 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/globalization">"Globalization"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612052640/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/globalization">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-06-12 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yaleglobal.yale.edu">YaleGlobal Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620031555/https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/">Diarsipkan</a> 2021-06-20 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/program/global-3000/s-11487-9798/">Global 3000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621004002/http://www.dw.de/program/global-3000/s-11487-9798">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-06-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Globalization Program by Deutsche Welle-TV</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldmercury.org/global-intelligence/">Global Governance Centre for Sustainable Globalisation. Monitors and rates the meta trends, challenges and events driving globalisation and sustainability.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423214042/http://www.goldmercury.org/global-intelligence/">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-04-23 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Globalisasi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Globalisasi" title="Templat:Globalisasi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Globalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Globalisasi&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Globalisasi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Globalisasi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Buku_tentang_globalisasi" title="Kategori:Buku tentang globalisasi">Buku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Daftar_tentang_globalisasi" title="Kategori:Daftar tentang globalisasi">Daftar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garis_besar_globalisasi" title="Garis besar globalisasi">Garis besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Indeks_tentang_globalisasi" title="Kategori:Indeks tentang globalisasi">Indeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Istilah_globalisasi" title="Kategori:Istilah globalisasi">Istilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_jurnal_tentang_globalisasi" title="Daftar jurnal tentang globalisasi">Jurnal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Organisasi_bidang_globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Organisasi bidang globalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Organisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Penulis_tentang_globalisasi" title="Kategori:Penulis tentang globalisasi">Penulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studi_global" title="Studi global">Studi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ide utama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalisasi" title="Alter-globalisasi">Alter-globalisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerakan_anti-globalisasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerakan anti-globalisasi">Anti-globalisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalisasi" title="Deglobalisasi">Deglobalisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_budaya" title="Globalisasi budaya">Globalisasi budaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_demokratis" title="Globalisasi demokratis">Globalisasi demokratis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_ekonomi" title="Globalisasi ekonomi">Globalisasi ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_keuangan_global" title="Sistem keuangan global">Globalisasi keuangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_kontra-hegemoni" title="Globalisasi kontra-hegemoni">Globalisasi kontra-hegemoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_militer" title="Globalisasi militer">Globalisasi militer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_perdagangan" title="Globalisasi perdagangan">Globalisasi perdagangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politik_global" title="Politik global">Globalisasi politik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenaga_kerja_global" title="Tenaga kerja global">Globalisasi tenaga kerja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesehatan_global" title="Kesehatan global">Kesehatan global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewarganegaraan_global" title="Kewarganegaraan global">Kewarganegaraan global</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendidikan_kewarganegaraan_global" title="Pendidikan kewarganegaraan global">pendidikan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemerintahan_global" title="Pemerintahan global">Pemerintahan global</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_globalisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah globalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah globalisasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_kuno" title="Globalisasi kuno">kuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalisasi" title="Proto-globalisasi">modern awal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrase_kerja_global" title="Arbitrase kerja global">Arbitrase kerja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesenjangan_digital_global" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesenjangan digital global">Kesenjangan digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krisis_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Krisis air">Krisis air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemanasan_global" title="Pemanasan global">Pemanasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penduduk_dunia" title="Penduduk dunia">Penduduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi_dan_penyakit" title="Globalisasi dan penyakit">Penyakit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Lainnya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alih_keluar" title="Alih keluar">Alih keluar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arus_keuangan_terlarang" title="Arus keuangan terlarang">Arus keuangan terlarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_terancam" title="Bahasa terancam">Bahasa terancam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantuan_pembangunan" title="Bantuan pembangunan">Bantuan pembangunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia" title="Hak asasi manusia">Hak asasi manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keadilan_iklim" title="Keadilan iklim">Keadilan iklim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejahatan_terorganisasi_transnasional" title="Kejahatan terorganisasi transnasional">Kejahatan transnasional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesenjangan_digital_global" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesenjangan digital global">Kesenjangan digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesenjangan_ekonomi" title="Kesenjangan ekonomi">Kesenjangan ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesenjangan_Utara%E2%80%93Selatan" title="Kesenjangan Utara–Selatan">Kesenjangan Utara–Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelarian_modal" title="Pelarian modal">Pelarian modal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pengurasan_keterampilan_terbalik" title="Pengurasan keterampilan terbalik">terbalik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembagian_kerja_internasional_baru" title="Pembagian kerja internasional baru">Pembagian kerja internasional baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perang_dunia" title="Perang dunia">Perang dunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_adil" title="Perdagangan adil">Perdagangan adil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertarungan_ke_bawah" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertarungan ke bawah">Pertarungan ke bawah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_surga_polusi" title="Hipotesis surga polusi">surga polusi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perubahan_iklim" title="Perubahan iklim">Perubahan iklim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyelesaian_sengketa_investor-negara" title="Penyelesaian sengketa investor-negara">Sengketa investor-negara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesies_invasif" title="Spesies invasif">Spesies invasif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernisasi" title="Westernisasi">Westernisasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teori</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akumulasi_modal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akumulasi modal (halaman belum tersedia)">Akumulasi modal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akumulasi_modal_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akumulasi modal primitif (halaman belum tersedia)">Akumulasi primitif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_ketergantungan" title="Teori ketergantungan">Ketergantungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokalisme_fiskal" title="Lokalisme fiskal">Lokalisme fiskal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_modernisasi" title="Teori modernisasi">Modernisasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernisasi_ekologi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modernisasi ekologi (halaman belum tersedia)">ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_teori_modernisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah teori modernisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">sejarah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_pembangunan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori pembangunan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembangunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perubahan_sosial" title="Perubahan sosial">Perubahan sosial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_dunia" title="Sejarah dunia">Sejarah dunia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_sistem_bumi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu sistem bumi (halaman belum tersedia)">Sistem bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_sistem_dunia" title="Teori sistem dunia">Sistem dunia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre G. Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(ekonom)" title="Michael Hudson (ekonom)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(akademisi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul James (akademisi)">Paul James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sosiolog)" title="John Urry (sosiolog)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Perdagangan_internasional" title="Templat:Perdagangan internasional"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Perdagangan_internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Perdagangan internasional (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Perdagangan_internasional&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perdagangan_internasional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_internasional" title="Perdagangan internasional">Perdagangan internasional</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Istilah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akun_modal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akun modal (halaman belum tersedia)">Akun modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alih_daya" title="Alih daya">Alih daya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bea" title="Bea">Bea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadangan_devisa" title="Cadangan devisa">Cadangan devisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedolarisasi" title="Dedolarisasi">Dedolarisasi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Globalisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisasi_berorientasi_ekspor" title="Industrialisasi berorientasi ekspor">Industrialisasi berorientasi ekspor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisasi_substitusi_impor" title="Industrialisasi substitusi impor">Industrialisasi substitusi impor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_adil" title="Perdagangan adil">Keadilan perdagangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keseimbangan_pembayaran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Keseimbangan pembayaran (halaman belum tersedia)">Keseimbangan pembayaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_keunggulan_komparatif" title="Teori keunggulan komparatif">keunggulan komparatif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neraca_perdagangan" title="Neraca perdagangan">Neraca perdagangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neraca_pembayaran" title="Neraca pembayaran">Neraca pembayaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neraca_transaksi_berjalan" title="Neraca transaksi berjalan">Neraca transaksi berjalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_keunggulan_mutlak" title="Teori keunggulan mutlak">Keunggulan mutlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keunggulan_komparatif" class="mw-redirect" title="Keunggulan komparatif">Keunggulan komparatif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara_dagang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Negara dagang (halaman belum tersedia)">Negara dagang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_adil" title="Perdagangan adil">Perdagangan adil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perang_dagang" title="Perang dagang">Perang dagang</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:SingaporePort1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The NYK Andromeda berthed in the Port of Singapore, 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/SingaporePort1.JPG/150px-SingaporePort1.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/SingaporePort1.JPG/225px-SingaporePort1.JPG 1.5x, 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Dunia">Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pusat_Perdagangan_Internasional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pusat Perdagangan Internasional (halaman belum tersedia)">Pusat Perdagangan Internasional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hambatan_perdagangan" title="Hambatan perdagangan">Hambatan perdagangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok_dagang" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok dagang">Blok dagang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrasi_ekonomi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrasi ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Integrasi ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_dagang" title="Perjanjian dagang">Perjanjian dagang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_investasi_bilateral&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjanjian investasi bilateral (halaman belum tersedia)">Perjanjian investasi bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_ekonomi_khusus" title="Zona ekonomi khusus">Zona ekonomi khusus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_perdagangan_bebas" title="Zona perdagangan bebas">Zona perdagangan bebas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_ekonomi_politik" title="Ilmu ekonomi politik">Ekonomi politik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkantilisme" title="Merkantilisme">Merkantilisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasionalisme_ekonomi" title="Nasionalisme ekonomi">Nasionalisme ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_bebas" title="Perdagangan bebas">Perdagangan bebas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteksionisme" title="Proteksionisme">Proteksionisme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organisasi_kawasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisasi kawasan">Organisasi kawasan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amerika</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komunitas_Andes" title="Komunitas Andes">CAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunitas_Karibia" title="Komunitas Karibia">CARICOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_Integrasi_Amerika_Tengah" title="Sistem Integrasi Amerika Tengah">CACM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia-Pacifik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">RCEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eropa, Asia tengah and Asia utara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Customs_Union_of_Belarus,_Kazakhstan,_and_Russia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia (halaman belum tersedia)">CUBKR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni_Ekonomi_Eurasia" title="Uni Ekonomi Eurasia">EAEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serikat_Pabean_Uni_Eropa" title="Serikat Pabean Uni Eropa">EU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timur tangah dan Afrika utara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Customs_Union&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab Customs Union (halaman belum tersedia)">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">GCC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afrika Subsahara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Community">EAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States#Economic_and_Monetary_Community_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of Central African States">CEMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Customs_Union&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern African Customs Union (halaman belum tersedia)">SACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyarakat_Ekonomi_Negara-Negara_Afrika_Barat" title="Masyarakat Ekonomi Negara-Negara Afrika Barat">WAEMU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitra dagang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_mitra_dagang_terbesar_Amerika_Serikat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar mitra dagang terbesar Amerika Serikat (halaman belum tersedia)">Amerika Serikat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perdagangan_luar_negeri_Argentina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perdagangan luar negeri Argentina (halaman belum tersedia)">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_mitra_dagang_terbesar_Belanda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar mitra dagang terbesar Belanda (halaman belum tersedia)">Belanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_mitra_dagang_terbesar_Republik_rakyat_Cina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar mitra dagang terbesar Republik rakyat Cina (halaman belum tersedia)">Cina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_mitra_dagang_terbesar_India&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar mitra dagang terbesar India (halaman belum tersedia)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubungan_ekonomi_Jepang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubungan ekonomi Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_mitra_dagang_terbesar_Kanada&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar mitra dagang terbesar Kanada (halaman belum tersedia)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubungan_luar_negeri_Korea_Selatan" title="Hubungan luar negeri Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perdagangan_luar_negeri_Pakistan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perdagangan luar negeri Pakistan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_mitra_dagang_terbesar_Uni_Eropa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar mitra dagang terbesar Uni Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Uni Eropa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ekspor menurut produk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_menurut_nilai_ekspor_jagung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar negara menurut nilai ekspor jagung (halaman belum tersedia)">Jagung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_menurut_nilai_ekspor_komputer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar negara menurut nilai ekspor komputer (halaman belum tersedia)">Komputer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_menurut_nilai_ekspor_kopi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar negara menurut nilai ekspor kopi (halaman belum tersedia)">Kopi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_menurut_nilai_ekspor_minyak_bumi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar negara menurut nilai ekspor minyak bumi (halaman belum tersedia)">Minyak bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_nilai_ekspor_mobil" title="Daftar negara menurut nilai ekspor mobil">Mobil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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title="Komunisme">Komunisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkantilisme" title="Merkantilisme">Merkantilisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindikalisme" title="Sindikalisme">Sindikalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosialisme_libertarian" title="Sosialisme libertarian">Sosialisme libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosialisme" title="Sosialisme">Sosialisme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181#identifiers&amp;#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181#identifiers&amp;#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4557997-0">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX547514">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125694464">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125694464">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=30448">Ukraina</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh99010179">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000060421&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00938997">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph120568&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/048542">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/2119116">Microsoft Academic</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7c55db6c78‐mthzp Cached time: 20241027115006 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.040 seconds Real time usage: 2.465 seconds 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