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vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">1999 Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Trade_Organization_(logo_and_wordmark).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg/220px-World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg/330px-World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg/440px-World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="111" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_Ministerial_Conference_30_November-3_December_1999_(9308794108).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seattle_Ministerial_Conference_30_November-3_December_1999_%289308794108%29.jpg/240px-Seattle_Ministerial_Conference_30_November-3_December_1999_%289308794108%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seattle_Ministerial_Conference_30_November-3_December_1999_%289308794108%29.jpg/360px-Seattle_Ministerial_Conference_30_November-3_December_1999_%289308794108%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seattle_Ministerial_Conference_30_November-3_December_1999_%289308794108%29.jpg/480px-Seattle_Ministerial_Conference_30_November-3_December_1999_%289308794108%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="589" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Dais of speakers and banners at the Seattle WTO Ministerial Conference</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">30 November – 3 December 1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1999-11-30</span> – <span class="dtend">1999-12-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> member countries</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous event</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Geneva WTO Ministerial Conference</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Next event</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">→ Doha <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 2001">WTO Ministerial Conference of 2001</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>WTO <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" title="Ministerial Conference">Ministerial Conference</a> of 1999</b> was the third Ministerial-level meeting of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, convened at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Convention_and_Trade_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington State Convention and Trade Center">Washington State Convention and Trade Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (U.S. state)">Washington</a>, USA, over the course of four days, from Tuesday, 30 November 1999 to Friday, 3 December 1999. <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">Anti-globalization</a> activists organized <a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">large-scale protests of the meeting</a>, sometimes known as the <a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">Battle of Seattle</a>. Direct action tactics forced the WTO Ministerial Conference to begin late on 30 November and contributed to the meeting ending without agreement on 3 December. </p><p>Intended as the launch of a new round of <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_trade_negotiations" title="Multilateral trade negotiations">multilateral trade negotiations</a> that would have been called "The Millennium Round", the Ministerial Conference negotiations were marred by poor organization and controversial management of large street protests.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week before the meeting, delegates admitted failure to agree on the agenda and the presence of deep disagreements with developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developing country representatives became resentful and uncooperative on being excluded from talks as the United States and the European Union attempted to cement a mutual deal on agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The negotiations collapsed and were reconvened in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, Qatar, in November 2001. The Doha venue enabled on-site public protest to be excluded. Necessary agenda concessions were made to include the interests of developing countries, which had by then further established their own negotiation blocs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Co-operation_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Co-operation Organisation">Shanghai Co-operation Organisation</a>. Thus, the current round is called the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which remained stalled (or in the view of some observers, "dead"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as a result of diverging perspectives regarding tariffs, agriculture, and non-tariff barriers such as <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural subsidies">agricultural subsidies</a>. </p><p>An official history of the WTO by Craig VanGrasstek observed, "For free-traders the Seattle Ministerial Conference was the worst of times, fittingly held in a winter of despair."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economist and opponent of the WTO Millennium Round Martin Khor attributed the collapse of negotiations to "the untransparent and undemocratic nature of the WTO system, the blatant manipulation of that system by the major powers, and the refusal of many developing countries to continue to be on the receiving end."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1_December">1 December</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1 December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following text is largely taken from the WTO briefing notes of that date.<sup id="cite_ref-wto1bn_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wto1bn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_Working_Group">Agricultural Working Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Agricultural Working Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Agricultural Working Group primarily focused on improving the text of the Draft Ministerial Declaration which they intended to utilise as a starting point for further negotiations regarding agricultural trades and tariffs. The text dealt with: </p> <ul><li>The objectives of the negotiations – whether agricultural products should ultimately be treated the same as industrial products.</li> <li>Provisions for developing countries (to be discussed on 2 December)</li> <li>Reductions in subsidies and protection.</li> <li>"Multifunctionality" (how to deal with non-trade objectives such as environmental protection, food security, etc.) and other issues.</li> <li>A proposed timetable for the negotiations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_Group_on_Implementation_and_Rules">Working Group on Implementation and Rules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Working Group on Implementation and Rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ministers from developing countries demanded that developed economies such as the US and the EU stop controversial agricultural subsidies, which hindered globalisation. </p><p>Japan said abusive use of anti-dumping measures should be regarded as a disguised form of protectionism that nullifies tariff reductions overnight. It said that improvement of the AD Agreement is a lynchpin of the new Round, and that many developing countries support this. </p><p>Jamaica said that the 71 ACP countries have been marginalised regarding certain issues of the World Trade Organisation. It called for turning S&D into hard commitments, the extension of transition periods for TRIMS and Customs Valuation, and increase in funding and human resources for technical co-operation. It asked that the waiver for preferential trade treatment given to ACP countries must be extended to give time for them to be integrated into the global economy. </p><p>Iceland proposed negotiations to remove subsidies on fisheries. It was supported by a number of delegations, including the US, Peru, Indonesia, Norway, Chile and Ecuador. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_Group_on_Market_Access">Working Group on Market Access</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Working Group on Market Access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Disagreements regarding Market Access centred primarily around: </p> <ul><li>Coverage and scope of the negotiations – whether they should cover all non-agricultural products or whether some could be excluded (agricultural products are negotiated under agriculture).</li> <li>Overall objective of the negotiations (the current text does not say how much tariffs should be reduced)</li> <li>Non-tariff measures affecting access to markets (anti-dumping measures, customs valuation, import licensing, rules of origin, safeguard measures, subsidies, etc.). Differences of opinion exist on many of these issues.</li> <li>How the negotiations should be organised.</li> <li>How to address developing countries' concerns – one proposal is for exports from least developed countries to be given "bound" zero tariffs in richer countries.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Issues">Other Issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two other issues considered on 1 December were investment and competition policy. Ministers contemplated whether or not they could agree to start negotiations on investment and/or competition as part of the round of negotiations that will incorporate agriculture, services and other topics; if not, could they agree to develop elements that might eventually be incorporated in agreements on investment and competition and return to the question of whether or not to undertake negotiations at the Fourth Ministerial Session? </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2_December">2 December</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2 December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following text is largely taken from the WTO briefing notes of that date.<sup id="cite_ref-wto2bn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wto2bn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_Working_Group_2">Agricultural Working Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Agricultural Working Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new draft was proposed by the Singaporean delegation emphasising: </p> <ul><li>The Integration of Agriculture into mainstream World Trade Organisation policies</li> <li>The Reduction of so-called export subsidies</li> <li>Developing Country Issues</li></ul> <p>Ending the meeting, the Chairman said he was walking a tightrope. He was being pulled equally in both directions, he said. The danger was that if he moved one way or another he would fall off the rope. But he observed that the text was only for launching new negotiations. "The new round is where the real battle will begin," he said. If the round is concluded, it will boost global welfare by tens of billions of dollars, he concluded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_Group_on_Market_Access_2">Working Group on Market Access</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Working Group on Market Access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Questions raised in the consultations held by the Chairman focused on the methodology of tariff-cutting negotiations. A number of delegations are proposing a common approach. Unlike in the Uruguay Round where members cut tariffs on a "request-offer" basis, this would be a harmonised approach that would facilitate comparisons of tariff reduction proposals. Another position is using the combination of request-offer and harmonisation in the negotiations. Certain major traders are calling a reference in the text to an effective increase in market access. The Accelerated Tariff Liberalisation initiative for certain product sectors was also raised. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_Group_on_Trade_and_Labour_Standards">Working Group on Trade and Labour Standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Working Group on Trade and Labour Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This working group was set up to help create a labour standards working group within the WTO or a body operated jointly by a number of international organisations to look at the issues. Opinions differed, with a number of developing countries opposing the creation of either type of body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_Group_on_Systemic_Issues">Working Group on Systemic Issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Working Group on Systemic Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>elements raised by member governments in this discussion concerned: </p> <ul><li>The de-restriction of documents</li> <li>Improving the WTO's organisational structure to improve transparency and decision-making,</li> <li>improving information flows and</li> <li>enhancing public understanding of and participation in the workings of the organisation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="3_December">3 December</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 3 December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The following text is largely taken from the WTO briefing notes of that date.<sup id="cite_ref-wto3bn_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wto3bn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Informal meetings continued through the night of 2 December and into 3 December. The main discussions were in meetings in which some 20–40 ministers took part. The people attending these meetings varied according to subject, and the chairpeople did their utmost to ensure that participants represented a cross-section of the members' positions on the relevant subjects. Progress was reported in a number of areas, but by late afternoon it was clear that there was too little time left to complete the work of narrowing the gaps, bringing the draft declaration back to the plenary working groups, making any additional changes arising from the working groups and then approving the declaration by consensus. The conference had simply run out of time.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Actor/Director <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Townsend" title="Stuart Townsend">Stuart Townsend</a> released a film about the protests surrounding the conference in 2007 entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_in_Seattle" title="Battle in Seattle">Battle in Seattle</a></i>.</li> <li>The Seattle-based hip-hop duo <a href="/wiki/Blue_Scholars" title="Blue Scholars">Blue Scholars</a> released the song <i>50 Thousand Deep</i> about their first-hand experience of the protests on their 2007 album <i><a href="/wiki/Bayani_(album)" title="Bayani (album)">Bayani</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Agreement_on_Investment#Failure" title="Multilateral Agreement on Investment">1998 defeat of the OECD's MAI by protest action</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title=" (2024-06-13)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElliott1999" class="citation news cs1">Elliott, Larry (4 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/dec/04/wto.johnvidal1">"<i>Week of division on and off streets</i>–London Guardian, 4/12/1999"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Week+of+division+on+and+off+streets%E2%80%93London+Guardian%2C+4%2F12%2F1999&rft.date=1999-12-04&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1999%2Fdec%2F04%2Fwto.johnvidal1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization+Ministerial+Conference+of+1999" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pascal Lamy, EU trade commissioner, said yesterday there was a serious risk that the meeting would be unable to launch a world trade round. However, Mike Moore, WTO director-general, said he was still confident that next week's talks would not fail. Weeks of negotiations in the WTO have been unable to bridge deep disagreements, particularly over agriculture and developing countries' concerns about their WTO obligations." —David Wighton <i>World leaders resist joining Seattle talks</i>, Financial Times, 24 November 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdell2009" class="citation journal cs1">Odell, John S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Breaking+Deadlocks+in+International+Institutional+Negotiations%3A+The+WTO%2C+Seattle%2C+and+Doha&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=286-87&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2478.2009.00534.x&rft.issn=0020-8833&rft.aulast=Odell&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2478.2009.00534.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization+Ministerial+Conference+of+1999" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/doha1_e.htm">"Understanding the WTO: Doha Development Agenda"</a>. <i>World Trade Organization</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WTO+briefing+note%3A+Ministers+start+negotiating+Seattle+Declaration&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft.date=1999-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fminist_e%2Fmin99_e%2Fenglish%2Fabout_e%2Fresum01_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization+Ministerial+Conference+of+1999" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wto2bn-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wto2bn_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min99_e/english/about_e/resum02_e.htm">"WTO briefing note: Ministers consider new and revised texts"</a>. World Trade Organization. 2 December 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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World Trade Organization. 3 December 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WTO+briefing+note%3A+3+December+%E2%80%94+The+final+day+and+what+happens+next.&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft.date=1999-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fminist_e%2Fmin99_e%2Fenglish%2Fabout_e%2Fresum03_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization+Ministerial+Conference+of+1999" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/international/jan-june00/seattle_1-18.html">Seattle Aftermath</a>, <a href="/wiki/NewsHour_with_Jim_Lehrer" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsHour with Jim Lehrer">Online NewsHour</a>, 18 January 2000.</li> <li><i>Seattle Weekly</i> Editors <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattleweekly.com/news/0031/news-editors.php">Answering WTO's big questions</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Weekly" title="Seattle Weekly">Seattle Weekly</a></i>, 2 August 2000.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Trade_Organization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template talk:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Trade_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Member states of the World Trade Organization">Accession and membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">Appellate Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Timeline of the World Trade Organization">Chronology of key events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Criticism of the World Trade Organization">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Elimination" title="Quota Elimination">Quota Elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Clause" title="Peace Clause">Peace Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture" title="Agreement on Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade" title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">Technical Barriers to Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Investment_Measures" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures">Trade-Related Investment Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">Trade in Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement" title="Agreement on Government Procurement">Government Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement" title="Information Technology Agreement">Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement" title="Marrakesh Agreement">Marrakesh Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Package</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" title="Ministerial Conference">Ministerial<br />Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996">1st (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998">2nd (1998)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">3rd (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">4th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003">5th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">6th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2009" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009">7th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011">8th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2013" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013">9th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2015" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015">10th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2017" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017">11th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2022" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2022">12th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" title="Alejandro Jara">Alejandro Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" title="Rufus Yerxa">Rufus Yerxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" title="Economy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde" title="Economy of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economy of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" title="Economy of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eswatini" title="Economy of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji" title="Economy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" title="Economy of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" title="Economy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" title="Economy of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Economy of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" title="Economy of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" title="Economy of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia" title="Economy of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" title="Economy of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Economy of Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seychelles" title="Economy of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of 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