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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="insurance premiums"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 350</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: insurance premiums</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">350</span> By-Line Analysis of Determinants Insurance Premiums : Evidence from Tunisian Market</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadia%20Sghaier">Nadia Sghaier</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we aim to identify the determinants of the life and non-life insurance premiums of different lines for the case of the Tunisian insurance market over a recent period from 1997 to 2019. The empirical analysis is conducted using the linear cointegration techniques in the panel data framework, which allow both long and short-run relationships. The obtained results show evidence of long-run relationship between premiums, losses, and financial variables (stock market indices and interest rate). Furthermore, we find that the short-run effect of explanatory variables differs across lines. This finding has important implications for insurance tarification and regulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance%20premiums" title="insurance premiums">insurance premiums</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lines" title=" lines"> lines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tunisian%20insurance%20market" title=" Tunisian insurance market"> Tunisian insurance market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cointegration%20approach%20in%20panel%20data" title=" cointegration approach in panel data"> cointegration approach in panel data</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140643/by-line-analysis-of-determinants-insurance-premiums-evidence-from-tunisian-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140643.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">349</span> Agro-Insurance and Farming Development Opportunities in Georgia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Lazariashvili">Tamar Lazariashvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The agro-insurance has great importance for agricultural development in the country. In the article, the insurance market of the Georgian agricultural sector has been studied, the level of interest of farmers with insurance products and the trend of demand for those products are revealed; also, the importance of insurance is substantiated. Methodology: The following research methods are applied in the presented paper: statistical (selection, grouping, observation, trend) and qualitative research (in-depth interview with farmers). They claim that the main reason for aggravation is the low level of trust, less awareness about the conditions of the insurance contract. In order to eradicate distrust towards agro-insurance, it is recommended to increase awareness of insured farmers in terms of an insurance agreement. In the case of disputable issues between insurance companies and the customers (farmers), it is advisable to enact the Mediation Service, which will be able to protect the rights of insured farmers. Main Findings: Insurance companies prefer to deal with large farmers, the number of them is very small in Georgia as the credit market. The government interference in this sector is also a very cautious topic. However, the government can strengthen the awareness of farmers about the characteristics and advantages of the insurance system in order to increase the number of insured and reduce insurance premiums for farmers. Conclusion: Enactment of agro-insurance will increase the interest and confidence of financial institutions in the farming sector, financial resources will be accessible to the farmers that will facilitate the stable development of the sector in the country. The size of the agro-insurance market in the country should be increased, and the new territories should be covered. The State must have an obligation to ensure the risk of farmers and subsidize insurance companies. Based on the analysis of the insurance market, the conclusions on agro-insurance issues and the relevant recommendations are proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agro-insurance" title="Agro-insurance">Agro-insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20product" title=" agricultural product"> agricultural product</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agro-market" title=" Agro-market"> Agro-market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farming" title=" farming"> farming</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109002/agro-insurance-and-farming-development-opportunities-in-georgia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109002.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">122</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">348</span> Recent Developments and Expectations in the Legal Expenses Insurance in Turkey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C4%B0brahim%20Arslan">陌brahim Arslan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M%C3%BCcahit%20%C3%9Cnal"> M眉cahit 脺nal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An important issue to ensure justice is to simplify the right to seek justice. But there is a cost of seeking justice in civil law. It costs at least, attorneys' fees and judicial expenses during the beginning and in case of losing a trial. Indeed, most of the people refrain from seeking justice because of these expenses. Therefore, it is not inappropriate to say that the removal of obstacles staying on the way of seeking justice will increase the belief in justice. Legal expenses insurance is a private law contract of insurance in which the insurer is obliged to pay premiums of the insured, to provide the necessary services for the protection of legal interests of the insured person within the agreed scope. This type of insurance is being practiced in the Western world for a long time. The special rights, duties and obligations of the parties to a legal expenses insurance contract shall be governed by the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) and the contractual agreements which are regularly closed in the form of general terms and conditions. If the number of the legal expenses insurance contracts concluded increase this will definitely improve the percentage of seeking justice before the courts. The general terms and conditions applicable in Turkey generally include litigation costs, referee fees, guarantee fund , enforcement costs , appeal costs borne decision corrections costs. In addition, besides the insured, other family members or the people specified in the policy are protected in the scope of personal/family legal expenses insurance. The commercial law disputes fall outside the scope of coverage in this insurance branch. The insured person chooses his own lawyer and the insurer is not allowed to give advice during the selection of a lawyer. In April 2015, the Prime Minister announced of a new era in the field of legal expenses insurance in Turkey and this announcement excited the insurance industry and legal community. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance" title="insurance">insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in%20the%20Turkish%20law%20on%20legal%20protection%20insurance" title=" in the Turkish law on legal protection insurance"> in the Turkish law on legal protection insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20protection%20insurance" title=" legal protection insurance"> legal protection insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20protection" title=" legal protection"> legal protection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31882/recent-developments-and-expectations-in-the-legal-expenses-insurance-in-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31882.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">347</span> Stability Bound of Ruin Probability in a Reduced Two-Dimensional Risk Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zina%20Benouaret">Zina Benouaret</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djamil%20Aissani"> Djamil Aissani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, we introduce the qualitative and quantitative concept of the strong stability method in the risk process modeling two lines of business of the same insurance company or an insurance and re-insurance companies that divide between them both claims and premiums with a certain proportion. The approach proposed is based on the identification of the ruin probability associate to the model considered, with a stationary distribution of a Markov random process called a reversed process. Our objective, after clarifying the condition and the perturbation domain of parameters, is to obtain the stability inequality of the ruin probability which is applied to estimate the approximation error of a model with disturbance parameters by the considered model. In the stability bound obtained, all constants are explicitly written. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Markov%20chain" title="Markov chain">Markov chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20models" title=" risk models"> risk models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ruin%20probabilities" title=" ruin probabilities"> ruin probabilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strong%20stability%20analysis" title=" strong stability analysis"> strong stability analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85274/stability-bound-of-ruin-probability-in-a-reduced-two-dimensional-risk-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85274.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">249</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">346</span> Agent-Based Modeling to Simulate the Dynamics of Health Insurance Markets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haripriya%20Chakraborty">Haripriya Chakraborty</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The healthcare system in the United States is considered to be one of the most inefficient and expensive systems when compared to other developed countries. Consequently, there are persistent concerns regarding the overall functioning of this system. For instance, the large number of uninsured individuals and high premiums are pressing issues that are shown to have a negative effect on health outcomes with possible life-threatening consequences. The Affordable Care Act (ACA), which was signed into law in 2010, was aimed at improving some of these inefficiencies. This paper aims at providing a computational mechanism to examine some of these inefficiencies and the effects that policy proposals may have on reducing these inefficiencies. Agent-based modeling is an invaluable tool that provides a flexible framework to model complex systems. It can provide an important perspective into the nature of some interactions that occur and how the benefits of these interactions are allocated. In this paper, we propose a novel and versatile agent-based model with realistic assumptions to simulate the dynamics of a health insurance marketplace that contains a mixture of private and public insurers and individuals. We use this model to analyze the characteristics, motivations, payoffs, and strategies of these agents. In addition, we examine the effects of certain policies, including some of the provisions of the ACA, aimed at reducing the uninsured rate and the cost of premiums to move closer to a system that is more equitable and improves health outcomes for the general population. Our test results confirm the usefulness of our agent-based model in studying this complicated issue and suggest some implications for public policies aimed at healthcare reform. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agent-based%20modeling" title="agent-based modeling">agent-based modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=healthcare%20reform" title=" healthcare reform"> healthcare reform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance%20markets" title=" insurance markets"> insurance markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20policy" title=" public policy"> public policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113072/agent-based-modeling-to-simulate-the-dynamics-of-health-insurance-markets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">345</span> The Future of Insurance: P2P Innovation versus Traditional Business Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivan%20Sosa%20Gomez">Ivan Sosa Gomez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Digitalization has impacted the entire insurance value chain, and the growing movement towards P2P platforms and the collaborative economy is also beginning to have a significant impact. P2P insurance is defined as innovation, enabling policyholders to pool their capital, self-organize, and self-manage their own insurance. In this context, new InsurTech start-ups are emerging as peer-to-peer (P2P) providers, based on a model that differs from traditional insurance. As a result, although P2P platforms do not change the fundamental basis of insurance, they do enable potentially more efficient business models to be established in terms of ensuring the coverage of risk. It is therefore relevant to determine whether p2p innovation can have substantial effects on the future of the insurance sector. For this purpose, it is considered necessary to develop P2P innovation from a business perspective, as well as to build a comparison between a traditional model and a P2P model from an actuarial perspective. Objectives: The objectives are (1) to represent P2P innovation in the business model compared to the traditional insurance model and (2) to establish a comparison between a traditional model and a P2P model from an actuarial perspective. Methodology: The research design is defined as action research in terms of understanding and solving the problems of a collectivity linked to an environment, applying theory and best practices according to the approach. For this purpose, the study is carried out through the participatory variant, which involves the collaboration of the participants, given that in this design, participants are considered experts. For this purpose, prolonged immersion in the field is carried out as the main instrument for data collection. Finally, an actuarial model is developed relating to the calculation of premiums that allows for the establishment of projections of future scenarios and the generation of conclusions between the two models. Main Contributions: From an actuarial and business perspective, we aim to contribute by developing a comparison of the two models in the coverage of risk in order to determine whether P2P innovation can have substantial effects on the future of the insurance sector. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Insurtech" title="Insurtech">Insurtech</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovation" title=" innovation"> innovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20model" title=" business model"> business model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P2P" title=" P2P"> P2P</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance" title=" insurance"> insurance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140300/the-future-of-insurance-p2p-innovation-versus-traditional-business-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140300.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">344</span> Pricing and Economic Benefits of Commercial Insurance Incorporated into Home-based Hospice Care</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lie-Fen%20Lin">Lie-Fen Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tzu-Hsuan%20Lin"> Tzu-Hsuan Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ching-Heng%20Lin"> Ching-Heng Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hospice care for terminally ill patients provides not only a better quality of life but also cost-saving benefits. However, the utilization of home-based hospice care (HBH care) remains low even for countries covered by National Health Insurance (NHI) programs in Taiwan. In the current commercial insurance policy, only hospital-based hospice benefits were covered. It may have an influence on the insureds chosen to receive end-of-life care in a hospitalized manner. Thus, how to propose a feasible method to advocate HBH care utilization rate of public health policies is an important issue. A total of 130,219 cancer decedents in the year 2011-2013 from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan were included in this study. By adding a day volume pays benefits of HBH care as a commercial insurance rider, will provide alternative benefits for the insureds. A multiple-state Markov chain model was incorporated to estimate the transition intensities of patients in different states at the end of their lives (Non-hospice, HBH, hospital-based hospice), and the premiums were estimated. HBH care insurance benefits provide financial support and reduce the burden of care for patients. The rate-making of this product is very sensitive while the utilization rate is rising, especially for high ages. The proposed HBH care insurance is a feasible way to reduce the financial burden, enhance the care quality and family satisfaction of insureds. Meanwhile, insurance companies can participate in advocating a good medical policy to enhance the social image. In addition, the medical costs of NHI can reduce effectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=home-based%20hospice%20care" title="home-based hospice care">home-based hospice care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commercial%20insurance" title=" commercial insurance"> commercial insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Markov%20chain%20model" title=" Markov chain model"> Markov chain model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20day%20volume%20pays" title=" the day volume pays"> the day volume pays</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118678/pricing-and-economic-benefits-of-commercial-insurance-incorporated-into-home-based-hospice-care" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118678.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">343</span> Insurance of Agricultural Activities as the Basis for Food Security</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20B.%20Akshataeva">J. B. Akshataeva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20T.%20Aigarinova"> G. T. Aigarinova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Amankulova"> A. Amankulova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20S.%20Kalkanova"> D. S. Kalkanova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article examines some aspects of the insurance of agricultural activities, strategic documents on deepening investment opportunities. Insurance market development is before the society and the state. It also examines problems of agricultural insurance development in the market economy of Kazakhstan as the basis for food security. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture" title="agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20safety" title=" food safety"> food safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance" title=" insurance"> insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=privacy%20issues" title=" privacy issues"> privacy issues</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6296/insurance-of-agricultural-activities-as-the-basis-for-food-security" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6296.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">503</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">342</span> The Effect of Catastrophic Losses on Insurance Cycle: Case of Croatia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Drago%20Jakov%C4%8Devi%C4%87">Drago Jakov膷evi膰</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maja%20Mihelja%20%C5%BDaja"> Maja Mihelja 沤aja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper provides an analysis of the insurance cycle in the Republic of Croatia and whether they are affected by catastrophic losses on a global level. In general, it is considered that insurance cycles are particularly pronounced in periods of financial crisis, but are also affected by the growing number of catastrophic losses. They cause the change of insurance cycle and premium growth and intensification and narrowing of the coverage conditions, so these variables move in the same direction and these phenomena point to a new cycle. The main goal of this paper is to determine the existence of insurance cycle in the Republic of Croatia and investigate whether catastrophic losses have an influence on insurance cycles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catastrophic%20loss" title="catastrophic loss">catastrophic loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance%20cycle" title=" insurance cycle"> insurance cycle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=premium" title=" premium"> premium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Republic%20of%20Croatia" title=" Republic of Croatia"> Republic of Croatia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7784/the-effect-of-catastrophic-losses-on-insurance-cycle-case-of-croatia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7784.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">341</span> Evaluation of Demand of Fire Insurance in Iran and Embrace Digitalization to Improve It</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahsa%20Ghorbani%20Jazin">Mahsa Ghorbani Jazin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The insurance industry has a prominent place in the economy of every country in the world. Fire insurance policies are types of non-life insurance, which protect insureds against financial losses of fire and related risks. In this paper, factors that are affecting the demand for fire insurance in Iran have been examined. Due to this reason, information and data have been collected during the period 1989-2019. In this research, the final model was estimated. The obtained results represent that as the population and literacy rate increase, people are more willing to purchase fire insurance. On the other hand, the actual per capita income has a negative influence on the demand for this type of insurance. Also, the amount of compensation that is paid in losses can be assumed as an indirect advertisement for fire insurance and attracts people to buy this policy. Finally, the new technology in the insurance industry is examined as a new underestimated way for increasing demand, especially in Iran. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20insurance" title="fire insurance">fire insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=demand" title=" demand"> demand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=per%20capita%20income" title=" per capita income"> per capita income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=literacy%20rate" title=" literacy rate"> literacy rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=population" title=" population"> population</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compensation%20paid" title=" compensation paid"> compensation paid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Insurtech" title=" Insurtech"> Insurtech</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145180/evaluation-of-demand-of-fire-insurance-in-iran-and-embrace-digitalization-to-improve-it" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145180.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">340</span> Sustainability of Healthcare Insurance in India: A Review of Health Insurance Scheme Launched by States in India </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Zuhair">Mohd Zuhair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ram%20Babu%20Roy"> Ram Babu Roy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents an overview of the accessibility, design, and functioning of health insurance plans launched by state governments in India. In recent years, the governments of several states in India have come forward to provide health insurance coverage for the low-income group and rural population to reduce the out of pocket expenditure (OPE) on healthcare. Different health insurance schemes have different structures and offerings which differ in the different demographic factors. This study will portray a comparative analysis of the various health insurance schemes by analyzing different offerings and finance generation of the schemes. The comparative analysis will explain the lesson to be learned from these schemes and extend the existing knowledge of the health insurance in India. This would help in recognizing tension between various drivers and identifying issues pertaining to the sustainability of health insurance schemes in India. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20insurance" title="health insurance">health insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=out%20of%20pocket%20expenditure" title=" out of pocket expenditure"> out of pocket expenditure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=universal%20healthcare" title=" universal healthcare"> universal healthcare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99066/sustainability-of-healthcare-insurance-in-india-a-review-of-health-insurance-scheme-launched-by-states-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99066.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">238</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">339</span> Historical Metaphors in Insurance: A Journey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anjuman%20Antil">Anjuman Antil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anuj%20Kapoor"> Anuj Kapoor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neha%20Saini"> Neha Saini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study the evolution of insurance in India and the world. The paper also traced the historical basis of life insurance in the world and how it emerged as a major sector in India鈥檚 economy. The promotional strategies and distribution channel of top three companies in the Indian insurance sector are also discussed. Design/methodology/approach: The paper examined the secondary data which includes the reports issued by Insurance Regulatory Authority of India, websites of companies, books, and journals relevant to the study. Findings: The paper argued the role and importance of insurance in an emerging economy. The challenges and opportunities of the insurance sector are briefed out. The emerging areas in the insurance sector in terms of promotional strategies and distribution channel are also listed. Implications: The historical evolution can be studied by companies while formulating their strategies. It will help them analyse the insurance sector, how things have changed and how to change with the changing times. Originality/value: This paper gives comprehensive data regarding the background of the insurance sector. Along with historical perspective, marketing and distribution, current and future trends have been discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance" title="insurance">insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evolution" title=" evolution"> evolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20insurance" title=" life insurance"> life insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marketing" title=" marketing"> marketing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distribution%20channels" title=" distribution channels"> distribution channels</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88292/historical-metaphors-in-insurance-a-journey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88292.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">234</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">338</span> Multivariate Dependent Frequency-Severity Modeling of Insurance Claims: A Vine Copula Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islem%20Kedidi">Islem Kedidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rihab%20Bedoui%20Bensalem"> Rihab Bedoui Bensalem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faysal%20Manssouri"> Faysal Manssouri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In traditional models of insurance data, the number and size of claims are assumed to be independent. Relaxing the independence assumption, this article explores the Vine copula to model dependence structure between multivariate frequency and average severity of insurance claim. To illustrate this approach, we use the Wisconsin local government property insurance fund which offers several insurance protections for motor vehicles, property and contractor鈥檚 equipment claims. Results show that the C-vine copula can better characterize the multivariate dependence structure between frequency and severity. Furthermore, we find significant dependencies especially between frequency and average severity among different coverage types. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dependency%20modeling" title="dependency modeling">dependency modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=government%20insurance" title=" government insurance"> government insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance%20claims" title=" insurance claims"> insurance claims</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vine%20copula" title=" vine copula"> vine copula</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101505/multivariate-dependent-frequency-severity-modeling-of-insurance-claims-a-vine-copula-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101505.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">337</span> Organizational Mortality of Insurance Organizations under the Conditions of Environmental Changes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erdem%20Kirkbesoglu">Erdem Kirkbesoglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Bugra%20Soylu"> A. Bugra Soylu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Deniz%20Kahraman"> E. Deniz Kahraman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study is to examine the effects of some variables on organizational mortality of the Turkish insurance industry and calculate the carrying capacities of Turkish insurance industry according to cities and regions. In the study, organizational mortality was tested with the level of reaching the population's carrying capacity. The findings of this study show that the insurance sales potentials can be calculated according to the provinces and regions of Turkey. It has also been proven that the organizations that feed on the same source will have a carrying capacity in the evolutionary process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance" title="insurance">insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carrying%20capacity" title=" carrying capacity"> carrying capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organizational%20mortality" title=" organizational mortality"> organizational mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organization" title=" organization"> organization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89651/organizational-mortality-of-insurance-organizations-under-the-conditions-of-environmental-changes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89651.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">282</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">336</span> A Comparative Study of Insurance Policies Worldwide in Public Private Partnerships</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guanqun%20Shi">Guanqun Shi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xueqing%20Zhang"> Xueqing Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The frequent occurrence of failures in PPP projects which caused great loss has raised attention from the government as well as the concessionaire. PPPs are complex arrangements for its long operation period and multiple players. Many types of risks in PPP projects may cause the project fail. The insurance is an important tool to transfer the risks. Through a comparison and analysis of international government PPP guidelines and contracts as well as the case studies worldwide, we have identified eight main insurance principles, discussed thirteen insurance types in different stages. An overall procedure would be established to improve the practices in PPP projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20private%20partnerships" title="public private partnerships">public private partnerships</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance" title=" insurance"> insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract" title=" contract"> contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk" title=" risk"> risk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75962/a-comparative-study-of-insurance-policies-worldwide-in-public-private-partnerships" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75962.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">283</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">335</span> Impact of Brexit on the Structure of the European Insurance Market: A Solvency and Financial Condition Report Content Analysis of UK Insurance Companies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonia%20M%C3%BCller">Antonia M眉ller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Svend%20Reuse"> Svend Reuse</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Brexit referendum in June 2016 led to different publications analysing potential consequences for European and British insurance companies under the European Passport. This study addresses a research gap, regarding the measures taken by insurance companies based in the United Kingdom and thus on structural changes to the European insurance market by an innovative structured Solvency and Financial Condition Report content analysis. In scope are all insurance companies based in the United Kingdom, that fall under the Solvency II supervisory regime. The results show that the majority of British Solvency II insurance companies in scope, conducting cross-border business to the European Union, have applied and reported measures to be able to continue operating this cross-border business after Brexit. In addition, the study shows that 34 new insurance companies based in the European Union were established as a result of Brexit, indicating structural changes to the European insurance market. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brexit" title="brexit">brexit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=europe" title=" europe"> europe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance%20market" title=" insurance market"> insurance market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solvency%20and%20financial%20condition%20repot" title=" solvency and financial condition repot"> solvency and financial condition repot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20changes" title=" structural changes"> structural changes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145865/impact-of-brexit-on-the-structure-of-the-european-insurance-market-a-solvency-and-financial-condition-report-content-analysis-of-uk-insurance-companies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145865.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">205</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">334</span> An Approach to Practical Determination of Fair Premium Rates in Crop Hail Insurance Using Short-Term Insurance Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Necati%20I%C3%A7er">Necati I莽er</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Crop-hail insurance plays a vital role in managing risks and reducing the financial consequences of hail damage on crop production. Predicting insurance premium rates with short-term data is a major difficulty in numerous nations because of the unique characteristics of hailstorms. This study aims to suggest a feasible approach for establishing equitable premium rates in crop-hail insurance for nations with short-term insurance data. The primary goal of the rate-making process is to determine premium rates for high and zero loss costs of villages and enhance their credibility. To do this, a technique was created using the author's practical knowledge of crop-hail insurance. With this approach, the rate-making method was developed using a range of temporal and spatial factor combinations with both hypothetical and real data, including extreme cases. This article aims to show how to incorporate the temporal and spatial elements into determining fair premium rates using short-term insurance data. The article ends with a suggestion on the ultimate premium rates for insurance contracts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crop-hail%20insurance" title="crop-hail insurance">crop-hail insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=premium%20rate" title=" premium rate"> premium rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=short-term%20insurance%20data" title=" short-term insurance data"> short-term insurance data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20and%20temporal%20parameters" title=" spatial and temporal parameters"> spatial and temporal parameters</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181441/an-approach-to-practical-determination-of-fair-premium-rates-in-crop-hail-insurance-using-short-term-insurance-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181441.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">55</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">333</span> An Assessment of the Extent and Impact of Motor Insurance Fraud Claims in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olatokunbo%20Shoyemi">Olatokunbo Shoyemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mario%20Brito"> Mario Brito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ian%20Dawson"> Ian Dawson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent times, the Nigerian motor insurers have experienced high volume of motor insurance claim pay-outs and insignificant contribution to the net premium income of the Nigerian insurance market, which has been a major concern for the shareholders/stakeholders. It has been argued that there are many factors that have brought about these concerns. However, anecdotal evidence (ongoing debates among industry practitioners) suggests prevalence of fraud due to poor practices in motor insurance business in Nigeria. This study is therefore aimed to carry out an assessment of fraud in motor insurance claims as perceived by experts in the Nigerian insurance market. This study adopted a descriptive research design, and the analysis was built on a survey among insurance experts in Nigeria using a designed questionnaire. A purposive and snowball sampling were used to select our sample (N = 120) - representing a selection of all professionally qualified insurance experts in Nigeria insurance industry. The study found that Nigerian insurance experts (i) largely agree that there is a problematic level of fraud in the Nigerian motor insurance industry; (ii) perceive soft fraud to be about 3 times more common than hard fraud in the Nigerian motor insurance industry, and (iii) strongly agree there are problematic impacts from fraud on the solvency of the Nigerian motor insurers. This paper has provided an empirical understanding of the existence, extent, and impact of fraud risks within the Nigerian insurance market based on expert knowledge and insights rather than, as has often been the case, a reliance on individual anecdotes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=claims" title="claims">claims</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=net%20premium%20income" title=" net premium income"> net premium income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motor%20insurance" title=" motor insurance"> motor insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20fraud" title=" soft fraud"> soft fraud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20fraud" title=" hard fraud"> hard fraud</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148212/an-assessment-of-the-extent-and-impact-of-motor-insurance-fraud-claims-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148212.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">108</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">332</span> Classification of Business Models of Italian Bancassurance by Balance Sheet Indicators</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrea%20Bellucci">Andrea Bellucci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martina%20Tofi"> Martina Tofi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of paper is to analyze business models of bancassurance in Italy for life business. The life insurance business is very developed in the Italian market and banks branches have 80% of the market share. Given its maturity, the life insurance market needs to consolidate its organizational form to allow for the development of non-life business, which nowadays collects few premiums but represents a great opportunity to enlarge the market share of bancassurance using its strength in the distribution channel while the market share of independent agents is decreasing. Starting with the main business model of bancassurance for life business, this paper will analyze the performances of life companies in the Italian market by balance sheet indicators and by main discriminant variables of business models. The study will observe trends from 2013 to 2015 for the Italian market by exploiting a database managed by Associazione Nazionale delle Imprese di Assicurazione (ANIA). The applied approach is based on a bottom-up analysis starting with variables and indicators to define business models’ classification. The statistical classification algorithm proposed by Ward is employed to design business models’ profiles. Results from the analysis will be a representation of the main business models built by their profile related to indicators. In that way, an unsupervised analysis is developed that has the limit of its judgmental dimension based on research opinion, but it is possible to obtain a design of effective business models. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bancassurance" title="bancassurance">bancassurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20model" title=" business model"> business model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non%20life%20bancassurance" title=" non life bancassurance"> non life bancassurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance%20business%20value%20drivers" title=" insurance business value drivers"> insurance business value drivers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65799/classification-of-business-models-of-italian-bancassurance-by-balance-sheet-indicators" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65799.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">331</span> Risk Management of Natural Disasters on Insurance Stock Market</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarah%20Bouaricha">Tarah Bouaricha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The impact of worst natural disasters is analysed in terms of insured losses which happened between 2010 and 2014 on S&P insurance index. Event study analysis is used to test whether natural disasters impact insurance index stock market price. There is no negative impact on insurance stock market price around the disasters event. To analyse the reaction of insurance stock market, normal returns (NR), abnormal returns (AR), cumulative abnormal returns (CAR), cumulative average abnormal returns (CAAR) and a parametric test on AR and on CAR are used. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=study%20event" title="study event">study event</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20disasters" title=" natural disasters"> natural disasters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance" title=" insurance"> insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinsurance" title=" reinsurance"> reinsurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20market" title=" stock market"> stock market</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35828/risk-management-of-natural-disasters-on-insurance-stock-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35828.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">330</span> Discrimination in Insurance Pricing: A Textual-Analysis Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruijuan%20Bi">Ruijuan Bi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Discrimination in insurance pricing is a topic of increasing concern, particularly in the context of the rapid development of big data and artificial intelligence. There is a need to explore the various forms of discrimination, such as direct and indirect discrimination, proxy discrimination, algorithmic discrimination, and unfair discrimination, and understand their implications in insurance pricing models. This paper aims to analyze and interpret the definitions of discrimination in insurance pricing and explore measures to reduce discrimination. It utilizes a textual analysis methodology, which involves gathering qualitative data from relevant literature on definitions of discrimination. The research methodology focuses on exploring the various forms of discrimination and their implications in insurance pricing models. Through textual analysis, this paper identifies the specific characteristics and implications of each form of discrimination in the general insurance industry. This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of discrimination in insurance pricing. By analyzing and interpreting relevant literature, this paper provides insights into the definitions of discrimination and the laws and regulations surrounding it. This theoretical foundation can inform future empirical research on discrimination in insurance pricing using relevant theories of probability theory. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithmic%20discrimination" title="algorithmic discrimination">algorithmic discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=direct%20and%20indirect%20discrimination" title=" direct and indirect discrimination"> direct and indirect discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proxy%20discrimination" title=" proxy discrimination"> proxy discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unfair%20discrimination" title=" unfair discrimination"> unfair discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance%20pricing" title=" insurance pricing"> insurance pricing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178477/discrimination-in-insurance-pricing-a-textual-analysis-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178477.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">329</span> Impacts of Public Insurance on Health Access and Outcomes: Evidence from India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Titir%20Bhattacharya">Titir Bhattacharya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanika%20Chakraborty"> Tanika Chakraborty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prabal%20K.%20De"> Prabal K. De</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Maternal and child health continue to be a significant policy focus in developing countries, including India. An emerging model in health care is the creation of public and private partnerships. Since the construction of physical infrastructure is costly, governments at various levels have tried to implement social health insurance schemes where a trust calculates insurance premiums and medical payments. Typically, qualifying families get full subsidization of the premium and get access to private hospitals, in addition to low cost public hospitals, for their tertiary care needs. We analyze one such pioneering social insurance scheme in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh (AP). The Rajiv Aarogyasri program (RA) was introduced by the Government of AP on a pilot basis in 2007 and implemented in 2008. In this paper, we first examine the extent to which access to reproductive health care changed. For example, the RA scheme reimburses hospital deliveries leading us to expect an increase in institutional deliveries, particularly in private hospitals. Second, we expect an increase in institutional deliveries to also improve child health outcomes. Hence, we estimate if the program improved infant and child mortality. We use District Level Health Survey data to create annual birth cohorts from 2000-2015. Since AP was the only state in which such a state insurance program was implemented, the neighboring states constituted a plausible control group. Combined with the policy timing, and the year of birth, we employ a difference-indifference strategy to identify the effects of RA on the residents of AP. We perform several checks against threats to identification, including testing for pre-treatment trends between the treatment and control states. We find that the policy significantly lowered infant and child mortality in AP. We also find that deliveries in private hospitals increased, and government hospitals decreased, showing a substitution effect of the relative price change. Finally, as expected, out-of-pocket costs declined for the treatment group. However, we do not find any significant effects for usual preventive care such as vaccination, showing that benefits of insurance schemes targeted at the tertiary level may not trickle down to the primary care level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20health%20insurance" title="public health insurance">public health insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maternal%20and%20child%20health" title=" maternal and child health"> maternal and child health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public-private%20choice" title=" public-private choice"> public-private choice</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164133/impacts-of-public-insurance-on-health-access-and-outcomes-evidence-from-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164133.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">328</span> Evaluation of Merger Premium and Firm Performance in Europe </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthias%20Nnadi">Matthias Nnadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the relationship between premiums and returns in the short and long terms in European merger and acquisition (M&A) deals. The study employs Calendar Time Portfolio (CTP) model and find strong evidence that in the long run, premiums have a positive impact on performance, and we also establish evidence of a significant difference between the abnormal returns of the high premium paying portfolio and the low premium paying ones. Even in cases where all sub-portfolios show negative abnormal returns, the high premium category still outperforms the low premium category. Our findings have implications for companies engaging in acquisitions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mergers" title="mergers">mergers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=premium" title=" premium"> premium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=returns" title=" returns"> returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acquisitions" title=" acquisitions"> acquisitions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30995/evaluation-of-merger-premium-and-firm-performance-in-europe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30995.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">327</span> A Translog Analysis of Insurance Economies in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prince%20Ayodeji%20Yusuph">Prince Ayodeji Yusuph</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recapitalization process that has recently become an imperative process in the Nigerian Financial industry has implications for the survival of insurance sector, especially on their service delivery efficiency. This study therefore seeks to investigate the problem of inefficiency in the Nigerian Insurance market from the perspective of their cost structures. The study takes advantage of secondary data of financial reports of thirty randomly selected insurance firms which span over a period of ten years and applied transcendental logarithm model to evaluate their performance from the cost structures strategy. The results indicate that only large scale firms enjoy cost saving advantages. Twenty percent firms sampled belong to this category. The result suggests that premium income would contribute to insurance firm鈥檚 performance, only when a sound investment decisions are made. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transcedental%20logarithm" title="transcedental logarithm">transcedental logarithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20structures" title=" cost structures"> cost structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance%20firms%20and%20efficiency" title=" insurance firms and efficiency"> insurance firms and efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4388/a-translog-analysis-of-insurance-economies-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4388.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">326</span> The Sensitivity of Credit Defaults Swaps Premium to Global Risk Factor: Evidence from Emerging Markets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oguzhan%20Cepni">Oguzhan Cepni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Doruk%20Kucuksarac"> Doruk Kucuksarac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hasan%20Yilmaz"> M. Hasan Yilmaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Changes in the global risk appetite cause co-movement in emerging market risk premiums. However, the sensitivity of the changes in risk premium to the global risk appetite may vary across emerging markets. In this study, how the global risk appetite affects Credit Default Swap (CDS) premiums in emerging markets are analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and rolling regressions. The PCA results indicate that the first common component derived by the PCA accounts for almost 76 percent of the common variation in CDS premiums. Additionally, the explanatory power of the first factor seems to be high over the sample period. However, the sensitivity to the global risk factor tends to change over time and across countries. In this regard, fixed effects panel regressions are used to identify the macroeconomic factors driving the heterogeneity across emerging markets. The panel regression results point to the significance of government debt to GDP and international reserves to GDP in explaining sensitivity. Accordingly, countries with lower government debt and higher reserves tend to be less subject to the variations in the global risk appetite. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20default%20swaps" title="credit default swaps">credit default swaps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emerging%20markets" title=" emerging markets"> emerging markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=principal%20components%20analysis" title=" principal components analysis"> principal components analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sovereign%20risk" title=" sovereign risk"> sovereign risk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75647/the-sensitivity-of-credit-defaults-swaps-premium-to-global-risk-factor-evidence-from-emerging-markets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75647.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">378</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">325</span> Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting the Motor Insurance Pricing with Generalized Linear Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Puttharapong%20Sakulwaropas">Puttharapong Sakulwaropas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uraiwan%20%20Jaroengeratikun"> Uraiwan Jaroengeratikun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Casualty insurance business, the optimal premium pricing and adequate cost for an insurance company are important in risk management. Normally, the insurance pure premium can be determined by multiplying the claim frequency with the claim cost. The aim of this research was to study in the application of generalized linear models to select the risk factor for model of claim frequency and claim cost for estimating a pure premium. In this study, the data set was the claim of comprehensive motor insurance, which was provided by one of the insurance company in Thailand. The results of this study found that the risk factors significantly related to pure premium at the 0.05 level consisted of no claim bonus (NCB) and used of the car (Car code). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generalized%20linear%20models" title="generalized linear models">generalized linear models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20factor" title=" risk factor"> risk factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pure%20premium" title=" pure premium"> pure premium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regression%20model" title=" regression model"> regression model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65636/analysis-of-risk-factors-affecting-the-motor-insurance-pricing-with-generalized-linear-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65636.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">465</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">324</span> The Impact of Corporate Governance on Risk Taking in European Insurance Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francesco%20Venuti">Francesco Venuti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simona%20Alfiero"> Simona Alfiero</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper is to develop an empirical research on the nature and consequences of corporate governance on Eurozone Insurance Industry risk taking attitude. More particularly, we analyzed the effect of public ownership on risk taking with respect to privately held Insurance Companies. We also analyzed the effects on risk taking attitude of different degrees of ownership concentration, directors compensation, and the dimension/diversity of the Board of Directors. Our results provide quite strong evidence that, coherently with the Agency Theory, publicly traded insurance companies with more concentrated ownership are less risky than the corresponding privately held. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agency%20theory" title="agency theory">agency theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20governance" title=" corporate governance"> corporate governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance%20companies" title=" insurance companies"> insurance companies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20taking" title=" risk taking"> risk taking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40263/the-impact-of-corporate-governance-on-risk-taking-in-european-insurance-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40263.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">428</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">323</span> The Relationship between Organizational Culture and the Establishment of Knowledge Management in the Central Insurance of Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Assareh">Alireza Assareh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Havas%20Beigi"> Fatemeh Havas Beigi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Vafaee%20Yeganeh"> Mohammad Vafaee Yeganeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study is conducted to investigate the relationship between organizational culture and the establishment of knowledge management in the Central Insurance of Iran. The research results revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between organizational culture and its elements that include management support, organizational belonging, individual innovation, and leadership style and the establishment of knowledge management in the central insurance of Iran and that there isn鈥檛 any significant relationship between conflict resolution and the establishment of knowledge management in the central insurance of Iran. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organizational%20culture" title="organizational culture">organizational culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20management" title=" knowledge management"> knowledge management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20insurance%20of%20Iran" title=" central insurance of Iran"> central insurance of Iran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=individual%20innovation" title=" individual innovation"> individual innovation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21748/the-relationship-between-organizational-culture-and-the-establishment-of-knowledge-management-in-the-central-insurance-of-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21748.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">491</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">322</span> Possibilities and Prospects for the Development of the Agricultural Insurance Market (The Example of Georgia)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nino%20Damenia">Nino Damenia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The agricultural sector plays an important role in the development of Georgia's economy, it contributes to employment and food security. It faces various types of risks that may lead to heavy financial losses. Agricultural insurance is one of the means of combating agricultural risks. The paper discusses the agricultural insurance experience of those countries (European countries and the USA) that have successfully implemented the agricultural insurance program. Analysis of international cases shows that a well-designed and implemented agri-insurance system can bring significant benefits to farmers, insurance companies and the economy as a whole. In the background of all this, the Government of Georgia recognized the importance of agro-insurance and took important steps for its development. In 2014, in cooperation with insurance companies, an agro-insurance program was introduced, the purpose of which is to increase the availability of insurance for farmers and stimulate the agro-insurance market. Despite such a step forward, challenges remain such as awareness of farmers, insufficient infrastructure for data collection and risk assessment, involvement of insurance companies and other important factors. With the support of the government and stakeholders, it is possible to overcome the existing challenges and establish a strong and effective agro-insurance system. Objectives. The purpose of the research is to analyze the development trends of the agricultural insurance market, to identify the main factors affecting its growth, and to further develop recommendations for development prospects for Georgia. Methodologies. The research uses mixed methods, which combine qualitative and quantitative research techniques. The qualitative method includes the study of the literature of Georgian and foreign economists, which allows us to get acquainted with the challenges, opportunities, legislative and regulatory frameworks of agricultural insurance. Quantitative analysis involves collecting data from stakeholders and then analyzing it. The paper also uses the methods of synthesis, comparison and statistical analysis of the agricultural insurance market in Georgia, Europe and the USA. Conclusions. As the main results of the research, we can consider that the analysis of the insurance market has been made and its main functions have been identified; The essence, features and functions of agricultural insurance are analyzed; European and US agricultural insurance market is researched; The stages of formation and development of the agricultural insurance market of Georgia are studied, its importance for the agricultural sector of Georgia is determined; The role of the state for the development of agro-insurance is analyzed and development prospects are established based on the study of the current trends of the agro-insurance market of Georgia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20insurance" title="agricultural insurance">agricultural insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture" title=" agriculture"> agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20insurance%20program" title=" agricultural insurance program"> agricultural insurance program</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk" title=" risk"> risk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177508/possibilities-and-prospects-for-the-development-of-the-agricultural-insurance-market-the-example-of-georgia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177508.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">59</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">321</span> Deposit Insurance and Financial Inclusion in the Economic Community of Central African States</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antoine%20F.%20Dedewanou">Antoine F. Dedewanou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20N.%20Ekpinda"> Eric N. Ekpinda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We investigate whether and how deposit insurance program affects savings decisions in the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). Specifically, using the World Bank鈥檚 2014 and 2011 Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) databases, we apply special regressor approach. We find that the deposit insurance program increases significantly, everything else equal, the probability that people save their money at a financial institution by 11 percentage points in Gabon, by 22.2 percentage points in DR Congo and by 15.1 percentage points in Chad. These effects are matched with positive effects of age and education level. But in Cameroon, the effect of deposit insurance is not significant. The policies aimed at fostering financial inclusion will be more effective if there is a deposit insurance scheme in place, along with awareness among young people, and education programs. JEL Classification: G21, O12, O16 <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deposit%20insurance" title="deposit insurance">deposit insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=savings" title=" savings"> savings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=special%20regressor" title=" special regressor"> special regressor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ECCAS%20countries" title=" ECCAS countries"> ECCAS countries</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78882/deposit-insurance-and-financial-inclusion-in-the-economic-community-of-central-african-states" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78882.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> 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