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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Linguistic hypothesis on the origin of pidgins and creoles</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a></div> <p>According to the <b>theory of monogenesis</b> in its most radical form, all <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole languages</a> of the world can be ultimately traced back to one linguistic variety.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea was first formulated by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Schuchardt" title="Hugo Schuchardt">Hugo Schuchardt</a> in the late 19th century and popularized in the late 1950s and early 1960s by <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1961">Taylor (1961)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFThompson1961">Thompson (1961)</a>. It assumes that some type of pidgin language, dubbed West African Pidgin Portuguese, based on <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> was spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the forts established by the Portuguese on the West African coast. This variety was the starting point of all the pidgin and creole languages. This would explain to some extent why Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Lexical_item" title="Lexical item">lexical items</a> can be found in many creoles, but more importantly, it would account for the numerous <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical</a> similarities shared by such languages. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evidence">Evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monogenetic_theory_of_pidgins&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keith Whinnom pinpointed the idea that a proto-pidgin "spread via normal <a href="/wiki/Lexical_diffusion" title="Lexical diffusion">linguistic diffusion</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and claimed that there are many similarities between <a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Spanish contact vernaculars and languages of this type</a> used in the Philippines and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Creole#India" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Creole">a Portuguese Creole in India</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These similarities are to be found <a href="/wiki/Language_bioprogram_theory#Syntactic_similarities" title="Language bioprogram theory">in the fields of syntax</a> and certain parts of vocabulary. </p><p>While many creoles around the world have lexicons based on languages other than Portuguese (e.g. <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>), it was hypothesized that such creoles were derived from this lingua franca by means of <a href="/wiki/Relexification" title="Relexification">relexification</a>, i.e. the process in which a pidgin or creole incorporates a significant amount of its lexicon from another language while keeping the grammar intact. There is some evidence that relexification is a real process. Pieter Muysken<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="#CITEREFBakkerMous1994">Bakker & Mous (1994)</a> show that there are languages which derive their grammar and lexicon from two different languages respectively, which could be easily explained with the relexification hypothesis. Also, <a href="/wiki/Saramaccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saramaccan">Saramaccan</a> seems to be a pidgin frozen in the middle of relexification from Portuguese to English.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in cases of such <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a>, as <a href="#CITEREFBakkerMous1994">Bakker & Mous (1994)</a> call them, there is never a one-to-one relationship between the grammar or lexicon of the mixed language and the grammar or lexicon of the language they attribute it to. </p><p><a href="#CITEREFTodd1990">Todd (1990)</a> attempted to postulate the relatedness of pidgins and creoles, with a lingua franca known as <i>Sabir</i> or <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a> as the starting point, which was then relexified by the Portuguese and then subsequently by various other European powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Wardhaugh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wardhaugh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems">Problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monogenetic_theory_of_pidgins&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However, monogenesis and relexification have a number of problems. First, as Todd admits, pidgins, by "shedding linguistic redundancies" such as syntactic complexity, have removed the features that allow linguists to identify relatedness.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relexification assumes that, in learning a second language, people can learn vocabulary and grammar separately and will learn the latter but replace the former.<sup id="cite_ref-Wardhaugh_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wardhaugh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, pidgin languages are inherently unstructured, so relexification does not account for how the syntactic structure of a creole could emerge from the languages that lack such structure. </p><p><a href="#CITEREFBickerton1977">Bickerton (1977)</a> also points out that relexification postulates too many improbabilities and that it is unlikely that a language "could be disseminated round the entire tropical zone, to peoples of widely differing language background, and still preserve a virtually complete identity in its grammatical structure wherever it took root, despite considerable changes in its phonology and virtually complete changes in its lexicon."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monogenetic_theory_of_pidgins&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_bioprogram_theory" title="Language bioprogram theory">Language bioprogram theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_monogenesis_and_polygenesis" title="Linguistic monogenesis and polygenesis">Linguistic monogenesis and polygenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a>, aka the "Sabir language"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monogenetic_theory_of_pidgins&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolm1989">Holm (1989</a>:46)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolm2000">Holm (2000</a>:49)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuysken1981">Muysken (1981)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFBakkerMuysken1994">Bakker & Muysken (1994)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWardhaugh2002">Wardhaugh (2002</a>:76)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wardhaugh-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wardhaugh_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wardhaugh_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWardhaugh2002">Wardhaugh (2002</a>:75)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd1990">Todd (1990</a>:36)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBickerton1977">Bickerton (1977</a>:62)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monogenetic_theory_of_pidgins&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArendsMuyskenSmith1995" class="citation cs2">Arends, Jacques; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval, eds. (1995), <i>Pidgins and creoles: An introduction</i>, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-5236-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-5236-X"><bdi>90-272-5236-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidgins+and+creoles%3A+An+introduction&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-272-5236-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerMous1994" class="citation cs2">Bakker, P; Mous, M, eds. (1994), <i>Mixed Languages</i>, Amsterdam: IFOTT</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mixed+Languages&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=IFOTT&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerMuysken1994" class="citation cs2">Bakker, Peter; Muysken, Pieter (1994), "Mixed languages and language intertwining", in Jacques Arends; Pieter Muysken; Norval Smith (eds.), <i>Pidgins and Creoles: An introduction</i>, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 41–52</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mixed+languages+and+language+intertwining&rft.btitle=Pidgins+and+Creoles%3A+An+introduction&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=41-52&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Muysken%2C+Pieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickerton1977" class="citation book cs1">Bickerton, Derek (1977). "Pidginization and creolization: Language acquisition and language universals". In A. Valdman (ed.). <i>Pidgin and creole languages</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 49–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pidginization+and+creolization%3A+Language+acquisition+and+language+universals&rft.btitle=Pidgin+and+creole+languages&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=49-69&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Bickerton&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm1989" class="citation cs2">Holm, John A. (1989), <i>Pidgins and Creoles volume I: Theory and Structure</i>, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidgins+and+Creoles+volume+I%3A+Theory+and+Structure&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm2000" class="citation cs2">Holm, John A. (2000), <i>An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles</i>, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58581-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58581-3"><bdi>0-521-58581-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Pidgins+and+Creoles&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-58581-3&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuysken1981" class="citation cs2">Muysken, Pieter (1981), "Halfway between Spanish and Quechua: The Case for Relexification", in Highfield, A; A. Walden (eds.), <i>Historicity and Variation in Creole Studies</i>, Ann Arbor: Karoma Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Halfway+between+Spanish+and+Quechua%3A+The+Case+for+Relexification&rft.btitle=Historicity+and+Variation+in+Creole+Studies&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=Karoma+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Muysken&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuyskenVeenstra1995" class="citation cs2">Muysken, Pieter; Veenstra, T (1995), "Universalist Approaches", in Arends, Jacques; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (eds.), <i>Pidgins and creoles: An introduction</i>, Amsterdam: Benjamins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-5236-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-5236-X"><bdi>90-272-5236-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Universalist+Approaches&rft.btitle=Pidgins+and+creoles%3A+An+introduction&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Benjamins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-272-5236-X&rft.aulast=Muysken&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rft.au=Veenstra%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1961" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Douglas (1961), "New languages for old in the West Indies", <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>, <b>3</b> (3): 277–288, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500012238">10.1017/S0010417500012238</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143127340">143127340</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=New+languages+for+old+in+the+West+Indies&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=277-288&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500012238&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143127340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardhaugh2002" class="citation cs2">Wardhaugh, Ronald (2002), "Pidgins and Creoles", <i>An Introduction to Sociolinguistics</i> (fourth ed.), Blackwell Publishing, pp. 57–86</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pidgins+and+Creoles&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Sociolinguistics&rft.pages=57-86&rft.edition=fourth&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wardhaugh&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1961" class="citation cs2">Thompson, R.W. (1961), "A note on some possible affinities between the creole dialects of the Old World and those of the New.", in Le Page, R.B (ed.), <i>Creole Language Studies</i>, vol. 2</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+note+on+some+possible+affinities+between+the+creole+dialects+of+the+Old+World+and+those+of+the+New.&rft.btitle=Creole+Language+Studies&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1990" class="citation cs2">Todd, Loreto (1990), <i>Pidgins and Creoles</i>, New York: Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidgins+and+Creoles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Loreto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monogenetic_theory_of_pidgins&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1962" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Stewart" title="William Alexander Stewart">Stewart, William</a> (1962), "Creole languages in the Caribbean.", in Rice, F.A (ed.), <i>Study of the role of second languages</i>, Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, pp. 34–53</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creole+languages+in+the+Caribbean.&rft.btitle=Study+of+the+role+of+second+languages&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=34-53&rft.pub=Center+for+Applied+Linguistics&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1977" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Douglas (1977), <i>Languages in the West Indies</i>, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+in+the+West+Indies&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhinnom1956" class="citation cs2">Whinnom, Keith (1956), <i>Spanish contact vernaculars in the Philippine Islands</i>, Hong Kong.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+contact+vernaculars+in+the+Philippine+Islands&rft.place=Hong+Kong.&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Whinnom&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhinnom1965" class="citation cs2">Whinnom, Keith (1965), "The origin of the European-based creoles and pidgins", <i>Orbis</i>, <b>14</b>: 509–527</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orbis&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+the+European-based+creoles+and+pidgins&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=509-527&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Whinnom&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonogenetic+theory+of+pidgins" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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